8678 by Soil Stabilization Products Company Inc.

COMPARISON OF TYPICAL DYNAMIC MODULUS AND REPEATED LOAD TRIAXIAL TEST RESULTS FOR HOT MIX ASPHALT (HMA) MIXTURE AND EMC SQUARED® STABILIZED AGGREGATE ®

Dynamic modulus is the main input required for design of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) pavements using the nationally recognized AASHTO Mechanistic-Emperical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG). HMA pavement materials are viscoelastic in nature and their dynamic modulus values vary dramatically in response to changes in loading rate and temperature. For example, HMA materials exhibit much lower modulus values (significant strength loss) as pavement temperatures increase. In contrast, dynamic modulus testing shows that EMC SQUARED Stabilized Aggregate materials retain a relatively consistent dynamic modulus (consistent strength) through the full range of loading rates and temperature changes, indicating elastic rather than viscoelastic behavior. Cold-mixed EMC SQUARED Stabilized Aggregate materials have the further advantage of gaining strength with additional curing time.

Average Dynamic Modulus for EMC SQUARED All Temperatures after 72 Hours

Average Dynamic Modulus for EMC SQUARED All Temperatures after 168 Hours

291,000 psi 291 ksi

475,000 psi 475 ksi

300

130°F

100°F

Results after 24 Hours of curing

70°F

Hotter

Results after 72 Hours of curing

40°F

EMC SQUARED

ASPHALT

EMC SQUARED

ASPHALT

EMC SQUARED

ASPHALT

EMC SQUARED

ASPHALT

EMC SQUARED

ASPHALT

100

200

Stronger

Dynamic Modulus (E*), ksi

400

500

Typical Dynamic Modulus Data for HMA Mixture and EMC SQUARED Stabilized Aggregate Mixture

28.4°F

Results after 168 Hours of curing

The above chart references data from a report by Peter Sebaaly, Ph.D., P.E. University of Nevada, Reno, Director of the Western Regional Superpave Center. The original charts are provided on the following pages of this document.

SOIL STABILIZATION PRODUCTS COMPANY, INC.

Ph: (800)523-9992 or (209)383-3296, Fax: (209)383-7849, Email: info@sspco.com

WWW.SSPCO.COM

Dynamic Modulus (E*), ksi

COMPARISON OF TYPICAL DYNAMIC MODULUS AND REPEATED LOAD TRIAXIAL TEST RESULTS FOR HOT MIX ASPHALT (HMA) MIXTURE AND EMC SQUARED® STABILIZED AGGREGATE

The viscoelastic behavior of Hot Mix Asphalt pavement materials again illustrated in the Figure 5. Stabilized Aggregate Sample in (HMA) Dynamic Modulus testingisSet-up.

two100 Figures below, as the modulus of the HMA material drops from a strength of over 1,000,000 psi when evaluated at a temperature tested under slow 0.1 just below freezing to 1 a modulus value of less 10 than 10,000 psi when 100 Hz loading conditions at a temperature of 130OF. For the purposeFrequency, of pavement design using the AASHTO (MEPDG) method, Modulus Set-Up pavement Applied Stress & Measuredof Strain the variations inDynamic the behavior of a28.4°F viscoelastic material related to various combinations loading frequency and 40°F 70°F 100°F 130°F 1,000 as a Dynamic Modulus (E*) Master Curve. temperature are presented Figure 7. Dynamic Modulus of EMC SQUARED Stabilized Aggregate Cured for 24 hrs at 140oF.  = 0sin(ωt) 0

10,000 Dynamic Modulus (E*), ksi

Dynamic Modulus (E*), ksi

Typical Dynamic Modulus Data for HMA Mixture Stress

Time

1,000 time shift = φ

100

 = 0sin(ωt-φ)

Strain 0

100

Time

0.1

1 5. Stabilized Aggregate Sample Figure in Dynamic Modulus testing Set-up. Frequency, Hz 0.1

Figure 8

28.4°F

1 Frequency, Hz

 40°F 70°F E * Hz  0 Dynamic ModulusFrequency, 0

100

100°F

130°F

10,000 Dynamic Modulus |E*|at 70F, ksi

Dynamic Modulus (E*), ksi

Figure 6. Dynamic Modulus of EMC SQUARED Stabilized Aggregate Cured for 72 hrs at o 28.4°F 40°F 100°F 130°F F. 10470°F 1,000 Dynamic Modulus E* Master Curve for HMA Mixture Typical E* Master Curve *ksi = 1,000 psi Figure 8. Typical Dynamic Modulus Data for HMA Mixture.

1,000

100

100 0.1 1

100

Frequency, Hz 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E-06 1.E-05 1.E-04 1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00

Figure 4

28.4°F

40°F

Frequency, Hz

70°F

100°F

130°F

Figure 6. Dynamic Modulus of EMC SQUARED Stabilized Aggregate Cured for 72 hrs at 104oF. SOIL STABILIZATION PRODUCTS COMPANY, INC. Ph: (800)523-9992 or (209)383-3296, Fax: (209)383-7849, Email: info@sspco.com Figure 4. Components Modulus Test and WWW.SSPCO.COM a Typical E* Master Curve for a HMA *ksi = 1,000 psi of the Dynamic 14°F 100°F 130°F PredictedCenter. E* The above figures are from a report by Peter40°F Sebaaly, Ph.D., P.E.70°F University of Nevada, Reno, Director of the Western Regional Superpave

mix.

COMPARISON OF TYPICAL DYNAMIC MODULUS AND REPEATED LOAD TRIAXIAL TEST RESULTS FOR HOT MIX ASPHALT (HMA) MIXTURE AND EMC SQUARED® STABILIZED AGGREGATE ®

Figure 5. Stabilized Aggregate Sample in Dynamic Modulus testing Set-up.

Dynamic Modulus of EMC SQUARED Stabilized Aggregate Cured for 24 Hours @ 140OF

Dynamic Modulus (E*), ksi

1,0001,000

100

0.1

0.1 Figure 7

1 28.4°F

10 Frequency, Hz

Frequency, Hz

40°F

100

70°F

100

100°F

130°F

40°F 70°F Stabilized Aggregate 100°F Figure28.4°F 6. Dynamic Modulus of EMC SQUARED Cured for 130°F 72 hrs at o

104 F. Stabilized Aggregate Cured for 24 hrs at Figure350 7. Dynamic Modulus of EMC SQUARED *ksi = 1,000 psi 140oF. Dynamic Modulus, |E*| (ksi)

300

Dynamic Modulus (E*), ksi

250 10,000

Figure 10

28.4°F

200

40°F

1,000

150

70°F 100°F

100

130°F

100 0.1

0.5

Frequency, Hz

Frequency (Hz)

The above figures are from a report by Peter Sebaaly, Ph.D., P.E. University of Nevada, Reno, Director of the Western Regional Superpave Center.

Figure 9. Dynamic Modulus Property of EMC SQUARED Stabilized Aggregate Cured for 72 hrs 100 0.1 1 INC. 10 SOIL STABILIZATION PRODUCTS COMPANY, o

at 104 Ph: (800)523-9992 or (209)383-3296, Fax: (209)383-7849, Email: info@sspco.com

WWW.SSPCO.COM

COMPARISON OF TYPICAL DYNAMIC MODULUS AND REPEATED LOAD TRIAXIAL TEST RESULTS FOR HOT MIX ASPHALT (HMA) MIXTURE AND EMC SQUARED® STABILIZED AGGREGATE ®

Figure 5. Stabilized Aggregate testingSet-up. Set-up. Figure 5. Stabilized AggregateSample SampleininDynamic Dynamic Modulus Modulus testing Dynamic Modulus of EMC SQUARED Stabilized Aggregate Cured for 72 Hours @ 104OF

Dynamic Modulus (E*), ksi

1,0001,000

100

100 0.1

0.1 1 10 Frequency, Hz Figure 5. Stabilized Aggregate Sample in Dynamic Modulus testing Set-up. Frequency, Hz Frequency, Hz

Figure 6

28.4°F

40°F

70°F

100°F

100

130°F

40°F 70°F Stabilized Aggregate 100°F Figure28.4°F 6. Dynamic Modulus of EMC SQUARED Cured for 130°F 72 hrs at o 104 F. Stabilized Aggregate Cured for 72 hrs at Figure 6.1,000 Dynamic Modulus of EMC SQUARED 350 *ksi = 1,000 psi 104oF. Dynamic Modulus, |E*| (ksi)

Dynamic Modulus (E*), ksi

3001,000 psi *ksi =

250

28.4°F

200

40°F

150

70°F 100°F

100

130°F 50

100 0 0.1

1 0.1

0.5

10 1

5 Hz Frequency,

100 25

Frequency, Hz

Figure 9

28.4°F

40°F

Frequency (Hz)

70°F

100°F

130°F

Figure9.6.Dynamic Dynamic Modulus of EMC SQUARED Stabilized Aggregate Cured Figure Modulus Property of EMC SQUARED Stabilized Aggregate Curedfor for7272hrs hrsat

The above figures are from a report by Peter Sebaaly, Ph.D., P.E. University of Nevada, Reno, Director of the Western Regional Superpave Center.

o SOIL STABILIZATION PRODUCTS COMPANY, INC. F. at 104oF.

Ph: (800)523-9992 or (209)383-3296, Fax: (209)383-7849, Email: info@sspco.com

WWW.SSPCO.COM

*ksi = The 1,000 psi SSPCo Globe and EMC SQUARED are registered trademarks of Soil Stabilization Products Company, Inc. 350

COMPARISON OF TYPICAL DYNAMIC MODULUS AND REPEATED LOAD TRIAXIAL TEST RESULTS FOR HOT MIX ASPHALT (HMA) MIXTURE AND EMC SQUARED® STABILIZED AGGREGATE ®

Figure 5. Stabilized Aggregate Sample in Dynamic Modulus testing Set-up.

Dynamic Modulus of EMC SQUARED Stabilized Aggregate Cured for 168 Hours @ 104OF 1 Figure 6. Dynamic 1000.0 Modulus of EMC SQUARED Stabilized Aggregate Cured for 72 hours at 104°F Dynamic Modulus (E*), ksi Dynamic Modulus (E*), ksi

Dynamic Modulus (E*), ksi

1000.01,000

100.0

100

100.0

0.1

1 70°F 1

40°F

0.1

Figure 11

Figure 11. Dynamic Modulus of EMC 28.4°F

40°F

10 Frequency, Hz

Frequency, Hz 100°F

Frequency, Hz SQUARED Stabilized

Frequency, Hz o

100

100 130°F

100

Aggregate Cured for 168 hrs at

70°F 100°F 130°F 104 F. Figure 6. Dynamic Modulus of EMC Stabilized for 72 hrs at 40°F 70°F SQUARED 100°F Aggregate Cured130°F o 104 F. 550Dynamic Modulus of EMC SQUARED Figure 11. Stabilized Aggregate Cured for 168 hrs at *ksi = 1,000 psi o

104 F.

Dynamic Modulus, |E*| (ksi)

500

550

450

Dynamic Modulus, |E*| (ksi)

500 400

Figure 12

40°F 70°F

450 350

100°F

400 300 350 300

130°F

40°F

250

70°F 100°F

200 0.1

0.5

Frequency, Hz

130°F

Frequency (Hz)

250

The above figures are from a report by Peter Sebaaly, Ph.D., P.E. University of Nevada, Reno, Director of the Western Regional Superpave Center.

SOIL STABILIZATION PRODUCTS COMPANY, INC. SQUARED Stabilized Aggregate Cured for 168 Figure 12. Dynamic Modulus Property of EMC 200 hrs at 104oF.

WWW.SSPCO.COM

Ph: (800)523-9992 or (209)383-3296, Fax: (209)383-7849, Email: info@sspco.com

0.1

0.5

Loading and Response MODULUS COMPARISON OF TYPICAL DYNAMIC AND REPEATED LOAD TRIAXIAL TEST RESULTS FOR HOT MIX ASPHALT (HMA) MIXTURE AND EMC SQUARED® STABILIZED AGGREGATE

Repeated Load Triaxial Set-Up

The Typical Deformation Curve for HMA Mix and the Permanent Deformation Characteristics of the EMC SQUARED Stabilized Aggregate, as shown below, are developed from the results of Repeated Load Triaxial (RLT) testing. RLT testing measures the resistance of a material to rutting and permanent deformation. In comparison to the HMA Mix, the EMC SQUARED Stabilized Aggregate Mix showed only 0.1% permanent axial strain. The report on the testing indicates that the deformation characteristics of the stabilized aggregate are expected to remain constant at all temperatures used in the related Dynamic Modulus testing and that the stabilized aggregate is not anticipated to generate any permanent deformation under a wide range of loading conditions. Typical Permanent Deformation Curve for HMA Mix 3.0%

Permanent Axial Strain

2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% 0

Figure 14

1,500

3,000

4,500

6,000

7,500

9,000

10,500

12,000

Load Cycles

Figure 15. Stabilized Aggregate Sample in Repeated Load Triaxial testing Set-up.

Permanent Axial Srain at 104F (Microstrain)

Permanent DeformationFigure Characteristics of the EMC SQUARED Stabilized Aggregate for 72 hrs @ 104OF 14. Components of the Repeated Load Triaxial Test and a Typical Cured Permanent Deformation Curve for a HMA Mix.

100,000

10,000

1,000

100

1 1

Figure 16

100 1,000 Loading Cycles 104-01

10,000

100,000

104-02

Figure 16. Permanent Characteristics of theReno, EMC SQUARED Stabilized The above figures are from a report by Peter Deformation Sebaaly, Ph.D., P.E. University of Nevada, Director of the Western RegionalAggregate Superpave Center. o

Cured for 72 hrs at 104 F. SOIL STABILIZATION PRODUCTS COMPANY, INC.

Ph: (800)523-9992 or (209)383-3296, Fax: (209)383-7849, Email: info@sspco.com

WWW.SSPCO.COM

COMPARISON OF TYPICAL DYNAMIC MODULUS AND REPEATED LOAD TRIAXIAL TEST RESULTS FOR HOT MIX ASPHALT (HMA) MIXTURE AND EMC SQUARED® STABILIZED AGGREGATE ®

Evaluation of EMC SQUARED Stabilized Aggregate in Pavements/Materials Laboratory The laboratory evaluation under the direction of Dr. Sebaaly included both Dynamic Modulus (E*) and Repeated Load Triaxial (RLT) testing, the state of the art test methods for evaluating Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) materials and providing input for AASHTO MEPDG pavement designs. EMC SQUARED Stabilized Aggregate materials exhibit flexible, or elastic behavior, and modulus values most similar to HMA materials. Consequently, those test methods are equally appropriate for evaluation of these stabilized aggregate materials and for pavement design purposes. The study found that the Dynamic Modulus property of the stabilized aggregate after one week of curing was in the range of 450,000 to 500,000 psi and that it was a very stable material that could be expected to resist permanent deformation very effectively and without excessive stiffening and risk of shrinkage cracking. “The combination of the elastic behavior of the EMC SQUARED stabilized aggregate material with its good level of long-term modulus makes it an appropriate choice for pavements serving heavy loads at slower speeds (worst case conditions) as well as for pavements subjected to standard loading conditions.” Unlike HMA materials, which are weakened by increasing temperatures and slower loading conditions due to their highly viscoelastic nature, the study found that changes in loading frequency and temperature, from below freezing to 130OF temperature, had minimal impact on the modulus of the EMC SQUARED Stabilized Aggregate, and that the EMC SQUARED Stabilized Aggregate can therefore be represented by an average constant Dynamic Modulus property of 475,000 psi (versus the Master Curve required for HMA). The resistance of the EMC SQUARED Stabilized Aggregate material to permanent deformation was evaluated in RLT testing with a finding that under a wide range of loading conditions no permanent deformation is anticipated. Furthermore, even in the worst case conditions for a flexible pavement layer, which are slow moving loads in hot environments, the behavior of the stabilized aggregate “makes it a good candidate for pavements loaded under such severe conditions.” As an example of a severe service application, it should be noted that the EMC SQUARED Stabilized Aggregate materials for this laboratory evaluation were sampled during the construction of military heavy haul road projects designed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). This high-strength stabilized aggregate material was plant-mixed and placed by asphalt paving machines as a surface course, or running surface, to be used by convoys of military battle tanks and other tracked military equipment as well as heavy haul trucks weighing over 120 tons when fully loaded. The EMC SQUARED Stabilizer product, manufactured by Soil Stabilization Products Company, Inc. (SSPCo), was specified by USACE for stabilization of subgrade soils as well as stabilization of aggregate surface course materials for over 100 miles of heavy haul road construction projects. Of additional interest, the stabilization of subgrade soils eliminated the need to manufacture and transport over 1 million tons of crushed aggregate subbase material that otherwise would have been required for these projects.

SOIL STABILIZATION PRODUCTS COMPANY, INC.

Ph: (800)523-9992 or (209)383-3296, Fax: (209)383-7849, Email: info@sspco.com

The engineering evaluation of the stabilized aggregate materials was conducted under the direction of Peter Sebaaly, Ph.D., P.E., Director of the Western Regional Superpave Center, one of five centers established by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to support the implementation of the Superpave Technology for hot mix asphalt materials. Dr. Sebaaly is also the Director of the Nevada Technology Transfer Center (funded by FHWA and Nevada DOT), and Professor of Civil Engineering in the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department at University of Nevada Reno where the Pavement/Materials Program and materials testing laboratory are located.

WWW.SSPCO.COM

COMPARISON OF TYPICAL DYNAMIC MODULUS AND REPEATED LOAD TRIAXIAL TEST RESULTS FOR HOT MIX ASPHALT (HMA) MIXTURE AND EMC SQUARED® STABILIZED AGGREGATE ®

Dynamic Modulus Set-Up

Dynamic Modulus Setup Dynamic Modulus Set-Up

Applied Stress & Measured Strain

Applied Stress and&Measured Strain Applied Stress Measured Strain  = 0sin(ωt)

Stress 0  = 0sin(ωt)

Stress 0

Time time shift = φ time shift = φ

Strain

Time

 = 0sin(ωt-φ)

 = 0sin(ωt-φ) 0

Strain 0

Time Time

Repeated Load Triaxial Set-Up

Loading and Response

Repeated Load Triaxial Setup

Loading and Response 0 E *  and Repeated Load Triaxial Set-Up Dynamic Modulus Loading Response 0 Dynamic Modulus

E* 

0

Typical E* Master Curve Typical E* Master Curve 10,000

1,000

100

Dynamic Modulus |E*|at 70F, ksi

10,000

1,000

100

SOIL STABILIZATION PRODUCTS COMPANY, INC.

Ph: (800)523-9992 or (209)383-3296, Fax: (209)383-7849, Email: info@sspco.com

3.0%

WWW.SSPCO.COM

0.5%

Permanent Axial Strain

1.E-06 1.E-03 1.E+01 1.E-02 1.E+02 1.E-011.E+03 1.E+001.E+04 1.E+011.E+05 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E-06Company, 1.E-05 1.E-04 1.E-03 1.E-05 1.E-02 1.E-04 1.E-01 1.E+00 Soil Stabilization Products 3.0%Inc. (SSPCo) is entering our fourth decade as the leading edge stabilization product technology company, setting the standard for economicFrequency, improvement of soil, aggregate and recycled pavement materials in Hz Frequency, Hz 2.5% construction applications. SSPCo has pioneered the implementation of green products in the highway industry. We have 2.5% proven that clean technology can provide far more and environmentally appropriate answers than 14°F 40°F 14°F 70°Fsophisticated, 130°F E* 40°F 100°F effective 70°F 100°F Predicted 130°F Predicted E* bulk application of asphalt, cement, fly ash and lime products. As former general engineering contractors and suppliers of aggregate 2.0% 2.0% and pavement SSPCo’s staff are conversant with theand engineers who specify products, the installing Figure materials, 4. Components of4.the Dynamic Modulus Test aModulus Typical E* Master for E* a HMA Figure Components of the Dynamic Test and our aCurve Typical Master Curvecontractors, for a HMA and the quality control personnel responsible for monitoring the essential engineering controls during construction processes. mix. mix. 1.5% Our industry background and technical 1.5% support services are essential to the success of a product technology that is reliant upon construction processes that must be conducted according to rigorous engineering quality controls. The cost-savings and 1.0% of the EMC SQUARED System are contingent upon thorough preliminary engineering reviews, competent performance advantages 1.0% designs and specifications, and proper installation. Contact us for assistance on your next design or construction project.

0.5%