Croplinks summer 2015

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Thedangers The age of pseudoscience of pseudoscience

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How to spot pseudoscience

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The importance of good science

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Inside this issue

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representing the best of the plant science industry

Matthew Cossey Chief Executive Officer, CropLife Australia

From the Chief Executive Officer Societal cost of misinformation and pseudoscience Activists politically opposed to scientifically proven modern methods of farming such as the use of crop protection products and GM crops are not dissimilar to anti-vaccination activists pedalling misinformation, open-ended illogical questions and baseless alarmist claims.

Anti-science campaigners seem to like to pit farmer against farmer, seeking to reduce choice in agriculture. Using false claims about GM labelling, cherrypicking of data and crop prices, citation of discredited and retracted pseudoscience papers, they regurgitate falsehoods based on nothing but their own personal misinformed beliefs.

Contrary to what activists claim, farmers want the choice of using safe, tested and registered crop protection products and GM crops.

The value of the crop protection industry cannot be underestimated. The production of strawberries, hops, grapes and many other agricultural products would not be commercially viable in Australia without the use of crop protection products.

Access to GM crops means Australian farmers are now benefiting from environmentally sustainable modern farming methods. Almost 100% of cotton grown in Australia is GM cotton and the proportion of growers using GM canola is growing strongly every year. Globally in 2014, 18 million farmers in 28 countries planted biotech crops.

A pseudoscientific report by the International Union for Conservation that purported neonicotinoid pesticides were ‘a key factor in the decline of bees’ has cost British farmers £640 million in one season. Leaked minutes indicate the report

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was developed with the clear intention of supporting a ban on neonicotinoids in Europe and further research has disproven the report.

Other activists would have us believe there is no food labelling in Australia, which is a completely false proposition.

Food Standards Australia New Zealand mandates that GM foods, ingredients, additives or processing aids that contain novel DNA or protein must be labelled in Australia, even though there is no health or safety basis for such labelling.

Misinformation that is not refuted and addressed or entirely false and baseless activist campaigns can be the basis for political and societal decisions that run counter to a society’s best interest. Just as with vaccine denialism, there is a societal cost of anti-GM misinformation; just ask a child suffering from Vitamin A deficiency in a developing country who continues to be denied access to Golden Rice—a GM crop that has the potential to save the lives of 250,000 to 500,000 school-aged children every year.

The sustainability, productivity and competiveness of Australian farming is too important for blinkered views that fail to acknowledge the fact that a wide variety of agricultural production systems has underpinned, and will continue to underpin, the success of Australian agriculture.

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Why WA’s GM moratorium needs to go The proposed repeal of the Western Australian GM Crops Free Areas Act 2013 is a red tape reduction that benefits farmers, consumers and the state as a whole. WA is a global leader in modern agriculture and securing access to GM crops will allow WA farmers to become more productive and environmentally sustainable.

WA farmers have planted an increased amount of GM canola every year since its introduction.

Growers are turning to GM canola varieties in greater numbers because of impressive yields, effective weed control and the increased demand and market acceptance for it.

Australia’s gene technology regulatory system is one of the best in the world and is managed successfully at the federal level. It is unnecessary and counterproductive for state governments to impose an additional level of bureaucracy. There is no justification for any of the state GM crop moratoriums to remain in place.

The importance of effective regulation Safe Work Australia undermines world-class agchem safety Agricultural chemical labels are subject to world-class, risk-based regulation by the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA).

Safe Work Australia’s Work Health and Safety Model Regulations mandate that agricultural chemical labels should also be subject to the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) labelling requirements.

Not only is this proposal an unnecessary duplication of red tape, it threatens to undermine the current system.

Each agricultural chemical product undergoes an expert scientific risk assessment through which any potential

hazards are identified. The APVMA can then require the formulation, packaging or labels to be changed in order to minimise risk.

Agchem labels must clearly convey the manner in which that product is to be used. Labels also contain warnings which are reflective of the hazards identified in the risk assessment.

The additional labelling regulations require hazard statements to be applied to chemical labels arbitrarily, as triggered by the active constituents present in the product. They do not require an expert technical regulator to carry out a risk assessment and hazard statements may reflect risks that have been mitigated through the formulation, packaging or prescribed use of the product.

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The change threatens to impose a weaker system of user protection on top of an already strong one, undermining its effectiveness, creating confusion and increasing regulatory costs by millions of dollars.

Despite CropLife Australia, the Plastics and Chemicals Industries Association, Accord (the national industry association for the hygiene, cosmetic and specialty products industry), the Commonwealth Department of Agriculture and the APVMA repeatedly expressing their opposition to the change, Safe Work Australia has pushed ahead in an attempt to make the new requirements law by 1 January 2017.

The model regulations have been adopted as law in all states except Victoria and Western Australia.

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The importance of good science In many cases pseudoscience can have a significant impact on public perception and public policy, even when it is discredited by the vast majority of the scientific community.

In 2012, Gilles-Éric Séralini published a paper in the journal Food and Chemical Toxicology claiming that experiments had shown rats experienced negative health effects after being fed herbicide-resistant maize. It was completely discredited by the global scientific community and retracted by the journal in 2013, but not before receiving global media attention.

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In the United Kingdom, a 1998 study suggesting a link between a common childhood vaccine and autism generated considerable fear in the general public concerning the safety of the vaccine.

The UK Department of Health and several other health organisations immediately pointed to the lack of evidence for such claims and urged parents not to reject the vaccine.

The media subsequently widely reported that none of the original claims had been substantiated.

Nonetheless, in 2002 between 20 and 25 per cent of the public continued to believe in the vaccine–autism link and a further 39 to 53 per cent continued to believe there was equal evidence on both sides of the debate.

Ultimately, it emerged that the first author of the study had failed to disclose a significant conflict of interest and the journal officially retracted the article. However, the paper had already caused significant damage to public perception.

In 2014, a taskforce set up by IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) reported that neonicotinoid pesticides were causing ‘significant damage to a wide range of beneficial invertebrate species and are a key factor in the decline of bees’. Despite government funded research in the United Kingdom and around the world that provided evidence to the contrary, the European Union used the IUCN report as justification to ban neonicotinoids in Europe. This decision cost British farmers alone £640 million in one season. Leaked minutes from the taskforce’s first meeting in 2010 indicate that it had the intention of building evidence to support a ban before carrying out any experiments.

Research on this subject should be reflective of environmental exposure, tests should be replicated by independent scientists and damaging policy decisions should not be made on cherry-picked results, especially when there are ample studies that have a contrary conclusion.

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This framework was developed by Andy Bunning, a chemistry teacher in the United Kingdom who runs the online blog ‘Compound Interest’ and has been adapted by CropLife Australia

Sensationalised headlines Headlines are designed to get the attention of readers and make them click on the article. The headline may exaggerate or oversimplify the findings of the study, or misrepresent them entirely. Always read on.

Misinterpreted results Third parties, such as the media or groups with a vested interest, often take scientific research and use it to write a good story or champion a specific cause.

Always try to find the original paper and read the results for yourself.

Conflict of interests A conflict of interest in the funding of research does not necessarily make the findings invalid but it’s always important to apply thorough scrutiny.

Ideological activists and organisations with vested interests often engage scientists to publish research that results in conclusions which are favourable to their cause.

Speculative language Good scientists report their research objectively.

Be wary of words such as, ‘may’, ‘could’ and ‘might’ as they can indicate the author is trying to draw tenuous conclusions from inconclusive research.

Correlation not causation One of the most common faults of pseudoscience is to imply that correlation between two variables implies causation. Strong correlations include the age of Miss America versus murders by steam, hot vapours and hot objects (US) 1999-2009 (correlation = 0.87), per capital consumption of mozzarella cheese (US) versus civic engineering doctorates awarded (US) 2000-2009 (correlation = 0.96), and as shown below, the prevalence of autism versus organic food sales (correlation = 1.00).

No control group used In clinical trials designed to test the effects of a particular substance or force on a subject, control groups which are not being exposed to the substance or force should be used for comparison. Each group should be selected at random from the test population and all variables other than that being tested should be kept the same.

Small sample size

No blind testing used

In order to produce conclusive results, scientific experiments must use large samples to overcome chance, coincidence and cherry‑picking. Logically, many concepts and hypotheses originate from observing a single or a small number of occurrences but further experimentation, with large sample sizes, should be carried out before conclusions are drawn.

Subjects of a clinical trial should not know if they are in the control group or the test group and neither should the researchers, until after the testing is done.

This reduces the chance of bias or psychological interference with a physical experiment. This is the reason that placebo groups are often used in medical trials.

Unrepresentative samples Experimentation should match the real world environment as much as possible. For example, test subjects should be a good representation of the larger population they are said to represent.

The environment to which a subject is exposed in a lab should be reflective of the environment to which the subject is exposed in a real word situation.

Cherry-picked results Cherry-picking is when data is selected from an experiment which supports a particular conclusion.

When scrutinising research, it is important to make sure that all experimental data has been given equal weight and nothing has been omitted.

Unreplicable results Experiments should be able to be replicated by independent researchers and produce the same results to ensure that general conclusions can be made. Testing should be independently repeated multiple times before drawing a conclusion, especially when the original results are unexpected or appear extraordinary.

Journals and citations Research published in major journals should have gone through a peer review process, but this is not always the case. It is important to closely scrutinise journal articles to determine what the required review process was prior to publication. It is also important to remember that having a large number of citations does not always indicate that the research is of high quality.

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Q. Where would we be without crop protection products?

A. No Australian hops for beer No Australian strawberries No Australian grapes for wine

In fact

100%

of commercial production of almonds, apples, artichokes, asparagus, blueberries, cabbage, carrots, celery, cherries, cranberries, cucumbers, grapes, green beans, hazelnuts, hops, lettuce, mint, nectarines, olives, onions, papayas, peaches, peanuts, pears, pecans, pistachios, potatoes, raspberries, rice, spinach, strawberries, sugar beet, sweet peppers and tomatoes in Australia is attributable to crop protection products.

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…and In total

68% of Australia’s agricultural production is attributable to the use of crop protection products.

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Five facts about genetically modified (GM) crops

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GM is the most precise form of plant breeding in agriculture Modern genetic engineering is the most precise form of breeding agriculture has seen. Traditional cross breeding and hybridisation involves the transfer of thousands of genes from one species to another. This method involves a lot of trial and error as gene transfer cannot be precisely predicted.

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Genetic modification involves selecting singular genes for transfer. For example, genes that produce insulin for medical use have been introduced into bacteria.

Genes from bacteria have been introduced into corn and cotton to dramatically reduce insect damage.

GM is one of many innovations in agriculture that leads to more productive and efficient farming In addition to agricultural biotechnology, traditional breeding, agronomy, improved land management and sustainability research will all contribute to more efficient land use and food security. The future will see many genetic traits, including improved performance in dry environments, grain yield, tolerance to high

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temperatures and improved nutrition, incorporated into many food, feed and fibre crops. It is likely that some of these new varieties will be realised using genetic modification, some using traditional breeding techniques and some using new innovations.

GM is beneficial to the environment The adoption of GM crops has resulted in enormous environmental benefits, including a significant reduction in the release of greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural practices. This results from less fuel use and additional soil carbon storage from reduced

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tillage with GM crops. In 2013, this was equivalent to removing 28 billion kg of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere or equal to removing 12.4 million cars — 72 per cent of the cars registered in Australia— from the road for one year.

GM improves existing crop plants to meet farmer and consumer needs Far from creating radical changes to plants, GM produces defined improvements to existing crop plants that meet a recognised need, such as food quality, increased yield or pest resistance. Strong regulatory systems ensure that GM crops meet stringent standards.

Often GM technologies don’t involve the introduction of any new genes from another species. Rather they turn the ‘volume’ up or down of a certain gene already present in our crops (rather than introducing foreign genes).

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Industry Stewardship

drumMUSTER and ChemClear are industry stewardship programs run

by CropLife Australia’s wholly owned subsidiary Agsafe. The programs are run as part of the Industry Waste Reduction Scheme (IWRS).

Participating members in the IWRS are CropLife Australia, Animal Medicines Australia, Veterinary Manufacturers and Distributors Association, the National Farmers’ Federation and the Australian Local Government Association.

Agsafe recognised in international award Agsafe was named as a finalist in the 2014 International Agrow Awards for ‘Best Stewardship Programme (Accreditation & Training, drumMUSTER and ChemClear)’.

and production industry. This is the seventh instalment of the prestigious awards which calls for applications from around the globe.

The award category recognises outstanding schemes that manage agrochemical or agbiotech products in the marketplace in a sustainable way.

Agsafe has grown from a small industry accreditation program to become Australia’s largest industry stewardship organisation—serving the agricultural and veterinary chemical industry, farmers and other users of agvet chemical products.

The Agrow Awards were developed to reward excellence in the crop protection

CropLife President’s Award for outstanding commitment At the CropLife National Forum, CropLife President, Lachie McKinnon, presented two awards for outstanding commitment to CropLife and the plant science industry both in Australia and overseas.

Andrew Horsfield, General Manager, Technical & Development with Adama Australia, received the award for ongoing commitment and contribution to industry wide activities that support modern agriculture but particularly for his work on all three of CropLife’s Resistance Management Review Groups over many years.

His willingness to share his experience has been critical in assisting CropLife in representing our members’ interests.

Andrew Horsfield, Adama Australia, receiving the CropLife President’s Award for Contribution to the Plant Science Industry from Lachie McKinnon, President of CropLife Australia and General Manager ANZ at Nufarm.

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Peter Arkle, Global Stewardship Lead at Syngenta, received the award for his long service to the plant science sector, and the wider agricultural industry. His passion and experience supporting CropLife’s whole-ofindustry stewardship initiatives has been recognised by Syngenta appointing him to lead stewardship programs internationally.

Peter Arkle, Syngenta, received the CropLife President’s Award for Contribution to the Plant Science Industry.

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international perspective CropLife’s 10 most influential international studies of 2014

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Technologies to tackle food security in 2050

The International Food Policy Research Institute published a groundbreaking study in February which pinpointed the agricultural technologies that can reduce food insecurity in 2050, taking into account the anticipated impact of climate change. Crop protection products and plants with genetic traits, such as heat and drought tolerance, were shown to have significant potential to meet the challenge.

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Australia reports no neonicotinoid impact on bees

In February the Australian Government published a positive report on bee health. The report found that the introduction of neonicotinoids had led to ‘an overall reduction in the risks to the agricultural environment from the application of insecticides’, adding that Australian honeybee populations were not in decline despite the increased use of neonicotinoids.

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Crop protection key to long-term productivity

In November a panel of influential authors from The Council for Agricultural Science and Technology produced a paper that concluded crop protection products must play a key role in supporting long-term global food production in both developed and developing countries.

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Eighty per cent of economic benefits from an agricultural innovation that are protected by intellectual property can go to farmers and consumers, a report found in November.

The report analyses Ogura, an oilseed rape hybridization technology developed by the French National Research Institute.

It found the technology created €1.2 billion in total economic benefits to society over its 20 year patent life.

More than 18 million farmers planted biotech crops on 175 million hectares in 2013, according to the annual biotech report published by the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications in February.

Of the farmers planting biotech crops, more than 90 per cent, or 16.5 million, were small-scale and resource-poor farmers.

Intellectual property rights bring huge benefits to society

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Planting the four billionth acre of biotech crops

On May 3, 2014, Truth About Trade and Technology reported that the four billionth acre of biotech crop had been planted.

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University warns of increased global threat from crop pests Many of the world’s most important cropproducing countries will be fully saturated with pests by the middle of the century if current trends continue, according to academics at the University of Exeter. They published the results of their study in August.

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Credibility of anti-neonic scientists questioned

Research blaming pesticides for the decline in honeybees was called into question by a leaked memo in December.

It suggested scientists had decided in advance to seek evidence supporting a ban on the chemicals. The memo says that the scientists agreed to select authors to produce four papers and coordinate their publication to ‘obtain the necessary policy change, to have these pesticides banned’.

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Global adoption of biotech grows with smallholder farmers leading the way

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Devastating impact of neonicotinoid ban in UK

Around 18,000 hectares of winter oilseed rape crops were lost due to damage from cabbage stem flea beetle that would normally be controlled through neonicotinoid seed treatments, according to data released by the UK Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board in September. It is the first autumn without neonicotinoid seed treatments.

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Meta-analysis discovers better harvests and higher incomes among biotech farmers On average, plant biotechnology adoption has increased crop yields by 22 per cent and increased farmer profits by 68 per cent, according to a metadata analysis published in November. The data found yield and profit gains to be higher in developing countries than in developed countries.

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News and Events

Tobias Marchand is taking over from Jacqueline Applegate as Managing Director Bayer CropScience and Chairperson and Managing Director for the Bayer Group of Companies in Australia and New Zealand, effective 1 March 2015.

In line with the company’s strategy to deliver innovative digital solutions and to create simplicity in agriculture, Adama has announced a partnership with EFOS, the manufacturer of Trapview, to be the exclusive distributor in both Australia and New Zealand for Trapview automated pest monitoring systems.

Trapview utilises revolutionary technology in a fully integrated system to provide an innovative, simplified solution for growers, agronomists and researchers needing to monitor insect populations. It works by capturing images and providing digital recognition of pests in any given number of traps.

Dow AgroSciences (DAS) launched a Corporate Citizenship initiative last year to participate in a global Network partnership with AMPATH (www.ampathkenya.org), a consortium of 17 North American Universities led by Indiana University School of Medicine.

The purpose is to engage DAS employees who volunteer their time and expertise to help solve challenges of food security and hunger in developing economies.

Dow AgroSciences is delighted that Sarah Russell French (DAS ANZ Product Stewardship and Sustainability Leader) is currently on a six-month assignment in Eldoret, Kenya where she is working on a range of agriculture-related projects.

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Tobias has worked in various leadership roles for Bayer in the Philippines, Germany, South America, Central America and Singapore and will bring a breadth of experience and depth of knowledge from around the globe to his new role.

DuPont Crop Protection has launched its new website (www.cropprotection. dupont.com.au) as a portal for its full range of insecticide, fungicide and herbicide products. The website is designed to be extremely user friendly and products may be accessed in multiple ways, including via market segments. It also has an internal search engine that allows the user to look up various pests and diseases and quickly evaluate the best options.

Monsanto is confident of seeing continued uptake of GM canola in 2015.

The company expects GM canola plantings will increase to as much as 20 per cent of the total canola crop in 2015.

Continued investment in R & D by seed companies, strong demand from growers on the east and west coasts and new technologies such as the double-stacked RR/TT lines will make 2015 a big year for ag biotech.

Nufarm is pleased to announce it is a founding member of the new Pasture Improvement Initiative.

The Pasture Improvement Initiative is a collaboration between agribusiness and industry stakeholders to boost the productivity, profitability and sustainability of Australia’s pastures, as well as contribute to a more strategic approach to pasture management.

For more information on the Pasture Improvement Initiative, visit pastureimprovementinitiative.com.au

Leading growers and agronomists have been recognised for their outstanding contribution to farming in Australia and New Zealand as part of the inaugural Syngenta Growth Awards. The Growth Awards recognise individual achievements in agricultural productivity, sustainability, and commitment to community and people. The 10 winners, announced at a gala dinner in Sydney on 11 December 2014, were selected from a group of 25 high-calibre finalists, judged by an expert panel including representatives from the Australian Farm Institute, Sefton & Associates, Rimfire Resources and WWF–Australia.

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CropLife’s National Forum The CropLife National Forum was recently held at the National Press Club of Australia.

The forum was officially opened by Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Agriculture, Senator the Hon. Richard Colbeck, and addressed by the Shadow Minister for Agriculture, the Hon. Joel Fitzgibbon MP. Attendees also heard from government regulators, agricultural industry leaders, market experts and scientists.

The forum was followed by an agricultural industry function at Hotel Realm where members were joined by parliamentarians, industry partners, journalists and foreign dignitaries to celebrate the successes of 2014 and gain insight into the bright future ahead for Australia’s plant science industry.

Doug Edmeades, Managing Director, agKnowledge, and Jacqueline Applegate, Managing Director at Bayer CropScience Australia and New Zealand.

Senator the Hon. Richard Colbeck, Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Agriculture, Matthew Cossey, Chief Executive Officer of CropLife Australia, Simon Talbot, Chief Executive Officer of the National Farmers’ Federation and Andrew Metcalfe AO, Partner at Ernst and Young and former Secretary of the Department of Agriculture.

Matthew Cossey, Chief Executive Officer of CropLife Australia and the Hon Joel Fitzgibbon MP, Shadow Minister for Agriculture.

Mark Coulton MP, Federal Member for Parkes, Robyn Coulton and Ted Menzies, President and Chief Executive Officer of CropLife Canada and former Canadian Minister for Finance.

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Dr Marion Healy, Deputy Chief Executive Officer and Chief Scientist, Food Standards Australian New Zealand.

Kareena Arthy, Chief Executive Officer of the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority.

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CropLife Australia is the peak organisation representing the best of Australia’s plant science and crop protection product companies.

CropLife ensures world’s best stewardship and responsible use of the industry’s products through its code of conduct and has set a benchmark for industry stewardship through programs such as drumMUSTER, ChemClear and Agsafe Accreditation and Training.

That is why you can have full confidence when dealing with a CropLife member company.

CropLife represents Australia’s leading innovators, developers, manufacturers, formulators and registrants of crop protection and agricultural biotechnology products.

CropLife Australia is part of the CropLife International Federation, representing the plant science sector in 91 countries around the world.

C r o pl i f e A u s t r al i a L i m i t e d t 02 6230 6399 f 02 6230 6355 w www.croplife.org.au

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