Building Physics Report

Building Physics Report

GROUP 10: ALTINEL PELIN CUI ZIQI LU QINGSONG SINGH PAAWAN PREET XIAO HUIZHI ZHANG YUE Building Physics | MSc. Architecture Built Environment Interiors | Politecnico di Milano Prof. Rajendra Singh Adhikari | Prof. Harold Enrique Huerto Cardenas | Prof. Manlio Mazzon

General Data Regarding the Project Location

Climatic Analysis and Bio-Climatic Design Strategies

Shadow Analysis of the Building

Envelope Design and Details Design standard for energy efficiency of buildings in Qingdao, China

Renewable Energy Technologies Estimation of Energy Demand Estimation of Energy Performance Datasheets

General Data

Regarding the Project Location

General Data

Beijing

Qingdao

Shanghai

LOCATION

PROJECT AREA

SITE DATA Location: Qingdao, China 36°03'23.9"N 120°18'18.5"E Elevation: 76 m Climatic Zone E

General Data

MASTERPLAN

ROOF PLAN

BUILDING DATA Function: Office Gross Floor Area: 876.57 m2 Maximum Height: 8.64 m Exterior surface area:1114.82 m2 Window floor area ratio: 0.768

Climatic Analysis Bio-Climatic Design Strategies

AVERAGE TEMPERATURE RANGE

Climatic Analysis

LEGEND

Summer comfort zone: 23° C - 26° C Winter comfort zone: 20° C - 23° C

Coldest month: January Tempterature range between: -7.5° C to 8° C Hottest month: October Tempterature range between: 6° C to 31° C

From the graph, it is evident that the comfort level is not reached in most of the winter months, but is reached in the summers. Hence, it is important to provide adequate insulation in the winters.

Also, the months of April, October and November witness the maximum temperature difference range.

RADIATION RANGE

HOURLY AVERAGES DAILY HOURS ONLY

From this Graph, it is legible that the Hourly Averages Daylit Hours are high throughout the year and peaks in the month of May and September.

Photovoltaic Systems (such as Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) façades) can help harness the daylight for the purpose of energy generation and efficiency.

DRY BULB & RELATIVE HUMIDITY

Climatic Analysis

LEGEND

Summer comfort zone: 23 % - 26 % Winter comfort zone: 20 % - 23 % This graph depicts the Relative humidity and the dry Bulb.

It is evident that the Humidity is always at or above 50 %, i.e. much above the comfort levels throughout the year. Therefore a dehumidification system is required. It does not undergo drastic differences anytime during the year.

From June to September, the comfort levels as per the dry bulb are reached.

GROUND TEMPERATURE (monthly average)

LEGEND

This graph depicts the temperature of the ground at three different depths - 0.5, 2.0, 4.0 m throughout the year.

The temperature at 4.0 meters displays the least variation and that at 0.5 meters displays the maximum.

Hence, 4.0 methers depth seems to be the most appropriate for the placement of the pipes for the Geothermal System; for which a constant temperature is required to maintain the temperature of the building.

WIND VELOCITY RANGE

Climatic Analysis

LEGEND

This graph depicts the range of Wind Velocity (m/s) in different months throughout the year.

December witnesses the maximum wind velocity ranging from 6.25 m/s to 15.25 m/s.

All throughout the year, the minimum wind velocity witnessed is greater than 3 m/s; while only November and December witness wind velocity over 12 m/s.

The minimum velocity needed for small wind systems is 3.5 - 4 m/s, a wind turbine system can be installed as in most of the months the wind velocity exceeds the minimum amount.

PSYCHROMETRIC CHART

The most effective design strategies are: - Heating, add Humidification if needed 35.3% (3092 hr) - Dehumidification 9.5% (832 hr) - Wind Protection Outdoor Spaces 15.4% (1353 hr) - Internal Heat Gain 18.6% (1628 hr) - Cooling and Dehumidification if needed 9.9% (865 hr) - Sun SHading of windows 7.3% (643 hr) - Two Stage Evaporative Cooling 0.8% (74 hr)

Bio-Climatic Strategies

Bio-Climatic Strategies

Bio-Climatic Strategies

Bio-Climatic Strategies

Shadow Analysis

Shadow Analysis

Sun Path Diagram

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

Great Cold

June 21st

December 21st

January 21st

- at Summer Solstice the sun rises at 4:45 at(65, 0).

- sets at 19:00 at (300, 0).

- reaching its peak at 12:00 at(175, 77).

- at Winter Solstice the sun rises is at 7:15 at(115, 0).

- sets at 16:30 at(240, 0).

- reaching its peak at 12:00 at(178, 30).

- at Great Cold the sun rises is at 7:15 at(115, 0).

- sets at 17:00 at(245, 0).

-reaching its peak at 12:00 at(178, 33).

Shadow Analysis

Shadow Mask Analysis

Point A

51.29% 48.71%

- This facade is in shadow for most of time in the morning. But it is illuminated in the afternoon throughout the year. It will be covered by shadows after 5pm in some certain months ( 4,5,6,7,8,9).

- Strategy: Windows in this facade can get enough sunlight in the afernoon. But in summer, we need to design the shape of the window, baffle, curtain and so on to avoid long-term indoor sunlight.

Point B

80.84% 19.16%

- The facade is shaded most of the year. From 2 pm to 5 pm is the time when the facade can get sunshine, but in the winter and spring, the facade can not get enough light between 2 pm and 4 pm.

- Strategy: The windows of this facade get sunlight only 19.16% in a year, but because it faces the street, it must be desgin some windows. So we should control the number and size of windows to avoid indoor heat loss in winter.

Point C

81.23% 18.77%

- The facade is shaded most of the year. From 2 pm to 5 pm is the time when the facade can get sunshine, but in the winterand spring, the facade can not get enough light between 2 pm and 4 pm.

- Strategy: The windows of this facade get sunlight only 18.77% in a year, but because it faces the street, it must be desgin some windows. So we should control the number and size of windows to avoid indoor heat loss in winter.

Shadow Analysis

Point D

91.05% 8.95%

- The facade is shaded most of the year. There is no sunshine for most of the year.

Sunshine is only available from 2pm to 5pm in some certain months ( 4,5,6,7,8,9).

- Strategy: The windows of this facade get sunlight only 18.77% in a year, but because it faces the street, it must be desgin some windows. So we should control the number and size of windows to avoid indoor heat loss in winter.

Point E

57.44% 42.56%

- The facade has a good solar gain in the morning of the year and is completely in shadow in the afternoon.

- Strategy: Windows in this facade can get enough sunlight in the morning. But in summer, we need to design the shape of the window, baffle, curtain and so on to avoid long-term indoor sunlight.

Point F

29.73% 70.27%

- The facade gets plenty of light from morning to 2 pm in a year. When it comes to spring and winter, we can get more sunshine in the afternoon.

- Strategy: This side of the window is relatively 70.27% of the year can get light. Winter is conducive to getting more indoor sunlight, but in summer, we need to design the shape of the window, baffle, curtain and so on to avoid long-term indoor sunlight.

Point G

6.83% 93.17%

- The roof is sunny for most of the year, and is shaded only after 5 pm in April, May, September and October.

- Strategy: Sunlight is available for 93.17% of the year, so we can consider installing solar panels on the roof to provide green energy for buildings.

Envelope Design

Envelope Design

Envelope Design

1 2 3 4

Roof Construction -1 EIFS Finish -2 Insulation Board -3 Concrete -4 Plaster (light weight)

10 mm 120 mm 200 mm 20 mm

Total

350mm

Wall Construction -5 Plaster (light weight) -6 Fiberboard Sheathing -7 Extruded Polystrene -8 LW Concrete Block -9 Plaster (light weight)

20 mm 20 mm 90 mm 200 mm 20 mm

Total

350mm

5 6 7 8 9

Low-E Window -10 Glass 10

11 12 13 14 15

Floor Construction -11 Plaster (light weight) -12 Poliurethane Foam -13 Gypsum Board -14 Concrete -15 Plaster (light weight)

20 mm 110 mm 20 mm 150 mm 20mm

Total

320mm

Envelope Design

WALL TYPE A (selected) Wall Section Properties Total Thickness (mm): 350 Total R Value: 4.02 Total U Value: 0.249 (satisfies limit of 0.30) Decrement Factor: 0.35 (average) Time Lag: -9.09 (average) Material Thickness Inside Air Film (wall) 0 mm Plaster (light weight) 20 mm Fiberboard Sheathing 20 mm Extruded Polystrene 90 mm LW Concrete Block (200 mm filled) 200 mm Plaster (light weight) 20 mm Outside Air Film 0 mm

R Value 0.12 0.11 0.29 2.57 0.78 0.11 0.04

Optional Type B(not selected)

Optional Type C(not selected)

Total Thickness (mm): 350

Total Thickness (mm): 350

Total R Value: 3.7 Total U Value: 0.27 (satisfies limit of 0.30) Decrement Factor: 0.33 (average) Time Lag: -8.46 (average)

Total R Value: 3.7 Total U Value: 0.27 (satisfies limit of 0.30) Decrement Factor: 0.33 (average) Time Lag: -8.33(average)

Material Inside Air Film (wall) Plaster (light weight) Fiberboard Sheathing EPS LW Concrete Block (200 mm filled) Plaster (light weight) Outside Air Film

Material Inside Air Film (wall) Plaster (light weight) Fiberboard Sheathing Blown Fibric LW Concrete Block (200 mm filled) Plaster (light weight) Outside Air Film

Thickness 0 mm 20 mm 20 mm 90 mm 200 mm 20 mm 0 mm

Thickness 0 mm 20 mm 20 mm 90 mm 200 mm 20 mm 0 mm

Envelope Design

Flat Roof Properties Total Thickness (mm): 350.0 Tilt: 0.0 Total R Value: 4.47 Total U Value: 0.224 (satisfies limit of 0.26) Decrement Factor: 0.1 (optimum) Time Lag: -9.65 (average)

Material Inside Air Film (ceiling) Plaster (light weight) Concrete Insulation Board EIFS Finish Outside Air Film

Thickness 0 mm 20 mm 200 mm 120 mm 10 mm 0 mm

R Value 0.16 0.11 0.14 4.0 0.01 0.04

Floor Section Properties Total Thickness (mm): 320.0 Total R Value: 5.05 Total U Value: 0.198 (satisfies limit of 0.31) Decrement Factor: 0.21 (good) Time Lag: -8.86(average)

Material Inside Air Film Plaster (light weight) Concrete Gypsum Board Poliurethane Foam Plaster (light weight) Outside Air Film

Thickness 0 mm 20 mm 150 mm 20 mm 110 mm 20 mm 0 mm

R Value 0.16 0.11 4.4 0.13 0.11 0.11 0.04

Low-E Glass Properties Totol U Value 0.88 W / m2k (satisfies limit of 1.9) R Value 5.433 Light Transmittance 0.73% Solar Heat Gain 0.615 Material（with metal frame） Low-E coating Double Panes Argon Double Panes

mm 1.5 8.5 16 6.5

Source:https://www.4feldco.com/articles/low-e-glass-windows/ https://www.pnnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-24444.pdf https://www.allweatherwindows.com/the-pros/architect/glass-performance-chart/

Envelope Design

Design standard for energy efficiency of buildings in Qingdao, China

Design standard for energy efficiency

Different forms of external shading

Horizontal external shading

Vertical external shading

Baffle type external sunshade

Horizontal louver baffle type external sunshade

Different forms of external shading

Design standard for energy efficiency

Simplified calculation of external shading coefficient Fitting coefficients a, b for calculation of external shading coefficient yp shading Climate zone Fitting coefficient E S W a 0.36 0.5 0.38 Horizontal 一0.81 b -0.8 -0.8 a 0.24 0.33 0.24 Vertical b -0.54 -0.72 -0.53 a 0 0.35 0 Baffle type b -0.96 -1 -0.96 a 0.5 0.5 0.52 Fixed horizontal louver baffle type b -1.2 -2.5 -1.3 Hot summer a 0 0.16 0.19 Fixed vertical louver and cold baffle type b -0.66 -0.92 -0.71 winter area a 0.23 0.03 0.23 Movable winter b -0.66 -0.47 -0.69 horizontal louver baffle a 0.56 0.79 0.57 summer type b -1.3 -1.4 -1.3 a 0.29 0.14 0.31 winter Movable b -0.87 -0.64 -0.86 vertical louver a 0.14 0.42 0.12 baffle type summer b -0.75 -1.11 -0.73

The transmittance of the sun visor Materials used for specification sun visor Fabric fabrics, — FRP board Glass, plexiglass Dark color 0<Şe<0.6 Light 0.6<Şe<0.8 board Perforation rate: 0<Φ≤2 Perforated metal Perforation rate: 0.2<Φ≤0. 4 Perforation rate: 0.4<Φ≤0.6 sheet Perforation rate: 0.6<Φ≤0.8 Aluminum alloy — shutter Wooden shutters — Concrete lattice — Wooden grate —

N 0.28 -0.54 0.48 -0.89.

0.13 一0.93 0.37 0.92 0.56 -1.16 0.2 -0.62 0.6 -1.3 0.2 -0.62 0.84 -1.47

η 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.2 0.25 0.5 0.45

η-the transmittance of the sun visor

The external shading coefficient should be calculated as follows: SD= ax2 + bx + 1 x = A/B where: SD-external shading coefficient; x-external shading characteristic value, when x>I, take x = 1; a, b-fitting coefficient A, B-The qualitative size of the structure of the external sunshade The external shading coefficient of the combined form can be determined by the product of the external shading coefficients of the various forms of shading participating in the combination.

When the sun visor of the external sunshade is made of light-transmitting materials, it should be corrected as follows: SD = 1- (l -SD*) (1-η) SD*- The external shading coefficient when the visor of the external shading board is made of nontransparent material

Design standard for energy efficiency

Heat transfer coefficient of external windows (including transparent curtain walls and transparent parts of the roof) Glass

Spacer mm

Spacer gas

6.000 Insulating glass

3.000 air

12.000

2.600

6.000

2.800

9.000 Emissivity ≤ 0.25 Low-E insulating glass (online)

air

1.900

6.000

2.400 Argon

12.000

Double silver Low-E insulating glass

2.200

12.000

9.000

Emissivity ≤ 0.25 Low-E insulating glass (offline)

u-value K W/(m²*K)

1.800 1.700

air

1.800

Argon

1.500

air

1.700

Argon

1.400

12.000

12.000

window frame

Kc

plastic Aluminum alloy PA insulation aluminum alloy plastic Aluminum alloy PA insulation aluminum alloy plastic Aluminum alloy PA insulation aluminum alloy plastic Aluminum alloy PA insulation aluminum alloy plastic Aluminum alloy PA insulation aluminum alloy plastic Aluminum alloy PA insulation aluminum alloy plastic Aluminum alloy PA insulation aluminum alloy plastic Aluminum alloy PA insulation aluminum alloy plastic Aluminum alloy PA insulation aluminum alloy plastic Aluminum alloy PA insulation aluminum alloy plastic Aluminum alloy PA insulation aluminum alloy plastic Aluminum alloy PA insulation aluminum alloy

2.58-2.79 3.69-4.38 3.18~3.3 2.34~2.4 3.38~4.1 2.70-3.09 2.44-2.63 3.47-417 2:97~3.1 2:09-2.13 2. 99~3.81 2.51-2.79 1.900 2.260 2.26-2.62 2.26-2.30 3.17~3.9 2.66~2.9 1.82~1.8 2.68~3.5 2.18~2.5 1.73~1.7 2.60-3.50 2.11~2.5 1.82~1.8 2.68~3.5 2.18~2.5 1.58~1.6 2.45~3.3 1.94-2.39 1.73~1.79 2.60~3.5 2.11~2.5 1.50~1.6 2.37~3.3 1. 86~2.32

The thermal insulation performance of external windows, transparent curtain walls and transparent parts of the roof mainly depends on the thermal insulation performance of the glass used, the number of insulating glass spacer layers, the distance, the gas in the spacer layer, and the Low-E insulating glass film layer The emissivity of the glass has an impact on the thermal insulation performance of the glass.

The glass type can be determined according to the heat transfer coefficient limits of different types of external windows, transparent curtain walls and transparent parts of the roof.

Design standard for energy efficiency Shading coefficient of various glass Visible light (%)

Glass Insulating glass

Solar energy (%)

Glass color transmission reflection ransmissio reflection

SC

Spacer 6mm

colorless

79

14

63

12

0.81

Spacer 12mm

colorless

75

14

58

11

0.77

blue

66

12

47

8.4

0.65

green

65

12

48

8.5

0.66

46 39 8 45 40 49 46 40 48 41 48 63 47 50 52 42 45 57 62 46 47 40

10 8 16 9 9 26 17 19 26 17 27 16 15 16 14 11 19 24 16 33 41 22

46 38 12 26 24 31 28 28 28 33 53 48 28 29 33 19 21 37 38 28 26 24

8.6 8 11 6 6 14 9 11 13 13 21 13 8 8 26 9 12 30 28 40 50 45

0.64 0.54 0.26 0.42 0.4 0.46 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.48 0.69 0.63 0.38 0.37 0.44 0.3 0.31 0.5 0.5 0.37 0.34 0.32

Tinted hollow glass

Brown gray dark green colorless green blue-green blue-green Gray green blue-green Heat reflective Reflection green insulating glass color Gray green blue-green Modern green green blue colorless Silver gray colorless colorless Emissivity ≤ 0.25 Low-E insulating glass green (online) blue colorless colorless green green blue-green green Emissivity ≤ 0.25 blue colorless Reflection Low-E insulating color light blue colorless glass (offline) Silver blue colorless Silver gray colorless Golden colorless

Example of flat roof insulation structure (non-sovereign roof) Schematic of exterior wall structure

Architectural practices 1 waterproof layer 2 Cement mortar leveling layer 3 insulation layer a EPS

b XPS

c rigid foam polyurethane 4 1:6 Cement perlite look for slope layer 5 cast-in-situ reinforced concrete floor slab 6 mixed mortar

thickness δ mm 40

density ρ kg/m³

20

1800

80 90 100 105 110 50 55 60 65 70 40 45 50 55 60

conductivity u-value λ W/(m*K) K W/(m²*K) 0.17 0.93

≥20

0.041

27-32

0.03

35-55

0.024

55

400

0.18

100

2500

1.74

20

1700

0.87

0.56 0.51 0.47 0.46 0.44 0.57 0.53 0.5 0.47 0.44 0.57 0.52 0.48 0.45 0.42

Design standard for energy efficiency

Example of insulation structure of reinforced concrete wall Schematic of exterior wall structure

Architectural practices 1 coat 2 insulation layer

thickness δ mm

density ρ kg/m³

conductivity u-value λ W/(m*K) K W/(m²*K)

65 0.62 70 0.58 a EPS板 18-22 0.041 80 0.52 85 0.5 45 0.61 50 0.55 b XPS 27-32 0.03 55 0.51 60 0.47 35 0.67 40 0.6 c PU ≥35 0.024 45 0.54 50 0.49 80 0.63 d Mechanically fixed EPS 90 0.57 steel wire mesh frame 18-22 0.041 100 0.52 board 110 0.48 85 0.62 e Net cast-in-place 90 0.59 18-22 0.041 100 0.54 system (EPS) 110 0.5 76 0.58 f Composite Insulation 86 0.52 240 0.041 Board 96 0.47 3 reinforced concrete 200 2500 1.74 4 mixed mortar 20 1700 0.87 Example of thermal insulation structure for raised floor slabs whose bottom surface is in contact with outdoor air Schematic of exterior thickness δ density ρ conductivity u-value Architectural practices wall structure mm kg/m³ λ W/(m*K) K W/(m²*K) 1 cement mortar 20 1800 0.93 2 concrete cushion 40 2500 1.74 3 cast-in-place reinforced 120 2500 1.74 concrete floor slab 4 mixed mortar 20 1700 0.87 5 insulation layer 65 0.62 70 0.58 ≥20 0.041 a EPS 80 0.52 85 0.5 90 0.47 45 0.61 50 0.55 b XPS 27-32 0.03 55 0.51 60 0.48 65 0.44 40 0.6 45 0.54 c Rigid foam polyurethane 35-55 0.024 50 0.49 55 0.46 76 0.58 d Prefabricated composite 240 0.041 86 0.52 insulation board 96 0.47 6 wipes

Renewable Energy Technologies

Renewable Energy Technologies

RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES

District Heating and Cooling Powered by Air,Ground, and Waste

Combining energy e ‘ ciency with renewable energy investment is not a groundbreaking strategy for reducing emissions, but when it comes to heating, the city is pursuing a truly innovative approach.

Rooftop Solar Energy Cuts Costs and Carbon

Each system is capable of producing œ kWh a day, twice the average consumption of each property, which means that half the energy produced is sold back to the national electricity grid. The systems receives the income from electricity sold back to the grid, households are guaranteed free electricity for 25 years in return for use of their roof space. The 108 MWh generated annually through this initiative would require 3,360 tons of coal to produce in a coal-fi red power plant. By replacing this coal generation with renewables, 83 metric tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are avoided annually.

Estimation of Energy Demand

Estimation of Energy Demand

Horizontal shading system

Shading System Comparison

① Horizontal shading

② Horizontal louver baffle type shading

The horizontal shading system can reduce the cooling demand, but excessive use will greatly increase the heating demand and beyond the acceptable range.

Vertical shading system

① Vertical external shading

② Vertical louver baffle type shading

The vertical shading system can reduce the cooling demand but the effect is not obvious, and it is not easy to make the heating demand exceed the acceptable range.

Combined shading system

Baffle type sunshade

CONCLUSION：Combine the horizontal shading system and the vertical shading system,reduce the cooling demand and control the heating demand within an acceptable range.So use combined way to make shading system is best choice.

Estimation of Energy Demand First Stage Reduce the window area, leave a distance of one meter at the top of the window, heating system demand is very low, but cooling system demand is too high, need to add shading device.

Second Stage Add vertical shading device on the sunny side,cooling system demand reduce effectively,but still need to reduce cooling demand.

Third Stage Add horizontal shading device on four facades,cooling system demand reduce effectively,but it also affect heating system demand.

Forth Stage Add trees around building,cooling and heating demand does not exceed 10kWh/m3, and the two demand are similar.

- 1.23

- 2.75

First floor

- 2.75

- 1.23

Ground Floor

Conference Room 200 sqm h = 4,00 m

Multifunctional Room 203,2sqm h = 3,35 m 104.00

104.00

- 2.75

Corridor 23,3 sqm h = 4,00 m

Atrium 20,7 sqm h = 3,35 m

- 1.23

- 2.75

Corridor 36,2 sqm h = 3,35 m

Atrium 20,7 sqm h = 3,35 m

- 1.23

A

A

A

Office 39,4 sqm h = 4,00 m

Corridor 15,3 sqm h = 4,00 m

Office 21,3 sqm h = 3,35 m

Office 27,7 sqm h = 4,00 m

Office 48,1 sqm h = 4,00 m

Toilet 12,2 sqm h = 3,35 m

Internet Room 81,4 sqm h = 3,35 m

Corridor 22,9 sqm h = 3,35 m

Workshop room 44,1 sqm h = 4,00 m

Office 18,2 sqm h = 3,35 m

A

Area 1: Conference room Area 2: Multifunctional Room

- 2.75

- 1.23

- 2.75

- 1.23

Area 3: Office F0

103.50

N

103.50

N

Ground Floor

Area 4: Office F1

First Floor

Specific Heating and Cooling Energy Demand Area (㎡)

Heating Demand (kWh/m³ year)

Cooling Demand (kWh/m³ year)

Area 1

203.74

12.49

9.50

Area 2

203.74

8.11

9.70

Area 3

164.7

8.48

7.58

Area 4

164.7

9.76

11.43

Total Area

736.88

9.94

9.66

From this table we can see the Specific Energy Demand of heating and cooling for the building, during a year.

- It is visible that the Heating energy demand is similar to the Cooling energy demand.

- The building demands less cooling energy than heating energy.

Absolute Heating and Cooling Energy Demand Area (㎡)

Heating Demand (kWh/year)

Cooling Demand (kWh/year)

Area 1

203.74

10184

7874

Area 2

203.74

5782

6919

Area 3

164.7

4889

4371

Area 4

164.7

6456

7530

Total Area

736.88

27311

26694

Maximum Heating and Cooling Loads Area (㎡)

Maximum Heating Load (kW)

Maximum Cooling Load (kW)

Area 1

203.74

8.33

7.54

Area 2

203.74

5.82

6.56

Area 3

164.7

5.14

6.88

Area 4

164.7

6.0

7.23

Total Area

736.88

25.29

28.21

Monthly Demand [KWh] 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Heating

Oct

Nov

Dec

Cooling

Annual Demand [KWh/ ㎡ ]

Heating

Cooling

0

10

20

Heating 73.1KWh/ ㎡

30

40

50

60

70

Cooling 71KWh/ ㎡

From the result of energy demand, we find that: - Heating energy demand is similar to cooling energy demand. Not only we creat lots of shading system on the facade to save the cooling energy, but also we use the material with better thermal insulation performance on the facade to save the heating energy.

- The building demands less cooling energy than heating energy. Maybe it is because we add more shading system

Heating 01/21 [KWh](Hourly) 01/21 21:00:00 01/21 18:00:00 01/21 15:00:00 01/21 12:00:00 01/21 09:00:00 01/21 06:00:00 01/21 03:00:00 01/21 00:00:00

0.0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2.0

2.4

2.8

4.8

5.6

Cooling 07/21 [KW](Hourly) 07/21 21:00:00 07/21 18:00:00 07/21 15:00:00 07/21 12:00:00 07/21 09:00:00 07/21 06:00:00 07/21 03:00:00 07/21 00:00:00

0.0

0.8

1.6

2.4

3.2

4.0

Datas from Best Energy

BUILDING DATA

Heated/Cooled Building Volume (USER INPUT)

3180

m

3

Heated/Cooled Building Floor Area (USER INPUT)

865

m

2

VENTILATION BUILDING DATA

Site Height

0

m

Water Vapour Rate Heated/Cooled Building Volume (USER INPUT)

65 3180

3 g/(h*person) m

People Occupancy Rate Floor Area (USER INPUT) Heated/Cooled Building

0.04 865 865

2 people/m m 2 m

10 39.6 3180 65

m 3 m g/(h*person) /(h*person) m

865 0.04

2 people/m m

865 9.94

m 3 kWh/m

01 26.20 39.6 65 20 0.04 50 865 9.94 Air Source Heat Pump 1 26.20 3 39.6 20 7

mkW mg/(h*person) /(h*person) °C 2 people/m %2 m 3 kWh/m kW [-] 3 m /(h*person) °C °C

0.99 50 9.94 0.95 Air Source Heat Pump 26.20 0.98 3

[0-1] % 3 kWh/m [0-1]

07 20

kW [0-1] [-] W °C °C

0.99 50

[0-1] %

0.95 9.66 Air Source Heat Pump 0.98 3 29.04

[0-1] 3 kWh/m

VENTILATION BUILDING DATA

Floor Area

Contemporaneity factor Site Height Design Air Flow Rate Heated/Cooled Building Volume (USER INPUT) Water Vapour Rate

Heated/Cooled Building INPUT) People Occupancy Rate Floor Area (USERHEATING

Floor Area Heating Energy Demand Net Sensible

SYSTEM VENTILATION

Contemporaneity factorPower Site Height Peak Sensible Heating DesignVapour Air Flow Rate Water Rate Heating Setpoint Temperature People Occupancy Rate HEATING Indoor Relative Humidity Setpoint Floor Area Heating Energy Demand Net Sensible Type of Generation Subsystem Contemporaneity factor Peak Sensible Nominal COP atHeating SourcePower Reference Temperature Design Air Flow Rate HeatingReference Setpoint Temperature Source Temperature for COP Value

SYSTEM

HEATING SYSTEM

Distribution Subsystem Indoor Relative HumidityEfficiency Setpoint Net Sensible Heating Energy Demand Emitting Units Efficiency Type of Generation Subsystem Peak Sensible Heating Power Control Efficiency NominalSubsystem COP at Source Reference Temperature

Heating System Devices Power SetpointAuxiliary Temperature Source Reference Temperature forElectric COP Value Distribution Subsystem Indoor Relative HumidityEfficiency Setpoint

COOLING SYSTEM

Emitting Units Efficiency Net Sensible Cooling Energy Demand Type of Generation Subsystem Control Subsystem Efficiency Nominal COP at SourcePower Reference Temperature Peak Sensible Cooling

HeatingReference System Auxiliary Devices Power 70 Source forElectric COP Value Net Latent CoolingTemperature Energy Demand 6.04 Distribution Subsystem Efficiency 0.99 COOLING SYSTEM Peak Latent Cooling Power 16.77 0.95 Emitting Units Efficiency Net Sensible Cooling Energy Demand 9.66 Cooling Setpoint Temperature 26 Control Subsystem Efficiency 0.98 Peak Sensible Cooling Power 29.04 50 Indoor 0 HeatingRelative SystemHumidity Auxiliary Setpoint Devices Electric Power Net Latent Cooling Energy Demand 6.04 Type of Generation Subsystem COOLING SYSTEM Air Source Heat Pump Peak Latent Cooling Power 16.77 3 Nominal EER Cooling at Source Reference Temperature Net Sensible Energy Demand 9.66 CoolingReference Setpoint Temperature 26 Source Temperature for EER Value 35 Peak Sensible Cooling Power 29.04 0.98 Distribution Subsystem 50 Indoor Relative HumidityEfficiency Setpoint Net Latent Cooling Energy Demand 6.04 0.97 Emitting Units Efficiency Type of Generation Subsystem Air Source Heat Pump Peak Latent Cooling Power 16.77 3 Nominal EER at Source Reference Temperature Cooling Setpoint Temperature 26 Source Reference Temperature for EER Value 35 Distribution Subsystem Indoor Relative HumidityEfficiency Setpoint

3

3

[0-1] [-] kW W 3 °C kWh/m [0-1] kW [0-1] 3 kWh/m °C [0-1] kW % W 3 kWh/m kW [-] 3 kWh/m °C °C kW [0-1] % 3 kWh/m [0-1] kW [-] °C °C

[0-1] %

0.97 Air Source Heat Pump

[0-1]

Nominal EER at Source Reference Temperature

3

[-]

Source Reference Temperature for EER Value

35

°C

Distribution Subsystem Efficiency

0.98

[0-1]

Emitting Units Efficiency

0.97

[0-1]

Control Subsystem Efficiency

0.97

[0-1]

0

W

Cooling System Auxiliary devices electric power

BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION ANNUAL ELECTRIC ENERGY NEEDS

SIMULATION OUTPUT USER

SIMULATION

2

2

0.98 50

Emitting Units Efficiency Type of Generation Subsystem

2

Electricity Requirement for Lighting [KWh]

Average sunrise and sunset Month

Sunrise

Sunset

January

07:06

17:08

February

06:45

17:39

March

06:07

18:05

April

05:25

18:31

May

04:52

18:57

June

04:41

19:15

July

04:53

19:13

August

05:16

18:46

September

05:40

18:04

October

06:05

17:21

November

06:34

16:51

December

07:00

16:46

Lighting Demand (Jan-Feb-Nov-Dec): Ll = 9.2 W/m2 Hours = 3h (80%) + 5h (60%) = 5.4h (each day) Work days: Monday-Friday 8 days off for national holidays yearly 5.4 x 82 (number of days) = 442.8 h Electricity req = (9.2 x 448.2)/1000 = 4.07 kWh/m2 Total Electricity requirement (lighting) = 4.07 x 876.57 = 3567.6399 kWh

100%

Jan-Feb-Nov-Dec

80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Lighting Demand (Mar-Apr-Sep-Oct): Ll = 9.2 W/m2 Hours = 3h (60%) + 5h (50%) = 4.3h (each day) Work days: Monday-Friday 8 days off for national holidays yearly 4.3 x 84 (number of days) = 361.2 h Electricity req = (9.2 x 361.2)/1000 = 3.32 kWh/m2 Total Electricity requirement (lighting) = 3.32 x 876.57 = 2910.2124 kWh

100%

Mar-Apr-Sep-Oct

80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Lighting Demand (May-Jun-Jul-Aug): Ll = 9.2 W/m2

May-Jun-Jul-Aug

100% 80%

Hours = 3h (40%) + 5h (40%) = 3.2 h (each day) Work days: Monday-Friday 8 days off for national holidays yearly 3.2 x 84 (number of days) = 268.8 h Electricity req = (9.2 x 268.8)/1000 = 2.47 kWh/m2

60% 40% 20% 0%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Total Electricity requirement (lighting) = 2.47 x 876.57 = 2165.1279 kWh Total Electricity requirements for lighting = 8642.9802 kWh

Electricity Requirement for Equipment [KWh] Le = 14.4 W/m2 Hours = 12h (each day) Work days: Monday-Friday 10 days off for national holidays yearly 12 x 250 (number of days) = 3000 h Electricity req = (14.4 x 3000)/1000 = 43.2 kWh/m2 Total Electricity requirement (lighting) = 43.2 x 876.57 = 37,867.824 kWh

100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Energy Demand for Domestic Hot Water [KWh] Daily consumption per person (Cg): 50L / person (average comfort) Water inlet temperature (Tm): 10°C Temperature of water use (Tw): 35°C Water density (p): 1kg/l Specific heat water (Cp): 4,182 J/kg °C Total ofices and workshops area amount: 164.7*2=329.4m² Total person in the office: 329.4m²/6m² = 54.9≈55(Source: "Office Building Design Standards" JGJ / T 67-2019) 55 workers in the office Electricity Demand for Domestic Hot Water (DHW) production 11 holidays on work days Days = 365-104-11 = 250 No. of Working Days: 250 Assumed No. of People in Building: 55 Standard DHW Electricity consumption in offices: 280 Wh/ person per day Total DHW Energy demand = ( 280*250*55 )/ 1000 = 3850 kWh

Electricity Demand for Appliances

TV

118 KWh/year, base on the energy consumption of a TV working for 4 hours a day per 365 days.

Microwave Oven

Maximum Energy Requirement 1Kw Yearly Comsumption 1Kw×2h×250 days = 500 KWh/year

Drinking fountain

Power consumption is 0.45kWh Yearly Consumption 0.45KWh×8h×250 days = 900 KWh/year

Projector

Power consumption is 300 W Yearly Consumption 0.3KWh×3h×104 days (for meeting time only）= 93.6 KWh/year

Fridge

250 KWh/year, based on standard trials 24 hours.

Printer

Power consumption 682 watts (printing), 12 watts (sleep) Yearly Consumption 0.682KWh×2h×250 days + 0.012KWh ×6h×250 days = 359KWh/year

Laptop

Power consumption 44.2 Wh Yearly Consumption 0.044KWh×8h×250 days ×55 people = 4840 KWh/year

Energy Consumption KWh/year TV Microwave Oven Drinking fountain Projector Fridge Printer Laptop

118 500 900 93.6 250 359 4840

Total

7060.6

Year Energy Consumption of Electrical Appliances (KWh per Year)

TV 118

Oven Drinking fountain 500 900

Projector Fridge 93.6 250

Printer 359

Laptop 4840

7060.6

ESTIMATION OF ENERGY PERFORMANCE

BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION (ELECTRICAL) Energy Consumtion for Heating and Cooling OML-R-5HP Oumailang (manufacturer) Heating coefficient of performance Cooling coefficient of performance Heating capacity Cooling capacity Dimensions Weight

COP EER kw kw mm kg

4.8 6.15 22 18 850*800*950 140

Emission sub-system efficiency ηe (radiant floor integrated in the slab) = 0.97 Control sub-system efficiency ηc (climatic – each room) = 0.97 Distribution sub-system efficiency ηd (autonomous) = 0.98 Generation sub-system heating efficiency Heating COP= 4.20 Cooling EER=6.15 ηsystem (heating)= 0.97 × 0.97 × 0.98 × 4.8 = 4.43 ηsystem (cooling)= 0.97 × 0.97 × 0.98 × 6.15 = 5.67

Cooling Energy Consumption=15854 kWh

Heating Energy Consumption=13984 kWh

Energy Consumtion for Heating and Cooling Cooling

15854

Heating

13984

Sum=27838 kwh Energy Consumption for Lighting and Eletrical Appliances Appliances

7060.6

Lighting

8642.98

Sum=15703.58 kwh Building Energy Consumption (Electrical) Cooling

15854

Heating

13984

Appliances

7060.6 Lighting

8642.98

Sum= 43541.58kwh Heat pump system layout RETScreen® Energy Model - Ground-Source Heat Pump Project Site Conditions Project name Project location Available land area Soil type Design heating load Design cooling load System Characteristics Base Case HVAC System Building has air-conditioning?

Heating fuel type Heating system seasonal efficiency Air-conditioner seasonal COP Ground Heat Exchanger System System type Design criteria Typical land area required Ground heat exchanger layout Total borehole length Heat Pump System Average heat pump efficiency Heat pump manufacturer Heat pump model Standard cooling COP Standard heating COP Total standard heating capacity

m² kW kW

Seasonal heating COP Cooling Electricity used GSHP cooling energy delivered Seasonal cooling COP Seasonal cooling EER Version 3.1

Estimate Office Qingdao 2,000 Light rock 26.2 29.0

Notes/Range

See Online Manual

Complete H&CLC sheet

Estimate

Notes/Range

yes/no % -

Yes Natural gas 95% 2.5

55% to 350% 2.4 to 5.0

m² m

Vertical closed-loop Cooling 117 Standard 423

-

User-defined Oumailang OML-R-5HP 6.15 4.80 18.7 0.064 29.0 8.3

kW million Btu/h Total standard cooling capacity kW ton (cooling) Supplemental Heating and Heat Rejection System Suggested supplemental heating capacity kW million Btu/h Suggested supplemental heat rejection kW million Btu/h

Annual Energy Production Heating Electricity used Supplemental energy delivered GSHP heating energy delivered

Training & Support

4 holes,each tube in hole is 106m

See Product Database

0.0 0.000 0.0 0.000 Estimate

Notes/Range

MWh MWh MWh million Btu -

3.7 0.0 13.9 47.4 3.7

2.0 to 5.0

MWh MWh million Btu (Btu/h)/W

3.8 20.3 69.3 5.3 18.2

2.0 to 5.5 7.0 to 19.0

© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 1997 - 2005.

Complete Cost Analysis sheet NRCan/CETC - Varennes

How much CO2 emissions will be reduced by using heat pump?

®

RETScreen Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emission Reduction Analysis - Ground-Source Heat Pump Project Use GHG analysis sheet?

Yes

Type of analysis:

Standard

Complete Financial Summary sheet

Background Information Project Information Project name Project location

Global Warming Potential of GHG 1 tonne CH4 = 21 tonnes CO2 1 tonne N2O = 310 tonnes CO2

Office Qingdao

(IPCC 1996) (IPCC 1996)

Base Case Electricity System (Baseline) Fuel type

Fuel mix

Natural gas Coal Nuclear Large hydro Wind

(%) 5.0% 72.0% 5.0% 15.0% 3.0%

Electricity mix

100%

CO2 emission CH4 emission N2O emission factor factor factor (kg/GJ) (kg/GJ) (kg/GJ) 56.1 0.0030 0.0010 94.6 0.0020 0.0030 0.0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0 0.0000 0.0000

218.3

0.0048

Fuel conversion efficiency (%) 45.0% 35.0% 30.0% 100.0% 100.0%

8.0%

GHG emission factor (tCO2/MWh) 0.491 1.069 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.794

Fuel conversion efficiency (%)

Transport or transfer losses (%)

GHG emission factor (tCO2/MWh)

0.0068

T&D losses (%) 8.0% 8.0% 8.0% 8.0% 8.0%

Base Case Heating and Cooling System (Baseline) Fuel type Heating system Natural gas Cooling system Electricity

Fuel mix (%)

CO2 emission CH4 emission N2O emission factor factor factor (kg/GJ) (kg/GJ) (kg/GJ)

100.0%

56.1

0.0030

0.0010

95.0%

0.0%

0.214

100.0%

218.3

0.0048

0.0068

250.0%

0.0%

0.318

Fuel conversion efficiency (%)

Transport or transfer losses (%)

GHG emission factor (tCO2/MWh)

Proposed Case Heating and Cooling System (Ground-Source Heat Pump Project) Fuel type Heating system Electricity Cooling system Electricity

Fuel mix (%)

CO2 emission CH4 emission N2O emission factor factor factor (kg/GJ) (kg/GJ) (kg/GJ)

100.0%

218.3

0.0048

0.0068

374.9%

0.0%

0.212

100.0%

218.3

0.0048

0.0068

532.1%

0.0%

0.149

GHG Emission Reduction Summary

Heating system Cooling system

Base case GHG emission factor (tCO2/MWh) 0.214 0.318

Proposed case GHG emission factor (tCO2/MWh) 0.212 0.149

End-use annual energy delivered (MWh) 13.9 20.3 Net GHG emission reduction

Annual GHG emission reduction (tCO2) 0.03 3.42 tCO2/yr 3.45

Complete Financial Summary sheet Version 3.1

© United Nations Environment Programme & Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2000 - 2005.

UNEP/DTIE and NRCan/CETC - Varennes

NET BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMACE PV panel: Canadian_Solar-HiKu7_CS7NMS(650MS) Nominal Efficency: 21.4% Area: 100.2 m 2 Renewable Energy Produced: 23375 kWh Net Building Energy Performance sum=light/equip ( 15.703 MWh)+ electricity used

by GSHP for heating (3.7 MWh)+cooling (3.8 MWh) =23203kWh 23203 kWh – 23375kWh = - 172 kWh As it is possible to tell from the calculations, the PV ar-ray will produce more energy than the energy required by the building.

D=1.945m α=18.6

18.6°

34°

D=1.945m

From 9:00 to 15:00 on the winter solstice day, the photovoltaic arrays will not block each other. Generally, the minimum spacing is determined as follows. First, calculate the solar altitude angle α and azimuth angle β according to formula (1) and formula (2) [3]. sinα = sinφ sinδ + cosφ cosδ cosω (1) sinβ = cosδ sinω/cosα (2) In the formula: φ is the latitude, δ is the solar declination angle, and the winter solstice is -23.5°; ω is the hour angle, and the 9:00 hour angle is 45°. Then the array spacing is determined by formula (3): D=cosβ×H/tan(α) (3) In the formula: D is the array pitch; H is the height of the array, and the height of the array is: H = component length × sin (optimal inclination angle)

Climate data location—— RETScreen Expert

Energy Model——PV Project model RETScreen® Energy Model - Photovoltaic Project Site Conditions Project name Project location Nearest location for weather data Latitude of project location Annual solar radiation (tilted surface) Annual average temperature System Characteristics Application type Grid type PV energy absorption rate Minimum battery temperature PV Array PV module type PV module manufacturer / model # Nominal PV module efficiency NOCT PV temperature coefficient Miscellaneous PV array losses Nominal PV array power PV array area Genset Charger (AC to DC) efficiency Suggested genset capacity Genset capacity Fuel type Specific fuel consumption Power Conditioning Miscellaneous power conditioning losses

°N MWh/m² °C

Estimate Office Building Qingdao,China Qingdao 36.1 1.23 13.2

% °C

Estimate On-grid Central-grid 100.0% 15.0

mono-Si Canadian Solar/ CS7N--650MS % 21.4% °C 45 % / °C 0.40% % 5.0% 21.45 kWp m² 100.2

Notes/Range

See Online Manual Complete SR&SL sheet

-90.0 to 90.0 -20.0 to 30.0

Notes/Range

0.0 to 15.0

-

See Product Database

4.0% to 15.0% 40 to 55 0.10% to 0.50% 0.0% to 20.0%

% kW kW L/kWh

95% 6.6 7.5 Diesel (#2 oil) - L 0.46

80% to 95%

%

0%

0% to 10%

Estimate 0.000 233.2 18.9% 12.4% 24.605 23.375 23,375 0.000

Notes/Range

Annual Energy Production (12.00 months analysed) Energy from genset (Diesel (#2 oil) - L) MWh Specific yield kWh/m² Overall PV system efficiency % PV system capacity factor % Renewable energy collected MWh Renewable energy delivered MWh kWh Excess RE available MWh

Version 3.2

Training & Support

© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 1997 - 2005.

2021/6/20; NewProject.xlsm

Complete Cost Analysis sheet NRCan/CETC - Varennes

Solar Resource& System Load ——PV Project model RETScreen® Solar Resource and System Load Calculation - Photovoltaic Project Site Latitude and PV Array Orientation Nearest location for weather data Latitude of project location PV array tracking mode Slope of PV array Azimuth of PV array

°N ° °

Estimate Qingdao 36.1 Fixed 34.0 2.0

Notes/Range

See Weather Database

-90.0 to 90.0 0.0 to 90.0 0.0 to 180.0

Monthly Inputs Fraction of month used Month January February March April May June July August September October November December

(0 - 1) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Solar radiation (horizontal) Solar radiation (tilted surface) Average temperature Load Characteristics Application type

Monthly average daily radiation on horizontal surface (kWh/m²/d) 2.06 2.52 3.04 3.96 3.86 3.55 3.38 3.83 3.51 3.09 2.21 1.89

(°C) -0.2 1.5 5.9 11.9 17.2 21.3 25.0 25.6 22.1 16.4 9.1 2.3

Monthly average daily radiation in plane of PV array (kWh/m²/d) 2.95 3.15 3.33 3.97 3.62 3.26 3.14 3.72 3.73 3.78 3.06 2.82

MWh/m² MWh/m² °C

Annual 1.12 1.23 13.2

Season of use 1.12 1.23 13.2

-

Estimate On-grid

Monthly average temperature

Monthly solar fraction (%) -

Notes/Range Return to Energy Model sheet

Version 3.2

© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 1997 - 2005.

NRCan/CETC - Varennes

GHG Analysis——PV Project model ®

RETScreen Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emission Reduction Analysis - Photovoltaic Project Use GHG analysis sheet?

Yes

Type of analysis:

Standard

Complete Financial Summary sheet

Background Information Project Information Project name Project location

Global Warming Potential of GHG 1 tonne CH4 = 21 tonnes CO2 (IPCC 1996) 1 tonne N2O = 310 tonnes CO2 (IPCC 1996)

Office Building Qingdao,China

Base Case Electricity System (Baseline) Fuel type

Fuel mix (%)

Natural gas Coal Nuclear Large hydro Wind

Electricity mix

CO2 emission CH4 emission N2O emission factor factor factor

3.0%

(kg/GJ) 56.1 94.6 0.0 0.0 0.0

(kg/GJ) 0.0030 0.0020 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

(kg/GJ) 0.0010 0.0030 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

100.0%

218.3

0.0048

0.0068

5.0% 72.0% 5.0% 15.0%

Fuel conversion efficiency

T&D losses

GHG emission factor

(%)

(%) 8.0% 8.0% 8.0% 8.0% 8.0%

(tCO2/MWh)

8.0%

0.794

Fuel conversion efficiency

T&D losses

GHG emission factor

45.0% 35.0% 30.0% 100.0% 100.0%

0.491 1.069 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Proposed Case Electricity System (Photovoltaic Project) Fuel type Electricity system Solar

Fuel mix

CO2 emission CH4 emission N2O emission factor factor factor

(%)

(kg/GJ)

(kg/GJ)

(kg/GJ)

(%)

(%)

(tCO2/MWh)

100.0%

0.0

0.0000

0.0000

100.0%

4.0%

0.000

GHG Emission Reduction Summary

Electricity system

Base case GHG emission factor (tCO2/MWh) 0.794

Proposed case GHG emission factor (tCO2/MWh) 0.000

End-use annual energy delivered (MWh) 22.440 Net GHG emission reduction

Annual GHG emission reduction (tCO2) 17.81 tCO2/yr 17.81

Complete Financial Summary sheet Version 3.2

© United Nations Environment Programme & Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2000 - 2005.

2021/6/20; NewProject.xlsm

UNEP/DTIE and NRCan/CETC - Varennes

Energy Model ——Solar Water Heating System RETScreen® Energy Model - Solar Water Heating Project Site Conditions Project name Project location Nearest location for weather data Annual solar radiation (tilted surface) Annual average temperature Annual average wind speed Desired load temperature Hot water use Number of months analysed Energy demand for months analysed System Characteristics Application type Base Case Water Heating System Heating fuel type Water heating system seasonal efficiency Solar Collector Collector type Solar water heating collector manufacturer Solar water heating collector model Gross area of one collector Aperture area of one collector Fr (tau alpha) coefficient Fr UL coefficient Temperature coefficient for Fr UL Suggested number of collectors Number of collectors Total gross collector area Storage Ratio of storage capacity to coll. area Storage capacity Balance of System Heat exchanger/antifreeze protection Heat exchanger effectiveness Suggested pipe diameter Pipe diameter Pumping power per collector area Piping and solar tank losses Losses due to snow and/or dirt Horz. dist. from mech. room to collector # of floors from mech. room to collector

MWh/m² °C m/s °C L/d month MWh

Estimate office building Qingdao,China Qingdao,China 1.23 13.2 4.3 45 209 12.00 2.02

Estimate Service hot water (with storage)

Notes/Range

See Online Manual Complete SR&HL sheet

-20.0 to 30.0

Notes/Range

%

Electricity 250%

-

See Technical Note 1 See Product Database

m²

Glazed Chromagen E(CR-110) 2.35 2.15 0.73 4.90 0.00 1 2 4.7

L/m² L

45.9 197

37.5 to 100.0

yes/no % mm mm W/m² % % m -

Yes 100% 10 8 0 1% 3% 5 2

m² m² (W/m²)/°C (W/(m∙°C)²)

Annual Energy Production (12.00 months analysed) SWH system capacity kW th MWth Pumping energy (electricity) MWh Specific yield kWh/m² System efficiency % Solar fraction % Renewable energy delivered MWh GJ Version 3.1

Training & Support

Estimate 3 0.003 0.00 326 26% 76% 1.53 5.52

© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 1997-2005.

the solar fraction is about 76%, which cover 76% DHW ENERGY NEED to achieve this values reduce panel number.

2021/6/21; SWHNewProject.xls

50% to 190%

1.00 to 5.00 1.00 to 5.00 0.50 to 0.90 1.50 to 8.00 0.000 to 0.010

50% to 85% 8 to 25 or PVC 35 to 50 8 to 25 or PVC 35 to 50 3 to 22, or 0 1% to 10% 2% to 10% 5 to 20 0 to 20 Notes/Range

Complete Cost Analysis sheet NRCan/CETC - Varennes

Solar Resource& System Load ——Solar Water Heating System RETScreen® Solar Resource and Heating Load Calculation - Solar Water Heating Project Site Latitude and Collector Orientation Nearest location for weather data Latitude of project location Slope of solar collector Azimuth of solar collector

Estimate Qingdao,China 36.1 34.0 2.0

°N ° °

Notes/Range

See Weather Database

-90.0 to 90.0 0.0 to 90.0 0.0 to 180.0

Monthly Inputs

(Note: 1. Cells in grey are not used for energy calculations; 2. Revisit this table to check that all required inputs are filled if you change system type or solar collector type or pool type, or method for calculating cold water temperature).

Fraction of month used

Month January February March April May June July August September October November December

(0 - 1) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Solar radiation (horizontal) Solar radiation (tilted surface) Average temperature Average wind speed Water Heating Load Calculation Application type System configuration Building or load type Number of units Rate of occupancy Estimated hot water use (at ~60 °C) Hot water use Desired water temperature Days per week system is used Cold water temperature Minimum Maximum Months SWH system in use Energy demand for months analysed

Version 3.1

Monthly average daily radiation on horizontal surface (kWh/m²/d) 2.06 2.52 3.04 3.96 3.86 3.55 3.38 3.83 3.51 3.09 2.21 1.89

(°C) -0.2 1.5 5.9 11.9 17.2 21.3 25.0 25.6 22.1 16.4 9.1 2.3

Monthly average relative humidity (%) 60.7 59.7 60.9 63.9 69.5 77.7 83.5 80.2 69.3 64.6 64.1 61.5

MWh/m² MWh/m² °C m/s

Annual 1.12 1.23 13.2 4.3

Season of Use 1.12 1.23 13.2 4.3

Person % L/d L/d °C d °C °C month MWh GJ

Estimate Service hot water With storage Office 55 100% 209 209 45 5 Auto 8.5 17.5 12.00 2.02 7.27

Monthly average temperature

© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 1997-2005.

2021/6/21; SWHNewProject.xls

Monthly average wind speed (m/s) 4.2 4.4 4.8 5.1 4.8 4.5 4.0 3.7 3.6 3.9 4.3 4.3

Monthly average daily radiation in plane of solar collector (kWh/m²/d) 3.03 3.21 3.34 3.93 3.55 3.20 3.09 3.66 3.72 3.82 3.14 2.89

Notes/Range

50% to 100%

1 to 7 1.0 to 10.0 5.0 to 15.0

Return to Energy Model sheet NRCan/CETC - Varennes

GHG Analysis ——Solar Water Heating System RETScreen® Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emission Reduction Analysis - Solar Water Heating Project Use GHG analysis sheet?

Yes

Type of analysis:

Standard

Complete Financial Summary sheet

Background Information Project Information Project name Project location

Global Warming Potential of GHG 21 tonnes CO2 1 tonne CH= 4 310 tonnes CO2 1 tonne N2O=

office building Qingdao,China

(IPCC 1996) (IPCC 1996)

Base Case Electricity System (Baseline) Fuel type Natural gas

Electricity mix

Fuel mix (%) 100.0%

100%

CO2 emission CH4 emission N2O emission factor factor factor (kg/GJ) (kg/GJ) (kg/GJ) 56.1 0.0030 0.0010

135.5

0.0072

Fuel conversion efficiency (%) 45.0%

8.0%

GHG emission factor (tCO2/MWh) 0.491 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.491

Fuel conversion efficiency (%)

Transport or transfer losses (%)

GHG emission factor (tCO2/MWh)

250.0%

0.0%

0.196

Fuel conversion efficiency (%)

Transport or transfer losses (%)

GHG emission factor (tCO2/MWh)

100.0% 100.0%

0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

0.000 0.000 0.000

0.0024

T&D losses (%) 8.0%

Base Case Heating System (Baseline) Fuel type Heating system Electricity

Fuel mix (%) 100.0%

CO2 emission CH4 emission N2O emission factor factor factor (kg/GJ) (kg/GJ) (kg/GJ) 135.5

0.0072

0.0024

Proposed Case Heating System (Solar Water Heating Project) Fuel type Heating system Electricity Solar Heating energy mix

Fuel mix (%) 0.0% 100.0% 100.0%

CO2 emission CH4 emission N2O emission factor factor factor (kg/GJ) (kg/GJ) (kg/GJ) 135.5 0.0 0.0

0.0072 0.0000 0.0000

0.0024 0.0000 0.0000

GHG Emission Reduction Summary

Heating system

Base case GHG emission factor (tCO2/MWh) 0.196

Proposed case GHG emission factor (tCO2/MWh) 0.000

End-use annual energy delivered (MWh) 1.53 Net GHG emission reduction

Annual GHG emission reduction (tCO2) 0.30 tCO2/yr 0.30

Complete Financial Summary sheet Version 3.1

© United Nations Environment Programme & Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2000 - 2005.

2021/6/21; SWHNewProject.xls

UNEP/DTIE and NRCan/CETC - Varennes

Annual GHG Emission Reduction Annual GHG Emission Reduction t/year

17.81

16 12 8 4

3.45 0.30

0 GHSP

PV Panel

SHW

Overall annual GHG emissions reduction=3.45+17.81+0.30=21.56 t CO2/year The use of PV Panel is more effective in reducing carbon emissions compared to the other two devices.

Annual energy production PV Panel

23.375 MWh

GHSP

heating_13.9 MWh

GHSP

cooling_20.3 MWh

SHW

1.53 MWh

Sum= 59.105MWh

Building Energy Consumption (Electrical) Cooling

15.854 MWh

Heating

13.984 MWh

Lighting

8.642 MWh

Appliances

7.060 MWh

Sum=43.541MWh Production energy is 59.105MWh,more than Consumption energy 43.541MWh.Allows the building to create energy by itself to supply the heating, cooling, lighting and appliances in the building.

DATASHEETS

Fridge

Included accessories iQ300

iQ300

KG39NVI32G 1 x berry tray, 1 x egg tray, 1 x ice cube NoFrost tray

KG39NVI32G NoFrost

Performance and Consumption • Energy efficiency class: A++

• Annual energy consumption 250 kwh (per year).

• Total net capacity: 354 litres • Net fridge capacity: 268 litres • Net freezer capacity: 86 litres • Net capacity of frost free freezer: 86 l Design features • Stainless steel fingerprint free doors and chrome inox metallic side panels

• high door design, softline curved door design • vertical door handle • Right hinged door, reversible • Automatic defrost freezer • Bright interior LED fridge light • Electronic control (LED chain) • Removable magnetic door seals - easy to clean • Twin evaporators allows independent temperature control and ensures there is

no transference of humidity between the fridge and freezer cavity.

Food freshness system • coolBox - recommended storage area for meat and fish

• 1 vegetable crisper box with integrated humidity control with rippled base for

improved air circulation Key features - Fridge section • Interior design with metal applications

• Bottle rack • multiAirflow cooling - improves circulation of air around the fridge • Bright interior LED fridge light • 5 removeable safety glass shelves of which 2 are height adjustable • 1 large door shelf, 3 small door shelf • Automatic defrost in fridge section • Height adjustable front feet

Siemens Key features - Freezer section KG39NVI32G have to defrost ever again • NoFrost, never Free-standing fridge-freezer • superFreeze function with automatic deactivation 3 transparent Predeccessor: freezer drawers,

EAN code: 4242003627761 sales programme:

• • 4 star rating Successor: • 3 freezer drawers • VarioZone - adaptable storage for more flexibility • Freezing capacity in 24 hours: 14 kg • Maximum freezer storage time in power failure: 16 hours

Functions • superFreeze function with automatic deactivation

• Acoustic open door warning system • Freezer malfunction warning signal: optical and acoustical

Dimension and installation • Climate class SN-T (suitable for ambient temperatures between 10 to 43°C)

• 220 - 240 V • Dimensions: 201 cm H x 60 cm W x 65 cm D

Technical Data

Fridge freezer

Fridge freezer

Characteristics Design : Freestanding Door panel options : Not possible Height (mm) : 2010 Width (mm) : 600 Depth (mm) : 650 Net weight (kg) : 83.0 Performance and Consumption Connection rating (W) : 160 • Energy efficiency class: A++ Current (A) : 10 250 kwh :(per year).

Door hinge Right reversible • Annual energy consumption Nominal power (kW) : 220-240 • Total net capacity: 354 litres Frequency (Hz) : 50 • Net fridge capacity: 268 litres Approval certificates : CE, VDE • Net freezer capacity: 86 litres Length of electrical supply cord (cm) : Optional accessories 240 86 l • Net capacity of frost free freezer: Storage Period in Event of Power Design features Failure (h) : 16 free doors and chrome inox metallic side panels • Stainless steel fingerprint Number of compressors : 1 curved door design of independent cooling • high door design, softline Number systems : 2 • vertical door handle Interior ventilator : No • Right hinged door, reversible Reversible Door Hinge : Yes Automatic defrost freezer • Number of Adjustable Shelves in fridge compartment (Stck) : 2 • Bright interior LED fridge light Shelves for Bottles : Yes • Electronic control (LED chain) EAN code : 4242003627761 Removable magnetic door seals - easy to clean • Consumption and connection temperature control and ensures there is • Twin evaporators allows independent features no transference of humidity between the fridge and freezer cavity.

Brand : Siemens Food freshness system Product name / Commercial code : area for meat and fish • coolBox - recommended storage KG39NVI32G integrated humidity with rippled base for Energy efficiency : A++:control very efficient • 1 vegetable crisper box with

improved air circulation Energy consumption annual (kWh/ annum) - NEW (2010/30/EC) : 250 Key features - Fridge section applications Net capacity (l) - NEW • Interior design with metal Refrigerator (2010/30/EC) : 268 • Bottle rack Freezer Net capacity (l) - NEW circulation of air around the fridge • multiAirflow cooling - improves (2010/30/EC) : 86 Frost free system : Full Bright interior LED fridge light • rise time (h)height : 16 adjustable shelves of which 2 are • 5 removeable safety glassTemperature Freezing capacity (kg/24h) - NEW 1 large door shelf, 3 small door shelf • (2010/30/EC) : 14 Alternative colors available sectionclass : SN-T • Automatic defrost in fridgeClimate Noise level (dB) : 42 • Height adjustable front feet Installation type : not available Key features - Freezer section • NoFrost, never have to defrost ever again

• superFreeze function with automatic deactivation • 3 transparent freezer drawers, • 4 star rating • 3 freezer drawers • VarioZone - adaptable storage for more flexibility • Freezing capacity in 24 hours: 14 kg • Maximum freezer storage time in power failure: 16 hours Functions

• superFreeze function with automatic deactivation • Acoustic open door warning system • Freezer malfunction warning signal: optical and acoustical Dimension and installation

• Climate class SN-T (suitable for ambient temperatures between 10 to 43°C) • 220 - 240 V • Dimensions: 201 cm H x 60 cm W x 65 cm D

projector

Parameters Table Power supply: AC 100V- 240V~ (100V-240 V alternating current), 50 Hz/60 Hz Power consumption: 3.5A- 1.5A, 300 W LCD panel: LCD panel size: 1.6cm (0.63") (aspect ratio 4:3) Display mode: three-piece transmissive LCD panel, three primary colors Drive mode: active matrix Pixel: 786432 pixels (1024x768) x3 panel Lens: Manual zoom: 1.2x Manual focus: F=1.6- 1.76, f= 19.16 mm-23.02 mm Light source: UHM bulb (230 W) Center to corner area ratio '1: 85% Contrast ratio: 20000:1 Color system: 7 kinds (NTSC, NTSC4.43, PAL, PAL-N, PAL-M, SECAM, PAL60) Projection screen size: 0.76 m- 7.62 m (30"-300") Screen aspect ratio: 4:3

Printer

Ink cartridges and print heads Printing Technology: Laser Replacement toner cartridges/ink cartridges: HPU management laser printer black toner cartridge W9210MC, HP UJ management laser printer cyan toner cartridge W9211MC, HP UJ management laser printer yellow toner cartridge W9212MC, HPU management laser printer red toner cartridge W9213MC Copy speed: Copy speed (black, standard quality, up to 30 pages per minute A4) Copy speed (color, standard quality, up to 30 pages/min A4) Battery and power Power supply: Input voltage: 220-240V AC (+/-10%), 50/60 Hz (+/-3%) Power consumption: 682 watts (printing), 44 watts (ready), 12 watts (sleep), 0.7 watts (deep sleep), 0.01 watts (off) Standard digital sending features: scan to e-mail, save to network folder, save to U disk, send to SharePoint, send to FTP, send to sFTP, send to LAN fax, send to Internet fax, local address book, SMTP over SSL, blank page removal, edge erasure, automatic color detection, automatic cropping to content, compressed PDF, automatic color detection, automatic orientation adjustment, multi-point detection, automatic straightening, automatic cropping to page, 0CR

Drinking fountain

TRULIVA Product name: Qinyuan vertical drinking fountain Power consumption: 0.45kW. H/24h Product model: LNS583-6F Heating method: rapid heating Rated voltage: 220V Product size: 320x 365x 1200mm Power: 2090W Color: Plain White + Patio Blue

Microwave oven

Parameters Table Brand Name: Samsung Product Size : 51.2 x 42.8 x 29.7 cm; 16.03 kg capacity: 28 liters Watts: 1000 watts Included accessories: Samsung microwave Do you need batteries: Is not commodity weight: 16 kilograms SALTY: B083R2GQ6X

Smart TV

Parameters Table Screen Size: 50 " Screen size: 50-75 '' Screen diagonal: 125 Screen Format: 16: 9 Energy consumption in high dynamic range (HDR) mode for 1000h (kWh): 97 Energy consumption in standard dynamic range (SDR) mode for 1000h (kWh): 87 Resolution: 3840 x 2160 pixels Image stability: 60 Hz Dimensions: 111.64 x 72.05 x 24.33 cm Net weight: 13.1Kg Consumption (W): 85 Standby Consumption (W): 0.5 Annual energy consumption (kWh / year): 118

Notebook

Parameters Table Dimensions: 29,2x20,1x0,85 cm Weight kg: 0.775 Weight: 0 - 0.99 kg Battery type: Li-ion, 44.2 Wh Battery: 4 cells Processor: Intel Core i5 Clock speed (GHz): 1.1 Max Turbo Frequency (GHz): 3.7 Third level cache (MB): 6 Chipset Brand: Intel RAM: 8 GB RAM type: LPDDR4 Maximum Supported Ram: 8 GB Display size: 12.3 '' display Display Resolution: 2736x1824 pixels Screen Format: 3: 2 Touch screen: Yup Operating system: Windows 10 Home (64bit)

Heat Pump

Parameters Table OML-R-5HP Oumailang (manufacturer) Heating coefficient of performance COP 4.8 Cooling coefficient of performance EER 6.15 Heating capacity: 22kw Cooling capacity: 18kw Dimensions: 850*800*950mm Weight: 14kg

Solar Panel

Solar Panel

Thermosiphon Systems

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