household livelihoods. Land is not only the production material but also a determinant to the socio-economic status of households. Limited access to land or lack of cultivation land make farmers confront more challenges. Lack of agricultural land and reduced agricultural productivity have resulted in lack of jobs, food insecurity, and reduced income generation in the locality. Difficult living conditions affect all members in every family. Women and men with different roles and responsibilities are subject to different impacts. As the pillar of the family, men try different ways to increase their income when they do not have land for production. Hired labor is increasingly popular in the two communities. Some people even illegally exploit woods or collect scrap metals for income. When men work far away, family burdens are put on women’s shoulder. Women take the role of taking care of their family and ensuring food security for all members so they become more stressed and vulnerable when the food shortage occurs (see Table 3.2). Table 3.2: Gendered impacts of lacked production land and reduced income Lack of production land
Specific impacts
Solutions
Male - Lack of jobs; - Anxiety ; - Dissatisfaction ; - Distrust.
- Working in neighboring areas; - Labor migration to the southern provinces for employment; - Poor land improvement for cultivation; - Illegal logging; - Return to the former areas for production activities. 61
Female - Lack of jobs; - Anxiety about food issues for family; - Pressure of child care when working in faraway places; - Debts; - Anxiety about nutrition and health of family members. - Finding more jobs, starting up small stores, or staying at home to look for children during the husband’s absence time for work; - Poor land improvement for cultivation; - Seeking foods such as vegetables and mushrooms in forest; - Borrowing money to get more food for family.