Test bank for the art of reasoning an introduction to logic and critical thinking fourth edition

Test Bank for The Art of Reasoning An Introduction to Logic and Critical Thinking, Fourth Ed

Test Bank for The Art of Reasoning An Introduction to Logic and Critical Thinking, Fourth Edition To download the complete and accurate content document, go to: https://testbankbell.com/download/test-bank-for-the-art-of-reasoning-an-introduction-t o-logic-and-critical-thinking-fourth-edition/

Visit TestBankBell.com to get complete for all chapters

CHAPTER 8: Reasoning with Syllogisms MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. In disjunctive or hypothetical propositions, the component propositions are: a. asserted, but not expressed b. expressed, but not asserted c. both asserted and expressed d. neither asserted nor expressed e. sometimes asserted, sometimes expressed, but never both ANS: B MSC: Factual

DIF: Easy

REF: Introduction

TOP: I. Compound propositions

2. When we write out the logical form of a compound proposition, the letters p and q are used to represent: a. subject and predicate, respectively d. connectives b. predicate and subject, respectively e. complete propositions c. concepts ANS: E MSC: Factual

DIF: Easy

REF: Introduction

TOP: I. Compound propositions

3. Which of the following is a compound proposition? a. Whales are mammals. b. Whales are very large fish. c. No whale is a reptile. d. Some whales are reptiles. e. Whales are mammals or whales are very large fish.

ANS: E MSC: Applied

DIF: Easy

REF: Introduction

TOP: I. Compound propositions

4. Which of the following is a compound proposition? a. If the baby wakes, I will pick her up. b. Nothing in the world is as sad as a crying clown. c. For every worker, there was a first earned dollar. d. Growing an investment takes time. e. My dream is to swim with a pod of dolphins.

ANS: A MSC: Applied

DIF: Difficult

REF: Introduction

TOP: I. Compound propositions

5. Is it possible to assert two propositions in the same sentence? a. Yes, because every proposition in a sentence is asserted. b. Yes, a sentence may assert many propositions. c. Yes, but a sentence can never assert more than two propositions. d. No, because whenever there are two propositions in a sentence, only one is asserted. e. No, because whenever there are two propositions in a sentence, neither is asserted.

ANS: B MSC: Conceptual

DIF: Medium

REF: Introduction

TOP: I. Compound propositions

6. If a sentence expresses a compound proposition, is that proposition, taken as a whole, asserted?

a. b. c. d. e.

No, because the component propositions are not asserted.

No, because only simple propositions, and not compound ones, can be asserted.

No, because a whole sentence can never be asserted.

Yes, because every declarative sentence, taken as a whole, is asserted.

Yes, because every proposition that is expressed is also asserted.

ANS: D MSC: Conceptual

DIF: Difficult

REF: Introduction

TOP: I. Compound propositions

7. The proposition p and the proposition not-p are: a. contraries d. contrapositives b. subcontraries e. converses c. contradictories ANS: C MSC: Factual

DIF: Easy

REF: 8.1

TOP: I. Compound propositions

8. Suppose that p is the proposition “It is raining.” What is the proposition not-p? a. It is not raining. d. The rain will stop soon. b. It may or may not be raining. e. It was raining. c. It will continue to rain.

ANS: A MSC: Applied

DIF: Easy

REF: 8.1

TOP: I. Compound propositions

9. Suppose that p is the proposition “Some mushrooms are hallucinogens.” What is the proposition not-p? a. Some mushrooms are not hallucinogens. d. All hallucinogens are mushrooms. b. All mushrooms are hallucinogens. e. Some hallucinogens are mushrooms. c. No mushroom is a hallucinogen.

ANS: C MSC: Applied

DIF: Easy

REF: 8.1

TOP: I. Compound propositions

10. Suppose that p is the proposition “It is not snowing.” Which of the following propositions would be equivalent to not-p? a. It will snow later. d. It is snowing. b. It was snowing. e. It may or may not be snowing. c. It is sunny.

ANS: D MSC: Applied

DIF: Easy

REF: 8.1

TOP: I. Compound propositions

11. Suppose that p is the proposition “All whales are mammals.” What is the proposition not-p? a. No whale is a mammal. d. Some mammals are not whales. b. Some whales are mammals. e. Some whales are not mammals. c. All mammals are whales.

ANS: E MSC: Applied

DIF: Easy

REF: 8.1

TOP: I. Compound propositions

12. Suppose that p is the proposition “Some subatomic particles are not leptons.” What is the proposition not-p? a. Some leptons are not subatomic particles. b. Some subatomic particles are leptons. c. All subatomic particles are leptons.

d. No subatomic particle is a lepton. e. No lepton is a subatomic particle.

ANS: C MSC: Applied

DIF: Medium

REF: 8.1

TOP: I. Compound propositions

13. Suppose that p is the proposition “No one-story house has an interior staircase.” What is the proposition not-p? a. Some one-story houses do not have interior staircases. b. Some one-story houses have interior staircases. c. No house with an interior staircase is one story. d. All one-story houses have interior staircases. e. All houses with interior staircases are one story.

ANS: B MSC: Applied

DIF: Medium

REF: 8.1

TOP: I. Compound propositions

14. If p is a categorical proposition with negative quality, then not-p must be: a. negative b. universal c. particular d. a double negative, which is equivalent to a universal negative e. a double negative, which is equivalent to an affirmative ANS: E MSC: Conceptual

DIF: Easy

REF: 8.1

TOP: I. Compound propositions

15. Could there exist a proposition, p, for which there is no corresponding proposition, not-p? a. Yes, because I and O propositions do not have contraries. b. Yes, because some propositions are already negative and cannot be negated again. c. Yes, because some propositions are inherently affirmative and therefore cannot be negated. d. No, because every proposition has a contrary. e. No, because every proposition can be contradicted.

ANS: E MSC: Conceptual

DIF: Difficult

16. The form of a disjunctive proposition is: a. p or q b. p and q c. if p, then q ANS: A MSC: Factual

DIF: Easy

REF: 8.1

TOP: I. Compound propositions

d. unless p, q e. p, not q REF: 8.1

TOP: II. Disjunctive syllogisms

17. A disjunctive syllogism is a deductive argument with a disjunctive premise, a premise _____ one of the disjuncts, and a conclusion _____ the remaining disjunct(s). a. negating; affirming b. affirming; negating c. affirming; affirming d. negating; negating e. either affirming or negating; either affirming or negating ANS: A MSC: Factual

DIF: Easy

REF: 8.1

TOP: II. Disjunctive syllogisms

18. Suppose that the first premise of a syllogism is a disjunctive proposition, and the second premise affirms one of the disjuncts. Is the syllogism valid? a. No, because the second premise must negate a disjunct rather than affirm it. b. No, because the disjunctive premise ought to be second rather than first. c. Yes, if the conclusion affirms the remaining disjunct(s). d. Yes, if the conclusion negates the remaining disjunct(s). e. Yes, if the conclusion either affirms or negates the remaining disjunct(s).

ANS: A MSC: Factual

DIF: Easy

19. In the inclusive sense, “p or q” means: a. p or q, but not both b. p or q, or both c. p or q, or neither one ANS: B MSC: Factual

DIF: Easy

REF: 8.1

TOP: II. Disjunctive syllogisms

d. p or q, or not-p or not-q e. p or q, but p is more likely than q REF: 8.1

TOP: II. Disjunctive syllogisms

20. Not (p and q) means that p and q cannot both be true. This is equivalent to: a. p or q d. not-p or q b. not-p or not-q e. p c. p or not-q ANS: B MSC: Factual

DIF: Easy

REF: 8.1

TOP: II. Disjunctive syllogisms

21. The components of a disjunctive proposition are called: a. syllogisms d. concepts b. terms e. semiprops c. disjuncts ANS: C MSC: Factual

DIF: Easy

REF: 8.1

TOP: II. Disjunctive syllogisms

22. Can the disjunctive premise of a disjunctive syllogism contain more than two disjuncts? a. Only if the syllogism is part of a larger argument that includes additional syllogisms. b. Yes, but not more than three. c. Yes, but not more than four. d. Yes. e. No. ANS: D MSC: Factual

DIF: Easy

REF: 8.1

TOP: II. Disjunctive syllogisms

23. Is the following syllogism valid?

The child is not a girl or the child is not a boy.

The child is a girl.

The child is not a boy. a. Yes. b. No, because the conclusion is a negative proposition. c. No, because the disjunctive premise ought to be the second premise, not the first. d. No, because we don’t know whether or not the second premise is true. e. No, because the second premise affirms a disjunct rather than negating one.

ANS: A MSC: Applied

DIF: Easy

REF: 8.1

TOP: II. Disjunctive syllogisms

24. What conclusion follows from these premises?

The meeting is in room 305 or the meeting is in room 306.

The meeting is not in room 305. a.

The meeting is not in room 306. b. The meeting is in room 306. c. The meeting has been moved. d. The meeting might be canceled. e. The meeting will definitely happen.

ANS: B MSC: Applied

DIF: Easy

REF: 8.1

TOP: II. Disjunctive syllogisms

25. Suppose that one premise of a disjunctive syllogism is “My book is not in my bag” and the conclusion is “I left my book at the library.” What is the unstated premise? a. My book is in my bag. b. I didn’t leave my book at the library. c. My book is in my bag or I left my book at the library. d. My book is not in my bag or I didn’t leave my book at the library. e. If I left my book at the library, then my book is not in my bag.

ANS: C MSC: Applied

DIF: Easy

REF: 8.1

TOP: II. Disjunctive syllogisms

26. Is the following syllogism valid?

Tom is asleep or Tom is reading.

Tom is asleep.

Tom is not reading. a. Yes. b. No, because the conclusion is a negative proposition. c. No, because the disjunctive premise ought to be the second premise, not the first. d. No, because we don’t know whether or not the second premise is true. e. No, because the second premise affirms a disjunct rather than negating one.

ANS: E MSC: Applied

DIF: Easy

REF: 8.1

TOP: II. Disjunctive syllogisms

27. If we began a murder investigation with five suspects, how many disjunctive syllogisms would be required to determine the culprit? a. one d. four b. two e. five c. three ANS: D MSC: Applied

DIF: Medium

REF: 8.1

TOP: II. Disjunctive syllogisms

28. What conclusion follows from these premises?

The vaccine was ineffective or unavailable, or the patient did not wish to receive it.

The vaccine was available.

a. b. c. d. e.

The vaccine was ineffective or the patient did not wish to receive it.

The vaccine was ineffective.

The patient did not wish to receive the vaccine.

The patient wished to receive the vaccine.

The vaccine was effective.

ANS: A MSC: Applied

DIF: Medium

REF: 8.1

TOP: II. Disjunctive syllogisms

29. What conclusion follows from these premises?

Someone will cook supper or no one will eat.

Someone will eat. a. d. Someone will not eat.

Something will be eaten. b. Something will be cooked. e. Someone will cook supper. c. No one will cook supper.

ANS: E MSC: Applied

DIF: Medium

REF: 8.1

TOP: II. Disjunctive syllogisms

30. Is the following argument valid?

At the party, there will be sodas, bottled water, beer, or wine.

There will be no wine at the party.

There will be sodas and bottled water at the party.

There will be no beer at the party. a. Yes. b. No, because the third premise affirms disjuncts rather than negating them. c. No, because the second premise affirms a disjunct rather than negating one. d. No, because there are too many premises. e. No, because the conclusion is a negative proposition.

ANS: B MSC: Applied

DIF: Medium

REF: 8.1

TOP: II. Disjunctive syllogisms

31. Is the following syllogism valid?

Either there is an accounting error, or some of our members are not paying their dues.

All of our members are paying their dues.

There is an accounting error. a. Yes. b. No, because the disjunctive premise is not in standard form. c. No, because the second premise does not deny any of the disjuncts. d. No, because even if the premises are true, the conclusion could be false. e. It depends on your view of existential import.

ANS: A MSC: Applied

DIF: Medium

REF: 8.1

TOP: II. Disjunctive syllogisms

32. Suppose that one premise of a disjunctive syllogism is “There are some millionaires in our town” and the conclusion is “The Smiths are millionaires.” What is the unstated premise? a. There are no millionaires in our town, or the Smiths are millionaires. b. If the Smiths are millionaires, then there are some millionaires in our town. c. The Smiths live in our town. d. The Smiths are the only millionaires in our town.

e. It is clear who the millionaires in our town are.

ANS: A MSC: Applied

DIF: Medium

REF: 8.1

TOP: II. Disjunctive syllogisms

33. Suppose that one premise of a disjunctive syllogism is “Rachael or Susan will be Jenna’s maid of honor” and the conclusion is “Susan will be Jenna’s maid of honor.” What is the unstated premise? a. Jenna likes Susan more than she likes Rachael. b. Jenna is getting married. c. Rachael will not be Jenna’s maid of honor. d. Jenna doesn’t like Rachael. e. Jenna can only choose one maid of honor.

ANS: C MSC: Applied

DIF: Medium

REF: 8.1

TOP: II. Disjunctive syllogisms

34. What conclusion follows from these premises?

The camp does not offer both swimming and boating.

The camp offers swimming. a.

The camp has a lake. b. The camp is concerned about the safety of swimmers around boats. c. The camp does not offer boating. d. The camp’s lake is too small for boating. e. The camp offers boating.

ANS: C MSC: Applied

DIF: Difficult

REF: 8.1

TOP: II. Disjunctive syllogisms

35. Is the following syllogism valid?

Either some of this food contains peanuts, or I am reacting to a different allergen.

Some of this food does not contain peanuts.

I am reacting to a different allergen. a. Yes. b. No, because the “different allergen” is never identified. c. No, because the disjunctive premise is not in standard form. d. No, because the second premise does not deny any of the disjuncts. e. It depends on your view of existential import.

ANS: D MSC: Applied

DIF: Difficult

REF: 8.1

TOP: II. Disjunctive syllogisms

36. Is the following syllogism valid?

Either all tigers are good dancers, or no tiger wedding is fun.

No tiger is a good dancer.

No tiger wedding is fun. a. Yes. b. No, because the conclusion is negative. c. No, because the disjunctive premise is not in standard form. d. No, because the disjunctive premise is false. e. It depends on your view of existential import.

ANS: E MSC: Applied

DIF: Difficult

REF: 8.1

TOP: II. Disjunctive syllogisms

37. Suppose that one premise of a disjunctive syllogism is “Some forts are not well protected or these knights are amazingly good at capturing forts” and the conclusion is “These knights are amazingly good at capturing forts.” What is the unstated premise? a. Some forts are well protected. b. All forts are well protected. c. These knights capture forts. d. These knights have captured some forts. e. Poorly protected forts are easier to capture.

ANS: B MSC: Applied

DIF: Difficult

REF: 8.1

TOP: II. Disjunctive syllogisms

38. Suppose that the first premise of a disjunctive syllogism is “p or q.” What must the second premise be? a. p d. it could be not-p, or it could be not-q b. q e. not-q c. not-p ANS: D MSC: Conceptual

DIF: Easy

REF: 8.1

TOP: II. Disjunctive syllogisms

39. Suppose that the first premise of a disjunctive syllogism is the disjunctive proposition. Must the second proposition be affirmative or negative? a. Affirmative, because it must affirm one of the disjuncts. b. Affirmative, because if it were negative, it wouldn’t really tell us anything. c. It can be either one, as long as it negates a disjunct. d. It can be either one, as long as it has the opposite of the quality of the conclusion. e. Negative, because it must negate one of the disjuncts.

ANS: C MSC: Conceptual

DIF: Medium

REF: 8.1

TOP: II. Disjunctive syllogisms

40. Can a coherent argument assert a disjunctive proposition, and then deny all of its disjuncts? a. Yes, if each of the disjuncts could be denied, then they could all be denied. b. Yes, because a disjunctive proposition does not assert that its disjuncts are true. c. Yes, because the conclusion might be some combination of the disjuncts, rather than any particular one of them. d. No, because whenever there is a disjunctive premise, there must be another premise that affirms at least one of the disjuncts. e. No, because the disjunctive proposition asserts that at least one of the disjuncts is true.

ANS: E MSC: Conceptual

DIF: Medium

REF: 8.1

TOP: II. Disjunctive syllogisms

41. If the disjunctive premise of a disjunctive argument has N disjuncts, and the conclusion is one of those disjuncts, then how many syllogisms make up the argument? a. N d. N − 1 b. 2N e. N/2 c. N + 1 ANS: D MSC: Conceptual

DIF: Medium

REF: 8.1

TOP: II. Disjunctive syllogisms

42. Suppose that the first premise of a disjunctive syllogism is the disjunctive premise. Could the second premise ever be affirmative, without committing the fallacy of affirming a disjunct?

a. No, because it is only permissible to deny one of the disjuncts, and an affirmative proposition cannot do that. b. No, because no affirmative proposition has a distributed predicate term. c. Yes, but only if every disjunct is negative. d. Yes, because one of the disjuncts could be affirmative. e. Yes, because one of the disjuncts could be negative.

ANS: E MSC: Conceptual

DIF: Medium

REF: 8.1

TOP: II. Disjunctive syllogisms

43. When is a disjunctive proposition false? a. when its disjuncts bear no relation to each other at all b. when two or more of its disjuncts are both true c. when one of its disjuncts is false d. when all of its disjuncts are false e. A disjunctive proposition is never false, since it is not asserted.

ANS: D MSC: Conceptual

DIF: Difficult

REF: 8.1

TOP: II. Disjunctive syllogisms

44. Which hypothetical proposition is logically equivalent to the following disjunctive proposition? p or q a. if p, then q d. if not p, then not q b. if p, then not q e. if and only if p, then q c. if not p, then q ANS: C MSC: Conceptual

DIF: Difficult

REF: 8.1

TOP: II. Disjunctive syllogisms

45. Which disjunctive proposition is logically equivalent to the following categorical proposition?

All S are P. a. A thing is not S, or it is P. b. A thing is S, or it is P. c. A thing is not S, or it is not P. d. A thing is S, or it is not P. e. No disjunctive proposition is equivalent.

ANS: A MSC: Conceptual

DIF: Difficult

REF: 8.1

TOP: II. Disjunctive syllogisms

46. Which disjunctive proposition is logically equivalent to the following categorical proposition?

No S is P. a. A thing is not S, or it is P. d. A thing is S, or it is not P. b. A thing is S, or it is P. e. No disjunctive proposition is equivalent. c. A thing is not S, or it is not P. ANS: C MSC: Conceptual

DIF: Difficult

REF: 8.1

TOP: II. Disjunctive syllogisms

47. Does every disjunctive proposition have an equivalent hypothetical proposition, such that the hypothetical could replace the disjunctive in any argument without otherwise changing the argument’s structure? a. Yes, since replacing a proposition with another that is logically equivalent never has any effect on the structure of the argument.

b. Yes, since if one disjunctive proposition has such an equivalent, they all must. c. No, since replacing one proposition with another will always have a significant effect on the structure of an argument. d. No, since some disjunctive propositions contain more than two disjuncts. e. No, since no disjunctive proposition ever has an equivalent hypothetical proposition.

ANS: D MSC: Conceptual

DIF: Difficult

REF: 8.1

TOP: II. Disjunctive syllogisms

48. Can an argument have more than one disjunctive premise? a. Yes, because sometimes more than one disjunctive proposition is required to express a large number of possibilities. b. Yes, there is no limit to the number of disjunctive premises. c. Yes, because there must be one disjunctive premise for every categorical premise. d. No, because that would require the argument to have two different conclusions. e. No, because only one disjunct can be true, so every disjunctive premise after the first would consist entirely of false disjuncts.

ANS: B MSC: Conceptual

DIF: Difficult

REF: 8.1

TOP: II. Disjunctive syllogisms

49. If the disjunctive premise of a disjunctive argument is “p or (not-p or q),” then: a. the conclusion cannot be p d. the conclusion must be q b. the conclusion cannot be not-p e. the conclusion must be not-p c. the conclusion cannot be q ANS: C MSC: Conceptual

DIF: Difficult

REF: 8.1

TOP: II. Disjunctive syllogisms

50. If an argument contains a disjunctive premise, must the conclusion appear as one of the disjuncts in that premise? a. Yes, because an argument with a disjunctive premise simply consists of denying disjuncts until only one is left. b. Yes, because otherwise the disjunctive premise would play no role in the argument. c. Yes, because the conclusion of a deductive argument is always entailed by the premises. d. No, because the disjunctive part of the argument might only be one step on the way to the conclusion. e. No, because the conclusion must be the denial of one of the disjuncts.

ANS: D MSC: Conceptual

DIF: Difficult

51. The form of a hypothetical proposition is: a. p or q b. p and q c. p but not q ANS: E MSC: Factual

DIF: Easy

REF: 8.1

d. q but not p e. if p, then q REF: 8.2

52. The “if” part of a hypothetical proposition is called the: a. antecedent d. genus b. consequent e. species c. disjunct ANS: A

DIF: Easy

TOP: II. Disjunctive syllogisms

REF: 8.2A

TOP: III. Hypothetical syllogisms

TOP: III.A. Hypothetical propositions

MSC: Factual

53. In a true hypothetical proposition: a. the truth of the antecedent is sufficient to guarantee the truth of the consequent b. the truth of the consequent is sufficient to guarantee the truth of the antecedent c. the antecedent could be true, while the consequent is false d. the truth of the antecedent tells us nothing about the truth of the consequent e. the antecedent and consequent cannot both be false ANS: A DIF: Easy TOP: III.A. Hypothetical propositions

REF: 8.2A MSC: Factual

54. Hypothetical propositions are most like which type of categorical proposition? a. A d. O b. E e. U c. I ANS: A DIF: Easy TOP: III.A. Hypothetical propositions

REF: 8.2A MSC: Factual

55. The “then” part of a hypothetical proposition is called the: a. antecedent d. genus b. consequent e. species c. disjunct ANS: B DIF: Easy TOP: III.A. Hypothetical propositions

REF: 8.2A MSC: Factual

56. Is a hypothetical proposition equivalent to its converse? To its contrapositive? a. It is equivalent to its converse, but not to its contrapositive. b. It is equivalent to its contrapositive, but not to its converse. c. It is equivalent to both. d. It is equivalent to neither. e. It depends on the subject matter of the proposition.

ANS: B DIF: Easy TOP: III.A. Hypothetical propositions

REF: 8.2A MSC: Factual

57. What is the consequent of the proposition “If it rains, then the graduation will be held in the gym”? a. graduation d. it rains b. gym e. if c. the graduation will be held in the gym ANS: C DIF: Easy TOP: III.A. Hypothetical propositions

REF: 8.2A MSC: Applied

58. What is the antecedent of the proposition “If it rains, then the graduation will be held in the gym”? a. graduation d. it rains b. gym e. if c. the graduation will be held in the gym ANS: D DIF: Easy TOP: III.A. Hypothetical propositions

REF: 8.2A MSC: Applied

59. What is the contrapositive of the proposition “If it rained last night, then the ground is wet this morning”?

a. b. c. d. e.

If it didn’t rain last night, then the ground is wet this morning.

If it rained last night, then the ground isn’t wet this morning.

If it didn’t rain last night, then the ground isn’t wet this morning.

If the ground is wet this morning, then it rained last night.

If the ground isn’t wet this morning, then it didn’t rain last night.

ANS: E DIF: Easy TOP: III.A. Hypothetical propositions

REF: 8.2A MSC: Applied

60. What is the converse of the proposition “If I am energetic, then I will jog”? a. If I am not energetic, then I will jog. d. If I jog, then I am energetic. b. If I am energetic, then I will not jog. e. If I don’t jog, then I am not energetic. c. If I am not energetic, then I will not jog.

ANS: D DIF: Medium TOP: III.A. Hypothetical propositions

REF: 8.2A MSC: Applied

61. What is the antecedent of the proposition “This stain will not come out unless it is treated immediately”? a. The stain will not come out. d. The stain is treated immediately. b. The stain will come out. e. The stain is not treated immediately. c. There is a stain.

ANS: E DIF: Medium TOP: III.A. Hypothetical propositions

REF: 8.2A MSC: Applied

62. What is the consequent of the proposition “This stain will not come out unless it is treated immediately”? a. The stain will not come out. d. The stain is treated immediately. b. The stain will come out. e. The stain is not treated immediately. c. There is a stain.

ANS: A DIF: Medium TOP: III.A. Hypothetical propositions

REF: 8.2A MSC: Applied

63. What is the contrapositive of the proposition “Without credibility, threats are useless”? a. If they have credibility, threats are useful. b. If they have credibility, threats are useless. c. If they have no credibility, threats are useful. d. If threats are useful, then they have credibility. e. If threats are useless, then they have credibility.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult TOP: III.A. Hypothetical propositions

REF: 8.2A MSC: Applied

64. What is the converse of the proposition “I will enjoy the movie only if it is funny”? a. If the movie is funny, then I will not enjoy it. b. If the movie is funny, then I will enjoy it. c. If I enjoy the movie, then it is funny. d. If I do not enjoy the movie, then it is funny. e. If I do not enjoy the movie, then it is not funny.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult TOP: III.A. Hypothetical propositions

REF: 8.2A MSC: Applied

65. Must the antecedent and the consequent of a hypothetical proposition be affirmative?

a. b. c. d. e.

Only the antecedent must be affirmative.

Only the consequent must be affirmative.

Both must be affirmative.

It doesn’t matter whether either of them is affirmative or negative.

They can both be affirmative or both be negative, but it is not allowed for one to be affirmative while the other is negative.

ANS: D DIF: Medium TOP: III.A. Hypothetical propositions

REF: 8.2A MSC: Conceptual

66. Is it acceptable for the antecedent and the consequent to be different types of proposition (categorical, hypothetical, or disjunctive)? a. Yes, any combination of types is acceptable. b. No, since they must both be categorical. c. No. They can be any type of proposition, but they must be the same. d. Mixing of disjunctives and categoricals is okay. (But hypotheticals are not allowed.) e. Mixing of hypotheticals and categoricals is okay. (But disjunctives are not allowed.)

ANS: A DIF: Medium TOP: III.A. Hypothetical propositions

REF: 8.2A MSC: Conceptual

67. Which disjunctive proposition is equivalent to this hypothetical proposition?

If p, then q. a. p or q d. not p or q b. p or not q e. (p or not q) and (not p or q) c. not p or not q ANS: D DIF: Difficult TOP: III.A. Hypothetical propositions

REF: 8.2A MSC: Conceptual

68. Which disjunctive proposition is equivalent to this hypothetical proposition?

If and only if p, then q. a. p or q d. not p or q b. p or not q e. ( p or not q) and (not p or q) c. not p or not q ANS: E DIF: Difficult TOP: III.A. Hypothetical propositions

REF: 8.2A MSC: Conceptual

69. When is a hypothetical proposition false? a. A hypothetical proposition cannot be false because it is not asserted. b. When its antecedent is false. c. When its consequent is false. d. When its antecedent and consequent are both false. e. When its antecedent is true and its consequent is false.

ANS: E DIF: Difficult TOP: III.A. Hypothetical propositions

REF: 8.2A MSC: Conceptual

70. Suppose that we open a randomly chosen book and examine its first and last sentences. We label the first sentence as p and use it as the premise of a syllogism. And we label the last sentence as q and use it as the conclusion of that same syllogism. Is it always possible to create a valid syllogism by adding “If p, then q” as a second premise? a. Yes, but the hypothetical premise might strain credibility.

b. c. d. e.

Yes, but only because they come from the same book.

No, because p and q might be completely unrelated.

No, because the resulting syllogism would be invalid.

No, because if that worked, you could use any proposition to argue for any other proposition.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult TOP: III.A. Hypothetical propositions

REF: 8.2A MSC: Conceptual

71. Does every hypothetical proposition have an equivalent disjunctive proposition, such that the disjunctive could replace the hypothetical in any argument without otherwise changing the argument’s structure? a. Yes. b. No, since replacing one proposition with another will always have a significant effect on the structure of an argument. c. No, since no hypothetical proposition has an equivalent disjunctive proposition. d. No, since some disjunctive propositions contain more than two disjuncts. e. No, since certain propositions can be hypothetical antecedents, but can never be disjuncts.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult TOP: III.A. Hypothetical propositions

REF: 8.2A MSC: Conceptual

72. Which categorical proposition is equivalent to this hypothetical proposition?

If p, then q. a. Some cases in which q is true are cases in which p is true. b. All cases in which p is true are cases in which q is true. c. No case in which p is true is a case in which q is true. d. All cases in which q is true are cases in which p is true. e. Some cases in which p is true are cases in which q is not true.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult TOP: III.A. Hypothetical propositions

REF: 8.2A MSC: Conceptual

73. Which categorical proposition is logically equivalent to this hypothetical proposition?

If p, then not q. a. Some cases in which q is true are cases in which p is true. b. All cases in which p is true are cases in which q is true. c. No case in which p is true is a case in which q is true. d. All cases in which q is true are cases in which p is true. e. Some cases in which p is true are cases in which q is not true.

ANS: C DIF: Difficult TOP: III.A. Hypothetical propositions

REF: 8.2A MSC: Conceptual

74. What would the following proposition be in standard form? p if q a. if q, then p d. if q, then not p b. if p, then q e. if not q, then not p c. if not p, then q ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 8.2A TOP: III.A.1. Nonstandard forms of hypothetical propositions 75. What would the following proposition be in standard form?

MSC: Factual

p if and only if q a. if p, then q and if q, then p b. if p, then q c. if q, then p

d. if not p, then q e. if not q, then p

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 8.2A TOP: III.A.1. Nonstandard forms of hypothetical propositions

MSC: Factual

76. Generally, “without X, q” can be translated into standard form as: a. if X does not exist (or occur), then q d. if q, then X does not exist (or occur) b. if X exists (or occurs), then q e. if not q, then X does not exist (or occur) c. if q, then X exists (or occurs) ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 8.2A TOP: III.A.1. Nonstandard forms of hypothetical propositions

MSC: Factual

77. When a proposition is put into standard form, the order of its elements will be: a. if, consequent, then, antecedent d. consequent, if, then, antecedent b. if, antecedent, then, consequent e. antecedent, if, then, consequent c. if, then, consequent, antecedent ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 8.2A TOP: III.A.1. Nonstandard forms of hypothetical propositions

MSC: Factual

78. What would the following proposition be in standard form? p only if q a. if not p, then not q d. if q, then p b. if not p, then q e. if not q, then p c. if p, then q ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 8.2A TOP: III.A.1. Nonstandard forms of hypothetical propositions

MSC: Factual

79. What would the following proposition be in standard form? p unless q a. if p, then q and if q, then p d. if q, then not p b. if p, then q e. if not q, then p c. if q, then p ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: 8.2A TOP: III.A.1. Nonstandard forms of hypothetical propositions

MSC: Factual

80. What would the following proposition be in standard form?

Without distribution requirements, most students would take too narrow a range of courses. a. If most students take too narrow a range of courses, then distribution requirements do not exist. b. If distribution requirements did not exist, then most students would take too narrow a range of courses. c. If distribution requirements did not exist, then most students would not take too narrow a range of courses. d. If distribution requirements exist, then most students will not take too narrow a range of courses. e. If distribution requirements exist, then most students will take too narrow a range of courses.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 8.2A TOP: III.A.1. Nonstandard forms of hypothetical propositions

MSC: Applied

81. What would the following proposition be in standard form?

I’ll stay home tomorrow only if I’m sick. a. If I’m sick, then I won’t stay home tomorrow. b. If I don’t stay home tomorrow, then I’m sick. c. If I don’t stay home tomorrow, then I’m not sick. d. If I stay home tomorrow, then I’m sick. e. If I’m sick, then I’ll stay home tomorrow.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 8.2A TOP: III.A.1. Nonstandard forms of hypothetical propositions

MSC: Applied

82. What would the following proposition be in standard form?

I’ll stay home tomorrow if I feel sick. a. If I stay home tomorrow, then I will feel sick. b. If I do not stay home tomorrow, then I will feel sick. c. If I stay home tomorrow, then I will not feel sick. d. If I do not feel sick tomorrow, then I will stay home. e. If I feel sick, then I will stay home tomorrow.

ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: 8.2A TOP: III.A.1. Nonstandard forms of hypothetical propositions

MSC: Applied

83. What would the following proposition be in standard form?

The plant will die unless you water it. a. If the plant doesn’t die, then you didn’t water the plant. b. If the plant dies, then you didn’t water the plant. c. If the plant dies, then you watered the plant. d. If you don’t water the plant, then the plant will die. e. If you water the plant, then the plant won’t die.

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 8.2A TOP: III.A.1. Nonstandard forms of hypothetical propositions

MSC: Applied

84. What would the following proposition be in standard form?

Barring anything unexpected, you will live to be 82 years old. a. If something unexpected happens, then you will live to be 82 years old. b. If something unexpected happens, then you will not live to be 82 years old. c. If nothing unexpected happens, then you will live to be 82 years old. d. If you do not live to be 82 years old, then nothing unexpected happened. e. If you live to be 82 years old, then nothing unexpected happened.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 8.2A TOP: III.A.1. Nonstandard forms of hypothetical propositions 85. What would the following proposition be in standard form?

The faucet is still running, assuming that no one turned it off. a. If the faucet is still running, then someone turned it off. b. If the faucet is still running, then no one turned it off. c. If someone turned the faucet off, then it is not still running.

MSC: Applied

d. If no one turned the faucet off, then it is not still running. e. If no one turned the faucet off, then it is still running.

ANS: E DIF: Medium REF: 8.2A TOP: III.A.1. Nonstandard forms of hypothetical propositions

MSC: Applied

86. What would the following proposition be in standard form?

As long as everyone agrees, we’ll move the meeting to Thursday. a. If we don’t move the meeting to Thursday, then everyone agreed to it. b. If we move the meeting to Thursday, then everyone agreed to it. c. If someone disagrees, then we won’t move the meeting to Thursday. d. If everyone agrees, then we’ll move the meeting to Thursday. e. If everyone agrees, then we won’t move the meeting to Thursday.

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 8.2A TOP: III.A.1. Nonstandard forms of hypothetical propositions

MSC: Applied

87. What type of hypothetical syllogism is the following? if p, then q if q, then r if p, then r a. pure hypothetical b. modus ponens c. modus tollens d. invalid—commits the fallacy of denying the antecedent e. invalid—commits the fallacy of affirming the consequent ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 8.2B TOP: III.B. Forms of hypothetical syllogisms

MSC: Factual

88. What type of hypothetical syllogism is the following? if p, then q p q a. pure hypothetical b. modus ponens c. modus tollens d. invalid—commits the fallacy of denying the antecedent e. invalid—commits the fallacy of affirming the consequent ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 8.2B TOP: III.B. Forms of hypothetical syllogisms 89. What type of hypothetical syllogism is the following? if p, then q not q not p a. pure hypothetical b. modus ponens c. modus tollens d. invalid—commits the fallacy of denying the antecedent e. invalid—commits the fallacy of affirming the consequent

MSC: Factual

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 8.2B TOP: III.B. Forms of hypothetical syllogisms

MSC: Factual

90. What type of hypothetical syllogism is the following? if p, then q not p not q a. pure hypothetical b. modus ponens c. modus tollens d. invalid—commits the fallacy of denying the antecedent e. invalid—commits the fallacy of affirming the consequent ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 8.2B TOP: III.B. Forms of hypothetical syllogisms

MSC: Factual

91. What type of hypothetical syllogism is the following? if p, then q q p a. pure hypothetical b. modus ponens c. modus tollens d. invalid—commits the fallacy of denying the antecedent e. invalid—commits the fallacy of affirming the consequent ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: 8.2B TOP: III.B. Forms of hypothetical syllogisms

MSC: Factual

92. What type of hypothetical syllogism is the following?

If a hiring decision is made too quickly, we will have a subpar sales representative.

And if we have a subpar sales representative, then our reputation and sales will suffer.

So if a hiring decision is made too quickly, then our reputation and sales will suffer. a. pure hypothetical b. modus ponens c. modus tollens d. invalid—commits the fallacy of denying the antecedent e. invalid—commits the fallacy of affirming the consequent ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 8.2B TOP: III.B. Forms of hypothetical syllogisms

MSC: Applied

93. What type of hypothetical syllogism is the following?

If the Romans were a great power, then they never lost a battle.

But the Romans were not a great power.

So the Romans did lose a battle. a. pure hypothetical b. modus ponens c. modus tollens d. invalid—commits the fallacy of denying the antecedent e. invalid—commits the fallacy of affirming the consequent

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 8.2B TOP: III.B. Forms of hypothetical syllogisms

MSC: Applied

94. What type of hypothetical syllogism is the following?

If this butterfly’s wings had not dried properly, then it would not be able to fly.

But it is able to fly.

So this butterfly’s wings dried properly. a. pure hypothetical b. modus ponens c. modus tollens d. invalid—commits the fallacy of denying the antecedent e. invalid—commits the fallacy of affirming the consequent ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 8.2B TOP: III.B. Forms of hypothetical syllogisms

MSC: Applied

95. What type of hypothetical syllogism is the following?

If we made a profit on the new product line, then we will continue it.

We made a profit on the new product line.

So we will continue the new product line. a. pure hypothetical b. modus ponens c. modus tollens d. invalid—commits the fallacy of denying the antecedent e. invalid—commits the fallacy of affirming the consequent ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 8.2B TOP: III.B. Forms of hypothetical syllogisms

MSC: Applied

96. What type of hypothetical syllogism is the following?

If talent scouts attended the music festival, then the music festival was a success.

The music festival was a success.

So talent scouts attended the music festival. a. pure hypothetical b. modus ponens c. modus tollens d. invalid—commits the fallacy of denying the antecedent e. invalid—commits the fallacy of affirming the consequent ANS: E DIF: Medium REF: 8.2B TOP: III.B. Forms of hypothetical syllogisms

MSC: Applied

97. In a pure hypothetical syllogism: a. only one premise is hypothetical, and the conclusion is also hypothetical b. only one premise is hypothetical, and the conclusion is categorical c. both premises are hypothetical, and the conclusion is also hypothetical d. both premises are hypothetical, and the conclusion is categorical e. neither premise is hypothetical, but the conclusion is hypothetical ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 8.2B TOP: III.B.1. Pure hypothetical syllogisms

MSC: Factual

98. Modus ponens and modus tollens are the two forms of _____ hypothetical syllogism. a. pure d. token

b. invalid c. stemmed

e. mixed

ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: 8.2B TOP: III.B.1. Pure hypothetical syllogisms

MSC: Factual

99. What is the missing premise in the following hypothetical syllogism?

If the moon is full tonight, then the werewolves will be out. So if the moon is full tonight, then I will be staying at home. a. If the werewolves will be out, then I will be staying at home. b. If I will be staying home, then the werewolves will be out. c. Werewolves are scary. d. Werewolves cannot get into my home. e. The moon is full tonight.

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 8.2B TOP: III.B.1. Pure hypothetical syllogisms

MSC: Applied

100. What is the missing conclusion in the following hypothetical syllogism?

If the dinosaurs are extinct, then we can only study them from their fossils. And if we can only study them from their fossils, then our knowledge of them will always be incomplete. a. Our knowledge of dinosaurs will always be incomplete. b. We can only study dinosaurs from their fossils. c. Dinosaurs are extinct. d. If our knowledge of dinosaurs will always be incomplete, then they are extinct. e. If the dinosaurs are extinct, then our knowledge of them will always be incomplete.

ANS: E DIF: Medium REF: 8.2B TOP: III.B.1. Pure hypothetical syllogisms

MSC: Applied

101. In a pure hypothetical syllogism, can both premises have the same antecedent? The same consequent? a. They can have the same antecedent, but not the same consequent. b. They can have the same consequent, but not the same antecedent. c. They can have the same consequent or the same antecedent. d. They can have the same consequent, but only if the antecedent is universal. e. They cannot have the same consequent or the same antecedent.

ANS: E DIF: Medium REF: 8.2B TOP: III.B.1. Pure hypothetical syllogisms

MSC: Conceptual

102. Pure hypothetical syllogisms are most like which form of categorical syllogism? a. AEE-2 d. EAE-3 b. IAI-4 e. OAO-2 c. AAA-1 ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 8.2B TOP: III.B.1. Pure hypothetical syllogisms

MSC: Conceptual

103. In a modus ponens, the first premise is hypothetical. The second premise: a. affirms the antecedent of the first premise b. denies the antecedent of the first premise c. affirms the consequent of the first premise d. denies the consequent of the first premise e. is also hypothetical

ANS: A MSC: Factual

DIF: Easy

REF: 8.2B

TOP: III.B.2. Modus ponens

104. What is the missing premise in the following hypothetical syllogism?

If the gem can cut glass, then it is a true diamond. So the gem is a true diamond. a. If the gem is a true diamond, then it can cut glass. b. The gem can cut glass. c. The gem can’t cut glass. d. We need to know whether the gem is a true diamond. e. We suspect that the gem is a fake diamond.

ANS: B MSC: Applied

DIF: Medium

REF: 8.2B

TOP: III.B.2. Modus ponens

105. What is the missing premise in the following hypothetical syllogism?

French wine must be imported. So French wine is more expensive than domestic wine. a. If French wine is more expensive than domestic wine, then it must be imported. b. If French wine is not more expensive than domestic wine, then it must be imported. c. If French wine must be imported, then it is more expensive than domestic wine. d. If French wine must be imported, then it is not more expensive than domestic wine. e. If French wine need not be imported, then it is more expensive than domestic wine.

ANS: C MSC: Applied

DIF: Medium

REF: 8.2B

TOP: III.B.2. Modus ponens

106. In a modus tollens, the first premise is hypothetical. The second premise: a. affirms the antecedent of the first premise b. denies the antecedent of the first premise c. affirms the consequent of the first premise d. denies the consequent of the first premise e. is also hypothetical ANS: D MSC: Factual

DIF: Easy

REF: 8.2B

TOP: III.B.3. Modus tollens

107. What is the missing premise in the following hypothetical syllogism?

If Clark had known the answer to the final question, he would have won the trivia contest. So he must not have known the answer. a. Clark was in a trivia contest. b. Clark didn’t win the trivia contest. c. The final trivia question was the only one that counted. d. The final trivia question was very difficult. e. Clark was expected to win the trivia contest.

ANS: B MSC: Applied

DIF: Medium

REF: 8.2B

TOP: III.B.3. Modus tollens

108. What is the missing conclusion in the following hypothetical syllogism?

If the pie tasted awful, then the child would have spit it out. But the child did not spit it out. a. The pie tasted good. d. The pie did not taste awful. b. Children are very honest. e. The child is a good judge of taste. c. The child liked the pie.

ANS: D MSC: Applied

DIF: Medium

REF: 8.2B

TOP: III.B.3. Modus tollens

109. Which of the following syllogisms commits the fallacy of affirming the consequent? a. If the hardware store is closed, then I can’t buy the replacement pipe today. And I can’t buy the replacement pipe today. So the hardware store is closed. b. If there is an alien invasion, humanity will be enslaved. And there is an alien invasion. So humanity will be enslaved. c. If the phone breaks during the contract period, then the phone company will replace it for free. And the phone has broken during the contract period. So the phone company will replace it for free. d. If a few drops of lemon juice are added to the recipe, then the cake has a zestier flavor.

And a few drops of lemon juice were added to the recipe. So the cake will have a zestier flavor. e. If these old glass jars have been cleaned properly, then they can be recycled. But they haven’t been cleaned properly. So they cannot be recycled.

ANS: A DIF: Medium TOP: III.B.4. Affirming the consequent

REF: 8.2B MSC: Applied

110. Each of the following hypothetical syllogisms is missing its second premise. Which of them commits the fallacy of affirming the consequent? a. If the stock market crashed, then Caroline will lose her house. So Caroline will lose her house. b. If the vase fell from the table, then it is irreparably damaged. So the vase fell from the table. c. If the class meets only two days per week, then it is 25 minutes longer. So the class is 25 minutes longer. d. If a new radio tower were built, then my cell phone reception would improve. So my cell phone reception will not improve. e. If Oscar finishes, this will be his 18th marathon. So this is his 18th marathon.

ANS: B DIF: Medium TOP: III.B.4. Affirming the consequent

REF: 8.2B MSC: Applied

111. Is it possible to commit the fallacy of affirming the consequent in a pure hypothetical syllogism? a. No, because the second premise does not assert its antecedent or its consequent. b. No, because the second premise only asserts its antecedent and not its consequent. c. Yes, but only if the consequent of the first premise is also the consequent of the second premise. d. Yes, because the second premise of a pure hypothetical syllogism always includes the consequent of the conclusion. e. Yes, because the second premise could simply be the consequent of the first premise.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult TOP: III.B.4. Affirming the consequent

REF: 8.2B MSC: Conceptual

112. Which of the following syllogisms commits the fallacy of denying the antecedent? a. If this cheese is moldy, then it should be thrown out. And it should be thrown out. So this cheese is moldy. b. If my favorite radio show is canceled, then I will stop listening to that radio station. And my favorite radio show is canceled. So I will stop listening to that radio station. c. If no one volunteered to clean up, then I will have to do it all myself. And no one volunteered to clean up. So I will have to do it all myself. d. If I lived in a mansion, then I would have two different bedrooms for myself. But I don’t

live in a mansion. So I do not have two different bedrooms for myself. e. If the painting is authentic, then it will be auctioned off. And the paining is authentic. So it will be auctioned off.

ANS: D DIF: Medium TOP: III.B.5. Denying the antecedent

REF: 8.2B MSC: Applied

113. Each of the following hypothetical syllogisms is missing its second premise. Which of them commits the fallacy of denying the antecedent? a. If the video is in an analog format rather than a digital one, then it must be on a VHS tape.

So it must be on a VHS tape. b. If the bass player is late, then the band needs a different opening number. So the bass player is late. c. If the man in the hat were a lawyer, then I would need his advice. So I do not need his advice. d. If this shower curtain is too thin, then it will wear out quickly. So it will wear out quickly. e. If gravel is cheap, then we can afford to redo our driveway. So we can afford to redo our driveway.

ANS: C DIF: Medium TOP: III.B.5. Denying the antecedent

REF: 8.2B MSC: Applied

114. Is it possible for a single syllogism both to commit the fallacy of affirming the consequent and the fallacy of denying the antecedent? a. Yes, because one argument can commit many fallacies at once. b. Yes, because the second premise could be hypothetical. c. Yes, because the antecedent and consequent might have been swapped in the hypothetical premise. d. No, because no argument ever commits two fallacies at once. e. No, unless the second premise and the conclusion each assert two different propositions.

ANS: E DIF: Difficult TOP: III.B.5. Denying the antecedent

REF: 8.2B MSC: Conceptual

115. Distilling an argument means: a. solving an enthymeme b. identifying the argument’s premises, conclusion, and structure c. determining whether or not the premises are true d. determining whether or not the conclusion is true e. making an argument up from scratch ANS: B DIF: Easy TOP: IV. Distilling deductive arguments

REF: 8.3 MSC: Factual

116. If an argument uses quantity words like no, all, or some, that suggests that the argument is: a. categorical b. pure hypothetical c. mixed hypothetical d. disjunctive e. This information tells us nothing about the form.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 8.3A TOP: IV.A. Identifying the form of an argument

MSC: Conceptual

117. If an argument applies a generalization to a particular case, that suggests that the argument is:

a. b. c. d. e.

categorical pure hypothetical mixed hypothetical disjunctive This information tells us nothing about the form.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 8.3A TOP: IV.A. Identifying the form of an argument

MSC: Conceptual

118. Is there more than one way to formalize the following argument?

It rains whenever a mass of hot, humid air collides with a high-pressure mass of colder air. Since it has been hot and muggy, and a cold front is moving in from the west, I expect it will rain. a. Yes, since it could easily be formalized either as a hypothetical syllogism or as a categorical syllogism. b. Yes, since there is never any reason to prefer formalizing any argument as categorical, disjunctive, or hypothetical. c. Yes, but the argument is only valid if it is formalized as categorical. In any other interpretation, it would be invalid. d. No, because the conclusion is true, and arguments with true conclusions can only be formalized in one way. e. No, because any given argument can only be properly formalized in exactly one way.

ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 8.3A TOP: IV.A. Identifying the form of an argument

MSC: Conceptual

119. If an argument repeats whole propositions rather than terms, it is most likely: a. categorical b. hypothetical or disjunctive c. not a syllogism, so we don’t need to determine its form d. invalid, so we don’t need to determine its form e. This information tells us nothing about the form.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 8.3A TOP: IV.A. Identifying the form of an argument

MSC: Conceptual

120. If an argument has a hypothetical conclusion, that suggests that the argument is: a. categorical b. pure hypothetical c. mixed hypothetical d. disjunctive e. This information tells us nothing about the form.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 8.3A TOP: IV.A. Identifying the form of an argument

MSC: Conceptual

121. If an argument has an affirmative premise and an affirmative conclusion, that suggests that the argument is: a. invalid, so there is no need to determine its form b. pure hypothetical c. mixed hypothetical d. disjunctive e. This information tells us nothing about the form.

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 8.3A TOP: IV.A. Identifying the form of an argument

MSC: Conceptual

122. If an argument repeats terms rather than whole propositions, it is most likely: a. pure hypothetical b. mixed hypothetical c. disjunctive d. categorical e. This information tells us nothing about the form.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 8.3A TOP: IV.A. Identifying the form of an argument

MSC: Conceptual

123. If an argument uses the word either or or, that suggests that the argument is: a. categorical b. mixed hypothetical c. pure hypothetical d. disjunctive e. This information tells us nothing about the form.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 8.3A TOP: IV.A. Identifying the form of an argument

MSC: Conceptual

124. If an argument has a negative premise and an affirmative conclusion, that suggests that the argument is: a. categorical b. pure hypothetical c. mixed hypothetical d. disjunctive e. This information tells us nothing about the form.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 8.3A TOP: IV.A. Identifying the form of an argument

MSC: Conceptual

125. If an argument uses words like unless, if, or without, that suggests that the argument is: a. categorical b. hypothetical c. disjunctive d. invalid, so there is no need to determine the form e. This information tells us nothing about the form.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 8.3A TOP: IV.A. Identifying the form of an argument

MSC: Conceptual

126. If an argument has a categorical conclusion, that suggests that the argument is: a. categorical b. pure hypothetical c. mixed hypothetical d. disjunctive e. This information tells us nothing about the form.

ANS: E DIF: Medium REF: 8.3A TOP: IV.A. Identifying the form of an argument

MSC: Conceptual

127. If an argument has a disjunctive conclusion, that suggests that the argument is: a. categorical b. pure hypothetical

c. mixed hypothetical d. disjunctive e. This information tells us nothing about the form.

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 8.3A TOP: IV.A. Identifying the form of an argument

MSC: Conceptual

128. If two logicians are putting an argument into standard form, is it possible that they would use two different syllogism types? (E.g., one would make it a categorical syllogism and the other would make it disjunctive.) a. Yes, because every syllogism can be represented equally well as categorical, hypothetical, or disjunctive. b. Yes, because some syllogisms can be represented equally well by more than one type of syllogism. c. Yes, but only if one of them made a mistake. d. No, because there is only one correct type for each syllogism. e. No, because no syllogism can ever be represented equally well by two different syllogism types.

ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 8.3A TOP: IV.A. Identifying the form of an argument

MSC: Conceptual

129. If two logicians are putting a syllogism into standard form, but they choose two different types of syllogism (e.g., one makes it categorical and the other hypothetical), could both of the resulting syllogisms be valid? a. No, because a syllogism is only valid when it is in the correct form. b. No, because for each kind of syllogism, the valid forms are completely different. c. No, because validity depends on the relationship between the premises and the conclusion, which is fundamentally different from one type to another. d. Yes, because the type chosen to represent the syllogism has no bearing on the truth of its conclusion. e. Yes, because if the truth of the premises is sufficient to guarantee the truth of the conclusion, that will make the syllogism valid, regardless of the chosen type.

ANS: E DIF: Difficult REF: 8.3A TOP: IV.A. Identifying the form of an argument

MSC: Conceptual

130. What would the following proposition be in standard form?

Only people with self-esteem are happy. a. All people with self-esteem are happy people. b. All happy people are people with self-esteem. c. Some people with self-esteem are happy people. d. Some happy people are people with self-esteem. e. No person with self-esteem is a happy person.

ANS: B DIF: Easy TOP: IV.B. Nonstandard quantifiers

REF: 8.3B MSC: Applied

131. What would the following proposition be in standard form?

There is strawberry jam in this sandwich. a. Some strawberry jam is an ingredient of this sandwich. b. All strawberry jam is an ingredient of this sandwich. c. No strawberry jam is a noningredient of this sandwich. d. If jam is strawberry flavored, then it is an ingredient of this sandwich.

e. Jam is not strawberry flavored or it is an ingredient of this sandwich.

ANS: A DIF: Medium TOP: IV.B. Nonstandard quantifiers

REF: 8.3B MSC: Applied

132. What would the following proposition be in standard form?

The mail always arrives late on Saturdays. a. Some mail is mail that arrives late on Saturdays. b. All mail is mail that arrives late on Saturdays. c. No non-Saturday is a day when the mail arrives late. d. All Saturdays are days when the mail arrives late. e. If the mail arrives late, then it is Saturday.

ANS: D DIF: Medium TOP: IV.B. Nonstandard quantifiers

REF: 8.3B MSC: Applied

133. What would the following proposition be in standard form?

My keys are somewhere in my office. a. All of my keys are objects in my office. b. If an object is one of my keys, then it is in my office. c. No office of mine is a place without my keys. d. My keys are in my office or I would know where they are. e. Some place in my office is the place where my keys are.

ANS: E DIF: Medium TOP: IV.B. Nonstandard quantifiers

REF: 8.3B MSC: Applied

134. What would the following proposition be in standard form?

No one has ever managed to finish our famous eight-pound burger. a. Some person is a person who has tried to finish our famous eight-pound burger. b. No person is a person who has managed to finish our famous eight-pound burger. c. Some times are times when a person has tried to finish our famous eight-pound burger. d. All eight-pound burgers are our famous burgers that no one has ever managed to finish. e. Some of our famous eight-pound burgers are burgers that a person has tried to finish.

ANS: B DIF: Medium TOP: IV.B. Nonstandard quantifiers

REF: 8.3B MSC: Applied

135. What would the following proposition be in standard form?

There is a lid for every pot. a. All lids are things that have pots. b. No lid is a thing that doesn’t have a pot. c. If something is a lid, then that thing has a pot. d. All pots are things with lids. e. A thing is not a lid or it has a pot.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult TOP: IV.B. Nonstandard quantifiers

REF: 8.3B MSC: Applied

136. If a proposition uses a word like always, sometimes, never, everywhere, somewhere, or nowhere, that suggests that it should be formalized as what type of proposition? a. hypothetical b. disjunctive

c. categorical d. Propositions that contain those words cannot be formalized because they lack a true subject term. e. Propositions that contain those words cannot be formalized because their content is too vague.

ANS: C DIF: Easy TOP: IV.B. Nonstandard quantifiers

REF: 8.3B MSC: Conceptual

137. If a categorical proposition begins with “there is,” then will that proposition be universal, particular, or singular? a. universal b. particular c. singular d. It could be any of the three, depending on the context. e. It cannot be any of those because if it begins with “there is,” it cannot be a categorical proposition.

ANS: D DIF: Easy TOP: IV.B. Nonstandard quantifiers

REF: 8.3B MSC: Conceptual

138. What would the following proposition be in standard form?

Only S is P. a. No S is P. d. All S are P. b. Some P are S. e. All P are S. c. Some S are P. ANS: E DIF: Easy TOP: IV.B. Nonstandard quantifiers

REF: 8.3B MSC: Conceptual

139. An extended argument is an argument that: a. involves more than one syllogistic step b. takes a long time to explain c. involves more than one speaker d. continues long after it has already made its point e. commits the fallacy of super-extension ANS: A MSC: Factual

DIF: Medium

140. An extended argument is valid if: a. its conclusion is true b. its premises are true c. its premises and conclusion are true ANS: D MSC: Conceptual

DIF: Easy

REF: 8.4

TOP: V. Extended arguments

d. all of its steps are valid e. most of its steps are valid REF: 8.4

TOP: V. Extended arguments

141. If two logicians are distilling the same extended argument, is it possible that they would arrange the propositions into two different forms? a. Yes, because how the propositions are arranged is completely unimportant. b. Yes, but only if one logician is better at logic than the other. c. Yes, because there could be more than one good way to proceed through the argument. d. No, because there is only one correct way to arrange the propositions in any particular argument.

e. No, because those forms would necessarily have different conclusions, and therefore not be forms of the same argument.

ANS: C MSC: Conceptual

DIF: Difficult

REF: 8.4

TOP: V. Extended arguments

142. Will two people distilling the same argument always find the same number of syllogistic steps and the same number of implicit propositions? a. They will find the same number of steps, but might find different numbers of implicit propositions. b. They will find the same number of implicit propositions, but might find different numbers of steps. c. They will always find the same number of implicit propositions and steps. d. They might find different numbers of both implicit propositions and steps. e. If they find the same number of steps, then they will find the same number of implicit propositions. But if they find a different number of steps, the number of implicit propositions will also be different.

ANS: C MSC: Conceptual

DIF: Difficult

REF: 8.4

TOP: V. Extended arguments

143. Is there any limit to the number of syllogistic steps that can make up a single extended argument? a. Yes, there can be no more than three steps. b. Yes, there can be no more than five steps. c. There can only be one step for each type of syllogism involved. d. There can only be up to four steps for categorical and hypothetical arguments, but for arguments involving disjunctive propositions, the number of steps is unlimited. e. No, the number of steps is unlimited.

ANS: E MSC: Conceptual

DIF: Difficult

REF: 8.4

TOP: V. Extended arguments

144. Every syllogism includes a conclusion. But is it possible to construct an extended argument in such a way that it does not have any conclusions, not even implicit ones? a. Yes, because the rules are looser for constructing extended arguments than for constructing syllogisms. b. Yes, because the purpose of an extended argument is to build up a network of connected propositions, not to reach a conclusion. c. No, because extended arguments are built out of syllogisms, and every syllogism has a conclusion. d. No, because in the absence of an identifiable conclusion, the proposition that has been assigned the highest number is considered to be the conclusion. e. No, because in the absence of an identifiable conclusion, the first sentence in the argument is considered to be the conclusion.

ANS: C MSC: Conceptual

DIF: Difficult

REF: 8.4

TOP: V. Extended arguments

For the next group of questions, consider the following argument: Since (1) values are nothing more than our own evaluation of the facts, (2) they are not objective. (3) Knowledge of the facts is based on empirical evidence, and (4) anything based on such evidence is objective. But (5) evaluating facts is different from knowing them.

145. What is the conclusion of the argument? a. Values are nothing more than our evaluation of the facts.

b. c. d. e.

Values are not objective.

Knowledge of the facts is based on empirical evidence.

Anything based on empirical evidence is objective.

Evaluating facts is different from knowing them.

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 8.4A TOP: V.A. Categorical syllogisms in extended arguments

MSC: Applied

146. How many syllogistic steps does the argument contain? a. one d. four b. two e. five c. three ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 8.4A TOP: V.A. Categorical syllogisms in extended arguments

MSC: Applied

147. If we analyzed the argument as a series of syllogisms, how many implicit propositions would be involved? a. one d. four b. two e. five c. three ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 8.4A TOP: V.A. Categorical syllogisms in extended arguments

MSC: Applied

148. Is the argument valid? a. Yes, because all of its steps are valid. b. Yes, because most of its steps are valid. c. Yes, because its conclusion is true. d. No, because its conclusion is false. e. No, because one of its steps is invalid.

ANS: E DIF: Medium REF: 8.4A TOP: V.A. Categorical syllogisms in extended arguments

MSC: Applied

For the next group of questions, consider the following argument: Despite his shortcomings, (1) Homer Simpson loves his family. And therefore (2) he is a heroic figure.

That is because (3) if Homer Simpson loves his family, then he will sacrifice for them. And (4) if he will sacrifice for them, then he is a heroic figure.

149. What is the conclusion of the argument? a. Homer Simpson has shortcomings. b. Homer Simpson loves his family. c. Homer Simpson is a heroic figure. d. If Homer Simpson loves his family, then he will sacrifice for them. e. If Homer Simpson will sacrifice for his family, then he is a heroic figure.

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 8.4B TOP: V.B. Hypothetical syllogisms in extended arguments 150. Of how many syllogistic steps does the argument consist? a. one d. four b. two e. five c. three

MSC: Applied

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 8.4B TOP: V.B. Hypothetical syllogisms in extended arguments

MSC: Applied

151. If we analyzed the argument as a series of syllogisms, how many implicit propositions would be involved? a. one d. four b. two e. five c. three ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 8.4B TOP: V.B. Hypothetical syllogisms in extended arguments

MSC: Applied

152. Is the argument valid? a. Yes, because all of its steps are valid. b. Yes, because most of its steps are valid. c. Yes, because its conclusion is true. d. No, because its conclusion is false. e. No, because one of its steps is invalid.

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 8.4B TOP: V.B. Hypothetical syllogisms in extended arguments

MSC: Applied

153. Can the syllogisms in an extended argument be of different types (e.g., categorical and hypothetical), or must all of the syllogisms be of the same type? a. They must all be of the same type because it is only possible to construct an extended argument from categorical syllogisms. b. They must all be of the same type because it is only possible to construct an extended argument from hypothetical syllogisms. c. They must all be of the same type because it is only possible to construct an extended argument from disjunctive syllogisms. d. They can be of different types. e. Hypothetical and categorical syllogisms can be combined, but disjunctive syllogisms cannot.

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 8.4C TOP: V.C. Extended arguments with elements of different types MSC: Factual For the next group of questions, consider the following argument: I need to buy a present for my niece’s birthday. And I think (1) it will have to be a set of LEGOs. (2) I was considering the LEGOs, a toy robot, and a goldfish. But I think that (3) she already has the robot and (4) she is too young to care for a goldfish.

154. What is the conclusion of the argument? a. I need to buy a present for my niece’s birthday. b. The present will have to be a set of LEGOs. c. The present could be LEGOs, a toy robot, or a goldfish. d. My niece already has a toy robot. e. My niece is too young to care for a goldfish.

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 8.4C TOP: V.C. Extended arguments with elements of different types MSC: Applied 155. Of how many syllogistic steps does the argument consist?

a. one b. two c. three

d. four e. five

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 8.4C TOP: V.C. Extended arguments with elements of different types MSC: Applied 156. If we analyzed the argument as a series of syllogisms, how many implicit propositions would be involved? a. one d. four b. two e. five c. three ANS: E DIF: Difficult REF: 8.4C TOP: V.C. Extended arguments with elements of different types MSC: Applied 157. Is the argument valid? a. Yes, because all of its steps are valid. b. Yes, because most of its steps are valid. c. Yes, because its conclusion is true. d. No, because its conclusion is false. e. No, because one of its steps is invalid.

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 8.4C TOP: V.C. Extended arguments with elements of different types MSC: Applied 158. For compound propositions (disjunctive and hypothetical), must their components always be categorical propositions? a. Yes, because the component propositions are not being asserted. b. Yes, and to be more precise, they must always be universal. c. Yes, and to be more precise, they must always be particular. d. No, because the component propositions can themselves be disjunctive or hypothetical. e. No, because the component propositions are not being asserted.

ANS: D DIF: Easy TOP: V.D. Compound Components

REF: 8.4D MSC: Factual

159. What is the form of the following proposition?

If it rains or is cold, then we will cancel the camping trip. a. If p, then q or r. d. p or q b. If not p, then q or r. e. Some ( p or q) are R. c. If ( p or q), then r.

ANS: C DIF: Easy TOP: V.D. Compound Components

REF: 8.4D MSC: Applied

160. What is the form of the following proposition?

Some people are frightened if a dog approaches. a. Some S are (no P is Q ). d. p or q or r b. If q, then (all S are P). e. Some S are (if p, then q). c. If q, then (no S is P).

ANS: E DIF: Easy TOP: V.D. Compound Components

REF: 8.4D MSC: Applied

For the next group of questions, consider the following argument: It is clear that (1) a lot of people are not virtuous because (2) society is breaking down. You see, (3) no rude person is virtuous, and (4) if many people are rude, then society breaks down.

161. What is the conclusion of the argument? a. A lot of people are not virtuous. b. Society is breaking down. c. No rude person is virtuous. d. Many people are rude. e. If many people are rude, then society breaks down.

ANS: A DIF: Medium TOP: V.D. Compound Components

REF: 8.4D MSC: Applied

162. Of how many syllogistic steps does the argument consist? a. one d. four b. two e. five c. three ANS: B DIF: Difficult TOP: V.D. Compound Components

REF: 8.4D MSC: Applied

163. If we analyzed the argument as a series of syllogisms, how many implicit propositions would be involved? a. one d. four b. two e. five c. three ANS: A DIF: Difficult TOP: V.D. Compound Components

REF: 8.4D MSC: Applied

164. Is the argument valid? a. Yes, because all of its steps are valid. b. Yes, because most of its steps are valid. c. Yes, because its conclusion is true. d. No, because its conclusion is false. e. No, because one of its steps is invalid.

ANS: E DIF: Difficult TOP: V.D. Compound Components

REF: 8.4D MSC: Applied

165. One proposition can serve as a component for another proposition. But which of the following would never be allowed? a. An O categorical proposition as the consequent of a hypothetical proposition. b. A disjunctive proposition as the antecedent of a hypothetical proposition. c. A hypothetical proposition as a disjunct in a disjunctive proposition. d. An E categorical proposition as a disjunct in a disjunctive proposition. e. All of these would be allowed.

ANS: E DIF: Difficult TOP: V.D. Compound Components

REF: 8.4D MSC: Conceptual

For the next group of questions, consider the following argument: (1) Marla’s boat is at the dock and (2) every one of the boats at the dock has loaded either three or four passengers. (3) But I’m sure that Marla’s boat has only loaded three passengers, because (4) she would already have raised her sails if she had all four of her passengers.

166. What is the conclusion of the argument? a. Marla’s boat is at the dock. b. There are other boats at the dock. c. Every one of the boats at the dock has loaded either three or four passengers. d. Marla’s boat has only loaded three passengers. e. Marla would already have raised her sails if she had all four of her passengers.

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 8.4E TOP: V.E. Distilling extended arguments

MSC: Applied

167. Of how many syllogistic steps does the argument consist? a. one d. four b. two e. five c. three ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 8.4E TOP: V.E. Distilling extended arguments

MSC: Applied

168. If we analyzed the argument as a series of syllogisms, how many implicit propositions would be involved? a. one d. four b. two e. five c. three ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 8.4E TOP: V.E. Distilling extended arguments

MSC: Applied

169. Is the argument valid? a. Yes, because all of its steps are valid. b. Yes, because most of its steps are valid. c. Yes, because its conclusion is true. d. No, because its conclusion is false. e. No, because one of its steps is invalid.

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 8.4E TOP: V.E. Distilling extended arguments

MSC: Applied

For the next group of questions, consider the following argument: (1) If some of these fresh footprints belong to the fugitive, then he is still nearby. (2) But no footprint belonging to the fugitive is a size 10, (3) and some of these footprints are size 10. (4) So the fugitive is not still nearby.

170. What is the conclusion of the argument? a. If some of these fresh footprints belong to the fugitive, then he is still nearby. b. No footprint belonging to the fugitive is a size 10. c. Some of these fresh footprints do not belong to the fugitive. d. The fugitive is not still nearby. e. Some of these footprints are size 10.

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 8.4E TOP: V.E. Distilling extended arguments

MSC: Applied

171. Of how many syllogistic steps does the argument consist? a. one d. four b. two e. five c. three ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 8.4E TOP: V.E. Distilling extended arguments

MSC: Applied

172. If we analyzed the argument as a series of syllogisms, how many implicit propositions would be involved? a. one d. four b. two e. five c. three ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 8.4E TOP: V.E. Distilling extended arguments

MSC: Applied

173. Is the argument valid? a. Yes, because all of its steps are valid. b. Yes, because most of its steps are valid. c. Yes, because its conclusion is true. d. No, because its conclusion is false. e. No, because one of its steps is invalid.

ANS: E DIF: Medium REF: 8.4E TOP: V.E. Distilling extended arguments

MSC: Applied

For the next group of questions, consider the following argument: (1) It’s clear that nobody should be prejudged because of the following. (2) Either everyone is worthy of friendship or friendship is a horrible institution. (3) So everyone is worthy of friendship. (4) And no one worthy of friendship should be prejudged.

174. What is the conclusion of the argument? a. Nobody should be prejudged. b. Either everyone is worthy of friendship or friendship is a horrible institution. c. Friendship is not a horrible institution. d. Everyone is worthy of friendship. e. No one worthy of friendship should be prejudged.

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 8.4E TOP: V.E. Distilling extended arguments

MSC: Applied

175. Of how many syllogistic steps does the argument consist? a. one d. four b. two e. five c. three ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 8.4E TOP: V.E. Distilling extended arguments

MSC: Applied

176. If we analyzed the argument as a series of syllogisms, how many implicit propositions would be involved?

Test Bank for The Art of Reasoning An Introduction to Logic and Critical Thinking, Fourth Ed

a. one b. two c. three

d. four e. five

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 8.4E TOP: V.E. Distilling extended arguments

MSC: Applied

177. Is the argument valid? a. Yes, because all of its steps are valid. b. Yes, because most of its steps are valid. c. Yes, because its conclusion is true. d. No, because its conclusion is false. e. No, because one of its steps is invalid.

ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 8.4E TOP: V.E. Distilling extended arguments

MSC: Applied

Visit TestBankBell.com to get complete for all chapters