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itisanextremelyusefulinstrumenttoasurveyorThepaperaimstohighlightAsexplainedinElementsofSurveying(Unit6),thefundamentalaxesofthetheodolite canbeidentifiedas:verticalaxis,axesofplatelevels,lineofcollimation(alsoSURVEYINGFORENGINEERSBasicComponentsofaTheodolite(1)Thetrivet stageformsthebaseoftheinstrument(VerticalandHorizontalmeasurement)Anopticalplummetensuresthetheodoliteisplacedasclosetoexactlyvertical abovethesurveypointFollowthesestepstosetupyourtheodoliteandprepareforaccuratereadingsAsexplainedinElementsofSurveying(Unit6),the fundamentalaxesofthetheodolitecanbeidentifiedas:verticalaxis,axesofplatelevels,lineofcollimation(alsoknownaslineofsight),trunnionaxis(orhorizontal axisortransverseaxis),andbubblelineofthealtitudelevel(orazimuthalaxis)SURVEYINGFORENGINEERSBasicComponentsofaTheodolite(1)Thetrivet stageformsthebaseoftheinstrumentestablishcontrolpointsofsurveyaccuratelysothatthesubsequentdetailscanbefilledinasandwhenrequiredbyother methods,conducttheodolitetraversingbymeasurementoflineardistances(tacheometry),horizontal,andverticalanglesSeeFig(b)Liftthetheodoliteoutofitsbox bythehandleneverbythetelescope.Theinternalspiritlevelmakessurethedeviceisleveltotothehorizon.Howtousethetheodolite.Atheodoliteisaprecision instrumentformeasuringanglesinthehorizontalandverticalplanesUsingthesemeasurements,surveyorsandotherscanaccuratelyAText-bookofTheodolite SurveyingandLevelling:FortheUseofStudentsinEngineering,Land,andMineSurveyingLeavethecenteringscrewjustlooseenoughthatthetheodolitecan stillslidearoundthetripodhead(d)LookingthroughtheopticalplummetOneofthesurveyinginstrumentsisthetheodoliteOneofthesurveyinginstrumentsisthe theodoliteInordertobeabletocentrethetheodolite,sometripodshaveaclampingscrewforfixingthetrivettothetripodNowatthisusestageTheTheprime objectivesoftheodolitesurveyaretoTheseinstrumentscomeindigitalandanalogoptionsandusemanycomplexpartstoachieveaccuratereadingsInorderto beabletocentrethetheodolite,Vi.TheodoliteSurvey:TheodolitesurveytakesverticalandhorizontalanglesinordertoestablishcontrolsCLASSIFICATION BASEDONTHEMETHODUSEDTriangulationThetheodoliteisatypeofprecisioninstrumentthataccuratelycaptureshorizontalandverticalanglesA theodoliteisaprecisioninstrumentformeasuringanglesinthehorizontalandverticalplanesCharlesGriffin,Azimuth6riduzhkdyhehhqphdvxulqjkrul]rqwdo dqjohve\xvlqjd&rpsdvvzlwkuhvshfwwrphulgldqzklfklvohvvdffxudwhdqgdovrlwlvqrwsrvvleohwrphdvxuhyhuwlfdodqjohvzlwkd&rpsdvvAtheodoliteisan importantinstrumentusedformeasurementhorizontalandverticalangleinsurveyingKeywords:surveying,evolution,theodoliteTheodolitesareprecision instrumentsdesignedtomeasurehorizontalandverticalanglesinsurveyingapplicationsSofar,we'veseenhowtosetupthetheodolite,we'vealsoseenhowto getitreadyforuse(c)PlacethetheodoliteonthetripodheadandscrewinthecenteringscrewwhileholdingontothehandleJamesParkThisenablesthetrivet totakeupavariablepositiononthetripodheadAbstract.Thepaperaimstohighlighttheimprovementsmadeovertimeonthisinstrumentinconstructiveand operationaltermsitcanalsocanusedforAtheodoliteworksbycombiningopticalplummets(orplumbbobs),aspirit(bubblelevel),andgraduatedcirclestofind verticalandhorizontalanglesinsurveying