Macrophage polarization signaling pathway

Macrophage Polarization Signaling Pathway Macrophages are tissue-resident professional phagocytes, which play an important role in immune-regulation. Activated macrophages are routinely classified into two different types: M1macrophages (classic activation) and M2macrophages (alternative activation). M1 macrophages are pro-inflammatory and have a central role in host defense against infection, while M2 macrophages are associated with responses to anti-inflammatory reactions and tissue remodeling, and they represent two terminals of the full spectrum of macrophage activation. M1–M2 polarization of macrophage is a tightly controlled process entailing a set of signaling pathways, transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulatory networks.

M1 stimuli M1 phenotype of macrophage is stimulated by microbial products or pro-inflammatory cytokines. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is the main the cytokine produced form Th1 cells that polarizes macrophages toward theM1 phenotype. IFN-γ receptor is formed of the IFNGR and IFNAR chains. The receptor recruits Janus kinase (Jak) 1 and Jak2 adaptors which further lead to the activation of STAT1 (signal transducers and activators of transcription 1). IFN-γ triggers the expression programs of specific gene including Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) II, interleukin (IL)-12, nitric oxide synthase2 (NOS2) and suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)1.IFN-γ is involved in combination with LPS in the M1/M2 paradigm. However, the gene expression profiles of the combination are different from lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or IFN-γ profiles alone. https://www.creative-diagnostics.com/macrophage-polarization-signaling-pathway.h tm