Indiscernible

INDISCERNIBLE INVISIBLE LAYERS IN SPACE

INDISCERNIBLE INVISIBLE LAYERS IN SPACE

M.A. MEDIA SPACES

Dulce Ma. Villegas N.

05 | 02 | 2018

“To see a world in a grain of sand And a heaven in a wild flower, Hold infinity in the palm of your hand And eternity in an hour.�

-William Blake / Auguries of Innocence

[1]

INDEX 1.

Why? // Introduction

2.

Where? // Space

3.

When? // Relativity of time

4.

How? // Let there be light…

5.

A what? //A fourth dimension

6.

What is it? // Matter and forces

7.

“The world is my idea”[2] Subjectivity of perception // The fifth dimension

8. Conclusions

Why? // Introduction What constitutes the universe is beyond the visible or tangible, it´s a series of different invisible layers overlapped in space that gives us an entire atmosphere of what we experience in a specific time, in a certain location.

Even if we found a common definition of how the universe works, time, space and light, it is never going to be the same one for every person. The relativity of this depends in every point of view and every single one is different.

Eve though it is so different to every person, through years there have been some common grounds in order to define this, for example in relation to space the first thing that comes to our minds is architecture, because it is the tangible representation of the three dimensions of space. But in order to constitute an entire atmosphere there’s also light, time, motion and human interaction.

But how does all this layers would look if everything in space was visible? if we could perceive the time that has passed and the time that is about to come? how does all this different dimensions work together to make us perceive a whole of space in a specific time and a specific geographical location? and why make it visible?

We all have herd of the different laws of physics that exist and it’s hard to associate how all this numbers are a series of dimensions and forces going on around us that constitute our every day life and without them life itself and the universe and space would not exist. But they are usually represented as numbers and formulas that are hard to understand, but when this numbers and formulas become a representation of space, of how it exist among us in invisible layers, turn it into visible art, it’s easier to understand the existence of the universe and space and why we see things the way we see them.

As it’ll be shown, the importance of art in understanding physics is huge, because through years art has always anticipated the existence of this laws, and allow us to expand our vision in a steady image of something that is constantly changing.

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Why? // Introduction

In order to understand how the universe works, it can be explained with three important sources which are: time, light and space. These resources were the base for the spatial theory of relativity of Albert Einstein in 1905.

Time | Space | Light Newton defined space and time as a constant and light as relative, but Einstein turned everything defining that space and time are relative and light has a constant speed.

Through years art has find a way to represent this invisible forces, moving around us and creating a big commotion in spectators, because is not something that we are able to see or perceive in everyday life and we are able to see it represented in 2 dimensions, but now technology has evolved and art with it and allows us not only to perceive not only the representation of all the planes around us in a 2 dimensional plane, but involving 4 dimensions and even the new unclear fifth dimension.

What are this 5 dimensions? how they have been represented through time and how they were discovered? what is the future of art now with digital and tangible interactive media? What can art anticipate now from the laws of physics and function of the universe?

This investigation is mainly based in texts of Stephen Hawking with A Brief History of Time and Leonard Shlain, Art & Physics, also combined with different sources, different authors and examples of installations from different artists. Mainly speaking of Time, Space and Light and the evolution of this theories hand by hand with physics and art.

Why? // Introduction

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Where? // Space Trying to define space, is one of the biggest questions of all times, space can be the distance between one object and the other where there’s nothing but is open to events to happen. The distance between one point and another but not joined by any lines, so it could be defined as the opposite of a distance, that imaginary line that can be measure to go to one place to another; Because space would be all the residual space left behind between those two points. Space is not posible to define since we don’t know how it is formed or if its made of something, because it is exactly that nothing where there’s no matter, that we intuitively know it exists but we cannot explain or see. According to Euclid, space is a void of emptiness where objects are placed, it is where objects are hold or the canvas for events to happen.

In between this attempts on trying to explain space appears the concept of geometry. Euclid was the one who translated space into a system of rules called geometry.

As said by Archimedes, “the shortest distance between two points is a straight line”, which is the principle of geometry, straight lines that doesn’t exist in nature.

“The laws of physics enabled the knowledgeable user to draw diagrams of trajectories and missiles and orbits of planets. These diagrams connected individual objects with imaginary lines that could not be seen in nature. In art beneath the paint of the canvas, there also lay hidden the pentimenti of the invisible lines the artist had drawn while planning the painting.” [3] The system created by mankind to give an understanding of how space works and to be able to conceive it and give an explanation to it. Nowadays when we think of space Architecture is the first word that come to our minds, when we hear space we imagine a constructed space, a tangible tridimensional space based on this first conception of it called geometry.

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Where? // Space

Architecture became the abstraction of space using an Euclidean conception of it. It is based in a set of imaginary lines, angles and numbers to create a tangible, controlable environment. It is the same same in city planning it is all those constructed private spaces joined by public spaces which gives another definition of space which is private space and public space, or open space and closed space.

It is an interesting branch of art, Architecture Joins all dimensions, space, time, light and shadow, length, depth, hight, acoustic, space-time, perception, emotions; to create an atmosphere and a mind set.

We can see in this examples of James Turrell, how he plays with the perspective of space creating an atmosphere with natural and artificial light, in the picture is Turrell creates a similar experience of “Ganzfeld� a word to describe the loss of depth or perception.

Where? // Space

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Image [1]

Although in art was happening something different with geometry, The vanishing point appear, and apart from this it was possible to perceive in a 2 dimensional painting a 3 dimensional space, space for different events to happen in different planes and distances. Art preceded the idea of an infinite space proposed by Descartes with the appearance of the vanishing point.

“In the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, as before, the precognition of the intuitive artist foreshadowed the discoveries of the analytical scientist.”[4] For now space have been represented in a terrenal matter, as far as our sight allow us to see and perceive, something that we can identify with and that somehow is easier to understand than the entire infinite space. But in order to understand what we see it was necessary to understand from where everything that we see is coming from. which means having an image of the entire space. Does it have a begining and an ending? Is it limited? Or are we in an infinite universe? and if we are, how is it posible for us to exist as we exist?

There were two proposals of the existence of the universe and the duration of it; the first one was that the universe existed forever in an unchanging state, or the second that it had a beginning, so it is infinite or finite. But the idea of a finite space comes from the need of eternal truths, that there was a creation and that there will be an end, but as Stephen Hawking said: “the universe is eternal and unchanging.” [5] There are a few examples of artists trying to represent this idea of an infinite universe, like Yayoi Kusama with her installation of the infinity room, representing in a tiny dark room with lights and reflection the eternity of space and time, playing with perception and emotions, light and shadow creates an entire atmosphere and understanding on how space in infinite and that there is more than the eye allow us to see. “The difficulty is that in an infinite static universe nearly every line of sight would end on the surface of a star” [6]

Where? // Space

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Image [2]

Although the idea of existing in an infinite universe didn’t make sense entirely since if it was eternal and infinite how is it that we are not flying and moving around through it, either space is not moving or there’s something else that needs to be understood.

“Galileos idea of rest within an inertial frame of reference became the starting point of Newton’s system. In hypothesis [...] the system of the world, Newton states: “The center of the system of the world is unmovable. This is acknowledge by all, while some contend that the earth, others that the sun, is fixed in that centre”. [7] So in order to exist in an infinite universe and be not expanding and moving through it, gravity appears. Newton created the law of universal gravitation, as the story is well known, an apple fell from a tree and Newton started wondering that maybe there’s a force that is pulling everything down but how come that the moon and the stars are not falling and crushing the earth?

“The law of universal gravitation, which states that the gravitational force between two objects is proportional to their size of their masses and inversely affected by the square of their distance. this law explained why the moon did not fall into the earth. Newton realized the moon was falling, just like the apple; but because at the same time it was moving horizontally with reference to the earth, pulled away from the earth by its speed and inertia, the moon never actually fell into the earth. Newton demonstrated that if the sideways motion of an object equaled the downward motion, the two would balance each other. therefore, the moon would occupy a stable orbit.” [8] This is possible to observe with magnets, magnetic fields is what allows magnets to attract metal materials, and this is defined as a force surrounding the magnet, it attracts and object if it enters into this field, a magnet is charged by positive charge and negative charge, when a negative and positive charge encounters this forces attract to each other but when they have the same charge they repel.

We can find this principle in trains which use magnetic fields to move, by being one near to the other they create this repulsion force from one pushing the other but remaining the same distance all the time. This is one way to demonstrate how the Earth and the Moon work together in order to keep the same distance from each other and also not crash one into the other.

Where? // Space

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Image [3]

But then where does gravity exists? Is it only in the earth or are there any other gravitational fields?

In the theory of an infinite universe it is possible that every point in the universe is a center and every point has infinite stars around it. But it is not certain how many centers can be found. The only certain gravitational center is the one on earth.

But also in exploring space come together with exploring time, since they are corelated. “Thus, when we look at the universe, we are seeing it as it was in the past.”[9] And not only time and space but also light. What we perceive as space is already a past perception, The stars that we look at in the sky is a light that existed in the past, it is not shining anymore.

“The light from distant stars would be dimmed by absorption by intervening matter. However if that happened the intervening matter would eventually heat up until it glowed as brightly as the stars. The only way of avoiding the conclusion that the whole of the night sky should be as bright as the surface of the sun would be to assume that the stars had not been shining forever but had turned on at some finite time in the past. In that case the absorbing matter might not have heated up yet or the light from distant stars might not yet have reached us.” [10]

Where? // Space

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When? // Relativity of Time Time As mentioned in the last chapter space exist together with time, since space is a temporal matter, it has a beginning or and end, or is it eternal? was space created together with time? In the critique of pure reason of Immanuel Kant, he writes a thesis and an antithesis about this concern, if space is finite or infinite. The thesis refers to the universe as infinite, but if this is true it means that in every event there is an infinite time before it and the antithesis refers to a finite time where there’s a beginning of the universe, there would be infinite time before every event, so the idea of why should the universe start at a certain point is not clear. So what can be inferred from this thesis and antithesis about finite or infinite space?

“They are both based on his unspoken assumption that time continues back forever, wether or not the universe had existed forever.” [11] Although Aristotle and Newton did not believed that time and space were related, they thought that time and space are separated and can be measured and perceived as independent from each other. Both believed that time was absolute, that the time between one event and the other is measurable and that time is not relative but it would be the same to every person. So it was assumed that time did not coexist together with space but they were independent from each other.

But if time was absolute it means that somehow time is the same for every person in the world, there’s no chance to stretch it or to narrow it, but if it was relative it means that it can be stretched or narrowed and depending on every individual how time is perceived. Stephen Hawking mentions a Twins paradox on how time pases faster if it’s closer to the gravitational center and slower if it is far away from it. also he mentions: “This is known as the twins paradox, but it is a paradox only if one has the idea of absolute time at the back of one’s mind. In the theory of realtivity there is no unique absolute time, que instead each individual has his own personal measure of time that depends on where he is and how he is moving.” [12]

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When? // Relativity of time

Although there’s no measurable way to know if time existed and it is going to extinguish or if it is eternal and cyclic. In all ancient times, time was believed as cyclic. But for Plato he thought that time moves in a static space: “referred to time as the moving image of this changeless eternity.” [13] Monet said that: “Sequence is the backbone of time” - Monet. [14] So time can be a series of still images that create the illusion of motion, is time that allows motion to exist. “Sequence become the key to time, and each duration followed in a progressive non returning flow.” [15] For this interpretation understood that time traveled in a straight line joining a series of events making them a sequence, one event after the other.

Following the idea of sequence, Architect Tsuyoshi Tane creates an installation calles “time is TIME” which with strings and reflective plates he creates the illusion that time is still and absolute and everything else is relative, following the principle of sequence and events joined in s straight line.

When? // Relativity of time

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Pia Mnnikk creates another installation based in sequence, capturing the moment when a person move from a specific point to another, every movement in a specific time in a specific space. Living traces in time and demonstrating how often traces change. The series is called Dj Vu and she uses tulle fabric and ink for her installation.

Also John White in his The bird and rebirth of pictorial space says: “All the forms lie in a single plane.

All the movement is in one direction.” [16] which is similar to the idea of Pia Mnnik and movement also Kant mentioned that: “time flowed in one direction at a constant rate and that we were born with the knowledge of its features.” [17] Thus so far in all the examples demonstrated before, it can be inferred that time exists in space, is a series of movements or events that occur in space and that follow a certain line. Which companies the definition of instantaneity: “Instantaneity: This word comes not from the visual world of space, but rather from the abstract notion of time.” [18] But it was Einstein who concluded that time is relative not absolute. It depends on every persons position towards a clock or viceversa.

When? // Relativity of time

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Image [5]

So relativity refers to: when we get closer to the speed of light, time pases slowly and when we are not in motion time pases faster, but with this principle then it can be inferred that time is in a constant state and it is in the subjects moving space, depending in the speed of their movement how time is perceived. “This peculiarity of the nature of time has the additional effect of seeming to bring the past and the future closing together when traveling at ever increasing speeds. This illusion, however, is really the result of the present moment enlarging to encompass more of the past and more of the future. Finally, at c the present incorporates all of the past and all of the future so that all time exists in one still moment of now.� [19]

When? // Relativity of time

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Synchronicity Apart from the idea of time and events related to it in a straight line, the idea of this events is already established and just us approaching to them in time, as a predetermined destiny or as Carl Jung called it Synchronicity and he defines it as followed: “The internal corollary in human experience of this external quantum idea. […] causality.

He proposed that all human events interwove on a plane to which we are not consciously privy, so that in addition to prosaic cause and effect, human events are joined in a higher dimension by meaning.” [20] Which Synchronicity can be the relation of time and action within space, creates cause and effect, a series of events that we sense, by intuition and eventually this events will occur. There is also a word to define the intuition of time which is “zeitgeist: “the spirit of times” unrelated fields begin to appear at the same time.” [21] But before Jung wrote about Synchronicity Aristotle thought about this cause and effect and the relation with unexpected events in time. In which he mentions that in every cause there’s an effect and in between this two there’s the possibility that something unexpected can happen. But in disagreement with this thought Bacon and Descartes believed that there is no room for something else to happen in between cause and effect. Meanwhile Pollock believed that exactly in this gap there’s place for one to connect to the cosmos, where things manifest to the world.

Christopher Nolan represents this examples of interconnected events in time and the relativity of it, explains the intuition of it, how it happens and how different dimensions are interconnected. In the movie interstellar all the ideas of time and space are represented, the relativity of time of how it changes from one site of space from another, and how is it posible to travel in time, also in a specific scene of the movie he represents how all the past events get stored and how would they look like and how would it be to see them from a different dimension.

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When? // Relativity of time

Image [6]

Future A future vision start appearing in art, like cubism which is a 3D form transformed in a 2D space which all sides are visible, futurism makes the same with time, past, present and future are visible in the same plane.

“As simultaneous views in space are the heart of cubism, allowing the front and sides of an object to be represented all at once, so simultaneous views of time are the core of futurism, allowing the viewer to see the past, present, and the future in one holistic now.” [22] For example this installation called Daydream by Nonotak studio, explores space, time, and sound, in different planes there are projected images in relation of space and this images get distorted creating different optical illusions for the viewer. While one stands static in between the two spaces light distorts space and sound create a different atmosphere, is also a representation of time standing in the present while past and future exist at the same time in constant movement.

“The futurist deity, had there been one, would have been speed, which is the distance traveled (space) in an infinite time.” [23]

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When? // Relativity of time

Image [7]

Another installation which represent the past present and future, is the Becks sapphire installation, which is a similar representation as the cone of time, in which present is a tiny moment and apart from this moment a cone of light shines expanding to the past and also to the future.

“In their 1909 manifesto, the futurists pronounced with confidence, “time and space died yesterday. We are already living in the absolute, for we have already created eternal, ever-present speed.” [24] And explaining the figure of the cone of time and light: “this cone is called the future light cone of the event. ( “(An event, in this sense, is something that takes place at a single point in space, at a specified point in time).” [25] “In the same way we can draw another cone, called the past light cone, which is the set of events from which a pulse of light is able to reach the given event..”

[26] In this figure we can see the relation between time and light, in order to exist, light travels through time in a certain speed and the relation of it will be explained as follows.

Image [8]

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When? // Relativity of time

Image [9]

Relativity of time Before the discovery of relativity of time, time was believed as an absolute, and with this also the idea of space and light changed.

While Newton discovered the theory of absolute rest, Ole Christensen Roemer, discovered that light traveled to space at a finite speed, which means that light is absolute and has a limit and this discovery changes the idea of absolute space and absolute time.

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When? // Relativity of time

How? // Let there be light...

Light Light has been defined through ages as something magical, with a holistic or transcendental meaning, something that cannot be explained in the terrenal world, but is something that happened beyond, that was created by God, “and God said, let there be light” [27] It couldn’t be understood how it traveled or at what speed but it was until 1676 that Ole Christensen Roemer discovered that light has a speed limit, very high but it is finite.

In 1921 Einstein won the Nobel Prize by suggesting that light could travel as a wave and as a particle, and this particle was named Photon.

In 1926 discovered by Niels Bohr, that light move in the form of a wave and a particle. Clark Maxwell discovered in his theory of propagation, how is light spread: “Maxwell’s equations predicted that there could be wavelike disturbances in the combined electromagnetic field, and that these would travel at a fixed speed, like ripples on a pond.” [28] In the previews chapter the figure of the future and past cone of light is mentioned, but why is it a cone that propagues from the present towards the future and the past?

“It follows from this that if a pulse of light is emiten at a particular point in space, then as time goes on it will spread out as a sphere of light whose size and position are índependent of the speed of the source. After one millionth of a second the light will have spread out to form a sphere with a radius of 300 meters; after two millionths of a second, the radius will be 600 meters; and so on. It will be like the ripples that spread out on the surface of a pond when a stone is thrown in. The ripples spread out as a circle that gets bigger as time goes on.” [29]

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How? // Let there be light...

Image [10]

The speed limit of light is: speed of light: 1 meter per 0.0000000003335640952 seconds (186,000 miles per second) and this speed is the limit of the universe and it is because there is nothing that can travel faster than light because if there was something that reaches the speed of light it would be actually possible to stop time.

“It can in fact never reach the speed of light, because by then its mass would have become infinite, and by the equivalence of mass and energy, it would have taken an infinite amount of energy to get it there. For this reason, any normal object is forever confined by relativity to move at speeds slower than the speed of light. Only light, or other waves that have no intrinsic mass, can move at the speed of light.” [30] But for us is imposible to perceive the propagation of light is so fast and it doesn’t matter at which speed we are actually moving we will never be able to see the light traveling.

So it is settled at what speed light travels, how it travels, and it is a measurable and imposible to reach speed. But what about our perception? “Eight minutes, the time it takes light to reach us from the sun.” [31] We receive sunlight with a delay of 8 minutes because of the time it needs to travel in the distance between the earth and the sun, So it is possible that what we perceive as a present is already a projection of something that already happened. “Light is the link connecting space, time, energy and matter.” [32]

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How? // Let there be light...

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Shadow But as everything in the universe is a law of cause and effect, as light being the cause the effect will be shadow. In order for light to exist, it need to be also shadow.

Every object located in space exist in a 3 dimensional plane, it doesn’t matter how thin it is but every object is constitute by a certain height, length and depth, but there are two exceptions to this rule and this is reflections and shadows.

Light and shadow combined allows us to perceive the 3 dimensions of objects and matter in space.

And also they allow us to perceive time in matter. “Giorgio de Chirico understood that shadow was inextricably bound to the perception of time.” [33] The shadows created by objects allows us to see the hight of the sun and the movement of it, which helps us determine which hour of the day is it, which station and some other details based on this principle.

An example of an installation is the Youngman from Tim Noble & Sue Webster we can se how with wooden random objects they manipulate the perception that we see highlighted by a lantern , creates the shadow of a person standing. We can see the importance of shadows how it can also communicate as much as light, they work together and coexist, where there is light, there will be shadow.

Also shadow started appearing in art with the creation of the Chiaroscuro and the sfumato. Chiaroscuro (which means clear-dark in italian) and it is used in art to point out where the right is standing and what is it illuminating. Cravaggio use this technique in the Baroque at the16th century.

And the sfumato, the different notions of perception, with the details in close things and the blurriness in the things that are far away, which is the opposite of chiaroscuro. The meaning of this word is turned to vapor and this technique was used by Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519).

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How? // Let there be light...

Image [12]

Color So far, while talking about light and shadow we speak about black and white, the complete white presence of light of the absolute absence of it by a black shadow. But what is color? and how was it discovered?

“Color is, after all, light; and though it exists in a specific location within the electromagnetic spectrum, it demands a cone-eyed conscious mind if its chromatic energy is to be known.” [34] “Color is the subjective perception in our brains of an objective feature of light’s specific wavelengths.” [35] The pureness of white light containing all the colors and that it could be fragmented revealing them was discovered by Newton and a prism of glass.

The importance of pure color started appearing in Art with contributions by Monet, Seurat, Gaugin, van Gogh and Cézzane.

“Monet was the first to immerse the viewer in the delight of color for color’s sake. Seurat created designs by juxtaposing minuet dots of pure color. Gauguin set the mood of a painting with color. Van Gogh imbued color with with a reverberating vitality. Cézanne substituted color for the crucial elements of line, shading and perspective. The stage was now set for the exuderant jubilation that would acompany the coronation of color.” [36] But color has also helped in several discoveries, like Edwin Hubble based in the qualities of color discovered in 1927 that the universe was expanding constantly. And not only in relation to the function of the universe but also in human minds. Color is associated in the psychology of humans, is related to emotions.

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How? // Let there be light...

Color was not believed to be something important as the first composition created by geometry (lines, perspective) and the subject to represent, but it is possible to observe the reaction to color in humans, or as little kids responds toward bright colors in a certain way.

And not only creating emotions but also in the harmony of knowing how to combine them creates a psychological effect of satisfaction but otherwise when we see colors that have no relation to each other and does not match together, it causes discomfort in our minds. “One of the artists [‌] to recognize the emotional power color was Paul Gauguin, who discovered by trial and error that color could be used as a silent language to evoke visceral reaction antecedent to words.â€? [37] Also color helps to understand a specific time and the culture that is going with it.

For example in the current of Pop Art, where color and repetition where the main protagonists, using common objects of popular culture like the well known Campbells can by Andy Warhol, also several comic illustrations with bright colors created with dots that in distance create the perspective of full color but watching it close is dots in a color combined by the white canvas underneath. I t also represent the mass production of the times and a life of abuse and excess from the artists.

How? // Let there be light...

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Pop Art uses bright colors not really connected to the color we see in nature In the other currents this is how color was being used. And this is how color was used in different times: “Unaware of these highly technical features of the doppler effect combined with relativity theory, Picasso and Braque decided to eliminate the spectrum’s colors from their new art.

While Fauvism assaulted the viewer’s perceptual apparatus with a pyrotechnic carnival of color, the Cubist defined their space using principally the earth tones of white, black, brown and gray—the only hues that could possibly be visible to our imaginary lightspeed viewer.” [38] Olafur Eliasson a Danish artist, created a lot of installations related to time, space ad light. In this particular installation he uses light as the center of it to create an optical illusion with reflections and colored glass to create an atmosphere of being in outer space. And compares it to the sun which is the center of light of the solar system which allows us to exist and perceive everything as we do.

How? // Let there be light...

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But what does color have to say about art in 2018? Digital art is using luminance colors, colors propagated by led lights or projectors, and reflections with bright metallic materials, light again is the center of art nowadays, everything is created starting with light and creating a game with the perception of viewers. Is involving not only the perceptual part of creating art in order to be admired but is creating art in order to be in the perception of the artist, to experience a whole atmosphere of the concept created with it, tangible and interactive art.

Art nowadays is speaking about a technological era, where metallics and brightness is taking over everything, surreal worlds, and different atmospheres created apart from this. Where everything parts from artificial intelligence, a different language which is the computer language or coding and everything possible created apart from this.

So far in the examination of how physics was involved in art we can see how dimensions where appearing starting from two dimensional perspectives, until the perspective point and light, shadows and volume appear. And a fourth dimension was discovered which is space and time, and eventually involving even a fifth one.

How? // Let there be light...

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A What? // A fourth dimension Space - Time So far everything was related to the three spatial dimensions, length, depth and hight, but then it was discovered that there was a fourth dimension which is time. And this dimension is called space-time where time is not independent from space at all but they are combined.

A continuum of space-time appeared, events have a specific time and this events are moved by forces that differ in velocity.

“In fact, one may describe the whole universe in terms a collection of overlapping patches.

In each patch, one can use a different set of three coordinates to specify the position of a point.” [39] As explained by Stephen Hawking in order for space to exist it needs 3 coordinates where we place a dot which is called an event, which takes a certain time to move and apart from this point a light cone of past and future is presented as we can see in the previous figures.

Einstein suggested that as a reaction of space-time comes gravity, which allows the surface of the world to be curved.

“The mass of the sun curves space-time in such a way that although the earth follows a straight path in four-dimensional space-time, it appears to us to move along a circular órbita in three - dimensional space.” [40] But also this discovery allow us to know that nothing travels in a straight light nor light, instead time and space are the representation of a grid and events and light move above this grid. As stated by H. G. Wells “Clearly, any real body must have extension in four directions; it must have length, breadth, thickness, and duration… There are really four dimensions, three of them we call the three planes of space, and the fourth, time.” -H.G.Wells [41]

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A What? // A fourth dimension

Herman Minkowski in 1908, named the fourth dimension, space-time continuum. But it changes the idea that space and time are still while light is the one that is in constant movement but instead, light is in constant movement but space and time transform around it.

“But a scientist using sophisticated instruments can detect relativistic effects even in our sluggish inertial frame. Our inability to sense this changes compels us to continue to imagine that light travels only through space in time. In fact, light just is, while space and time change in relation to it. The mathematician Hermann Weyl described the spacetime view of reality, “The objective world simply is; it does not happen. Only to the gaze of my consciousness,… does a section of this world come to life as fleeting image in space which continously changes in time.” [42] With it comes the relativity of time and the perception towards it, it is possible to live in the past the present and the future at the same time in our minds, we can go back and forth and imagine future situations that are no real, and remember past situations a visualized them as if they were happening right now.

Within this discoveries in physics about space-time continuum, it was also being represented by Picasso and Minkowski.

“Illusionist perspectivist art has for dimensions: the three of perspective, and the moment of time the realistic painting portrays. Picasso’s visionary insight just before Minkowski’s formulation of spacetime was the development of an art form that eliminated time. The sequential frozen moment common to all prevous art is gone.[…] Picasso and Braque eliminated both transient and eternal time.” [43]

A What? // A fourth dimension

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But it was Duchamp who represented the fourth dimension as a continuum, where space ends where time begins and viceversa, The most representative piece of Duchamp who represents the fourth dimention is The Bride Stripped Bare by her Bachelors.

Duchamp plays with the perspective of the fourth dimension with the perspective and the motions of objects in time, in this four dimensional space-the continuum the perception of a point is where a line ends, it doesn’t matter if its curved or straight. “he eye could go endlessly around the point (in the 3-dim’l), it will never be able to perceive any parts of this 4-dim’l line other than the point where it meets the 3-dim’l medium…

It is certain that every point of space conceals, hides, and is the end of the line of the continuum.” [44] In this recreation of Her Bachelors, is the actual painting of Duchamp is represented with the materials that was first presented which allows the continuum of time-space and the colors to give an entire idea of it.

43

A What? // A fourth dimension

Image [15]

In Einsteins theory, space contracts as one comes closer to the speed of light and expands as this remains static. So it would be actually possible to perceive space as a 2 dimensional plain if it was possible to reach the speed of light.

So light space and time are dependant on each other, because light marks the speed. Getting close to the speed of light space contracts, and if it was possible to reach certain speed, space will contract in a 2 dimencional space. “Spacetime, too, seems to have two distinct sides, one labeled space and the other one time. but the distinction, like the apparency of opposing surfaces on the MĂśbius strip is an illusion. When followed out to their own ends, both sides meet in one seamless, endless, recursive continuum.â€? [45] The first picture is the M.C. Escher, waterfall picture which represent a continuum where the beginning is the ending and viceversa, which is not possible to differenciate if the water is going down or is going up, and the second image is an installation of Alex de Rijke with a representation of infinite stairs based on the Escher picture of The Waterfall.

Image [16]

45

A What? // A fourth dimension

Image [17]

As mentioned before, In order to be able to perceive space and time in a complete visible 2 dimensional space would be only possible if we could travel at the speed of light.

In this installation of Michal Maciej Bartosik called Tensegrity space frame lights He creates with the principle of structures in architecture a frame that allows to form the lights in geometrical figures, which as seen form one perspective the light frames create a figure and the transform as the observer moves around the sculpture, and also in a longer distance is almost not possible to perceive the structure, only when being really close to the light beam. Which is a similar principle of traveling at speed light and being able to see all those planes as a flat surface creating a whole.

47

A What? // A fourth dimension

Image [18]

Dreams In relation to the space-time continuum, also comes the intrigue of dreams, while it is possible to be in different place and different times, and in different dimensions at the same time.

“Jorge Luis Borges noted, “while we are asleep in this world, we are awake in another one; in this way every man is two men.” [46] This flexibility of moving through different worlds while existing in one and the recreation of symbols and bizarre places in our minds started to intrigue artists and the starting representing the subconscious in art.

“Two major elements of dremas are the juxtaposition in space of unlikely people or things and the abrogation of linear time—elements that suspend the laws of causality— and these elements also appear at the heart of surrealism.” [47] Surrealism was based on oniric elements and representations of it. it was a different and new conception of space and time, where the relativity of this is even bigger and entirely subjective.

Like this installations of Soo Sunny park where chain link fencing becomes art and Biospheric cloud cities by Tomas Saraceno. Which are oniric world created so people can experience to live in this dreams world of colors and defiyng the laws of physics.

“Space and time constitute the gridwork within which we conduct our lives, while inside their frame, energy, matter, and various combinations thereof create our work of appearance.” [48] So far the grid of events in establishes in 3 spatial dimensions and a fourth of space-time continuum which now we can explore what constitutes the events happening inside of it.

49

A What? // A fourth dimension

Image [19]

Image [20]

What is it? // Matter & forces Movement / Motion In the previews chapters, it is mentioned where existance take place, dimensions of space, duration in time, a grid of space-time that allow events to happen, but inside that grid is matter acting by invisible forces.

Aristotle, mentioned that bodies in space remain a natural state of rest, unless that body or matter is moved by a force. Which is the principle of Newtons 3 laws of motion: “1. states that every object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled to change its state by the action of an external force. This is normally taken as the definition of inertia. The key point here is that if there is no net force acting on an object (if all the external forces cancel each other out) then the object will maintain a constant velocity. If that velocity is zero, then the object remains at rest. If an external force is applied, the velocity will change because of the force.

2. explains how the velocity of an object changes when it is subjected to an external force. The law defines a force to be equal to change in momentum (mass times velocity) per change in time. Newton also developed the calculus of mathematics, and the “changes” expressed in the second law are most accurately defined in differential forms. (Calculus can also be used to determine the velocity and location variations experienced by an object subjected to an external force.) For an object with a constant mass m, the second law states that the force F is the product of an object’s mass and its acceleration a: F=m*a For an external applied force, the change in velocity depends on the mass of the object.

A force will cause a change in velocity; and likewise, a change in velocity will generate a force. The equation works both ways.

3. for every action (force) in nature there is an equal and opposite reaction. In other words, if object A exerts a force on object B, then object B also exerts an equal force on object A. Notice that the forces are exerted on different objects.” [49]

51

What is it? // Matter & forces

This laws explain motion, movement, and cause & effect, but theres also another force that keeps everything stick to the ground responding to a center, Newton’s law of gravity.

“Every body attracts every other body with a force that is proporcional to the mass of each body. […] Newton’s law of gravity also tells us that the farther apart the bodies, the smaller the force.” [50] The laws of motion, allow us to believe that everybody in space is in constant movement, there’s no absolute rest, bodies move around in a traced path until a different force act on them to change either speed or trajectory.

“Space and time are now dynamic quantities: when a body moves , or a force acts, it affects the curvature of space and time - and in turn the estructure of space - time affects the way in which bodies move and forces act. Space and time not only affect but also are affected by everything that happens in the universe.” [51] They also created an impact in studies in motion not only in physics but also in art. Newton formulated this theories while Leonardo da Vinci he was interested in the movement of human bodies and muscles and also the movement in horses, he made several diagrams in relation to it which are the most accurate descriptions of human anatomy in motion that have ever been made.

Leonardo da Vinci also had interesting ideas regarding space, time and light, and a peculiar interest in motion. He realized that the sun is the center and everything moves around it before Galileo and Copernicus. Also he mentioned that light does not travel in a straight line but as a wave. And also in relation to Newton’s laws of motion “Leonardo wrote: all movement tend to maintenance, or rather all moved bodies continue to move as long as the impression of the force of their motors (original impetus) remains in them.”[52]

What is it? // Matter & forces

52

Attraction It is not an easy definition to understand, but to explain it in an easier way: matter exist as compressed dust to create a certain form, and this matter occupies a space in space, (the bigger the body the bigger space it needs) but supposing that space is a limited source in order for matter to exist in space, matter takes the place of space and space grows its size for both to coexist. For example when you have a glass of water and you throw a ball into it, it is visible how the volume of the water grows because of the space that the ball occupies. This is how matter and space work in an invisible way.

And the compression of this matter exist thanks to gravity. As explained by Newton in his Principia Mathematica: “The quantity of matter is the measure of the same, arising from it’s density and bulk conjunctly. Thus air of a double density, in a double space, is a quadruple in quantity, in a triple space, sextuple in quantity. The same thing is to be understood of snow, and fine dust or powders, that are condensed by compression or liquefaction; and of all bodies that are by any causes whatever differently condensed. I have no regard in this place to a medium if any such there is, that freely pervades the interstices between the parts of bodies. If this is quantity that I mean hereafter everywhere under the name of body or mass. And the same is known by the weight of each body; for it is proportional to the weight, as i have found by experiments on pendulum, very accurately made […]” [53]

53

What is it? // Matter & forces

Matter What is the universe made of? Matter is what remains still in space waiting for forces to act on it, is the spatial dust that constitutes every physical body. â€œâ€Ś Man is a machine, and the whole universe consist of a single substance [matter] subjected to different modifications.â€?[54] It is to believe that we are all made by the same matter or dust that all the universe is created just in different shapes and with different light that reaches to every object. But it is light the one that allows us to perceive matter and it depends in the direction the light is reaching a surface that can play with the perception and shapes of an object.

For example in this installation of Gabriel Dawe, is a threat sculpture of different colors, but the threat is a really thin matter that one by itself is not possible to perceive it with distance but when all the threats are together they act like an entire body which is possible to perceive all the colors and the shape that the sculpture is creating.

What is it? // Matter & forces

54

Image [21]

Image [22]

“The world is my idea” Subjectivity of perception // The fifth dimension (Schopenauer)

Another dimension appeared which still doesn’t have proof of real existance and it is still vague the definition of it, is it either a spatial dimension or is it a subjective dimension?

The mathematician Theodor Kaluza and Oskar Klein in early 1921 develop a theory called: Kaluza-Klein theory: “To explain why this dimension would not be directly observable, Klein suggested that the fifth dimension would be rolled up into a tiny, compact loop on the order of 10-33centimeters. Under his reasoning, he envisioned light as a disturbance caused by rippling in the higher dimension just beyond human perception, similar to how fish in a pond can only see shadows of ripples across the surface of the water caused by raindrops. While not detectable, it would indirectly imply a connection between seemingly unrelated forces. Kaluza-Klein theory experienced a revival in the 1970s due to the emergence of superstring theory and supergravity: the concept that reality is composed of vibrating strands of energy, a postulate only mathematically viable in ten dimensions or more. Superstring theory then evolved into a more generalized approach known as M-theory. M-theory suggested a potentially observable extra dimension in addition to the ten essential dimensions which would allow for the existence of superstrings. The other 10 dimensions are compacted, or “rolled up”, to a size below the subatomic level. Kaluza–Klein theory today is seen as essentially a gauge theory, with the gauge being the circle group.” [55] Although this theory was never proved and the vision of this dimension has also a methaphysical meaning revealing that the consciuosness of the human being is in a higher dimension, that invisible force that moves every human being that is called intuiton, that comes from a higher dimension of conciousness and it is not possible to explain.

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The fifth dimension

It is true that art represented the physical forces of space before physicist realized them by them selves, and they did it in a intuitive way, and this is precisely the fifth dimension. “ The artists’ obsession with incorporating time into art led the Post-abstract Expressionist movement to develop a whole new art form, the happening, that took the art world ny storm in the 1960s. In these events, artworks no longer existed only in space. In fact, their prescence in space was explicitly transient; these dadaist and surrealistic miniplays reinforced the idea that art must include moving time as well as static space.” [56] In art, with the happening they started incorporating human being and causality into it creating unique events and visions of it.

“The word event began to be herd frequently in physics laboratories and seminars. It’s scientific usage referred to points in spacetime continuum and embodied the idea that everything must be located in the three dimensions of space as well as pinpointed in time. thus the event became central to art and physics almost simultaneously.” [57] In this light installation by Pablo Balbuena, he plays with the existing dimensions of spaces and time, and mapping and projecting with light the existing structure he creates an enviroment that doesn’t exist in the place itself but it’s the light that gives the atmosphere and also creates non existing dimencions of space by playing with perception.

The fifth dimension

58

Image [23]

Perception Although as mentioned before that we perceived generalities in a similar way, perception changes from every point of view since we share the same plane, but the way of assimilation of space on every person changes.

“Our perceptual apparatus condemns us to believe these flickering images of things and people are the “real” things, and it is only from this secondhand information that we can deduce the nature of reality.” [58] This is the subjective perception of the world, but as I mentioned before the generalities of perception that allows us all to coincide in time and space is a matter of physics which is explained in the previous concept.

We believe that everything that we are able to see is the truth but every single person has a different truth, we all perceive things in a different way, which means that for every person is a different reality and they are all true.

“Kant sadly declared that we can know the nature of things only by what filmes trough our senses and is processed by our mind, but we can never directly experience the Ding an such: the thing itself.” [59] Every reality inside of a person’s mind can be transformed and there’s no difference or way to define what is real to someone and what is not. “There is no sharp line dividing the “in here” space of imagination or “subjective” reality and the “out there” space of “objective”.[60] According to Kant space and time exist only in perception, Because nothing can exist without the subjectivity of perception.

“Something that is real for one observer, but an illusion for another depends solely upon one’s point of view. This statement is an accurate definition of subjectivity.” [61]

The fifth dimension

60

There’s no such thing as a present moment that we can all perceive the same. Because we all perceive it in a different way, it can be perceived in similar ways but it will never be the exact meaning from one person to another.

Time perception Also the perception of time is entirely subjective as the relativity of it, as mentioned in the previous chapters it is possible to be in different times in our minds, time and event that already happened or possibilities that could happened in the future.

“The faculty we use to grasp the nature of the “out there” is our imagination. Somewhere within the matrix of our brain we construct a separate reality created by a disembodied, thinking consciousness. This inner reality is unconnected to external space and exists outside the stream of linear time. […] We can run the events forward and backward with ease, and amend with alternate possibilities what we believe happened.” [62] For Alfred North Whitehead what defines truth is: “the conformation in appearance to reality.” [63] And is in this subjective perception of space and time that the idea of a new dimension appears, the fifth dimension.

This fifth dimension is what moves human beings, what allows us to exist and perceive things, the feelings of it before and after and as a memory. “I realized that our existence is nothing but a sucession of moments perceived through the senses.” Rosseau reframe Descartes’s “i think therefore i am” to “I feel therefore I am.” [64]

61

The fifth dimension

Conclusions The perception and laws of physics related to time, space and light are in constant change as the discoveries of different forces appear.

Through years, art was the first conceptions of this physical forces and artists represented them in an intuitive form, but it was not until the physical representation of them that this allows physicists to realize how this forces works, art works in relation to physics in understanding how the universe works and how it is represented.

Art has evolved with the discovery of dimensions, first in a 2 dimensional space, then the third dimension was discovered and also the importance of light, then time and the importance in the perception of objects through time, while it is really important the time of perception of certain object or space, because i is going to change, the light changes with it and also the perception.

Then this 4 dimension appears in physics precisely because of the importance of time, and a lot of theories with it, is it that space and time are still and it is just light the one that moves around it to reveal them, or all of them are in constant movement? Now we know that there’s nothing faster than light, and that if it was possible to be at the speed of light space would entirely transform into a 2 dimensional surface, it is because we can’t reach that speed that 3 dimensions of space exist.

Also motion is important, while every object in space has an independent trajectory and is constantly moving in space, while it was believed that space was still, matter in space is constantly moving unless another force or object change its trajectory, and it is also known that space itself in constantly expanding.

Art nowadays reached a new different dimension which is still not defined, that fifth dimension which still remains a mystery but it is possible to perceive somehow, with digital art and the possibility of creating new different worlds, where we can actually be inside someone elses perception, living in someone elses dimension, it is possible now to create separate worlds where we exist in a physical matter and in a virtual one, in two different worlds at the same time. And again probably digital art will anticipate some different discoveries about this unclear dimension.

Conclusions

62

All of this questions part from the original question, how is our existence possible and what is the propuse? it is hard to understand how we can perceive the space and light in an intuitive way but is not visible to us.

It is known that when we are used to see something our brain simply decides to avoid it like for example our nose which is visible all the time but our brain decided to ignore it to allow us to see different things that are not there all the time. What if it was the same with time light and space and that’s why we know intuitively how it works but we can’t actually see it anymore? it is a question that probably doesn’t have an answer, and also if it was possible to see this forces that act among us all the time, probably they would look different for every single person, different colors, different speeds, different space.

In the end, this laws created through time, like geometry from Euclidean space or Newtons laws of motion are still valid because it seems to make sense on how the universe works, and it was discovered through art and numbers.

As the universe works in codes and formulas the new art that we create is a similar language to the language of the universe. Language of numbers and symbols that create elements and allows them to move in a virtual space. With trajectory, time, motion, mass 3 dimensions of space. is a world that exist in an unknown dimension.

And also subjectivety since the appearance of the happening, which human interaction was involved and a huge part of the functioning of the universe, it has also remained in art no just in a perceptual was but in an immersive one, where the mind is taken to a separate dimension besides from the physical one. it is possible to exist in more than one world at the same time.

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Conclusions

I would say that there is a different grid appearing with technology, and is agreed where humanity is connected through this invisible network that allows us to talk to simultaneous people in different geographic locations in a specific time, that a different invisible network that also moves in between us and it is not possible to observe but we know it is there. It is possible to connect with so many people at the same time, that those lines of connection between people create a different juxtaposed grid of information towards the universe.

But as the law of cause and effect, this grid will also have consequences, we are creating a new dimension which we are not aware of the magnitude or existence of it, but that is a new dimension in space and in time, where everything seems to be moving much faster and in which it is possible to reach everything in a higher speed while everything moves through light, and the speed of light is the fastest in the entire universe. If space and time is starting to move faster and everything and all the information is moving through light then we will be reaching a different dimension and unknown in space.

Personally, being able to live before and after technology, time perception was entirely affected by this while it is possible to see everything that exist in the world without having to move from one place, But I do believe that art is the medium for us to understand our existence and the way the universe works.

Conclusions

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Aknowledgements To my family Dr, Carlos Villegas, M. Guadalupe Nuñez & M. Carlos E. Villegas for always supporting me and helping me in the realization of this Master.

To my Teachers Florian Kühnle & Stephan Günzel for guiding me in the realization of my thesis & project.

To all my teacher & friends of the Master.

STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP // MA THESIS Surname, First name Student ID Title of thesis

Dulce Villegas 89931453 Indiscernible Invisible layers in space

I hereby confirm that I am the sole author of the thesis presented. Where the work of others has been consulted, this is duly acknowledged in the bibliography of the thesis.

I have not consulted any unnamed online sources. All verbatim or referential use of the sources named in the bibliography has been specifically indicated in the text.

This thesis has not been presented to another examination board. It was not part of an assignment during my course of studies and has not been published. The paper version of this thesis is identical to the digital version submitted.

Berlin, Germany 05/02/2018 Place, Date

Signature

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