EDITION 6: ANTIQUITY

CONTENTS

NEWS Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Haunting Memories from 9/11 Continue Mental Health Timeline How a Market Recession Redefined “The Land of Opportunity” FEATURES Records of Mental Health Through Decades History of Unethical Psychological Treatments Music, Melody and Mental Health Beyond PMS: A History of Women’s Mental Health OPINION How Stigmas Around Mental Health Have Decayed The Importance of Valuing Individual Mental Health How Mental Health Health Will Impact Us in the Future

MEDIA Feminiscence: Reminiscing Historical Women with Earrings Ft. Tayla Chapa On My Path to Self Discovery Ft. Nistha Dube Art with Purpose

LETTER FROM BOARD

Crossroads Initiative follows the constant change regarding the mental health stigma through this edition. As we see mental health slowly become more accepted in society, we are reminded to continue advocating for our voices and experiences regarding our well being. The experiences people endured from older generations versus newer generations differ greatly. The general public has become more accepting and accommodating to people facing mental illness.

As mental health issues and awareness is constantly evolving, Crossroads Initiative takes a look back into the past to see how mental health used to be addressed and how we can continue creating positive change to create a world where mental health can be expressed freely. So mental health issues rise for attention more people acknowledge the problems of mental health and methods to resolve such issues.

Cover by: Simrah Ahmad

NEWS NEWS NEWS NEWS NEWS NEWS

How a Market Recession Redefined “The Land of Opportunity” Article by: Caleb Yu Photo by: Krisha Konchadi

When a country that prides itself on the belief that any individual can reach financial freedom through sheer tenacity encounters an economic recession that causes instability among millions of people, the mental wellbeing of the nation’s citizens is bound to diminish. After the market crash of 2008, “getting by” became a greater challenge, and the minds of the American people began to overflow with fears that felt just as real as the dreams that were there before.

America’s 2008 economic recession was caused by a collapse of the housing market, leading to lower incomes, higher unemployment and less room for economic opportunity. “U.S. employers shed 2.6 million jobs in 2008, the worst year since 1945,” (The New York Times). Mass unemployment and loss of job security was a devastating event for low-mid income households. Research done by ScienceDaily found that adults who suffered financial hardship as a result of the Great Recession were more likely to show increases in symptoms of depression, anxiety, and other mental health disorders.

In addition to the harsh circumstances that the market crash ensued, the overall spirit of the American people was shattered after the recession. The presumption of “The American Dream” has persisted throughout the decades, which has filled the country’s citizens with a mix of aspirations and delusions. The 2008 economic recession caused cognitive dissonance among Americans who had previously believed in the American dream. Without hope for the future or direction for the present, many Americans faced anxiousness that festered into a deep state of despair. The American Public Health Association noted an “increase in use of medications and an increase in mental health–related inpatient and outpatient visits in the short term.increase in use of medications and an increase in mental health–related inpatient and outpatient visits in the short term,” even among those who remained employed during the crash.

America was eventually able to overcome the struggles of the Great Recession and used the tribulation as a reason to put more emphasis on mental health in the nation. Although the Great Recession is said to have ended in June 2009, lingering effects such as increased drug use and lowered education budgets are still a major issue in the low-income neighborhoods of our country.

MENTAL HEALTH TIMELINE by: Anna Royal 1800s

During this time in the United States, mentally ill people were often sent to insane asylums where they lived a life of humiliation in inhumane prison conditions alongside incarcerated criminals. The public was invited to visit and observe the mentally ill, sometimes chained and beaten, in cruel cages, according to Concordia University, St. Paul.

Early 1900s

Doctors started to perform lobotomies, a practice in which surgeons would make incisions in the prefrontal cortex of the patients’ brain. This was believed to treat mental illness by severing the nerve pathways in areas of the brain, according to the BBC.

1908

The book “A Mind that Found Itself ” by mental health activist Clifford Beer was published. The memoir focuses on his life during his time at an insane asylum during an era when the mentally ill were brutally treated and dehumanized. This book was highly influential and educated the public on mental health, causing many to recognize mental illness as a serious condition, according to Good Reads.

1930s

According to the Public Broadcasting Station (PBS), in the 1930s, “drugs, electroconvulsive therapy and surgery [were] used to treat people with schizophrenia and others with persistent mental illnesses.” Electroshock therapy, while more effective at treating depression, started being used to treat schizophrenia by sending an electric current through the brain.

1946

The National Mental Health Act is signed by President Truman resulting in the creation of a National Institute of Mental Health in the coming years, according to PBS. The act made mental health a priority at the federal level.

1949

The National Institute of Mental Health becomes an official governmental institution.Its purpose was to research mental illnesses as well as the brain and its behaviors, according to PBS.

1950s

According to Concordia University, St. Paul, chlorpromazine became the first effective drug to treat many mental illnesses and reduce symptoms of illnesses such as schizophrenia. Behavior therapy is also introduced, a therapy with the goal of training patients to overcome their fears.

1960s

Many mentally ill patients were removed from institutions in the US in part as a result of the new, effective antipsychotic drugs. Due to the lack of housing and follow-up care, homelessness rates among the mentally ill increase greatly, according to PBS.

1980s

Around one-third of homeless people were identified as mentally ill in the United States. Meanwhile, numerous activist groups banded together to form the National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression. The alliance focused on distributing funds for research on brain disorders and mental illnesses, according to PBS.

2000s

More drugs have been introduced to treat mentally ill patients with more effectiveness and fewer side effects. According to the American Psychological Association, Generation Z, today’s teens and young adults, were least likely to report feeling “very good or excellent mental health.” Only 45 percent of Generation Z’s population reported feeling “very good or excellent mental health” compared to over 50 percent of every other generation.

2020-2021

the COVID-19 pandemic boosts mental illness rates among COVID-19 patients and the general population. According to Reuters, one in five COVID-19 patients recorded feeling mentally ill within 90 days of the sickness.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Haunting Memories from 9/11 Continue Article by: Bia Shok Photo by: Kriti Jain

After 20 years of the national tragedy on Sept. 11, 2001, some individuals involuntarily remain in the moment of despair due to the condition of post traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD. Symptoms vary depending on the person as well as the time passed, but often include paranoia to similar sounds or scenes individuals witnessed during the traumatic event, emotional depression or numbing and flashbacks accordning to NPR. “This disaster of 9/11 in New York City has had long-term impacts on both the responders and civilians,” director of the World Trade Center Health Registry Mark Farfel said in an NPR interview. “A hallmark of 9/11 conditions is that unfortunately, many of these conditions co-occur … So, for example, PTSD often occurs with depression, and that magnifies the impacts of the disaster.”

Director of research at the World Trade Center Health Registry Robert Brackbill also mentioned in an NPR interview that the data they gathered indicated 8-10% have sufficient symptoms to indicate post-traumatic stress disorder and found a higher rate of 17-18% to have symptoms among people who had a closer experience of the disaster.

A coupled issue regarding the disorder is an increase in substance use, with users in hopes of alleviating such memories or pain from their minds.

“A lot of times what they’re doing is self-medicating,” psychologist at Emory University Barbara Rothbaum said in an NPR interview. “So they’re smoking a lot of marijuana to try to get to sleep tonight. They’re drinking a lot to try to get to sleep tonight. But then obviously that can turn into a problem of its own.”

With PTSD being a long-term disorder with various consequences, experts claim that it is important for individuals to find therapists or psychologists that will assist their recovery from the event, according to NPR. World Trade Center Health Program is an open platform for individuals affected by the tragedy to recieve help accordingly post-trauma.

“I sought help in college,” student during the tragedy and now working as a coach, Kristina Lozano says. “I got therapy, and therapy was a huge eye-opener for me.”

FEATURES FEATURE FEATU FEAT FE

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ARTICLE BY: RISHA KOPARDE PHOTOS BY: SOPHIA STEINERT Mental health has been a perpetual issue in humanity and its progression over the years has been brought to light in regards to the recent issues surrounding the world. Starting as far back as 6500 B.C., mental health has been around for a while. Although the idea of mental illness, insanity and other disorders were identified, most civilizations were either equipped or unaware of how to handle, making it hard to track the exact number of people who could be diagnosed as having a mental health disorder in today’s standards. Individuals began to create ideas such as trepidation, holes in the skull, to attempt to relieve mental illness which was once thought to be evil. These atypical ways of handling the issue continued on and created a multitude of issues, especially for women as described in an article by Elizabeth Packard in Times magazine.

The issues for women fabricated the negative correlation with mental health. Christianity was a large religion in the world, and women were not equal at the time. Originating from the story of Adam and Eve, women were thought to be the source of evil and consorting with the devil. Not only was this idea around in 1900 B.C., but it also stuck around to the mid-1900s. A popular book that conveyed this is The Bell Jar written by Sylvia Plath. Women were often sent to asylums by men because men could claim they were insane. Fortunately, such practices were put to an end around the 1950s due to new research coming to light (Ingrid Farreras, Noba Project).

Now, the idea of mental health has evolved over the years and so has the technology surrounding it. Scientists created the Diagnostic and Statistical (DSM) Manual. It was first created in 1952 and evolved since then into the vast collection of information today.

This book has helped individuals become diagnosed with their ailments and gain a better understanding of their possible mental illness.

While mental health is now widely discussed, the world has yet to see the extent of the damage from covid specifically on teenagers. More studies are being done while the isolation begins to end, but in the past few years percentages have gone up from 26% to 37% for teenagers who are “experiencing persistent sadness or hopelessness” (Tori Rodriguez, Psychiatry Advisor). As these new studies emerge, society can only wonder how teens’ future mental health with plan out.

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As the discussion about mental health becomes more accepted in pop media and society in general, a trend of artists have released heart-touching songs discussing their battles with mental health.

From anxiety to addition, they share their journey to inspire and acknowledge others who are in the same situation.

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Here is a list of four amazingly heartfelt and incredibly honest songs that could help us understand anxiety, depression, and other mental illnesses. These songs give us the strength to live with our own daily battles with mental health.

“Lithium” by Nirvana Seattle’s Nirvana ignited a movement of meaningful rock songs in 1991 with their debut song, “Nevermind.” Their lyrics are about seasonal depressive disorder, and they dovetail nicely with the band’s punk-influenced and rock sound. Following their success with using music to convey mental illnesses, they released their single, “Lithium”.

“Lithium” is a thrill ride of emotions ranging from happiness to despondence to animal magnetism, highlighted sometimes within the same sentence.

Kurt Cobain, the band’s guitarist and main songwriter, had bipolar disorder, and in this song he writes about imaginary friends or voices inside his head, a demonstration of extreme mania. “Lithium” is the most thorough description of the illness down to the drug that treats bipolar disorder.

“Fake Happy” by Paramore

“Fake Happy” funky tunes and soulful lyrics paint a message on society’s need to always portray themselves as a “happy” person when in truth they are struggling with depressing thoughts and mental health issues.

The song’s lo-fi intro begins slowly as an acoustic guitar lies under a female voice singing, “And I bet everybody here, Is just as insincere, We’re all so fake happy, And I know fake happy.”

The quiet verse following it acts as a precursor to the anthem that the song builds into. The choruses burst with an optimistic plea: “Oh please, don’t ask me how I’ve been, Don’t make me pretend to play pretend.” This acknowledges that everyone’s

always hiding emotions under them, and even if we hate the phoniness, we can’t help but feel the same way.

“Save Myself” by Ed Sheeran

Ed Sheeran relays a strong message that can teach many of us a lesson. In the song, Sheeran expresses that before he is able to love, care and “save” someone else, he must first be able to save himself and take care of himself.

The lines, “I gave all my oxygen to people that could breathe” symbolizes his tendencies to care more for others than himself. This can often negatively affect his own mental health once he realizes that the people he just “saved” used him.

It is often human nature to try and take care of other people before ourselves. However, it becomes difficult to help others when we have been neglecting ourselves for so long. In order to truly be there for the people we care about, we must learn to practice self-care. Self-care is often overlooked but it is an important factor in bettering our mental health.

“Perfect” by Ann Marie

Anne Marie explores her journey and encourages a notion of body possingle “Perfect”.

With a powerful message of she rolls into the lyrics, “Love every body, Top to the bottom, I’m not a a magazine, I’m okay with not being that’s perfect to me.” These lyrics not the pressure she has a famous singer, pressure of many women and men to maintain an ideal body:

“When I was growing up, I always one else. I just needed to see a picture of ‘I’m gonna cut my hair like she did! I’m gonna she looks great in them!’” Marie said in an interview got, I realized that I don’t want to look like everyone else.”

with body acceptance itivity through her self-acceptance, single part of my supermodel from perfect, Cause only emphasize but also the daily around the world tried to be like somesomeone else and said, wear those trousers ‘cause with Billboard. “But the older I

“In My Blood” by Shawn Mendes

Prior to the release of the song, the public wasn’t aware of Mendes’ battles with mental disorder. According to Mendes, he wrote the vulnerable rock ballad about his anxiety and depression in the hopes that listeners would not only relate with it but also understand it.

Although lyrics like “Someone help me, I’m crawling in my skin. Sometimes I feel like giving up ‘’ to show his struggles with anxiety, he assures fans that “It isn’t in [his] blood.” He also sends a message about fighting your thoughts and finding motivation again.

“The concept of this song is about how it feels [when] you’re about to give up, and then you don’t,” Mendes said in an interview with Billboard.

“That’s the whole payoff in the chorus section…It’s about something that I think everybody goes through and it’s something that I think people don’t talk about often, especially in music.”

BEYOND PMS: A HISTORY OF WOMEN’S MENTAL HEALTH Article by: Elisabeth Sohn

The road to women’s rights has been a long one, and though it’s come a long way, the struggle for gender equality still leaves a lot to be desired.

Mental health is an often overlooked field when discussing the roles of gender in society, but a history of sexism has influenced decades of women and their mental health. While history cannot be changed, it is of utmost importance to address these issues and move forward with initiative.

Women have been subjected to a variety of stressors that have been proven to be detrimental to mental health. Throughout history, women have been oppressed politically, economically, and socially, having been denied basic rights to vote or even to leave the house. Up until the 1900s, discrimination prevented women from obtaining an adequate education in the United States. Although the enactment of the Women’s Educational Equity Act (WEEA) of 1974 changed this in America, other countries have not yet achieved education for all genders. UNICEF estimates that 129 million girls worldwide are out of school, with the gender gap especially large in conflict ridden countries such as Afghanistan and Syria.

Another factor with perhaps the greatest effect on women’s mental health is abuse. According to the National Center on Domestic Violence, Trauma & Mental Health, over half of women seeking treatment for mental health have suffered some sort of abuse from a partner. Domestic violence increases risk for many major mental illnesses including post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and anxiety. According to a study from PLOS One, “the odds of experiencing PTSD was about seven times higher for women who had been victims of domestic violence,” with depression rates rising by 2.7 times and suicidal thoughts 3.5 times.

Oversexualization is likewise detrimental to the mental health of women. Mental Health America cites sexual violence as a major trigger for a

wide range of mental illnesses, and says that those with a history of rape or sexual harrassment are more likely to develop eating disorders, PTSD, substance abuse, and other serious mental health conditions.

Beyond actual violence, the way that women are portrayed in the media and treated in real life can have negative consequences on women’s mental health. In a survey of young women on social media, 96.4% reported the portrayal of women in the media as having a strong impact on their self esteem and mental health, and all expressed feeling pressure to look a certain way. Furthermore, 85.7% described the treatment of women in day-to-day life as also having a significant effect on their mental health.

There are several mental illnesses that are unique to the female gender.

One of the more common ones is postpartum depression (PPD), which can develop any time during pregnancy to up to one year after giving birth.

Severe, long lasting depression after childbirth is a growing struggle for new mothers and can interfere with childcare and the quality of everyday life. There are also several conditions caused by hormone changes of the female menstrual cycle. UNC’s Department of Psychiatry cites perinatal depression, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and perimenopause-related depression as other menstrually-related mood disorders.

Gender equality and mental health are both still works in progress. There has been significant improvement in the way women are treated, but serious issues such as oversexualization and domestic violence still need to be addressed. These are not light topics, but it is important to invite in difficult conversation in order to see growth. Despite advancements in the past century, there is still a definitive need for improvements in the stigma and treatment of women’s mental health. The DCP3 is now calling for policy makers to expand evidence-based mental health care services, resolve social and cultural barriers, integrate mental health training and services into antenatal care and factor the needs of women at various ages in national mental health strategies.

Fortunately, more and more women are seeking help when needed and using their voices to speak up against injustice, which is the sort of action that invites change for the generations of women to come. As we move forward, it is crucial that we think about the language used to describe women and the media we choose to consume. Taking social media breaks can be a great way for women to protect their mental health. Learning the warning signs that often accompany trauma, abuse, eating disorders and other mental health conditions and normalizing treatment are also important steps toward improving the mental health of women.

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ARTICLE BY: KRISHA KONCHADI

Since the early 1800s, mental health has been treated like a taboo subject to older generations because of the misconceptions and stereotypes generated over the course of their lifetimes. Since the age of technology, stigmas around mental illness have been a dying culture, which is why it is so important to develop better attitudes about vulnerability and raw stories.

Specifically due to the lack of talk on this subject, people have gone undiagnosed and unaware of how they could treat their illnesses.

NAMI Journalist Jenny Marie speaks on her differing experiences between her and her daughter’s generations.

“My experience growing up was completely the opposite. I felt totally alone. My panic attacks began when I was 10 and I kept it a secret,” said Marie. “I didn’t want to be seen as strange or different. By the time I was in my 20s, I panicked every time I drove or went to the grocery store. I knew my symptoms weren’t normal, but I still said nothing.”

For a study about different-age perspectives about mental health, there was a clear shame brought upon a person who spoke about mental illness to an older person than a younger person.

“In the older adult sample, more negative attitudes were observed among those who believed that depression is a sign of personal weakness and that having a mentally ill family member brings shame to the whole family,” said Marie.

Due to the cultural stigmas surrounding “weakness” and “independence” decreasing over the years, younger generations are more open to admitting their thoughts and feelings. The overall increase in social media, people have been more able to share their mental health stories, and receive helpful advice; advancements of technology have also opened up room for online therapy, hotlines, improved medication and more.

The Importance of Valuing Individual Mental Health ARTICLE BY: RISHA KOPARDE Quarantine: ” ​​ a state, period, or place of isolation in which people or animals that have arrived from elsewhere or been exposed to the infectious or contagious disease are placed.” Humans are inherently social beings, they absolutely need to have interactions one way or another. As the world begins to transition out of a deep state of isolation, researchers have discovered a steep decline in mental health following the pandemic. This rise in mental health cases brings up the concern for what can be done to improve those individuals’ health and prevent new cases.

A study reviewed by Monash University in Australia and presented by Qualitrics identified that 40.9% of the 5,470 study participants identified negative mental health over quarantine. Surprisingly, there are many actions that could have been completed to relieve the tension resulting from the pandemic.

Self-care often plays a large role in mental health and can be tailored to fit anyone’s schedule. For those who do not have much time to engage in journaling, eating and drinking habits are a simple approach to relieving any mental tension (NIMH). Those who drink more caffeinated drinks are susceptible to anxiety, so try to switch to a cup of tea instead which is recommended by the National Institute of Mental Health.

Another simple change to add to a busy schedule is creating a sleep schedule and sticking to it. Many teens pull all-nighters for binging a Netflix show or completing the homework they procrastinated on for a week.

Instead of doing this, try to be more aware of what needs to be planned out and head to bed before 11 p.m. at the very least. Not only does this give more time to complete schoolwork, but it also gives time to dedicate to yourself. The “bidirectional relationship” is described in an article by Eric Suni and medically reviewed by Alex Dimitriu.

In this article posted by the sleep foundation, Suni elaborates on the effect sleep has on depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, ADHD, and several other disorders that the population is riddled with.

Now turning to individuals who choose to dedicate more time to self-care, there are various options to choose from but these are two of the most popular. The first one is exercise. Exercise can be one of the greatest aspects of mental health according to the American Psychological Association. Getting up and moving around for just a few moments in the day can cause reward centers to light up and an increase of dopamine comes flooding through to the senses. This flood of dopamine reduces stress and sets up an individual to be more focused on their emotions and work.

The second but certainly not last option is journaling. Writing out feelings may help an individual work through any emotional roadblocks. If you’d rather not rant on a paper, the internet has some great virtual journals or mood boards such as coffee feelings which is a google extension.

“My AP Research class has mental health Mondays where I get to write down my thoughts however I want,” a student at Santa Clara High School said. “I find this to be very therapeutic and I am much more relaxed for the remainder of the day.”

Being as secluded as the world is right now, it is absolutely essential to become aware of any mental struggles arising. These four tips for both busy, or free individuals can be useful in the moment but also for weeks or even months on end. Maintaining mental health when focusing on worklife or school may be hard, but changes both large and small can greatly impact emotional intelligence and health.

HOW MENTAL HEALTH WILL IMPACT US IN THE FUTURE ARTICLE BY: BIA SHOK Mental health has been a perpetual issue in humanity and its progression over the years has been brought to light in regards to the recent issues surrounding the world. Starting as far back as 6500 B.C., mental health has been around for a while. Although the idea of mental illness, insanity and other disorders were identified, most civilizations were either equipped or unaware of how to handle, making it hard to track the exact number of people who could be diagnosed as having a mental health disorder in today’s standards. Individuals began to create ideas such as trepidation, holes in the skull, to attempt to relieve mental illness which was once thought to be evil. These atypical ways of handling the issue continued on and created a multitude of issues, especially for women as described in an article by Elizabeth Packard in Time magazine.

The issues for women fabricated the negative correlation with mental health. Christianity was a large religion in the world, and women were not equal at the time. Originating from the story of Adam and Eve, women were thought to be the source of evil and consorting with the devil. Not only was this idea around in 1900 B.C., but it also stuck around to the mid-1900s. A popular book that conveyed this is The Bell Jar written by Sylvia Plath. Women were often sent to asylums by men because men could claim they were insane. Fortunately, such practices were put to an end around the 1950s due to new research coming to light (Ingrid Farreras, Noba Project).

Now, the idea of mental health has evolved over the years and so has the technology surrounding it. Scientists created the Diagnostic and Statistical (DSM) Manual. It was first created in 1952 and evolved since then into the vast collection of information today. This book has helped individuals become diagnosed with their ailments and gain a better understanding of their possible mental illness.

While mental health is now widely discussed, the world has yet to see the extent of the damage from covid specifically on teenagers. More studies are being done while the isolation begins to end, but in the past few years percentages have gone up from 26% to 37% for teenagers who are “experiencing persistent sadness or hopelessness” (Tori Rodriguez, Psychiatry Advisor). As these new studies emerge, society can only wonder how teens’ future mental health with plan out.

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PODCASTS

Feminiscence: Reminiscing Historical Women with Earrings Ft. Tayla Chapa

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On My Path to Self Discovery Ft. Nistha Dube

ART WITH DIRECTED AND PRODUCED BY: SHAILEE SANKHALA PRODUCED AND EDITED: ANDY RUIZ CINEMATGRAPHY BY: JONATHON KIM

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Shailee Sankhala Saoud Moon Krisha Konchadi Bia Shok Diya Jain Maryam Jalali Simrah Ahmad Saachi Raju Akanksh Divyanada

LAYOUT DESIGN Krisha Konchadi

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FILM MAKERS

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PHOTOGRAPHERS Simrah Ahmad Sophia Steinert Kriti Jain