Positioning The Project
Lagos is a state in southwestern Nigeria with a population of over 24 million people; it is both the most populous and smallest in area. Geographically, Lagos State is dominated by bodies of water with nearly a quarter of the state’s area being lagoons, creeks, and rivers.
Climate change is a major challenge facing Lagos State, Nigeria, as it is a coastal city that is vulnerable to the impacts of sea level rise and extreme weather events such as flooding. In recent years, Lagos has experienced an increase in the frequency and severity of flooding, which has had negative impacts on the city’s infrastructure, economy, and public health.
Flooding in Lagos is often exacerbated by the city’s lack of adequate drainage infrastructure and the presence of informal settlements and slums, which can block the flow of water during heavy rainfall. Climate change is expected to exacerbate these challenges, as rising sea levels and more extreme weather events are likely to increase the risk of flooding in the city.
Waste management is also a significant challenge in Lagos, as the city generates a large amount of solid and liquid waste and has limited capacity to manage it. Improper waste management can contribute to flooding and other environmental problems, and it can also have negative impacts on public health.
The government of Lagos State has implemented a number of initiatives to address these challenges, including the construction of drainage channels, the expansion of solid waste management facilities, and the promotion of sustainable waste management practices. However, much more needs to be done to address the impacts of climate change and manage the waste generated by a rapidly growing population.
The most populous city in Africa is also one of its most vulnerable to sea level rise and floods. To stay afloat, everything from its architecture to its transport may have to change.
- BBC
Map of Lagos 1 230,000
1914
Lagos becomes capital of the British Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria
1862
Lagos becomes a British colony.
1951
Lagos becomes part of the Western Region.
1967
Lagos State created by virtue of State Decree No. 14 of 1967, which restructured Nigeria’s Federation into 12 states.
Mobolaji Johnson becomes governor of Lagos State.
1991
Federal government relocates from Lagos to Abuja.
2002
Lagos State divided “into 57 local council areas.
Increase In the Population is majorly caused by 2 factors
1. Rural-Urban Migration - with many of these from other poor regions. The migration was driven by rural push factors and urban pull factors.
2. Natural Increase - the population of Lagos over the years have been increasing naturally, with significantly more births than deaths (due to high birth rates) every year.
OnefactorwhichhasbeenofmajorconcernisMigration....
Timeline of how Lagos has evolved over the years with key attention to the population increase.
1911 Population: 73,766 1931 Population: 126,474 1952 Population: 267,407 1990 Population: 4,764,000 2000 Population: 7,233,000 2022 Population: 20,000,000
Rural-Urban Migration
Rural-urban migration, or the movement of people from rural areas to urban centers, is a common trend in many developing countries, including Nigeria. In Lagos, the capital and largest city in Nigeria, this migration has been particularly significant, as the city has experienced rapid population growth over the past few decades.
There are several factors that contribute to rural-urban migration in Lagos, including the availability of job opportunities and access to education and healthcare. Many people are attracted to the city because of the perceived opportunities it offers, and they mostly move there in search of a better quality of life.
However, the influx of people into Lagos as a result of rural-urban migration has also had a number of implications. One of the main challenges is the strain it has placed on the city’s infrastructure and services, including housing, transportation, and waste management This has led to overcrowding and the development of informal settlements, which in turn creates a range of social and environmental problems.
Population Density
Key:
Each Block represents 250 to 5000sq. metres Taller Blocks represent more people.
Decline v Growth
The Menace of Plastic Waste in Lagos
Plastic waste is a major environmental problem in Lagos, Nigeria, as it is in many cities around the world. According to Freee Recycle Limited, Lagos State generates 870,000 tonnes of plastic waste annually.
In Lagos, plastic waste contributes to flooding and the rise in sea level in a number of ways.
First, plastic waste that ends up in the city’s waterways and drains ends up blocking the flow of water, causing it to back up and flood streets and neighborhoods. This is especially problematic during the rainy season, when heavy rainfall can overwhelm the city’s infrastructure and contribute to flooding.
Second, plastic waste that ends up in the ocean can contribute to the rise in sea level by increasing the volume of water in the ocean. As the plastic waste breaks down, it releases small particles called microplastics that can absorb water and cause the volume of the ocean to increase.
Finally, plastic waste that ends up in landfills releases greenhouse gases, such as methane, into the atmosphere as it breaks down. These gases contribute to global warming and in turn cause sea levels to rise.
To address the problem of plastic waste in Lagos and help prevent flooding and the rise in sea level, it is important to implement effective waste management strategies, including recycling programs and initiatives to reduce the amount of plastic being produced and used. It is also important to educate the public about the impacts of plastic waste on the environment and encourage individuals to reduce their own plastic consumption.
In the series of images below, took a look at one community that is greatly affected during flooding. Below is Surulere left swamped with mountains of rubbish following torrential rainfall in June of 2020.
The ground of Surulere in Lagos was barely visible as thousands upon thousands of coloured polystyrene packages, bottles, and cartons swamped the area.
The ground of Surulere in Lagos was barely visible as thousands upon thousands of coloured polystyrene packages, bottles, and cartons smothered the surface
Residents wade through the rubbish, which climbed up to their knees in height
Brightly coloured polystyrene food packages and dirty bottles completely covered the floor.
Rakes were used by workers as they scraped through the waste, hoping to unclog the roads
Imgaes: Anadolu Agency via Getty Images https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8407069/Entire-Lagos-neighbourhood-filled-rubbish-floodwater-washes-trash-streets.html
The floor was completely smothered in rubbish in the Lagos neighbourhood
A woman carrying groceries in a large bucket on her head wades through a narrow pathway that had been cleared as piles of rubbish remained on either side
The floor was completely smothered in rubbish in the Lagos neighbourhood
Rubbish collectors had to resort to using diggers as they ploughed through the heaps of garbage
In some areas the rubbish had been completely covered in mud, as residents expressed sanitation fears over the waste
Coastal Settlements, Reclaimed & Squattered Coastal Land.
Coastal settlements in Lagos are areas of the city that are located near the coast or on the water. These areas are often densely populated and may include slums or informal settlements.
Slums in Lagos, like in many other cities, are areas of the city that are characterized by inadequate housing, poor living conditions, and a lack of access to basic services such as clean water, sanitation, and electricity. Many slum residents in Lagos live in informal settlements, which are often located in coastal areas due to the availability of land and proximity to the city center.
The rapid urbanization and population growth in Lagos has led to a shortage of affordable housing, which has contributed to the development of slums in the city. Many residents of Lagos who live in slums do so because they cannot afford to live in more formal housing.
Slums can pose a number of challenges to residents and the city as a whole. Poor living conditions in slums can lead to health problems and a lower quality of life, and they can also create environmental issues such as pollution and waste management problems.
Flood Risk In Lagos:
Projected Flooding After a Sea-Level Rise of 1 Metre Lagos is a coastal city that is prone to flooding, particularly during the rainy season. The city’s location on the Atlantic Ocean, combined with its flat terrain and lack of adequate drainage infrastructure, makes it vulnerable to flooding.
Coastal communities in Lagos, such as Makoko, are particularly at risk of flooding due to their location on the waterfront. These communities often lack adequate infrastructure and services to protect them from flooding, and as a result, they are often affected by flood-related damage and loss of property.
In addition to the physical damage caused by flooding, coastal communities in Lagos can also face economic, social, and health impacts. For example, flooding can disrupt economic activity and disrupt the livelihoods of people who rely on fishing and other water-based activities for their income. Flooding can also lead to the spread of waterborne diseases and other public health issues.
The government of Lagos has implemented a number of measures to reduce flood risk in the city, including the construction of drainage channels and the creation of flood plains. However, the city’s rapid population growth and urbanization have made it difficult to keep up with the demand for infrastructure and services, and as a result, many coastal communities in Lagos continue to face significant flood risks.
Source: Bas van de Sande, GIS Consultant
Urban Growth of Lagos and It’s Implications
Lagos has experienced rapid urbanization in recent decades.
The city’s population has grown from an estimated 260,000 in 1950 to over 20 million today, making it one of the most populous cities in Africa. This rapid growth has been fueled by both internal and external migration, as people have moved to Lagos in search of economic opportunities and a better quality of life.
The urbanization of Lagos has brought with it a number of challenges, including overcrowding, inadequate infrastructure, and environmental degradation. The city’s government has struggled to keep up with the demands of a rapidly growing population, and as a result, many residents of Lagos live in informal settlements or slums.
The Migration of people into Lagos has created many informal settlements called "Slums".
One notable Slum is Makoko, a community with wood houses built on Stilts.
Despite these challenges, Lagos remains an important economic and cultural hub in Nigeria and the wider region. Its port and commercial center are major drivers of the Nigerian economy, and the city is home to a vibrant arts and music scene.
Climate In Lagos:
Measured at an altitude of 40m
Lagos has a tropical rainforest climate, with high temperatures and humidity throughout the year. The city is located in the coastal region of southwestern Nigeria, and it is influenced by the warm Atlantic Ocean current known as the Guinea Current.
At an altitude of 40 meters (130 feet), the climate in Lagos is characterized by high temperatures and high humidity. The average daily high temperature in Lagos is around 31 degrees Celsius (88 degrees Fahrenheit) throughout the year, with the hottest months being March and April. The average daily low temperature is around 25 degrees Celsius (77 degrees Fahrenheit).
Lagos experiences a rainy season that runs from April to October, with the wettest months being June and July. During this time, the city receives an average of about 200 millimeters (8 inches) of rainfall per month. The rest of the year is relatively dry, with the driest months being December and January.
Overall, the climate in Lagos is hot and humid, with relatively high levels of rainfall throughout the year. However, there can be significant variations in weather conditions from one year to the next, and the city can experience drought and other extreme weather events.
Makoko is a floating slum located on the Lagos Lagoon in Nigeria. It is a community of largely poor and informal settlers who live in houses built on stilts or floating platforms made of wood, plastic, and other materials.
The community is vulnerable to flooding due to its location on the lagoon and its low elevation.
Rising sea levels, caused by climate change, can increase the frequency and severity of flooding in coastal areas like Makoko.
As the sea level rises, it has caused more frequent tidal flooding and more saltwater intrusion into freshwater systems, which can harm freshwater ecosystems and make it more difficult for people living in these areas to access clean drinking water.
In addition to the threat of sea level rise, Makoko and other coastal communities also face the problem of plastic waste. Plastic pollution is a major environmental problem, and it has harmful impacts on the health and well-being of people and wildlife. In Makoko and other coastal areas, plastic waste can accumulate in the water and on the shores, where it can be ingested by marine animals and cause harm to their health. It can also make its way into the food chain, posing a risk to human health.
Most of the plastic waste that get into the community are from neighboring communities and these poses a great threat to the Makoko Community. With proper strategy, the current plastic waste problem in Makoko can be used to improve the living conditions of it’s inhabitants.
Site Choice and Reasoning
1 : 15000
Urban Analysis
The Mainland (Ebute Metta, Yaba and Surulere) 1 : 15000
Ebute Metta, Yaba, and Surulere are neighborhoods that are located in close proximity to Makoko.
Ebute Metta is a densely populated neighborhood, It is known for its large market and busy commercial district, which attracts a significant number of traders and shoppers. The neighborhood is also home to a number of educational institutions.
Yaba is a neighborhood that is known for its vibrant commercial and cultural scene, with a number of markets, shopping centers, and entertainment venues. The neighborhood is home to a number of universities, including the University of Lagos and the Yaba College of Technology, and is a popular destination for students.
Surulere is known for its diverse population and bustling commercial district, with a number of markets, shopping centers, and entertainment venues. The neighborhood is home to a number of cultural landmarks, including the National Stadium, which is used for a variety of sporting events and concerts.
Overall, these three neighborhoods are important urban centers on the Mainland of Lagos, with a rich history, diverse populations, and vibrant cultural and economic scenes.
Most plastic waste in Lagos are littered in these neighborhoods and most find it’s way into the Makoko Waterfront via canals.
The shanty town of Makoko is located on a lagoon on the edge of the Atlantic Ocean, a stone’s throw from the modern buildings that make up Lagos, the biggest town in Nigeria and the main commercial and industrial center.
In this sprawling slum on the waterfront, adjacent to the 10 km long Third Mainland Bridge, tens of thousands of people live in rickety wood houses raised on stilts. There are no official census records, but estimates suggest some 150,000 to 250,000 people live here.
Makoko used to be a small fishing village built by fishermen who came from Benin to make money more than a hundred years ago, before it grew into an illegally constructed one-squarekilometer urban settlement. The population now consists mainly of migrant workers from West African countries, trying to make a living in Nigeria.
The oily black water is no longer suitable for fishing; it emits a pungent smell, and a thick layer of white scum gathers around the shack stilts.
The houses on water are built from hardwood, supported by wood stilts driven deep into the waterbed. Each house usually houses between six to ten people and a high percentage are rental properties. The residents use dug out canoe to navigate the canals that crisscross between the houses. Aside from transportation, canoes are also used for fishing and act as points of sale where women sell food, water and household goods.
For decades, residents in Makoko have had no access to basic infrastructure, including clean drinking water, electricity and waste disposal, and prone to severe environmental and health hazards. Communal latrines are shared by about 15 households and wastewater, excreta, kitchen waste and polythene bags go straight into the water they’ve lived on top of.
The only way to get potable water is to buy them from vendors who get it from boreholes. The government provides no free water to Makoko residents. Indeed, the government doesn’t want Makoko residents living there at all.
https://www.amusingplanet.com/2014/04/makoko-floating-slum-in-nigeria.html
Makoko - Heinrich-Boll-Stiftung - https://www.flickr.com/photos/boellstiftung
Makoko - Yann Arthus-Bertrand - http://www.yannarthusbertrand2.org/
Makoko - Heinrich-Boll-Stiftung - https://www.flickr.com/photos/boellstiftung
Makoko Waterfront Community
Site Analysis
This Site Analysis highlights the features at Makoko. The community lacks basic infrastructure, such as electricity, clean water, and sewage systems, and is prone to flooding.
The majority of the houses in Makoko are built using locally sourced materials, including wood, timber, and plastic sheets. These materials are inexpensive and readily available in the community, making them the perfect choice for building in such a densely populated area.
One of the defining features of Makoko’s architecture is the use of stilts to elevate the homes above the water. These stilts provide stability and support to the structures, while also allowing residents to access the water for fishing and other activities.
The stilts also provide protection from flooding during the rainy season. The houses in Makoko are often small and cramped, with multiple families living in a single structure.
Makoko 1 10000
Challenging Conditions in Makoko
Climate Change (Rise in Sea Level)
Vulnerability to rise in sea level and flooding, for a community that is located on water, Makoko waterfront community is prone to extreme flooding during raining season.
Poor Sanitation & Waste disposal
For a community that large, there are no waste collection schemes to properly dispose waste, there is provision for communal toilets, but they are mostly shared by around 15 households, and sewage, kitchen residues and all kinds of materials end up in the water below their homes.
Water Pollution (Lack of access to clean water)
There are few water pipes in the slum and those that exist have to be paid for. This means people have to queue and pay for clean water
Lack of Legal Rights
The people have not planned this settlement and only 7% have legal rights to the land. In addition, the slum houses have little in the way of security.
Poor Health
Life expectancy in squatter settlements are low because of these conditions, poor quality water, mosquitoes which thrive in nearby lagoons and dangerous jobs all serve to impact on people’s health. Currently, malaria, respiratory diseases and malnutrition are endemic problems in Makoko.
Unemployment and Low Quality of Work
Many people have low paying jobs, most men of the community are into fishing while the women are into smoking of the fishes, weaving of baskets and petty trading amongst others.
Makoko Population Density Overview
The population of Makoko has been growing rapidly over the years due to several factors, including high fertility rates, high levels of migration to the city, and inadequate infrastructure and housing.
As a result of this rapid population growth, the density of the population in Makoko has also increased over time. The lack of proper infrastructure and housing has led to overcrowding, with many families living in small, cramped quarters.
It is important to note that accurate data on the population growth and density of Makoko is difficult to obtain due to the informal nature of the community and the lack of reliable data sources. However, it is clear that the population of Makoko has grown significantly over the years and that the density of the population has also increased as a result.
In these illustrations, I highlighted the density level of houses in the Makoko community.
2022
2000
2020
Low Density compared to year 2020 and 2022. Medium Density compared to year 2000 and 2022. High density compared to year 2000 and 2020.
Makoko Eviction Notices
A slum neighborhood that is home to over 200,000 people has faced several eviction notices over the years, as the government has sought to clear the area for development and improve the living conditions of its residents.
The eviction notices have often been met with resistance from the community and have led to protests and legal challenges.
The issue of eviction in Makoko has been a contentious one, as many of the residents have lived in the community for generations and have deep connections to the area. While the government has argued that the evictions are necessary for the development of the community and the improvement of living conditions, critics have argued that the evictions disproportionately affect low-income residents and could lead to the displacement of thousands of people.
Below, highlighted dates of first mention of Makoko on the map and eviction notices issued by the State Government to the Makoko Inhabitants to vacate the community.
1962
2012
2016
2017
Lagos state government gave a 72-hour eviction notice to Makoko residents.
The first mention of Makoko on a map by an American base
Lagos state governor planned to demolish shanties in Makoko.
Lagos High Court ruled that their forced eviction was unconstitutional.
+ + + +
Humans of Makoko “HappinessLivesHere”
Makoko: Cultural and Social Context
The typical family structure within the community is polygamous, with the average dwelling housing at least 15 occupants.
To have many children is considered a sign of wealth therefore family planning is not commonly practiced amongst the more traditional members of the community.
There are a lot of children in Makoko and each household has at least five children under the age of 10.
https://architectureindevelopment.org/project/173
Ethnicities Religions
Migbewhe
Christianity, Islam, Traditional Adogbo Yashiwhe Sogunro Okoagbo Apollo Eguns Eguns Eguns Eguns Eguns Ijaws Ilajes Yoruba
The Image above shows the ethnic and cultural diversity of inhabitants of Makoko Community
Makoko: Ethnic and Cultural Diversity
AwomandisplayingherwaresusingacanoeinMakoko A dwelling in Makoko constructed from Timber and Aluminium Sheets A dwelling constructed on stilts in Makoko made from Timber Canoe,theprincipalmeansoftransportation
Makoko: Materials and Building Techniques
Most buildings in Makoko are made using basic timber construction elevated on stilts made out of wood or bamboo. This appears to be a quite sustainable system for the community due to its proximity to the sawmills as well as the availability and affordability of bamboo.
Due to the quality of the timber used, timber piles have a tendency to rot but are relatively stable if left undisturbed.
The layout of the houses and individual plots are organised in such a way that the waterways are wide enough for canoes to pass
A
Process in
Highlighted below are step by step process of how buildings are built in Makoko
through. Some individual plots are encouraged to silt up and are subsequently sand-filled. Most structures are on one level; however, a few single-storey buildings can be found as well as concrete buildings on sand-filled plots.
Roof coverings are made either with corrugated roofing sheets or thatch. Some of the buildings in the oldest part of Makoko have been in existence for over 50 years, but overall, a majority of the buildings have a lifespan ranging anywhere between 20-50 years.
https://architectureindevelopment.org/project/173
Typical Construction
Makoko
Typical Construction Process in Makoko IsiEtomi-https://architectureindevelopment.org/project/173
Timber from Oko-Baba Sawmills IsiEtomi-https://architectureindevelopment.org/project/173
Typical Construction Process in Makoko IsiEtomi-https://architectureindevelopment.org/project/173
Bamboo Poles IsiEtomi-https://architectureindevelopment.org/project/173
Typical Construction Process in Makoko IsiEtomi-https://architectureindevelopment.org/project/173
Bamboo Poles Used as Piles IsiEtomi-https://architectureindevelopment.org/project/173
A Canoe Stop in Makoko IsiEtomi-https://architectureindevelopment.org/project/173
Typical Construction Process in Makoko IsiEtomi-https://architectureindevelopment.org/project/173
Harnessing “Floating Architecture”
There is one part of Lagos that has extensive experience of dealing with high water. Much of the Makoko neighbourhood is not built on land, but rather sits on stilts above the waterline. Makoko, known as the “Venice of Africa”, is a labyrinthine slum built on stilts and navigated by canoe.
The slum has little access to electricity or clean sanitation, but it has also been home to innovations like the Makoko Floating School, a structure that rested on recycled empty plastic barrels for buoyancy. The school’s pyramid shape helped lower its centre of gravity and also increased its stability, while also being an ideal roof shape for shedding heavy rains.
This prototype, however, was short-lived after suffering lasting damage from a storm in 2016. But it set the precedent for floating system that its architect, Kunle Adeyemi, would put to use in other coastal cities. Iterations of the floating structure have been built in Venice and Bruges.
Makoko Floating School
Makoko Floating School is a prototype floating structure, built for the historic water community of Makoko, located on the lagoon heart of Nigeria’s largest city, Lagos.
As a pilot project, it has taken an innovative approach to address the community’s social and physical needs in view of the impact of climate change and a rapidly urbanizing African context.
Its main aim is to generate sustainable, ecological, alternative building systems and urban water cultures for the teeming population of Africa’s coastal regions. The structure is designed to be replicable and adaptable for various residential, commercial, recreational and institutional uses
Makoko Floating School Collapse
After its completion and opening ceremony in March 2013, members of the community for used the structure intensively for a variety of purposes, while NLE monitored its performance. The structure served as a popular community space and a tourist destination in the city during this period.
It was publicly accessible for informal uses such as playground, fish trading, event hosting, crafts workshop, film shoot location and much more. Following approval by the National Inland Water Authorities (NIWA) and an official endorsement from Lagos State Government in 2015, the structure was formally handed over to Makoko/Iwaya waterfront community on 7 August 2015.
Thereon it remained under their care and responsibility and was used primarily used as an extension to Wyninna nursery and primary school and as an event space.
Makoko Floating School structure collapsed due to deterioration resulting from a lack of proper maintenance and collective management.
http://www.nleworks.com/case/makoko-floating-school/ https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210121-lagos-nigeria-how-africas-largest-cityis-staying-afloat
Assembled platform, September 2012 NLE-http://www.nleworks.com/case/makoko-floating-school/
Construction, December 2012 NLE-http://www.nleworks.com/case/makoko-floating-school/
Community Christmas Party, December 2012 NLE-http://www.nleworks.com/case/makoko-floating-school/
Construction, January 2013 NLE-http://www.nleworks.com/case/makoko-floating-school/
The Makoko Floating School https://publicdelivery.org/makoko-floating-school/
Infrastructure Precedents
How Coastal communities around the world Tackle Plastic Waste
Fishing nets are used as plastic waste interceptors in many coastal communities around the world as a way to reduce plastic pollution in the marine environment. Some examples of communities that have implemented this approach include:
Thailand: In the Island of Koh Sinhai Thailand, an organization called Tide Ocean Material partnered with the locals and the Thai government to install fishing nets along the shoreline to capture plastic waste that lies on the ocean and ends up causing a menace for the inhabitants.
Indonesia: In Indonesia, a group of volunteers known as the “Trash Heroes” have been using fishing nets to collect plastic waste from the waters around the island of Bali. The group also works with local schools and communities to educate people about the importance of plastic waste management.
India: In the coastal community of Vizhinjam, India, local fishermen have been using fishing nets to capture plastic waste from the water as part of a community-led initiative to reduce plastic pollution in the area.
Philippines: In the Philippines, the organization Ocean Tribe has been working with local fishermen to use fishing nets to capture plastic waste from the waters around the island of Palawan. The group also works with communities to educate people about the impacts of plastic pollution and promote waste reduction and recycling efforts.
United States: In the United States, the organization Ocean Blue Project has been working with local fishermen in the state of California to use fishing nets to capture plastic waste from the ocean. The group also works with communities to educate people about the impacts of plastic pollution and promote waste reduction and recycling efforts.
Overall, fishing nets are being used as plastic waste interceptors in many coastal communities around the world as a way to reduce plastic pollution and protect the marine environment.
CASE STUDY 1
Plastic Waste Management Solution in Koh Sinhai Island, Thailand
Palinya Chansamout, a fisherman who is playing an essential role in closing the circle of plastic pollution on the Island of Koh Sinhai. Formerly a full-time fisherman, Palinya has now become a dedicated plastic collector, while still fishing on the side for his friends and family.
Palinya Chansamout’s island village is located off the coast in the Andaman Sea.
His side job - collecting plastic which gets a second life as #tide ocean material has become important for this remote island.
Koh Sinhai lacked a waste management and isn’t accessible by public transport, so plastic waste that ended up there just stayed on the island.
With Palinya’s effort, each time he has collected between 400 and 800 kilos of plastic, he loads his longtail boat, drives one hour across the sea and along mangrove forests until he docks in Ranong just in front of the entrance of a social enterprise hub which was initiated by our Tide’s partner the Jan & Oscar Foundation.
The non-profit organisation is offering education and shelter to the underprivileged populations of Ranong province. In collaboration with the J&O Foundation, #tide provides a tangible solution to fight plastic pollution in the marine environment.
They buy plastic at a fair price, provide employment, training and sometimes housing for those who work at the centre, among them many young Moken or Burmese people. The ocean plastics are then upcycled into #tide’s award-winning ocean material to become useful, durable products.
The plastic waste is sorted, washed, shredded and shipped to Switzerland, where the magic happens.
The Tide Ocean Material - Koh Sinhai Island, Thailand
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JRBREu6dNsc TransportationofcapturedPlasticWastesviaBoatfromtheIsland
Koh Sinhai Island Village, Thailand located off the Coast of Andaman Sea SortingandCollectionofPlasticWastetobeprocessedoffsite
The Baling Press Machine compresses the plastic waste into rectangular bales.
FacilitywherethecollectedplasticwastearecompressedintoBales CollectedplasticwastebeingwheeledintotheFacility
The plastic waste in rectangular bales ready to be shipped for final processing(Upcycledintodifferentproducts)
CASE STUDY 2 - Planet 3R
Planet 3R is a social enterprise located in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, a neighbouring state to Lagos dedicated to converting textile and plastic wastes into eco-friendly products using the 3R ( Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) to save our planet Earth by weaving them into innovative items.
With the vision of creating a sustainable world without textile and plastic wastes, Planet 3R aims to reduce the landfill space by recycling clothes and nylons.
Plastic and Sachet Water Waste are sourced, in most cases bought at a fair price and are washed and disinfected, the woven into some products. Planet3R provides employment, training for graduates and youths in general.
Planet 3R Founder, Ms. Adejoke Lasisi Converts Textile and Plastic wastes into affordable Eco-friendly products for low and middle-income earners.
ProductslikeBagscanbegottenfromupcyclingofSachetsofWater
This Dress was made with over 5000 water sachets waste This jacket was made from over 1500 pure water sachets waste and 25 useddisposableshoppingnylonbags.
Overall Proposal Strategy
This proposal looks to effectively create a plastic waste management solution, create job opportunities for the community and also upgrade and propose new infrastructure for the people of Makoko.
The overarching intent is to improve the living conditions of the people and also reduce the level of pollution, help reduce CO2 from the burning of plastic trash that enters the community via canals.
The proposal strategy is divided into stages...
STAGE 0
Community Awareness: Educational campaigns and workshops to raise awareness about the importance of reducing plastic waste and encourage the use of reusable alternatives. Proper investigation of the community through observing the inhabitants to understand their experiences, perspectives and everyday practices will also be considered.
STAGE 1
Waste interceptors: Introducing local fishing nets as interceptors at various points (Microsites) of the water grids in the community to carefully capture plastic wastes that will be moved to a central upcycling point for upcycling
STAGE 2
Plastic Waste Upcycling Point: For effective management and upcycling of Polyethylene Plastics and Polyethylene terephthalate plastics gotten from the water grids, Upcycling points will be created, managed by the locals, the plastic wastes will be upcycled into bags, wall clocks and many other products that can be sold. This will create employment for the locals and also improve the standard of living of families.
STAGE 3
Green spaces and Planting of Trees: Incorporating green spaces into the urban landscape of Makoko will provide a place for residents to dispose off their waste responsibly and will also help to improve air quality and provide other benefits.
STAGE 4
Infrastructural Upgrade: Upgrading of the available infrastructure in the community ranging from the existing Health center and school located on water will be upgraded, also new infrastructure will be proposed to cater for the growing population of young people in the community.
STAGE 5
Partnerships: Building partnerships with businesses and organizations, and government agencies can help to support the implementation of these strategies and ensure their long-term success.
Overall, a comprehensive approach that combines education, infrastructure development, regulatory measures, and partnerships with other organizations can help to effectively address plastic waste management in Makoko over a five-year period.
What Happens At Each Microsite
At each Microsites, Fishing nets are used as plastic waste interceptors, the Plastic wastes are captured and are made into Bales as shown below...
The Wastes are sorted and converted into Bales and moved to the central Upcycling Hub where it is upcycled into different products.
The Ag-mac V450HD is a heavy duty baler with a long compaction stroke and press force of 50 tonnes. It crushes empty containers such as food cans and plastic bottles (without caps) and forms them into dense, compact bales.
It can also bale cardboard, plastic, paper, textiles, computer casings and other robust materials.
At its peak, when more plastic are captured, a sales point has been proposed for easy sale of the plastic to outsiders.
BaleofPlasticBottlesafterCompression PlasticWasteCollectionatMakokoasseenduringSiteVisit.Thesearecurrentlysoldtooutsidersinterestedfor‘quickcash’byindividuals.
Heavy Duty Baler
Fishing Nets as Plastic Waste Interceptors
Using fishing nets as plastic waste interceptors in the Makoko community could be an effective way to reduce plastic pollution in the community and the surrounding water bodies.
Fishing nets are often used for this purpose because they are durable, easily deployable, and can be used to capture a wide variety of plastic waste. Makoko as a community that it’s major occupation is fishing, the use of fishing nets as waste interceptor will be a welcome development to the inhabitants
There are several ways that fishing nets can be used as plastic waste interceptors in the Makoko community. One approach is to install fishing nets in strategic locations (Microsites) within the community, such as along waterways or at points where plastic waste tends to accumulate. Thesefishingnetscanbeattachedto postsorotherstructures,ortheycanbesuspendedinthewaterto capturefloatingplasticdebris.
Another approach is to use fishing nets as part of a larger plastic waste collection and management system. For example, fishing nets could be used to capture plastic waste from the water, and then that waste could be collected and transported to a central location for processing and recycling. This could be done by community members or by a dedicated team of waste collectors.
Overall, using fishing nets as plastic waste interceptors in the Makoko community will be a practical and effective way to reduce plastic pollution in the community and protect the local environment.
It is important to ensure that the fishing nets are properly maintained and replaced when necessary, and to work with the community to develop a system for collecting and managing the plastic waste that is captured.
Advantages of using Fishing Nets as Waste Interceptors
There are several advantages to using fishing nets as plastic waste interceptors in the Makoko community:
• Cost-effective: Fishing nets are relatively inexpensive and easy to obtain, making them a cost-effective solution for plastic waste management in the Makoko community.
• Versatility: Fishing nets can be used to capture a wide variety of plastic waste, including bottles, bags, and other small debris. They can also be used in a variety of locations, including waterways, streets, and other areas where plastic waste tends to accumulate.
• Efficient: Fishing nets are able to capture large amounts of plastic waste quickly and efficiently, making them an effective tool for reducing plastic pollution in the community.
• Durability: Fishing nets are made of strong and durable materials that can withstand the harsh conditions of the marine environment, making them suitable for use over an extended period of time.
• Community involvement: Using fishing nets as plastic waste interceptors in the Makoko community can involve and engage community members in the process of reducing plastic pollution, which can help to build awareness and support for environmental conservation efforts.
• Protecting the environment: Reducing plastic pollution in the Makoko community and surrounding water bodies is important for protecting the local environment and the health of the community. By using fishing nets to capture plastic waste, it is possible to help prevent negative impacts on marine life and the local ecosystem.
Recycled Fishing Nets Used as Plastic Waste Interceptor https://www.bwh-cases.com/cases-made-from-recycled-plastic/
Plastic Waste Debris Captured by Interceptor https://hakaimagazine.com/features/scooping-plastic-out-of-the-ocean-is-a-losing-game/
Microsite I : Examining Existing Site Plan
and Site Conditions: 1 : 1250 @A2
Microsite I Imagery:
Environmental Conditions
As at the time of visit, the canals have been cleared, left along the canal are few plastic waste, debris and water hyacinth.
Makoko Police Station
Makoko Fish Market
Fresh & Smoked Fish Makoko Market
St. Raphael Celestial Church of Christ
Makoko Residential Estate
Ita Baale Borehole
Celestial Church of Christ Catholic Church
Makoko Dream Nursery School
Asejere Market
Olountoba Central Mosque
Microsite II :
Examining Existing Site Plan and Site Conditions 1
Microsite II Imagery: Environmental Conditions
As at the time of visit, the canals have been cleared, left along the canal are few plastic waste, debris and water hyacinth.
Ken-Ade Private School
: 1250 @A2
Microsite III : Examining Existing Site Plan and Site Conditions
Microsite III Imagery:
Environmental Conditions
As at the time of visit, the canals have been cleared, left along the canal are few plastic waste, debris and water hyacinth.
1 : 1250 @A2
-
Microsite IV: Examining Existing Site Plan and Site Conditions:
Microsite IV Imagery: Environmental Conditions
As at the time of visit, the canals have been cleared, left along the canal are few plastic waste, debris and water hyacinth.
1 : 1250 @A2
Why Planting Of Trees In Makoko?
Planting trees in coastal communities like Makoko in Lagos can bring a number of benefits, both environmental and social. Some of the advantages of planting trees in such communities include:
Improved Air Quality: Trees absorb carbon dioxide and other pollutants from the air, helping to improve air quality and reduce the risk of respiratory problems.
Increased Shade: Trees provide shade, which can help to reduce the urban heat island effect and make outdoor spaces more comfortable to be in.
Flood control: Trees can help to reduce the risk of flooding by absorbing water and slowing down the flow of runoff.
Habitat Creation: Trees can provide habitat for a wide variety of wildlife, including birds, insects, and small mammals.
Community Building: Planting trees can bring people together and encourage a sense of community pride and ownership.
Economic Benefits: Trees can increase property values and improve the aesthetic appeal of a community, which can help to attract businesses and tourists.
Overall, planting trees in a coastal community like Makoko can bring a number of environmental, social, and economic benefits that can help to improve the quality of life for residents and visitors.
Choice of Trees and Plants
• Palm Trees
Palm trees have several advantages in coastal areas, including:
They are Salt Tolerant: Palm trees can tolerate salt spray and sandy soils, making them well-suited for coastal environments.
They provide shade: Palm trees have large, broad leaves that provide shade, making them useful for creating outdoor spaces that are comfortable to be in even during hot weather.
They are attractive: Palm trees are often considered to be aesthetically pleasing, and can add visual interest to coastal landscapes.
They can help to stabilize dunes: Palm trees can help to stabilize dunes, preventing erosion and protecting coastal areas from storms and high winds.
They are drought-tolerant: Palm Trees are drought tolerant and require less water.
They are an important source of food and material: Palm Trees are also an important source of food and material for local communities, such as coconuts and palm oil.
Asides the above highlighted advantages of Palm Trees, the inhabitants of Makoko are from coastal communities like Benin Republic and Badagry, planting of Palm Trees will make them feel at home.
Site-Wide Strategy
Creation of Microsites affords us the opportunity to arrest plastic wastes before they enter into the Waterfront community.
At these microsites, fishing nets are used as interceptors, One advantage of using fishing nets as interceptors is that they are relatively simple and inexpensive to install and maintain. They can be easily removed and replaced as needed, and they do not require complex machinery or infrastructure.
Fishing nets are also highly effective at capturing a wide range of debris, including large and small pieces of plastic, as well as other types of litter. They can be customized to meet the specific needs of a particular location.
After collection at these microsites, the plastic wastes are sorted and compressed into bales with the use of a Heavy Duty Baler.
After compression, the rectangular bales are moved via boats to the central upcycling Hub where it is upcycled into numerous products.
Microsite I
Microsite II
Microsite III
Microsite IV
MICROSITE I - MASTERPLAN PROPOSAL 1 : 1250 @A2
MICROSITE I Axonometric
Toilet Blocks
Plastic Waste Collection Point
Plastic Waste Sales Point
PROPOSED CROSS-SECTION (MICROSITE 1)
MICROSITE II - MASTERPLAN PROPOSAL 1 : 1250 @A2
MICROSITE II Axonometric
Toilet Block
Plastic Waste Sales Point
Plastic Waste Collection Point
MICROSITE III - MASTERPLAN PROPOSAL 1 : 1250 @A2
Plastic Waste Collection Point
Plastic Waste Sales Point
Toilet Blocks
MICROSITE III Axonometric
MICROSITE IV - MASTERPLAN PROPOSAL 1 : 1250 @A2
MICROSITE IV Axonometric
Toilet Block
Plastic Waste Sales Point
Plastic Waste Collection Point
UPCYCLING POINT - MASTERPLAN PROPOSAL 1 : 1250 @A2 Upcycling Hub on Makoko Waterfront
HERO SHOT OF THE UPCYCLING HUB REPRESENTED AS A VOLUMN ON THE MAKOKO WATERFRONT. Shows the Upcycling Hub at the edge of the Waterfront.
PHYSICAL MODEL OF MAKOKO COMMUNITY Microsite 1 - 3D Model Microsite 2 and 3 - 3D Model Microsite 4 - 3D Model Waste Upcycling Point - 3D Model (On Water)
Acknowledgement
Specialthankstothefollowingpeoplefortheirunwavering supportindatagatheringandfieldvisittoprojectsite.
Shakirudeen Adeleke Adeogun (Deenlake Photography)
Zechariah Yiseyon Akwewanu
Tayo Folorunso
Taiwo Shemede
List of Bibliography
Adebote, S. (2022, August 31). Is this Nigeria’s “loudest” statement yet on climate change? | Bond. Bond | the International Development Network. https://www.bond.org.uk/news/2022/08/is-this-nigerias-loudest-statement-yet-on-climate-change/
“Lagos shows how a city can recover from a deep, deep pit”: Rem Koolhaas. (2016, February 26). The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/ cities/2016/feb/26/lagos-rem-koolhaas-kunle-adeyemi
The Growth of Lagos - Internet Geography. (2016). Internet Geography. https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/the-growth-of-lagos/
Mapping Makoko: A Community Stating its Right to Exist. Urbanet. https://www.urbanet.info/mapping-makoko-a-community-stating-its-rightto-exist/
Sanni, S. (2022, February 28). Nigerian floating slum braces for more storm damage. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/nigerianfloating-slum-braces-more-storm-damage-2022-02-28/
Johnson, A. (2021, January 22). How Africa’s largest city is staying afloat. Www.bbc.com. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210121-lagosnigeria-how-africas-largest-city-is-staying-afloat
Tepe, A. (2022, April 26). Plastics from recycled fishing nets - For a greener future. Bwh Koffer. https://www.bwh-cases.com/cases-made-fromrecycled-plastic/
Stuart, R. (2021, September 21). Scooping Plastic Out of the Ocean Is a Losing Game. Hakai Magazine. https://hakaimagazine.com/features/ scooping-plastic-out-of-the-ocean-is-a-losing-game/
Stop Ocean Pollution: Collection of #tide ocean material on the island of Koh Sinhai, Thailand. (n.d.). www.youtube.com. Retrieved December 7, 2022, fromhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JRBREu6dNsc
MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL | NLE. (n.d.). www.nleworks.com. http://www.nleworks.com/case/makoko-floating-school/
Nigeria’s Makoko Floating School - Everything you need to know. (2019, August 6). Public Delivery. https://publicdelivery.org/makoko-floatingschool/
Johnson, A. (2021, January 22). How Africa’s largest city is staying afloat. www.bbc.com. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210121-lagosnigeria-how-africas-largest-city-is-staying-afloat
Architecture in Development -- Makoko. (n.d.). Architectureindevelopment.org. https://architectureindevelopment.org/project/173
Heinrich-Boll-Stiftung. (2010, November 1). Makoko. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/boellstiftung/albums/72157625346127719
Kaushik. (2012). Makoko, a Floating Slum in Nigeria. Amusing Planet. https://www.amusingplanet.com/2014/04/makoko-floating-slum-in-nigeria. html
Cachia, A. (2020, June 10). Entire Lagos neighbourhood filled with rubbish after heavy rainfall. Mail Online. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/ article-8407069/Entire-Lagos-neighbourhood-filled-rubbish-floodwater-washes-trash-streets.html
Waterways of Makoko
Image showing children diving into the Makoko Water
Primary means of transportation in Makoko is the Canoe