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Vol.III

Issue No. 01

Oct.-April 2010-11

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI Tha taruk khudinggi oina puthokpa chephong

aTdWPl P A P aFfUkYs lPxhY

KANGLEIPAK COMMUNIST PARTY

Lanthengminnasi Eikhoi Yawollupsinggi onna teinabada yawolloi sabasing thorakpa haibasisu mahousagi lichatni. Masi pumnamak asi chaokhatlon (Dialectics)gi machat ama oijaragasu lamdamsigi yawol lalhoubu paring chumna chathanba haibasimadi yawolloisinggi pangthokphadraba thoudangni.

Ngasi ngasimak nouriba yawolloisingda pipham thokpa laangi saritsara takpi tambiba, leibakki semitlon neinaba, leisemlongi oiba wakhal lousing tahanba, tangai phadana yaodaba yadraba maheimasing heihanba, hairibasing asigi mathakta matamsiga chunaba laangi lallongsing neinabaga loina loinana yeknabagi lanmigsingga thengnabada makhoidagi henna khumang chaosinba lallong amasung lanjangsingna makhoibu maithiba pinabagi thourang kayamarum loukhatpa mathou tarakli. Yawol ihouna asukki matik khongjel yangkhatlak-i-bagi matik yeknabagi Counter Revolutionery Operation su kankhatlakpa haibasi mayekna tajaraba waphamni.

Houkhiba decade mangagi mathakta changsillaklaba lamdamsigi ningtam lalhou asi masak-machu thokhanba ingam ngamdari. Yawollupsinggi luptin semminnarakkhiba kayasu changyenggi thaktagi hendri. Yawollupsing punsinnabadagi di kaitharakpagi awaba thengnanaba hotnabana lupsinggi mapung oiba thabak oinari. Maikei amaromdana yeknabagi mapanggalna yumlonnaba leibaksing lansinduna pakthoksandorakli. Loilam amasung malemgi ahongba khunnailol, senmitlon, leingaklongi cheithengda eikhoigi miyamgi punsi nongma nongmagi hamchatnarakli, maham tarakli. Maikei khudingmakta sokchillakliba pumnamak asi yawolloisinggi panggal, thouna amasung lousingda singnaba hengatlaklibani. Masi Kanglei iv

Lanthengminnasi Eikhoi

Editorial IRABOT KI KHUTLAI PAIBA COMMUNIST LALHOU AMASUNG MAGI MAKHA SAMTHARAKPA

“Su – nomliba kanglupki lupsinggi maiyokta Communist singna leptuna tonganba lup ama semde……….

Communist singna su–nomliba kanglup singgi atei lupsingdagi masak naina uhallibasi masikhaktanani: 1. Tongan tonganba leibak singgi sinmisingna thengnakhiba mareibakki lanthengda, makhoigi maramdamduda leiminnariba phijet–chakcha mannaba, lol–li tinnaba amasung hourakpham punba miwoi kangbu pumnamaktugi nattabada, sinmi loinamakna amanasu amanasu iyayanaragadaba mayamgi oiba apambasingdu makhoina khandorak–i amasung mangda puthokrak–i.

2. Senjao–tanbasinggi maiyokta chattharakkhiba su–nomliba kanglupki lanthengna chaokhatlakpagi thak kayada, makhoina amatta choithoktana matam leiba khibikta amasung mapham pumnamakta ihoudugi apambasing khangna thabak pangthok-i.”

(Communist Manifesto Part II Proletarians & Communist)

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Ngasigi mirolna manung mapan anida thengnariba khwaidagi khudong chadaba amadi laibak thiba phibham haiba tarabadi masini.

Ngasigi Kangleipaksidadi Irabot ki matamga pumnamak onna teinaba ngaktani. Mannaba pandam, mannaba panthung amagidamak tongan tonganba lup mayam ama semgatnabana chatnabi oiraktuna amadi lup amadagi machet machet tabagi heinabina khunaisigi miwoi khudingmakki luda tongda changsinkhrabagum thadokpa ngamnadabana leibaksi kangkhong chaire. Leibakki apunba misingsu yamjadaba, pikkhraba Kangleipaksida lalhoulupna sou sare. Masigi mathakta lup amakhaktang gi mingda machet- makai mayam amana hikku thubagum charong yanna leire. Phibham asi amaga amaga changda khetnabagi watani lup khudingmakta loina mayoknaribani.

Machet makai tabagi khudong chadaba phibhamsi mayamdagidi eikhoigi lupsidana khara henna amuk mayoknari. Masagi chap chaba wakhallongi phirep leitaba, migi ithilda chatpa, machingmason naiba, matik-mapa chai-chade khangdana luchingba oiningba, adusu senkhai-thumkhaiga mari leinaba thabakthouram tamak mikaba, leibakki khandaba yawol lalhoubu bandhop thamdoklaga sareng thongba chathokpa phamthol chaoningba kharana mathang mathang macha pokthoraktuna mapung oina leiriba lupsigi minggi mameida wahei ama ani napsillaga lupcha mayam ama thorakli. Asigumba lupcha mayam ama thoraklibasi marup-mapang oina leibakki thougai pangminnariba lupsingna amaga amaga thamoi sengna tengbangnaduna waroisin ama puraknaba amadi wakheinabagi makha taba thourang kaya paikhatminnaba ama changlibani.

Masigi mahutta lup amadagi khaidorakpa machet amamam eigi eigi phuritkhaoda hapchinnaraga lannai khudongchaba loubana mangoinaba apikpa wakhalna keidounungdasu pumnamkki yaiphaba purakloi. Miyamgi thamoida yawollupsingda thamlamba thajabagi mamisi tasengnamak ngasidi samkhrabani. Yawollupsing, natraga yawollupsinggi maikhum uppasing, natraga senkhailup singgi maiyokta ngasi miyamna phongna wakat mipham kaya leikai khun houduna pangthokpa ngamnarak-i-basi taraina loupham thokte. Masi yawollupsinggi asoi-aran chumthokchanabagi tanja adu pibani haina loupham thokee.

eptember tha manungsida miyamgi luchingba Irabotki ningsing thouram leibakki kachin-koya sin–thungna pangthoknari. Luchingba asibu magi magi aningba/apamba mawongda ikai khumnaduna magi maphamda heikat-leikat tamnari. Masimadi khwai pumnamakna amatta oina yanei, madudi : Lamyanba Irabotna magi athengba punshigi sarukta aronba Communist Party of Manipur lingkhattuna lamdamsida khutlai paibagi lalhou changsillammi amadi Communist ki wakhallon paringda su–nomlaga hingjaba loumi–sinmi kanglupki michangda leptuna mahakna miyamgi ihou kaya sagatkhi, adugumba mahakki Communist Ideology da yumpham oiba ihousingduna leibakki achouba awonba kaya purakkhi, loinana makha taba lanthengsinggi khongjang kaya changsinnaba mirot oina magi aroiba punsigi mikup phaoba hotnarammi. Matamduda houkhiba mahakki yawol ihoudubu leibak miyam hupna sougatkhi, ihoudugi amatta ngairaba miyamgi luchingba mahakni, aduga su-nomliba kanglupki khutlai paiba lupsu taret–tara sukhide Communist Party of Manipur khaktani.

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Lanthengminnasi Eikhoi khunnaigi hingba natraga sibagi laibak lepkadaba puwarigi tangpham amasuni. Asigumba chiraba tangpham asida KYKL gi luching purel oibiramba Tachou (Achou) Toijamba na manung matam chadana punsi pikhamnakhiba loinana mahak leikhidabaga ikan-kannadana UNLF ki Luching purel khwai mayamgi Yambung R.K. Meghen @ Sanayaima buna Bangladesh ta yeknabagi makhutta takhiba haibasi lamdamsigi yawol ihou amasung yawollupsinggi khwaidagi laibak thibani. Masak nairaba luchingbasing asina puramba yawolgi potlum pumnamak ngasigi mirolgi yawolloisingda loina thongatlaklabani.

Aduna luchingpurel anisigi makha tarakpa luchingbasinggi, loinana lamdamsigi yawolloisinggi hei-singba amasung katthokpagi chang asi hannadagi yamna hengattaba yaraktrabani.

Editor —Editor

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YAOPHAM TAKPA ♦ EDITORIAL

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♦ HINDU LAININGNA KANGLEI KHUNNAIDA PIBA CHEITHENG

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♦ KANGLEIPAKTA FACTIONALISM GI CHEITHENG

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♦ KANGLEIPAKTA MIWOIBAGI HAK KHONGGAONABA

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♦ WAR AMADI ARMED CONFLICT ZONE AMADA NUPIBU OTPI-NEIBIBA

60 ****

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thokrakli. Aruba wapham amana khunaida thaksi-khasi leiraktaba, touheiba touheidaba leiraktaba leibak ngakpana kanano leibak thugaibana kanano haiba mapham-marang khanglaktaba mapu pandaba khunai ama oirakpa asini. Masi khunai asigi lichat kaitharakpagi potthokni. Mareibak maramdam nungsiba leiraktaba, khongdagi ton- phaoba mi khudingmak nattaba tounaraba, mee khudingmak phattaba ngakta tounaraba, mee khudingmak meephatta ngakta ngairaklaba, mee khudingmak masagi thoudang lounaraktraba, mee khudingmak wawoi thawoidaba lindaobagi khunai ama oirakle, meepum khudingmak karisu touba ngamdaba meethibong meetambal, hangna saba mee, ahoba mee, laphu mee pumnamak asi oirakkhiba asi neinaruba taragadi Kangleichasing paron purongi phajaraba chatna kanglongi langei oiriba “Puya mei thakhiba” Kangleichasingbu namduna Hindu laining louhankhiba asinasu yamna maru oiba hourakpham amani .

Hindu lainingna Kangleichasingda asuk thina sokhalliba aduga Pamheiba ningthouna Hindu laining pambagi oithokpa yaba nunggi warol Hindu lainingbu yamna hanthaba laining lichatni haibadi achumba wahei oidaba yai, aduga masi kwaidagi liraba ahingba laining amani haibasisu yaning-e; toubadadi Hindu laininggi maruoiba Muni-Rishi, Purohit, Swami amasung Baba sing asi namthak, oidapada touba, tousinnaba sasinnaba, nupi-angangda nattaba lichat chatpa amasung dharma gi laisang kaya oktabi nupigi leipham oiramba asi matam kayagi mamangdagi lainig asiga loinaduna lakli malemgi meepum khudingmakna khangna unaraba waphamni. Ngasi ngasimaksu Hindu laining chatpa ayamba meepum khudingmakna

HINDU LAININGNA KANGLEI KHUNNAIDA PIBA CHEITHENG

Thengra

Kangleichasing gi mamal naidraba paron puron kayagi puyabumei thaduna manghankhiba Ningthougi akanba cheirakna namphuda Hindu machu shangkhiba kaoba yararoidaba Mera tha’.

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umit adu ngasidagi chahi 278 shure, chahi kumja 1732 gi Mera thagi 17 ni panba Nongmaijing (Sunday) numit asida Meiteigi maru-oiba paron purongi; laining laison, leingaklon, amsung malem leisemlon kaya maru phangna mangtaknaba hotnakhiba; asigumba numit asi “Meitei lairik manghanba” haina khangnari Kumbabada palli; Diary of Manpur (1904) dana 1733 dani haina palli, page 57 Diary of Manipur da asumna hai- “Manipur gi record khudingmak amasung laining laisongi lairik (Religious books) pumnamak Raja Garib Nawaj gi yathangna khomgatlaga mahak yaona mei tharammi”.

Lairik shing adu mei-thadoktringei mamangda, Meitei maichou mangagi khwaigi ahal Lourembam Khongnang Thabana matam adugi ningthou Pamheiba (Raj Garib Nawaj) da hairammi “He ningthou ibungo, ipa-ipusingna thambiramba mamal yamlaba Puyasing asibu mei thadoklasi haibasidi yamna

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touheidaba namungba wani. Ereibakki aphaba lichat-shajatpu thadoklaga meereibakki lamchatpu aphabani khanduna chatnabasi tungda leibak ningthougi amangba oigani�. (Meitei Ningthourol, page108). Mapandagi lakpa Santi Das na haibana chumle khankhraba ningthouna Meitei eikhoigi areiba lairik puya makhei Kangla utra mamangda puraknaba yathang louthoklammi. Ningthougi cheirak kibadagi Meiteigi Lairik areiba khudingmak puraktuna Shanti Das na takpa matung inna Puya mayamdu khaga-wangga peiduna uchuk taruk yungle, Shengkhal taret haple, thouri ahumna uchuk phare, chithek marida uchiwa mari yungle mathakta phina thakhal khalle.

Shanti Das na ising happa chaphu ama marengbanda thangatlaga makhutta thang amane meibul amane paiduna mahakna mang thana leiraga chithek marigi uchuk aduda thangna haklaga ising khara khara heire, Puyada mei chure magi tungda chatliba mayamnasu meibul ama pairaga mei chure aduga taibang mee poloibagi mawongda taretlak koiduna puya singdu mei thakhi (Meitei Ningthourol page no.109). Meiteigi yek salaibu Gotra kouduna Salai gi ming nouna thollammi; asumna Kangleicha kayasu ningthougi akanba yathangna namduna Hindu laining laison chathankhi. Numit asi ngasidi leibak meeyamna ningamdabagi ningsing thouram khara-khara pangthoknabadi hourakle. Kangleichasingna matam khudingmakta ningsingadabadi khunnai asibu ki-tukatcharaba, chatna kanglon, lichat sajat amasung miga migagi marakta awang anem khaibagi kuyomna kupsinkhiba numit asi yamna kuiraba miga laiga samnaringei ningsingba thoktringei matamgi wari natte. Numit asi kangleichasingga tatna thanaba yadraba houjik hingliba punsi asigi

oirakliba phibamga yamna naknaba mari leinariba amasung maru oiba ahingba numit amani.

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(*** maranna mapot pharaba Shanti Das pu warakpa ngamdrabasu laigi wayel laktuna Masada laithung pakle.

Laithung pakpana masa adu unsa pokhaiduna nai chaduna machum tarabada manam namthibana maagi manakta changba ngamnadre, haying wa-wa inba namthiba manam aduna Shanti Das chaba thakpa yadare. Mabu ubada mee pumnamak hanggoinare. Shanti Das ki laithung adu ubada konungda thamba yadaduna Wakha Panthongda yum ama saraga manai amaga loinana thamlammi. Mathwai nungaitabadagi Shanti Das makoi marang kaktabamakhei wana leibadu ubada ahan laman singnadi Ningthou kibadagi karimata haiba ngamdrabasu miki nakidaba nahasingna Shanti Das pu ubada laknarammi waheidi –�Wakhadaba koijomba nakoi phat thadatke�. (Meitei Ningthourol page -112) Ngasidi Kangleipak mikap miraokhongi amadi awaanagi khonjenna nongdon atiya sinna nillare. Namphuda chathankhiba miga-migagi marakta anem-awang khaibagi kanglonda kanglup-masen hatnaba chingmi-tammi yengthinabana kumsi chahi 2010 asidasu numit 68 chingmisingna blocked toukhiba, madugi mathakta gari driver kaya amadi leita laira thibada mayum makei thadoktuna gari handleman oiriba kayabu otpi neibiba, ka henba senkhai thumkhai loukhatkhiba lamdam asigi mouhasadagi leiminaraklaba tongantonganba phurupki yelhoumising marakta thorakliba phuna-cheinaba, hatna sunaba amana amagi mathakta yengthinaba nungsinadaba kaya

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amasung Pakhangba Naoyon kouba puya anishi makha pangna paikhiduna Thangjing chinggi Heichampet houba maphamda takhi, humai humba matamda Tauroinai Naoyomna chingkhei pangna paokhiduna Khoidra Chingarenda takhi, amuk humai humbada Shingkhal Naoyum amasung Yangbi Thiren kouba Puya ani ashina Koubru pangna paikhiduna Langol Konna Lokki tera angoubagi makhongda takhi, amasung Thiren Shakokna meiram pangna paikhi. Paron Puron kayadagi leiraklaba mamal naidraba puya kayabu khomgatlaga mei thaduna manghanba asida ningthougi mayokta chongthokpa ngamdrabasu mei thaba yaoriba meithin-chei pairiba puyabu nungsijaba Meitei macha singna khannaraga aronba pambeina mei chakpa hourakpada mamal yamlaba puya kharadi cheina kotthoktuna kana khanghan uhandana lonna thamjillaga arappa maphamda puduna phumkhibani hainei. Humai humbada chakpa ngamdaba laioiraba puyashing adu meibu chaikhairamlaga paikhibani haina mayamda sandokkhi-(Meitei Ningthourol page 111 Sarangthem Boramani). Asumna puyashing mei thakhraba tungda karamna kalhouribano leihouribano haibagi maramda tongan–tonganba apamba wakhal-mityeng pinarabasu puya khara asi leihoubasina ngasi Kangleipakki ipa-ipugi khongul-likhul libada achouba mateng oinaribani, natlamdrabadi khunnai ashigi chatna kanglon kaya nganlingei matamda phurup asi leirambagi masak adu loinamak manglamba yabagi khudongthiba maiyoknaramgani.

Pamheiba Ningthougi Mamanggi Matamda Kangleipakki Leingaklon, Chatna kanglon

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laini (God) khallaga latnariba malemgi leibak 168 na ikai khumnariba loinana Shiva Mahadeva gi Saiwon/langwon ni (The incarnation of Lord Shiva) lounariba Banglore gi Satya (Sai) Baba asengba masak houkhiba 17 June 2004 da BBC na malemgi miyamda khanghankhre, India gi Prime Minister Narasinha Rao gi Chadraswami gi wari malemgi meepum khudingmakna khangle, makhal kayagi scandle chennaraba Ram Deba Baba, oktabi nupi lallonbagi wathokta toina chennaraba Ichhadhari Baba (Saint) amuk hanna oktabi nupi kayaga loinana lupa Crore 100 gi mathakta peisa tallambagi 25 February, 2010 da Delhi Police na fakhiba, nupi oibi kayabu makhoigi awaba kokhanbiribani amadi kokpirabani hairaga nattaba lichat chatpa Renta Babana na Cuttack District ki Salepur dagi Pramila bu mapuroibagi anabadu phattaba lai nupi pamba amana mangonda yaoduna leire mahakna lai adu Pramila masadagi louthokpige haikhi. Asumna Pramila thajahanduna nattaba lichat (sex) kayarak chatthakhi ningba kairabi mapuroibasu kanba ngamhoudrabi Pramila na police taktuna phahankhi. Renta Baba bu Cuttack police na 15 December 2009 da phakhi, hairibasingsida nattana attoppa Baba,Swami, Muni amasung Guru kaya amasu leiribani.

Pamheiba nigthougi mamang amasung mahakki matamda lakkhiba Hindu Guru sing adusu tousinnaba sasinnaba oija-oithak amadi leipham chapham thiba lakpa nupi angangda oida-pada kaya haisinduna nattaba lichat chatpa hanthaba kanglup oirambasu yai.

Masigi khudam haibabu; “Meitei Sheengtak kouba lairikta-Pamheiba ningthoubu mapa lannabagi macha ama oina pirammi. Madudi ningthou Charaironbagi ibemma Nungthil Chaibibu Paonam Hiden mamangda Pheida Hidanggi mayumda leihalli maduda Bhishnu

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Lanthengminnasi Eikhoi

Gossami mayang lamboibana chengniba saduna Pheida Hidanggi yumda changlakkhi. Chaibina khamduna khubak mayi yenghanbada “ Ningthougi ibemma nacha pok-u haiba leite” hairabada, kari touraga pokkani hangbada, Gossami na nangna nacha pokke hairabadi eigi icha pige haiduna khujeng paibada , ibemmana yaduna phamjao kaduna maru huknakhibadei, lannaba macha ama (Pamheiba) maru hunkhi”. (Meiteengu Lainingthou Paikhomba lamai 98 ; A short history of Kangleipak page 6).

ningthouna mirollabi nupisingbu mapuroiba hatlaga loubagi anouba lichat kaya ningthouda tambirammi. Wangkhemcha Chingtamlen na iba lairik—”A Short History of Kangleipak” ta asumna hai, “Shanti Das na hairakpa khudingmak nigthouna athingba leiramde ningthougi amamba lambida mangal piba meeni haina khallammi. Ningthou Pamheibana tougadaba thabak thouram kaya yatthoklammi. Leima ahal Apambi amadi Ningthougi nungsichanna leiba mari adu manghanduna nigthougi yaifanabagidamakni haiduna leimana haiba thabak kgudingmak touhanlamde, ningthougi leima 10 leigadabani haibasi mahakki ahanba paotakni, Thakur asina asimasu hairammi ningthouna pamlabadi mapuroiba leirabi nupi phaoba louba yai.

Pamheibagi ahanba khongthang oina macha tha 5 naopurabi Thambal bu mapuroiba Chaoba hatlaga lourammi”.

Bishnu Gossami di sanglingbada sinnaduna hatle adubu leima Nungthil Chaibidi Kangleipakki maichou taretna haibadagi ningthouna sibagi cheiraktagi komthoklaga puknungdagi angang adu oina hatnaba warep loukhi. Adubu Sapam Chanu Nungthil Chabina Houbam Selungbaga lonna wa tanaduna puknunggi angang adu kannaba wa tanakhi.

Thourang asigidamak Makeng Thangal khungi khullakpakhullakpi bu neklammi. Matam kharagi matungda Nungthil Chaibi Wanggol sangda changduna macha nupa ama pokle ningthou Charairongbadadi thoudu nung oina pokle haikhi.

(Kumsing chahi 1690 Poinugi 22 ni panba Thangja numitSarangthem Boramani page 83 ).

Pamheibagi matamda leipham chapham thiba lakkhiba Shanti Das Gossai matam ikui kuidana laining laisongi lamjing lamtak oirakle, ningthouna yamna thajarabana lainingba sasinnaduna lakkhiba Shanti Das Gossai na chathei touheidaba lichat-sajat amasung chatna-kanglon kaya tambibaduna khunai asida tahei uheidaba thoudok wathok haibadi, kanglup masel yengthinahanba, machin manao hatna-sunaba, leibak

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Pamheiba Ningthouna Hindu laining pamkhibasi taret tara thokna neinarabadi, mahak masana masabu Bishnu Gossami gi e-mari oina khallubadagi Hindu laining loukhiba, natragana mahakpu pokpi mamabu wahankhiba amadi mahakpu hek pokpadagi ningthoukondagi lapna hunjektuna thamkhiba adugi lamal singba oina, natraga paron puron kayadagi leiraklaba puya aduda mahak thakki warida phajaroidaba kaya yaobadagi, asinachingba neinaba yaba amadi oithokpa yaba mayam amasu leitaba natte.

Ngasi phangliba ariba puyasing asina kamdouna leihouriba?

“Ishei nongmainachingbagi Puyasing yaona maru-oiba Puya 125 rom mei thakhi. Meisa phangbada Chakpa Nonglon

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Pamheiba gi macha singgi mameida “Shai� tappi. Shai gi wahanthoksi Meiteigi khungganggi chatna londadi S h a i haibadi oidaba, asaba haibani. Pamheibana nupi meerollabi (pregnant) nupi singbu magi nupi oina lourammi, thangeisengbadi mahakki macha ayamba mahakki natte. Aduna Kanglei puwarida Pamheiba gi macha singgi maming aroibada Shai happibani(Pamheiba Larei Lathup amasung A short history of Manipuri part III, page13.)

Adubu aiba ishagi oinadi Pamheibagi macha singgi minggi aroibada Shai na loisillibasi mahakna haibadi ningthouna Shanti Das Gossai bu yamna ningjaruba amasung pamjarubana oiba yai natragana ningthou mahak masa asi ningthougi ashengba e- natte khanjaduna mapabung Charairongbana mahakpu pokpi leima Nungthil Chaibiga aronba mari leinarambagi sanglingbada sinnaduna hatkhiba Bishnu Gossami gi macha masuni khangnaba Shai haina macha singgi aroiba mingda tappa oiba yai.

Pamheibana Shiraba matungda Kangleipak Pamheiba ningthouna mahakna pokchaba machasingi marakta wangang sangang makhoi masel nungsinadaba mawong matou urakpada maichou mangana thuplamdaida iningthou matam loisillakle, nacha ibungosing asi amaga amagagi marakta nakpak tannaduna hatna–sunnaragani hairambadu ningshinglaktuna ningthou khubam thadoklaga Pamheiba lai ninglage khalladuna kumja 1748 kalen 10 ni panba yumsakeisa numitta Chitsaida ningthou khubam sinnaramlaga Kontha Uyungthenda konung semduna

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Ningthou Pamheibagi mamangda leiramba Kangleipakki puwaridadi leibak asida pallamba ningthouna leibakki- angam athougi wa-tadana amadi leibak meeyamgi apambagi mayokta thabak amata pangthokte. Kangleipakta leiriba meesingna mapa-mapu, mamamapabu laigumna latnabagi chatnabi leirammi, madugi khudam haibabu ngasi-ngasimaksu sagei-sageigi apokpa thouram pangthoknaribasini. Wangang-sangang thak-kha naina chatli amadi machin-manaogi marakta yamna phidamningai oiba malemgi mapham ateida leitaba minggougi kanglon, ipal, ipanthou, paba, khura, khurayaima, khuraton, tachou, tadhan, tayai, taton, tatonmacha, ibai, ishen, mama, mamayaima, amasung, mamton aduga nupigi mingouda ima , imabok, indomcha, iteima, indol, iche, icheyaima, icheton, amasung ichehan asinachingba tongan-tonganba minggou thagouna thak kha khaiduna amaga-amagi marakta yamna thaksi-khasi nainabagi chatna lonchatna punduna chatli. Achumba chatpa, haidokkhiba wa ngakpana achumbagidamak thawai pontha pibana kanglup asigi lichatni. Mapa mapu hatpadi lairadana machin manaogi marakta adukki matik thak wanglaba thaksi khasi adu leirammi.

Pamheiba ningthouna hek panbadagi oirakpa Kangleipakki leingaklongi saktam Charairongba ningthou chahi kumja 1709 gi Ingelgi 7 ni panba Nongmaijing numitta lannaba machani hainaba Pamheibana tana thinduna hatkhi. Pamheibana mapa-hattuna ningthou khubam munbada nattana mangonda ningthou oibada ayetpa pirakkani haina chingnaba machin- manao kayasu lonna amadi phongna hatlammi asida nattana mangonda yetlakkadaba angam athou kayabusu hatlammi.

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Lanthengminnasi Eikhoi

Nongma ahing athengba amada Pamheiba ningthouna mama atonbi Thangjam Chanu Thambalnganbi-na pokpa Khaplang Pamsaba Wangkheilakpa amadi manaunupa Mungyangba Kurailakpa anibu Tusuk houna lan tarakle, lan thengnarusi haina amamam oina kouthoklaga lonna kana khanghandana Apong Ingkholda hatkhi.

Nongngallaga leibak meeyamdana ahingda landarakpada Tusuk haoyamga lanthengnabada thawai thakhre haina aronba pao sandokkhi. Matam khara leiraga landa shiba natte lonna hatkhibani haiba khangnaraktuna, ningthou kibadagi phongna ngangdaduna leibakki machi mayada, keiron leikai, khulak leirakta lonna wari sanabada machin menba ngamdabadagi meeyam tanaraktuna paorounaba yaokhi. Iseida “Paonam Irel khongbanda pheida hiden masumangda taret shenphang yeina wanglen pungjao thinbadi karigi punglonno hangbabu tubi maru mangkhare haina paokhumnaduna ishei shaknakhi”.(page 99 Sharangthem Boramani- Meitei Ningthourol).

Wakhemcha Chinglamlan na iba “A short history of Kangleipak” ki page 11 da asumna irammi: “Pamheibana Kangleipakki ningthou hek oibaga mayum makei yumling khunlingdaba koichat chattuna aphang-aphangba niduna chaba phangdaba meewoi kaya (The mayang vagabonds) Kangleipakta leipham chapham thiba changshinnarakkhi. Shanti Das Gossai haibasina makhoisingsigi manungda luchingba amani mahak naha oiriba Naran Das amasung Gopal Das kouba mayang macha ani asiga lakkhi (Kanleipakta leiba meesingna India dagi lakpa meesingbu mayang haina kounei ). Shanti Das Gossai asi yamna heisingba meeni tasengbagidi mahakna Shylet ta leiringeida Kangleipak (Manipur) asi leipham amadi changjapham yamna marang kai haina tabadagi lakkhibani”.

Lanthengminnasi Eikhoi

11

Shanti Das na Kangleipakta hek thunglaba matungdagidi mahakna khundong chaba kaya phangadabadu urammi. Ningthou Pamheibana mahakpu mahakki mangluraba makhura (uncle)/ mayamba (brother) ama yumda halakpagumna yamna nungsina thoujalgi mityeng amada mahakpu oklammi. Shanti Das ka unaba phangbada Pamheiba ningthou asi asukki matik haraurammi. Shanti Das na Kangleipakta lakpaga Pamheiba ningthouna mabu konungda leipham pirammi amasung ikui kuidana ningthougi laining laisongi lamjing lamtakpa ama oirakkhi. Shanti Das ki jagoi amasung isheina Pamheiba ningthou gi pukning sumhatkhi.

Shanti Das na haiba khudingmak ningthou na aphabani haina loukhirammi. Mahakna thabak thouram kaya loukhatlammi, mahakki paotak ningthouna nupi 10 dagi tadana luhongadabani ningthouna pamlabadi mayum pallabi nupa leiba nupi phaoba louba yai, mahakki leimarenbi Apambi leina-leina Irom ongbi Thangjam Chanu Thambal tha 5 noupuribibu mapuroiba Chaoba hatlaga Pamheiba ningthouna konungda purakkhi. Touigummasung Thambalda leimarel phamthol pige haiba phaubada ningthougi nupi oina leiyu haiba yakhide mameithangda mahakna pokkadouriba macha aduda Kangleipakki ningthou khubam sinnage hairabada ningthougi leima oina leikhi. Pamheibagi leima punna 10 ni makhoigi manungda 5 amadi mapuroiba hatlaga louba mirollabi nupi ngaktani.

(A short history Manipur part III, page -13) ( Meitei Ningthourol Sharangthem Boramani gi matung innadi machanupa 16 ni machanupi 2 ni. Aduga pamheiba larei lathuptana machanupa 18 ni hai.)

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Lanthengminnasi Eikhoi

luchingbana ningthou oiba matik chaba kana leibage thiraklabada Pukhramcha Binodramna mahakpu ningthou happiyu Awagi makha ponduna leijage hairabada Binodrambu Meitei leibakki ningthou haplaga Awada hankhi. Chahi Kumja 1772-1775 phaoba Pukhrambam Binodramna Wangkhei leikaida konung oiduna Meitei Leibak chahi ahum henna pankhi. (Meitei Ningthourol page 144 &145 ; Cheitharol Kumbaba page 155 and 156).

Bhagyachandra Larei Lathupki page15, asumna palli, asumna Bhagyachandrana mayang guru ga loinana Takhel, Nabadhwipna chingba Laiphamshingda chatluraga,Takheldagi amuk Meitei leipakta thorak-e. Handak thorakpa asidadi Bhagyachandra macha manai pumnamak loinarak-e thoraklaga leipak ngaktuna Wangkheiga Lamhangdongda amasung Phoijingda akanba lan thengnakhi. Joy Singhana lan ngamduna hanna Awana phakhiba machanupa animakpu Awagi makhuttagi mulhou-e . Handaksu Bhagyachandra Meitei konungda changsinduna panba ngamkhide. Awa lan lakkadra haiduna lamlen Lahmangdhong da konung semduna pankhi mathangda Langthabalda amuk konung semduna pankhi.

Bhagyachandra gi matungda chahi kumja 1798 Labeinachandra na Kangleipak ki ningthou oikhi.

Khundrongbam Chandramani Nandalal machin manaona loutunaraga Sagol kangjei sannabada kangdrumna thaduna chahi kumja 1800 gi Hiyanggeigi 27 panbada Labeinachandrabu hatkhi. Modhuchandra 1801 Kangleipakki ningthou oikhi.

Chahi Kumja 1803 Chourajit amasung Marjit na Modhuchandra

Lanthengminnasi Eikhoi

13

Meidingngu Pamheiba lai ningduna leikhi. Chitsaina ningthou hek oibaga mahakki ningthou oibada khurou thangadaba pumnamak loisinnaba hotnarammi. Chahi kum 1751 Hiyanggei thada Pamheiba na manaisingga loinana Awadagi Meitei leibakta hallakkani tabada Chitsaina manao atomba Tolentomba, Nahakpham Tharoi, Keikranba Hidang, Ayanghanbam Hongba Irom Lansing na chingba thaduna mapabung Pamheibabu hallaktanaba yathang pirammi.

Makhoina Pamheiba Ningthouda nattana Shyamsai, Kishorsai, Bamol wariba Hanjaba mapa-macha Bhramar-Krishna, Lamboiba Loka Das Moirang Langhamba Katwan, Angom Chandramani, Naoremthong Selungba, Manao Feida Hanjaba, Ningthoujam Kamdeba, Ningombam Shyamaram, Wangkhei Maimu Pheida hanjaba, Takhel Lambunachingba meewoi pumnamak Ningthi Turengi Tonphang Hidenda hatkhi.

Mama tinnaba manao Bharatsai na ningthou khubam munnabagidamak manaosingga loinana wa tannare tabada mathawai mangningdabagi ahingda lonna mayang leibakta chenkhi. Chahi kumja 1752 Bharatsai na Kangleipaki ningthou oikhi. Mahaksu matam kuina pankhide Shyamsai na poklamba Gourasyam amasung Bhagyachandra bu leibak meeyamna ningthou hapnaba themme tabada Bharatsai na hatnaba hotnarammi. Adubu makhoigi mama Khelei Nungna Telheibana Shagei natei marup mapang mayam khomlaga ningthoubu hatnaba thourang toure. Meiteigi angam athousingnasu makhoigi mateng pangnaba thourang toure tabadagi Bharatsai Awa tanna chenkhi .

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Gourashyam na 1753 Hiyanggei 20 panba Ningthoukaba Gourashyam na Kanleipakki ningthou oikhi.

Chahi kumja 1758 da Bharatsai na Awa ningthouda ningthou khubam hanjinhanbiyu haijabadagi Awana landaraktuna Kangleipak lousinkhi matam khara Awana lousillularaba tungda Bhagyachandra na kumja 1759 gi Shajibugi 7 ni panba Shagolshen numitta Kangleipakki ningthou oikhi.

Bhagyachandra gi manai amana Bhrahmachari amabu mihat thina hatlambadagi mahakna ningthou oibasi matik chadramalle khanduna Chourajit ta sinnarammi 1762 .

Adubu 1763 Thawan thagi 29 ni panba Leipakpokpa numitta Chourajit akanba leina amana leikhidabada gi Bhagyachadra na Kangleipak ki ningthou oikhi.

Bheigyachandra gi mamaga pokminnaba Moirang Ningthou Khelei Nungnang Telheiba lamgi wahoudagi Saonaraktuna Chahi kumja 1764 gi Phairen tha siramdaida Awa lanmiga loinana Bheigyachandra gi mathakta landaraklammi, landa Bheiyachandra maithire Labeinachandra amsung Madhuchandra anisu phahoukhi.

Moirang Ningthou Khelei Nungnang Telheibana “Pamheibagi macha ibungo Dulbhasai, Loukrakpam Hijari Chingakham Hinaokhanba, Shanglen hanjaba Shreram makhoi marisu hatlammi. Ollakpa chahida Moirang palli natraga Kaoren ontha panjao thollamba manaonupa Chandramani manaobusu hattoklaga yekna tingkhang leitana Khelei Nungnang Telheiba Metei leibakta maning tamna pallakle�. (Meitei Ningthourol, page133- Sarangthem Boramani). Aduna mathakki asina

Lanthengminnasi Eikhoi

15

chumba taragadi Khelei Nungnang Telheibana 1764-1768 phaoba pankhi. Adubu Kangleipak ki Ningthousinggi paringgi manung channadi Cheitharon Kumbaba, Metei Ningthouron gi matung inna Kangleipakta pankhiba atoppa sageigi ningthousing maming haplamde. Chahi kumja 1768, Bhagyachandra na Tekhao lanmi 10000 ga loinana Kangleipakta landare, landa Khelei Nungnag Telheiba hatle, chahi adugi Shajibu thada Sangaiprouda Bheigyachandra Konung semlaga palle, Awana landarakkadara chingnabadagi Chajingda konung semduna amuk pankhi. Matam asida Haoubam Keibiramgi khujil thourang dagi Ghanasyam amasung Moirangthem Yugindro na Awa lanmi neklaga landaraktuna, lanmi matik chadabadagi Bhagyachandra Mayang Leibakta amuk chenkhre, Haobam Keibiramna Kangleipak Ngaktuna Leikhi. Kumja chahi 1770 Bhagyachandragi manao Bhabananda na Awa lanmi nektuna landarakle pao tabaduna ningthou oiriba Keibiramna Awa lan ngakpa lakpada Tusarok ta akanba lan thengnabada Keibiram sire. (Metei Ningthourol page-144).

Masina takpadi Haoba Keibiram su matam khara ningthou oirammi asini. Manao Kokilanandana Meitei ningthou haplamlaga Bhabanandadi Awada adum chatkhare. Manao Kokinandana ningthou oire tabada Bheigyachandra thoraktuna Sangaithenda thungle tabada Kokinandana mayambung Khurumduna ningthou sinnakhi. Bheigyachandra na ningthou oiba chahi phadringei Khelei Nungnang Telheiba gi machanupa Manshenbana Awa ningthouda mapa hatkhiba laman khumbiyu haijarubada yarakpadagi Awa lanmi tharaktuna amuk landarakle. Bhagyachandra landa maithire. 1772 Phairengi nini (2) panbada Mayang leibakta amuk chenkhi. Awa lanmi

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Lanthengminnasi Eikhoi

lanmi 400 Collonel Skeen gi makhada puraktuna Tikendrajit phaba lakkhi. Chief Commissioner na Darbar phamsi houraga Trikendrajit phanaba hotnakhi. Madu khangduna Trikendrajit na Darbar yaodana hankhi. Ahingda lonna landaduna yubaraj gi sanggai koisinduna Tikendrajit pu phanaba hotnabada nongmeina panduna micham kaya asi-ana, asok apan nangle, yum kei kaya lan thum kaya mang takle. Khoisaonaraba meeyamna Konungdagi wari sanarubadagi thorakpa Shaheb manga (J.W.Quinton, Colonel Skeen, Lt.Simson, Political Agent Greemwood amasung Mr.Conseans) bu hattokle. Saheb manga hatpagimak 1591 March tang 31 Manipur gi nigthou Kullachandragi mathakta landare haina India gi Viceroyna laothoktle. Landa Manipur maithire, 1891 April 27 British na Manipurgi konung paikhare. Numit adudagi Manipur (Kangleipak) gi ningtambagi numit takhare.

British leingak makhada Manipur na chahi 56 surakpa matam aduwaida, Colonial Country singgi ningtambagi ihou malemgi mapham khudingmakta hourakkhi. Colonial country sing muthatnaba UNO na warep lourakpaga loinana British na mahakki makhada leiba leibaksing thadoklakpagi manungda India amasung Manipur asisu 1847 gi June tang 3 da British Parliament Act pass toukhi.

Chahi kumja 1947 August 11 Budhachandra ningthouna Treaty of Anexation gi yanache sahi tounaduna India government gi makhutta Manipur gi Foreign Affairs Defence amasung Communication sinnakhrabasu State ama oibagi apambadu chatchabada akaiba pidabana Manipur asi maning makha tamba State oibaga loinana ningthou masamak British ki ningthou ga sakti

Lanthengminnasi Eikhoi

17

gi mathakta laldaduna ningthou khubam amuk mulle. Chahi kumja 1803 gi 9 ni panba Nongmaijing numitta Chourajitna Meitei leibakki ningthou oikhi. Awa lanmi mayamga loinana Marjit na Chourajit ki mathakta landaduna chahi kumja 1813 da Marjit na Chourajit tagi ningthou khubam amuk mulhoure. Awagi ningthou Badigaon na mahakki makhathabani khangnanaba nigthousingbu mahakki ningthou khubam kabagi koubada Marjit Ningthouna ikaiduna chattabadagi Chahi Kumja 1819 Poinu gi 8 panbada landaraktuna Kangleipak Awana lousinkhi. Masida Meitei kaya Awa na ot-neiba nupi angang khaktana mamagi matampaktagi angang mullaga nungpakta haihattuna hatpa, yum manungda pushillaga morok tharaga hatpa, manada yairina lengduna puba, meewot meenei asida khangba ngamdaduna chingda manda arappa maphamda chenduna lotnakhibadagi tampakta mee pungtak taklammi. Chahi asidagi houraga, 1819-1926 phaobasi Meiteigi puwarida chahi 7 khuntakpa haina khangnei. Masi Awa nigthougi makhada leiba matamni. Awa lanmigi michangda leiba Huidrom Subon da Awa lanmi luchingba General Mahabadula ningthou pham sinnaramlaga Awada hankhi.

Huidrom Subon na matam khara ningthou oiduna pankhi.

Herachandrana chingnung mannungda lottuna leiriba Meitei machasing khomgatlaga Awa lanmi lonna lonna hatpa hourake. Pao asi tabada Chourajit na Yumjao-tabasu tharaktuna Kanleipaktagi Awa lanmi matam khara takthokkhi. Huidrom Subon su Awada chensikhrabada, kumja 1820 Herachandrana Ningthou oikhi. Ningthou Herachandrana chahi ama mapung pharaba matungda hainakhiba matung inna 1821 Yumjao-tabana amuk ningthou oikhi. Chahi adumaktada Gambhirsingh

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Lanthengminnasi Eikhoi

Lanthengminnasi Eikhoi

Cachardagi thoraktuna Yumjao tabadagi ningthou khubam loukhi. .Chahi adumaktada Nadasaigi machanupa Kokinandagi machanupa Joysingh na Awa lanmi mayam puraklaga landaraktuna Gambhisingha dagi ningthou khubam munkhi. Mahak Awa ningthouna kousillaktuna, kumja 1822 gi langbangi 22 panba yumsakeisada Awada changkhi. Meidingngu Joysingh na changkhrabada Ngoubram Sai macha ibungo Bhatra Singhbu Kangleipakki ningthou oinaba Awa nigthouna lanmi 1000 ga loinana tharakhi, mahakna kumja 1822 Hiyanggei thada Kangleipakki ningthou oikhi. Joysing naduna siraba matungda machanupa Raghabasingana Meitei leibakki ningthou oikhi.

(Meitei Ningthourol anisuba matang page 20).

Kummudini na Chandrakriti puduna Cacharda chenkhibadagi Narasinghana chahi kumja 1844 Kangleipakki ningthou oikhi. Narashingha shiraba matungda 1850 Debendro na ningthou oikhi. Tha 3 pallaba matungda Chandrakriti na landaraktuna 1850 Jully tang 23 Thangja numitta Meitei leibakki ningthou oikhi. Chandrakriti na sirabada chahi kumja 1886 ta Maja ibungo ahal Surchandrana Kangleipakki ningthou oikhi. Mahakki mama tinnadaba manao Pakasana kankhatpada aduga pangdaba, ayamba matou aduda mama tinnadaba machin manousingna pellaktabadagi mahakki mathakta Tikendrajit na luchingduna landakhi. Surchandrana British Political agent gi Bangla da changsinduna lotkhi. Surachandrana mahakti Brindabonda lai ninglurage hairabada Agent Shahebnasu yare.

Political Agentna, Suranchandra masana yana ningthou khubam thadokcharage haibadu masana sahi touhallaga louhou-e.

Kullachandra Chahi kumja 1890 gi Langbangi 9 ni panba Leipakpokpa numitta Kangleipakki ningthou oikhi. Lainingba chatkhiba Surachadrana Brindabondadi chattadana Culcutta da chattuna India gi governor general da manao Tikendrajit na ningthou khubam mulhoure hanjinhanbiyu hairure. Adubu Political Agent na Kullachandra na Ningthou amasung Tikendrajitna Yubaraj oibagi chithidu Governer General da youramle. Chithi aduda political Agent na palli, Karigumba Surchandrana ningthou oirabadi wathok lanthok henna thokkani, madu British government na thengnaba wagani haiba warol adu Assamgi Chief Commissioner su yaninglammi. Maram aduna Kulachandrabu Manipur ningthou oina masak khangle haina laothokle. Tikendrajit pharaga loi thanaba warep lourammi. Masigi thourang oina Assamgi Cheif Commissioner Mr.Quinten na Gurkha

Chahi kumja 1824 British lalmeega loinana Gambhirsing Narasing anina Awa lalmee tanthoknaba honarakpada Kachhar gi lanphamda maithibadagi Meitei Leibakki ningthou Raghabasing Awada chensinkhi. Raghabasing gi mahutta Bhadrasing Khaba (Ngoubramshai gi macha ibungo) Khababu Awa gi ningthou Badigaon na Kangleipakki ningthou oirunaba tharakhi.

Gambhirsing amasung Narasing na Kumja 1825 da Ingagi 28 panba Irai numitta British ki mateng louduna Meitei leibaktagi Awa tanthoknaba landarakkhi. Maduda Awa lalmi maithiduna chenkhi. Awa lalmina kaiduna chellabada Bhadrasing Khabasu Awa leibakta chenkhi.

Gambhirsing na 1825 Ingagi 26 panba Kangleipakki ningthou oikhi. Gamghirsing sirabada chahi anida ngairiba Chandrakriti bu kumja 1834 da ningthou haplaga Narasingha na Yubaraj oiraga leibak ngaklammi. Chandrakriti pokpi mama ibemma

19

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Lanthengminnasi Eikhoi

thoktaba natte. Ngasi-ngasimak chingmi-tammi tongal tahalliba asisu Hindu laining gi achouba khudolni.

Lanthengminnasi Eikhoi

21

mannare khanjaduna nungaijakhi. Chahi adu August 14 da Manpur State Council muthatlaga Interim council semlaga minister 7 haptuna leibak ngakpa houkhi.

Minister sing adudi:1. Maharaj Kumar Priyobratra

(Chief Minister)

2. Major Ar. Khathing (Hill Admintration and Manipur Rifle)

KANGLEIPAKTA FACTIONALISM GI CHEITHENG

Yambung

Wahoudok:

A

dungeigi Kangleipak kanagisu meekha pondana masagi leingak

leijaba ning kha tamba leipak oina haina humna panjarammi. Kha nongpok Asia da maning makha tamba leipak ama oina masek mangal leina pallammi haibasi puwari gi latam kayada mayek sengna iri. Ningthou panba leipak oijaragasu masagi leingaklon, senmitlon, nat ki chatna kanglon, lon, mayek, masagi oiba laining lichat, ereipakki Pafal, ereipakcha singgi top-toppa masagi saktam ngakna panjaramba leipakni.

3. Shinam Krishnamohon

(Finance)

4. Rajkumar Bhubon

(Revenue)

5. M. Bashir Uddin Ahamad

(medical and PWD)

6. Konjengbam Gouro

(Education and Local self Govt.)

7. T .C Tiyamkham

(Forest and Agriculture)

Matam aduda Manipur State Congress ki member masing pangyam yamlamde. Kharana Manipur naitom leihanning-e, kharana India da tilhanning-e.

Chahi kumja 1948 June 11 amasung 30 da ahanba mikhal pangthokhi. Mikhal aduda party 5 lamba panabada Congress 13, Krishak Shabha 5, Socialist 3, Hill Independance 18, Praja Santi 12 kakhi. Praja Santi, Hill Independance amasung Krishak Shabha punsillaga collision Govt. semlammi.

Nov.26 ta anouba minister 7 wasak loukhi.

1. Maharaj Kumar Priyobatra (Chief minister) 2. Major Ar Khathing

(Hill minister)

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Lanthengminnasi Eikhoi

3. Arambam Ibotomba

(Finance)

4. Dr. Ningthoujam Leiren

(Education and PWD)

5. Ayekpam Gourabidhu

(Commerce and Industry)

6. Mr.Teba Kilong

(Forest and Agriculture)

7. Muhamad Alimudin

(Jail and Medical)

Meekhal pangthoktuna meeyamgi meehutna shemba government na leibakki chaokhat thourang paikhattuna leingak sasanda pukning changduna Manipur asi watta padaba mara tapna pannaba hotnarabasu masing yamna kadabadagi government paiba ngamhoudaba Manipur State Congress na Manipur India da tinnaba akanba dabi taksillakpaga loinana India gi Congress nasu waphamdu shougatlammi. India gi Upa-pradhan Mantry Sardar Balabhai Patel na India gi manungda leiba ningthou panba State singbu India da tinsinduna India government gi leingak sasan makhada thamnaba hotnabadu mai pakna pangthoklaba matungda Manipur su India da tinnaba po kangba hourakle. (Meitei Ningthourol page 226) Assam gi Governor ga tannaraga 1949, April 14 Major General Amar Singha bu Manipur gi Dewan happaga loinana India government na Maharaj Budhachandra da mahakki sakti sinnou haikhi. Governor Prakash nasu Budhachandra da tharakpa aronba chithida Manipur State Council semkhiba amasung mikhal pangthoktuna semkhiba Assembly adu India government na masak khangde hairak-e. Chahi adugi June 5 da Manipur Socialist Party na meeyamgi meekhal pangthoktuna

Lanthengminnasi Eikhoi

23

Manipur na India ga leinagadouriba marigi matangda leibak meeyamgi ayaba lousi haina warep louraga India government da taksinkhi. Matam adugi chinggi MLA pumnamaksu Manipur India da tinba pamdaba phongdoklammi. Chahi adugi August 3 da Imphal Kangjeibungda meeyamgi achouba meephamda Manipur India da suktin tinba yaroi habagi warep louraga Pradhan Mantry Jawaharlal Neharu da tharammi. Aduga matamduda government paiba yaoba Praja Santi meehutsingnasu August 25 Manipur India da tinsinnaba hotnaribadugi mayokta akanba phirep louduna India gi Upa Pradhan Mantry Sardar Ballabhai Patel da che iduna tharammi. (Page. 227, Meitei Ningthourol Sarangthem Boramani).

Assam Grovernor Prakash na Budhachandra bu Shilong da kouraga namduna Chahi kumja 1949, Sept. 21 da Governor Prakash na Sakhi oiduna Sahi touhankhi. Asumna Kangleipakki ningtamba mapung phana mangkhi.

Kangleipak (Manipur) na leikha mathang-mathang tarakpa Maikei khudingmakta sokchilakliba asiga paron purongi puya kaya manghankhiduna lamdam asida leiminnariba phurupsinggi yelhou wari kaya manghankhiba, loinana isagi laining laishon hundoktuna mapangi laining laison lourubanasu achouba maram amani. Kangleichasingna Hindu laining louba matam kuirakpadagi maduda lupsinkhiba meesak kayasu yaorakpadagi Kangleichasingi marakta Hindu ga totnatinnaduna leiminnaningba yaorakpadagi India da tinningba meewoi kaya amasu leirakpana ngasi Kangleichasingna ningtam ihou mapung phana pangthokpada awaba kaya thengnaribani.

Kanagumba masagi toptoppa masagi saktam pumnamak kaokhibadagi eikhoi masel marakta nungsinadaba kayasu

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liklamchat, puwari, wangoolon neinabasingnadi tarang tarang urakle.

British colonial ruler singdagi tamhouba para adumak leithet hapchillaga Kanglei khunaida, mapu ibungo India na ourairakpada khangba ngamdraba, mapari mamom kayadi thawaidagisu eramdamgi ningtambana henna lui khanjaduna chongthorakhi ngallingei matamda asengba yawolloi oina. Makhoisingdugi manungda Meeyamgi Luchingba Lamyanba Erawat, kaoba leitana ngasisu singthanari. Matam adudasu sentabu mihouba, famtholtabu mikaba sageigi meital asiba kayana, luchingba asibu fanaba punnaba koitan tannakhi, Wanted laothoktuna, maramdam Kangleipak ta Meerot oina leipakki awonba puraknaba, meeyamgi ningtamba hanjilhannaba thouna fana lantheng kaya mayoknaramlaba tungda, Yumlonnariba Burma ga afaba mari thamnaba thourangda Yawol ehougi khongchatta Burma gi Anggo chingsanggi Tangboda aroiba yahip tankhi.

Lamyanba Irabot ki tung inbasingna yawol ihou makha samtharakpa: Lamyanba Erabot ka hakthengnana loinaramba meeoi kayana mafam matamna khudong chadaba kayadagi, matam khara lupluraba tungda Meetei State Committee (1967) semduna ereipak eramdamgi yawol ehou makha samtharakkhi.

Committee asigi wakhallon, chatna kanglon, kayat, wakhalgi pomit kayadi asengba Ningtam lalhoulup amani, adubu lairik laisu matik chana heiba amadi matik chaba luchingba yaodabadagi kuina sangna chatthaba ngamkhide. Adum oinamak khutlai paiba lalhou amagidamak mayek sengna changsillamba asengba Revolutionary Committee amani haina singthaba yai.

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25

British ki loilam oikhiba: Malem pumba makhoigi khubamnungda loi chansillage haibagi khongthangda British na malemda maming leiraba achouachouba leipak kaya khudum chansinkhre. Yumlonnariba Burma ( houjikki Myanmar ) faoba lousinkhraba matungda, Anglo- Manipuri War, 1891 gi maru oiba lanfam Kangleipak ta oikhi. Nongpok maikeidagi Moreh lambida British tenggol kaya, nongchup maikeidagi Bishnupur gi Tongjei maril faoraga lanmee tenggol kaya, awang maikeidagi Thibommei ( houjikki NH-39, Imphal Dimapur Road ), lomdagi lanmee kaya marumna maikei ahumdagi Kangleipakta lan tasillakpana, 23rd April 1891 da Thoubal District ki Khongjom da akanba lan soknakhi. Lanfam aduda Paona Brajabasi, Chinglensana nachingba athouba mapari kayana thawai katkhibani. Akanba lantheng kaya chatharaba tungda, maikei ahumdagi fujillakpa British lanmeesingna 27th April 1891 gi ayuk ta Kangleipakki konung Kangla lousinkhi. Maning tamna chahi lising na khujing oiraga haina humna pairamba Pakhangba Pafal yekpa Kangleipakki firal chingtharaga British ki Union Jack ki firal chingkhatkhi. Numit adu Kanglei emagi ningtamba mangkhiba Amamba numit haina ngasi faoba Kanglei meepum khuding na thamoida tasonna thinbagum ningsingli.

Ngallingei matamda factionalism gi maru hunkhiba: Makhoigi leipakki ngamkheidi numit tade hainariba British Empire gi fibannungda chankhiba adusu, Kangleipakki leingakloi Ningthou macha masu singgi marakta wakhallon mannaraktaba, fidam- pandam khetnarakpa, Phambal gi mihounaba,

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mikanaba, louri singja- nupi anganggi kada soknarakpagi, karisu leitaba wathok macha- machana wahou oiraga, amana amada tharum tounarakpa, meechang sanggan changnarakpadagi kainathangda eikhoi pumbagi yeknaba oiriba British Political Agent da mateng nirubadagi, ereipak kainabagi wahou oikhibani. Masimak ngallingei matamgi Factionalism gi laraba khudamni. Thengkhang kayada yumlonnariba Burma da chensillaga lan pangbinaba mateng nirubadagi su ereipak eramdamgi ngamkhei machet- machet mangkhiba kayagi wari singbun leiri. Amagi haktakta mangluraba leipakki ngamkhei matik mathouna leiba Ningthourel amagi haktakta amuk hanjinba, kayasi leipak ngaklonda wakhallon mannadabagi fambal mihoubadagi machet tarakpa Political ideology amadi Nationalism conviction watpadagi thokkhiba Factionalism ni.

Indian Union gi fibannungda namtin tinsinkhiba: British Ruler singna 14th August 1947 gi nongyai da makhoigi Colonial Rule gi thouri konggoi adu Kangleipak emagi ngaksamdagi huktoktuna ningtamba amuk hanjilhallamlabada, amuk hanna maning makha tamba leipak oina palle. 1948 tagi Kangleipakki masagi oiba Manipur Constitution semjaduna, Democratic Form of Government ama leijare.Meeyamna khanba meehut na leipak ngakchabagi Manipur Constituent Assembly lingduna leipak ngakpa houre. Adubu kuide Indian Union gi hingyot yotke khanba Hingchaba kharagi sarou langda thuduna, matamdugi khurakki eena lai saba Congress tupi uplaga lemjabani khanjaba, mithibong meetambal kharagi khollaoda, Manipur Bharat ta pungadabani, chaokhatpa Bharat eikhoigi marup oigadabani, Bharat ta pullo haiba matamdugi

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meetou tamningba, meenai macha kharana langlingei, Iningthou Bodhchandra bu Shillong da kouraga, Shillong gi Red Land da fajinduna thamlaga Manipur Merger Agreement,1949 adu 21st September 1949 da namduna sign touhallaga, 15th October 1949 dagi chatnaba houduna, Kangleipakki ningtamba amuk mangkhi. Numit asisu Kangleicha pumbagi thamoina kaoba ngamdana asaobagi meiri thokna Black Day haina eramdam sinba thungna pangthoklibasini.

Apunbana panggalni haiba adu chindadi adum songani, nganggani, sakkani, adubu touthorakpadadi onna teinaba, machet makaigi, tongan tabagi, wakhallon mannadabagi ngakta, political circle dasu, meeyam maraktasu, khunai asigi oina hongfadraba machat amagum adum khunai chasinggi luda tongda yaokhraba amagum adummak chatthari.

British ki manai India na amuk henna sathirakpa: Hiram khudingda ning kha tamna leingakcharamba Kangleipak pu India gi fibannungda hek chansinkhibadagi, leingaklonda, senmitlonda, laining lichat ta, houna lonchat, khunaigi chatna kanglon pumnamak mangkhre. Hiram khudingda Indianise tounaba hotnarakpa, meeramgi phijol, meeramgi lol, meeramgi harao kumhei, meeramgi potlam cheiram kayada, meepal tangdragadi hingba ngamlaroi haibagi wakhallon pokhanlakpa, mapugi thoujal yaodragadi hingba ngamdabagi thakta hanthahallakpa, esagi identity mangsillakpa ta nattana Kanglei khunnai asi mutkhiba yabagi akiba fanglaba fibam kaya oihallakle.

Asigumba honglakliba saktam kaya asi khunnai asigi kanglon

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Leon Trotsky na haikhi, Punsinba amasung machet taba haibasi Revolutionary Party ama semgatpada changba maru oiba machak ani aduni. Russian revolution bu mai pakpagi lambida purakkhiba Socialist Workers Party (SWP) adu 1903 da Menseviks tagi machet taraga 1917 da amuk Trotsky ga punsinkhibadagini. Punsinba amasung machet taba asimakna tuna chatminnabasimakna Party asina mai pakpa ngamkhibani. Stalinist Party dagi machet taraga,1934 da Musteiteta pullaba matungda left wing oiriba Socialist Party da pullaga masak naiba Organisation asi sagatlakkhibani. Adubu punsinluba adu 1935 ta leftist sectarian singna machet takhibadagi thak mannana lepminnabasu ngamkhide, punsilluba adusu aremba takhi. Amuk Revisionist Burnhamits singna 1940 da machet takhiba, 1953 dasu New Revisionist sing khaidokkhiba asimakna Revolutionary Party ama sagatlakpagi khongthang haibadu oikhi. Leon Trotsky na puthoklamba law haibadi, Punsinba amasung machet taba haibasi Revolutionary Party ama semgatpada changba maru oiba machak ani aduni. Haibasi chummi, adum oinamak Punsinba amadi machet taba haibasidi chap chana mawong maril tana pangthokkadabani.Karigumba khongthang asida chap chana mawong maril tana pangthoktrabadi khongjelsida apanba amadi kaitharakpa oigani.

Khudam oina, Spanish Revolution maithikhibasi Nin gi makhada Left Opposition sing ga khudong chaba thiba, Opportunist Maurin Group ka punsillaga POUM semkhiba aduna achouba maram oikhi.

Opportunist Group ka punnaba hotnabada Spanish Proleteriate singbu manghallaga makhoigi asengba thourang amasung

Lanthengminnasi Eikhoi

29

Kangleipak ( Manipur) amuk hanna ningtamba hanjinnabagi thourang paringda wakhal mannaba leipakkidamak kathoklaba chingmee Tammee khaidana, Kanglei mapari mamom kayana punsillaga United National Liberation Front “UNLF� (1964) semduna amuk ningtam ehou sagatlakkhi.

Hougatlakpada yamna pukchel khoijel tinnana, eigi meegi khaidana, mannaba wakhal paring amada changsillakpa ehou asi meeyamnasu henna pamnarammi. Anouba matamgi lairik laisu ningthina heiraba, wakhal mityeng sallaba, malemgi ehou kayabusu ningthina neinaraba, luchingba kayana pullaba Lup asi yamna fajana meeyamgi thougal fanglakkhi. Adubu Luchingbasinggi marakta wakhal mityeng, pandam mannaragasu, lan gi kanglon, liklam lichat khetnabagi chingkhainaba hourakkhi. Asigumba internal contradiction kharasi matang matam chana wakhei houdabana, Lup asidagi machet tanabagi tangkak adu lakkhi. Luchingba kharagi Political ideology amadi strategy da khutlai paiduna ningtam lalhou tougadabani haiba School of thought tagi hourakpa, amadi masida henna thajaba. Amaromdana matang matam chadri eikhoigi meeyambu political consiousness hanna leihangadabani, natioanalism gi chap chaba wakhallon hanna chelhangadabani haiba School of thought ta thajaba, anisigi marakta contradiction khara thorakpa, loinana macha- macha oiba Leadership crisis, groupism, amadi, Kanglei khunai gi hounabi eigi meegi haiba wafam kayasina mapung oiraga lalhoulup asi kaitharakkhi. Anouba lalhoulup Revolutionary Government of Manipur(RGM) lingkhatkhi, masidagi amuk, Peoples Liberation

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Army “PLA” (1978) thorakkhi. Khutlai paibagi lalhou amadi khutlaigi hei singba hairagadi matam adugi PLA gi action, khollao, lanjang, maipakpa, meeyamgi thajaba kaya PLA da leirammi. Matam adugi naharol hairaga khwaina henna khangnaba khutlai paiba lalhoubasing adudi meeyamdagi nam haduna sen khaiba, meecham meeyamda kihan khanghallaga sen loubagi chatnabi leiramde.

Changlu changluba imungda, makhoina changsilliba lanjang asi karigidamaktano, kanagidamakno, meeyamgi tengbang nattanadi mai pakpa oithokte haibasi mamut tana wakhal tamminaraba tungda, meeyamna thamoi sengna katlakpa tengbang adu khuru khudak kunna yaifa thouniga loinana phigao sana lourakpa ngaktani.

Matamduga ngasiga khetnaba: Matang asida neinaba yaribadi ngasi changsilliba lanjang, lallong, eikhoigi marupna kana, yeknabana kana haibasu khangdaba uru- urubada akal aring singba, achum aran thidana khut hekta thaba, nongmei paibana hairadi loire haiba, akanbana achumba sakpagi chatnabi,masidi thainagi nunggi jug ki matam da chatnaramba, Might is Right haibaduga karida khetnariba.

Makha tana Revolutionary party kaya lingkhatnarakpa: Matam kharagi oina semkhiba Committee kharagi matangda palludragasu, masigi matungda semlakkhiba maru oiba Lup kharadi, adungei UNLF amadi RGM gi matamda achouba thoudang louramba luchingba kharaga anouba matamgi yawol ningthina neinaba, leipakki wakhallon chenba kayana pullaga Peoples Revolutionary Party of kangleipak “PREPAK” (1977) semkhi.

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Meitei State Committee gi thabak thouram kayada hakthengnana yaohouba Meeoi kharana amuk makha samtharaktuna mapanggal mathouna lousing leiba naha oiriba kayaga pullaga Kangleipak Communist Party “KCP” (1980) lingkhatkhi, loinana ngasi faoba leptana yawol ehou gi paringda Indian Colonial Ruler singgi mayokta ningtam lahou chathari. Makha tarakpada, Khunai asigi mutluraba nat, laining lichat, mahei-masingi lamda awonba puraknaba, afaba Kanglei khunai amagi maru changba naharol kaya semgatnaba, Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup “KYKL” (1994) safonglakkhi.Loinana ningtam ehou mai paknaba wakhallon kayada yumfam oiraga makha tana meeyamgidamak ningtam ehou lanthengnanaba Lup marang kaina lingkhatnarakkhi. Amaromda Kangleipak (Manipur), furup kayana punna khundaminnaba multi ethnic communitiy kayagi apunba Manipur ni, aduna Meetei Pangal singgisu Peoples United Liberation Front (PULF), na chingba kaya, amadi Nagaland da base touba NSCN(IM), NSCN(K), Kuki singgi Lup mayam ama, Kom singgi oiba Lup, makhal mathel kayagi Lup mayam chenggum soubagum Manipur gi leimaida sougatnarakkhi.

Revolutionary party manungda lupcha mayam ama sougatlakpagi maram neinaba: Asidasu nattana ngasidi masak maming khangdraba hannagi achouba mapung oiba Lup amagi mingda Lupcha mayam ama thorakle, mayam asi palluragadi lairik ama tonganna fongbadasu challaroi. Aduna ngasidi asigumba Lupcha mayam ama thorakpagi maram kupna neinaba mathou tarakli. Matang asida Malemgi mafam kayada, leipak kayada chatnariba, amadi oikhiba mawong matou neinaba yai:- 1.Russian Revolution gi ehou kankhatlakpa matamda,

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chingnaduna leikai asigi leirak konsangda ahing yarektuna meijao tharaga khutta meira paiduna koina chattuna yarek santri taba houkhi.

Numit asidagi Manipur gi mafam- mafamda chattuna emasing asina sifai singdagi lapna amadi cheksinna leinaba awareness meeting kaya pangthokkhi. Makha tarakpada meira paibi houkhiba numit, 29th December 1980 asibu ningsingba oina Nupi Samaj na Pari kanba Numit ( Meira paibi houdokkhiba numit) haina chahi khudinggi leptana thouram pangthokli. Masigi matungdagidi tongan- tonganba meira Lup kayamarum leikai leikaida lingkhatnarakle. Ngasidi yammankhiduna mana mana thokpa pangling lingkhatnarakpana, adungei ahanba houdorakpa matamda maikei sin thungna ngallamba meiragi masek mangal adu mami sambagum urakle. Masi pandam mannaba Lup amagi manungdagi ama chongthorakpa, mathang mathang laicha khairaga kachin koyada leikai khudingda lai haraobagi thouram pangthoknabagum, hindu singgi Nabadwip ta, Mathura Brindavan da lai macha- macha, tongan tongan khubam yaraga, murti latlaga peisa kat hanbagumbani. Masigi tungda Poirei Leimarol Apunba Meira Lup lingkhatlakle. Lup asisu mannaba pandamda magi magi lup ki oiba programme kaya paikhatnarakkhi. Cheirak sida PANMYL na fongba matamduda yamna pamnana maming chatkhiba chephong, maru oina chefong adugi Yukhal Marumda haiba latam aduna fongdokhiba Government ki aron athup , senja thumja kayagi matangda fongdoktuna sabak faklubagi, Government na athingba thamlakpaga loinana khudong chadaba kharadagi Lup asi mami samlakkhi. Tanja asida Kangleipakki naharolsinggi oiba PORAMLEN APUNBA kouba Lup ama safonglakkhi. Lup asi Kangleipakki arappa amasung anakpa mafam kayadagi khangatlakpa meehutsing, hiram kayada

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luchingbasinggi marakta khetnaba kaya thokhanbana Trotsky gi programme kaya mami samhankhi, adumakna Spanish revolution da khetnaba kaya thokhankhi.

World War II gi mamangda French Trotskyist sing machet taraga machet singdu ningthina wakhal tanahoudabadagi Party adu sitharakpagi maram oikhi. Masidagi eikhoina para ama tamba yai, madudi, Punsinba amasung machet taba haibasi ningthina wakhal tahoudragadi amangba oi.

Malemgi oina machet tarakpagi chaorakpa maram khara: Party manungda naha oiriba member singna 40% natraga henna 50/50 gi changda punsinkhraba.Leader singgi marakta chingkhainarakpa.Political Leadership ki manungdata nattana Working Cadre singgi martaktasu machet tanei.Party amadagi machet taraga henna yangna, henna chaokhatpa, phagatpa Party ama semba ngamgani haibagi wakhalda chumna machet tarakpadi kaide adubu factionalism asina Party gi thabak thouramda yeikhaiba, thingaiba piba, Party gi policy programme amadi sen thumgi thabakta chayetnahanba asidi fattabagi maramni.

Kangleipakta civil society organization mayam lingkhatnarakpa: 1964-65 ki mamangda Kangleipakta leiramba Organisation singgi matangda neinarudragasu, masigi matungda thorakpa khara neinaduna yengsi. Keithel fambi emasinggi liching makhada matam matamgi lakpa leipakki issue singda punna punna angam-

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athousinggi mathakta ehou houkhi. 1965 ta khutsemgi chak tangba thokpa matamduda, 27th August 1965 ta Manipur da leiriba School / college singgi maheiroi singna Chak Lamme cheng piyu, khutsemgi chak tangba thokhanba yaroi haiba khollaoda, maikei- maikeidagi fugatnaraktuna matamdugi Chief Commissioner gi Bunglow, ngasigi Governor’s Bunglow oiriba asida pullapna fujinkhi. CC Compound gate hek lansinbada sifaisingna takthoknaba leijabi thaduna hotnakhi, ngamlaktraduna maheiroisingdu fu- fuduna, sanginna thinduna amadi nongmeina kaptuna tankhairakkhi, maduda maheiroi yaona mee oi mari thawai katkhi. Numit adubu ngasi faobada 27th August, Hunger Marcher’s Day (Chaklam khongchat) haina chahi khuding Observe touri. Numit adugi hek nongganba 28th August 1965 ta maheiroi khunnai gi meeyam pullaga, All Manipur Students’ Union ( AMSU ) semkhi. Matam adudagi houna ngasi faoba Matam- matamgi oina palliba Government ki asoiba aranba henjinba kayabu thinduna taklaga, maheiroi khunnaigi yaifanabata nattana eramdamgi social development ki issue kayada AMSU na achouba thoudang lourakhi.

Hougatlakliba naharol singgi yamna mating leiba Lup hairagadi, Pan Manipuri Youth League ( PANMYL ), ngallingei matamda yamna mating leina thabak thouram kaya pangthoklamba Lupni. Keithel fambi emasinggi Nupi Marup, Apunba Nupi Lup, kumba khara leibagi mathakta,Chanura singgi oiba, Manipuri Chanura Leisem Marup (MACHALEIMA ), yamna masak machu thokna lingkhatlakkhi. Loinana matam sangna chanurasinggi oiba issue kayada mangjil thana eramdamgi thougai kayada thoudang lourakkhi.

Manipur da 1970’s gi mayai chansillakpa sarukta mayai kaba chinjak ( nisha ) yu, ganja, kani, na chingba kaya thakpa chaba,

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yonba hengatlakpa thingnaba, Emasinggi oiba Lup ama mathou tarakpadagi, ahanba oina Manipur gi Kakchingda 1975 ta Nisha bandh gi thabak hourakkhi. State ki thakta All Manipur Womens Social Reformation and Development Samaj semlak-e.

( NUPI SAMAJ ), haina ngasi khangnariba emasinggi oiba lup asi Nisha thingba, amadi khunai asigi chaokhat thourang kayada thoudang yanabagi pandamda lingkhatkhi. Matam kuina sangna Nisha Bandh gi amatta ngairaba Lup oina meeyamgi damak leirakli.

Matamgi yawol matung inna Nisha khaktang thingbana yaraktaba matang ama 1977-78 adwaidagi oirakkhi, Kangleipakta ningtam ehou kankhatlakpa, loinana Government na counter revolution gi thourangsu kansillakpa tanja amada, Indian Security Forces ki Company kaya thajillakkhi. Security Forces na mafam mafamdagi lalhouba thiba humbagi mingda maral leitaba meecham kaya fafaduna ot neiba, makhoigi custody da namsinbagi e-pao kaya leptana hainarakpana, Nisha thingbata nattana maru oina Security Forces ki ka henba mee-ot-meenei thenggainadaba yadaba fibam oirakpana, maikei asomda akanba cheksin thourang loukhatlakkhi.

Nongma 29th December 1980 gi ayuk anganbada Kanchipur gi chingthakta leiba JK Army na Heirangoithong Maibam Leikai, Boroi makhongda sakkhangdabasing na Bomb fumlammi haibagi mingda naharol fanaba koithi thirakpada leikai asimaktagi Lourembam Ibomcha kouba maral sunglei leitaba naha ama faraga pukhre haiba pao da koirang langnarakkhi, mahakpu kannabagidamak Nupi Samaj gi ema singna Kanchipur Army Camp ta changsinduna, numidang wairamda maral leijadaba Lourembam Ibomcha mullaga louthorakkhi. Numit asidagi sifaising amuk hallakpa yai haibagi

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Factional Struggle haibasi Leadership ki changyengni. Meeyamna semba Revolutionary Party amagi semgat sagatpagi khongthanggi saruk amani. Party gi Commarade sing maru oina sinmee meeyamna semgat sagatpagi thabakta chinbagi mathakta, makhoi masen marei yetnaba, machet tabasinggi matangda neinaba amadi madubu thingnaba lallong kaya sinbada mathou yamna chinnei. Factional Struggle haibasi malemgi mityengdadi ing- tappa fibham ama puraknabagi pambeini.Party manungda ing-tappa , tangdu leitaba fibhamda hanjinba haibasi atiyadagi hekta thadarakkadaba natte, tarai- taraina pirakkadabasu oide, masi Party manungda machet taningba wakhal mannadaba kangbuga, punna leiminnaningba kangbuga fugainabagi mahei oina fanglakkadabani.

heithoi singthoiraba, khunai asigidamak tongan tonganba maikeida thoupangluraba mee oi kayana pullaga semba oibana yamna echang thouna meiri thokna masek mangal sandorakkhi. Lup asina eramdamgi ngamkhei asigi lam machet amatta meetopta pithokpa yaroi haibagi khongjang kaya changsillammi, yumlonnaba Myanmar na makhoigini khanjaramlaba Molcham, Kangleipakkini haiba nouhounana thinduna taklammi, nongchup thong oiriba Jiribam gi Tea Estate ki pak chaoraba lam mayang macha amada Minister singna pithoklamba adu thigatlaga hanjinhankhi.

Adubu masisu masagi panthung youba ngamdana lamakhangda matamgi ironnungda lupkhi. Asigi matungdagidi Kangleipakta Organisation lingkhatpagi anouba chatnabi ama hourakkhre.

Factional struggle ayamba yamna hei singna Leader amagi lamjing makhada mawong maril chumna chattharagadi hourakpadagina loiba faoba changyeng amagi makhada changsillaga henna chaokhatpa purakpasu lei.Party Leadership na fattragadi fagatlakpadi lairaduna mang- taknabagi masak oirakpasu yaodaba natte. Luchingba yaodana machet taba haibasidi karigumba matamda apikpa machet- machet tana thugairaga mangkhibasu kayani. Pumnamak Leader adugi hei singbada lei. Makhoina khanggadabadi kamdouna, keidoungei, amadi karamna factional fight hougani amadi keidoungei karamna loisingani haibasu khangba tai. Matam- matamgi review meetingsu pangthoklaga Party gi thabakta apanba yaodana amasung ninghannaba leitana chattharagadi afaba oi. Factional fight kayamuk thoklagasu madugi loisinba haiba amadi leigadabani madusu Leader adugi makha polli. Afaba Leader oiba haibasi malemsigi suri- nomliba sinmee singgi loisinba naidraba

Eigi eigi haiba wakhallonda lupsing lingkhatnarakpa: Malemgi awonba marakta Kangleipaksu eroinana adummak yangna chenminnakhi. Ngallingei matamda wakhallon tinnaba amasung pandam mannaba naharol, ahallongi kangbu kangbu punsinnaraga, nipa nupi, emasinggi oiba Lup matam matamgi oina lingkhatnaramba adugi mahutta, eigi- eigi Lup ki meechang oinaba, frontal gi mawongda magi-magi oina Lup makhal- makhal kaya ama lingkhatnarakkhi. Lup masing yamkhatlakpana Kangleipakki meeyam hupna wakhal tare louba yabadu, masigi onna teinaba oirak-i. Haibadi, Lup amana amagi mathakta hunnaba, ngangnaba, namthanaba hotnarakpa, yeikhai thingaiba kaya ama thorak ee. Masida meetei paorouda:- chafu kairaga kwakna harao ee haibadumak thok ee. Government gi maikeidagi counter activities kaya chattharakpa na Lup singgi mapanggal sonthanaba machak oirak ee. Lup manunggi criticism di afabani lougadabadu counter

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propaganda da mayam ama chattharakpadi afabagi khudam natte.

Government gi Security Agency kayana Lup singbu namthanabagi upaida henna mateng pangsinba oina thokkhi.

Amaromda, houjik maheiroisinggi Lup 10 gi mathakta, emasinggi Lup tasu 20 gi mathakta Leirakpa, naha oiribasinggi Lup na 15 gi mathakta leiraba, Human Rights protection gi damak Lup 10 gi mathakta leinarakpa, chanura singgi oibada 10 gi mathak , loumee sinmee Lup maknasu 10 gi mathaskta, asi nattaba attoppa akaknaba pandamda lingba Sports, Cultural, Project Holder NGO masing thingamdana lingkhatlakpasina Lup sing gi marakta internal contradiction thorakpa, factional fight ki mamee chaona tarakpa, Government gi counter attack ta henna khudong chaba pisinba oina thokpana, Lup sing asi sitharak nabagi machak oihalli. Lanai oiba CSO kaya lingkhatlakpa haibasi magi-magi tongan-tonganba numitta thouram kaya pangthoknarakpa, chaokhat thourang kaya, loukhatlakpa, awa- ana taraba singda tengbanggi potlam kaya pangnarakpa, pumnamaksi sen-thum yaodanadi yaba nattabanina, meeyamdagi tengbang matam matamgi oina niba mathou tarak ee.

Masidani meeyamna hek- hek asaoba pokliba. Manunggi oiba, Armed Opposition Group singna khaibabu pigadra, CSO singdabu pigadra, maraksida masak maming haidoktaba kaya amanasu nam haduna sen munba, khaiba Uniform da leiba Security Forces singnasu masak lotlaga sen kharagidamak mee hatpa; pumnamaksina wahallibadi meecham meeyamdani. Aduna puba thangba ngamdraba potlum ama thongatlakpaga chap mannare. Aduna manungsu mapansu amamam khak oina punbiro, yadraga tokpiro, haiba

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39

khollao laonarakle. Pumnamaksi amana amadagi faction tarakpa, laicha khaidokpa, meeyamda potlum hengatlakpa oina thok ee.

Matangsida lakliba wahangdi, Kangleipakki makhal mathelgi Lup sing amatta oiba plateform da punnabagi khongthang kari loukhatkadage haibasini. Punsinnabagidamak- eikhoi katthoknaba tai. Katthoknaba haibasida, karamna amadi kanana ehan hanna katthokkadage haiba wahangsi chongthorak-i.

Manunggi khutlai paiba Lup 30 henbasina karamna punba yagadaba? Mapangi Lup 70/ 80 sina karamna punba?

Warengsida neinariba malemgi chatna pathap, neinarol kayasida yumfam oiraga manung amadi mapangi Lup singsi karambana hanna punba mathou tabage haibadusu maru oirak ee. Mapandi manunggi yaka yenglaga chatpani, amaromda manungsu mapangi ground reality khanglaga khong thangbani, adu oiradi Lup macha machasingsi Lup masadugi manungda lupsinjakhraga amatta oiraba, amamamta oina punsillaba achouba Mapi Lup singdu amuk mannaba pandam, mannaba masak mawong makhei amuk punsillaba tungda, aroiba oina Leader singna kathokpagi lambida changsillaga Leader amakhakki makhada , Mapi Lup amakhaktang thamba ngambra haina changyeng touba mathou tare. Amana- amagi mateng panglaga, apunbagi panggal oi, nattaduna amana amabu chingtharaga pullap lupminnaba haibaromda chatlagadi, Sandrembi Emadi ngaksam youre haibasimak hakchinna neinaminnaba tangaiphadrabani.

Leadership ki changyengda makhal makhagi ahongbasing:

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Note : Atoppasinggi thabakta khut thinggindabani haiduna masibu Lai..sezfaire (nattraga Lais..serfaire ) hainasu khangnei.

Mathakta piriba luchingbasinggi mawongsing asi leijaragasu luchingbasingda aruba phibham kaya thengnadaba natte. R. Tannebaum amasung W. H. Schmidt (1973) gi Leadership continuum Model gi matung inna autocratic leader di masa mathantana warep loujaba pammi haina thamlammi. Asigumba leader singdi warep loubada makha thabasing saruk yahande.

Aduga, Democratic leadersingdi warep loubada magi makha thabasingna saruk yabagi chang yamna wangna leihalli. Mahei ama chanaba touba thabaksingda autocratic amasung democratic leader haiba lichat ani asigi aphaba amasung phattaba nakal animak leitaba natte. Karigumba matamda autocratic oiba makhal asina democratic ki thabak khuttoudagi yamna phaba helli. Aduga karigumba matamdana masi democratic oiba makhaldagi chang nemna nattraga hairap mannana lei. Thabak pangthokliba miwoisinggi nungaijabagi changsu adummak mannei. Masi oidunasu mahousana thabak touriba miwoisingna wakhal pukning maka lamna thabak pangthokchabagi changdi autocratic tagi democratic ki maikeidana yamna helli.

Autocratic amasung democratic leader gi makhal anisigi lichat laina khanggadaba mawongda R. Tannebaum amasung W. H. Schmidt ki Continuum makhada diagram oina utli.

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41

awaba cheithengni. Malemgi sinmee sing amadi Socialism gi marakki wathok lanthok asi maru oina Leader singgi wahoudagi ngakni.

Leadership crisis haibasi malem pumbada waroisin purakpa ngamdana leiriba wathok amani.adubu mamanggeida Russian Revolution, French Revolution nachingba Europe country singgi wathokna sinmee singga Capitalist singga anigi marakta muknabadagi thorakpani.

Leadership makhal khara: Ahanba Leadership adudi, mahei-masingdi heiraga nak- nak chingkhainaraga leiba, ningthina poram yatpa heitaba meesak, mahakna heija singjariba panggal lousing adu lanai yengthinabada sijinnaba, amadi magi Party membersinggi manungda mathou mangam ningthina yenthokpa heitaba, asigumba leadership asibu khwaidagi fattaba leadership ni khangnei. Anisuba makhalgi Leadership adudi, Leadership of a Clique, haibadi apikpa meeoi kharakhakna saba group amagi oiba, makhoi masen khaktang punba pamba, makhoi masenda thabak machit khara yenthoknaraga leiba, afabadi manba. Adubu asigumba makhalgi leadership asidi lanaigi oiba marida punbani. Trotsky nadi makhoi asibu,yamna tukkachana, Chumminess kou-ee, haibadi School tamminnakhiba marupmapangsing, makhoi asi kangbudagi lanai wafamna henna luna louee, lanai khudong thibadudagi wathok oirak-ee, takkhainaba thenggainaba thorak-ee, aduna maram oiduna lanai wahoudagi khatnarak-ee, maram chadana Faction thorak-ee, wakhal yaodabagi mawongda machet tarak-ee, aduna Clique haibasidi mang taklaga loikhiba ngakni. Ahumsuba makhalgi Leadership asina, Leadership of a Cult ni. Masagi laining lichattabu oirasu, leingaklondabu oirasu,

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mathanta acho- aram kaduna pangpongda pongjaba. Amaromda Leader khudinggi magi- magi tung inba maroi manao sing lei, mana mana pamjaba lambi haibadudi leigani, maduda henna kanna natraga sonna thou-in-sin piba haibaduna tonganbani, adubu Cult leader ama haibadudi masamak Cultist haibadumak oi. Makhoidi asengba achumba haibadagi natheiraga, Yao sangguna makhoigi mang chingba sarik yanba leader dugi matung loina inkhibagum, nungsitna humba maikeida adum chatkhini. Marisuba makhalgi Leadership adudi, meeyamna thoidokna khangnaraba, Permanent faction gi luchingba haibasini. Matam kharagi oina yanadaba hiram ama natraga amagi oiba faction nattaba, tung koiba faction haibasidi amuk soujinnaba yadana thugainaba machet aduni.

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43

Thabak khudingmak magi apam-pamdagi matung inna pangthok-i.

Asum haina touba luchingbasingdi mangonda thabak pangthoknabagi lousing amadi machak pumba yaojarabasu, magi matung induna thabak tougadouriba miwoisingduna thabak tounaba sem-saduna leijarabasu, masa mathantana thabak loina pangthokningbana mahakna amasu amasu nangnaba hotnabada matamgi khuyounaba maiyoknaba tai. Aduga, magi wa ngainagadabana maram oiduna thabak tougadouriba miwoisingdugi makha chatthagadaba thabaksinggi lousingsu chaokhathandana thammi.

Participative (Democratic):

Authoritarian (Autocratic ),

Hairiba makhal asigi luchingbasingdi mathakki Authoritarian haibasiga onna-teinaba mawongni. Democratic oiba luchingbasingna magi makhada thabak touriba miwoisingdugi maraktagi ama natraga amadagi henba miwoising yaohanduna punna warep louminnei. Aduga, tougadouriba thabak adugi thouwongsing amadi tangadaba pandamsing adu mayam punna khangminnaduna, apha-phatta neinaminnaduna thabak pumba pangthokminnei.

Participative (Democratic) amasung

Delegative (Free reign ) :

Delegative (Free reign).

Hairiba makhal asigi luchingbasingdi magi makha thabasingda maning touna warep loujaba yahalli amadi thabak toubada changgadaba tangaiphadaba machaksing thabak tougadouribasingduda loina pithok-i. Mahakna supnatagi magi makha thabasingna thabakka mari leinana hanglakpa wahangsinggi paokhum pibakhaktamak tou-i.

Leadership ki mawongsing: Kurl Lewin (1930) na chinglaga thijin-humjinba kangbu amana leadership ki maru oiba mawong ahumkhak puthoklammi.

Madudi:-

Authoritarian (Autocratic ): Hairiba makhal asigi luchingbasingna pandam ama phangnaba pangthokkadouriba thabak-thouramsinggi warep pumba mahak matomtana leppa pammi, magi matung illibasinggi wa tade.

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Lanthengminnasi Eikhoi

Asigisu mathakta Senkhailup kayana Pro-Govt Lup oina thabak chattharakpa, senkhailup oirambadagi Govt ga Cease Fire tounaraga, peace talk chathari haijillakpa, Senkhailup singgi, Gang khutpugi maroi manao singbu thabak piyu, rehabilitation gi khudong chaba piyu, haibanachingba economic package tanbalomda changsillakpa asinadi Kangleipakki yawol ehougi maiwon kadomdano haibada apang-asing khaidana angang macha amana faoba khangnaraba wafam oire. Revolutionary Party amagi yeknaba oiraba Govt Security Forces ki marum thupna, makhoida tangjafam louraga chathariba Yawol Ehou mangthokpagi thouwong asi athuba matamda thinghouba matam

(Leadership Continuum—Tannebaum & Schmidt)

asigi tangaifadana loukhattaba yadaba khongthang oire.

Punsinbana eikhoi pumbagi yaifaba oigani, adubu erai laina punminnadringei mangoinana yawol lanmee singbu masak machu thoknaba santhi tanthokpa amadi tangaifadri.

Party leadership mapanggal kankhatnaba amasung lallong chumthoknaba gi matangda: Subordinate Comarade Mao Zedong naoriented Party Leadership mapanggal kankhatnaba amasung lallong chumthoknabagi matangda maru oiba paotak ahum pirammi :

Manager oriented

Ahanbada, theory neinou, nouna semdokpa pamba singbu laksinnaba amasung thingnaba hotnou.Anisubada, Area of Freedom for subordinates apunbagi panggal sagatpa amasung tangdu leitaba fangnaba hotnagadabani.Ahumsubada, Senmitlon fagatnaba hotnagadabani.

KANGLEIPAKTA MIWOIBAGI HAK KHONGGAONABA Linthoingambi

Human Rights:

H

uman Rights ki wahanthok asi mee oiba ama oina ning kha tamna hingbagi, mannana amadi esagi ekai khumnaba ngakna

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Mgr Takes Decision& announces

Mgr ‘Sells’ decisions

Mgr Presents decisions with idea & invites Qs.

Mgr Suggest provisional decisons & invites discussion

Mgr Presents the situation gets suggestions then decides

Mgr Explains, defines parameters & asks team to decide

Mgr Allows team to develop options& decide on action, within the mgr’s received limits

Aroiba oina tangdu leitaba khunnai ama lingnabagidamak eikhoi amatta oina pungadabani.

Commarade Mao Zedong na Yanan Rectification Movement gi matamda haikhi:

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(i) Eikhoina khanna neinariba adu henna khumang chaosingadabani, (ii). Party gi thabak matou chumthokkadabani,(iii). machet makai tabagi wakhallon amadi thouwong laksingadabani, (iv). Factionalism muthatkadabani, Party gi panggal thouna hengatnaba hotnaba haibasi yamnamak maru oibani.(v). Faction tanaba hotnariba singdata nattana, Factionalism haibasi Unity- Criticism- Unity haiba formula sijinnaduna meeyam marakta punna wakhal tamminnanaba hotnagadabani.

Factionalism muthatnabagi thourang paringda: Faction gi makhalsing: Power painingba Gang khutpu.( makhoisi aruba eesingda laina nga fage hotnabani ).Leingaklongi wakhallon machet amatta yaodaba kangbugi faction.Pandam leidaba Gang Faction.Clique sing amadi Counter revolutionary singgi Faction.Lai gi mingda napal kajaba singgi Faction.

Aduna, Leading Cadre amabu luchingliba adubu Leadership kougani. Faction haibasi gang ama natte, Clan amakhakkisu natte, Clique amagisu natte, masidi akaknaba pandam kharagi semba Politico-Military Organisation amani. Pandam adudi lam lamgi oina khetnaba leirabasu maru oina tokhai taningba, revisionist faction muthatnaba hotnabani.

Majority faction ama muthatpa: Faction ama haibasi Party adumakki manungda adummak chupsinjakhigadabani. Party amagi manungda Faction thokpa

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47

haibasi matam kharagi oina nattana matam chuppagi oina semnade.

Masi chaokhatkhraba leipak singda houkhiba ehougi liklamda mayek sengna utkhrabani.

Waroisin: Matang asida Kangleipakki chatthariba yawol ehou asida pansinlaga neinaba mathou tai. Kangleipakki oinadi achouba mapi oiba Lup amagi manungdagisu adum machet tai, apikpa Lup amagi machet makai oiba Lupnao amadagisu machet machet amatta nattana 9 / 10 thokpasu yaori, masibu karamba wakhal mityengda, karamba pandamda, karamba makhoigi tongganba ningtam ehougi panthung ama tanbagino, meeyamda chamamnaba adummak pokhalli. Revolutionary Party amagi, ideology, ethics, principle ngakna chatli haina kanamattana haiba ngamloi. Makhoigi akhuba mityeng senfam kharagidamak meecham amada hekta kihanba, khanghanba, tasengna hattoklaga makhoinani haina thouna leina claim toubasu ngamdaba, meecham kayabu kihan khanghanba, hekta hattokpiba kayagi mayokta fongna wakat-mipham famduna Lalhoulup amaga singnaba ngamlakpa haibasi Revolutionary Party adu tasengnamak anti- people oire takpani. Asumna senkhai-lup kaya kangleipakki leimaida chenggum soubagum sougatlaklibasi thenglabasu thengna muthatnaba achouba mapi mapa oiriba Revolutionary Party singna areibi thaduna hotna houdrabadi, kanglei khunnai kayam kuina leikhigadage haiba ngamlaroi.

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Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 na piraba Hak sing.(C). India Govt na dt. 23rd March 1976 ta signed touduna yajakhraba ICCPR, 1966 na piriba hak sing.

Mee oibagi hak sing ngak senbigani haiduna leiriba Act, Covenant, amadi declaration kayasibu ngakna chatpirabadi mee oiba amatta waningai leite. Adu nattabanina, Prithivi gi lanjao da mee oi million kayagi thawai mangkhre, million kayana asok apan nangkhre, Malemgi leipak singgi manungda kanglup masen khatnabada mee lising lising na chaba fangdaduna sikhre.

Human Rights ki cheingak khara: Kangleipakki oinasu 1992- 1998 faobada Manipuri chingmee masen hatnabada lising henna sikhre, yum lising kaya mei chakkhre.

Masida awa- ana tariba meeoisi angangsing, nupi, namma soirabasing, ahal oirabasing na ayambani. Asumna khut thoknaraba mafamda mee oibagi hakpu kannanaba cheingak leitabadi natte, cheingak adudi, Geneva Convention Mari amasung 1977 gi Additional Protocols anida palli. Geneva Convention mari gi common article ahumsubana tangaifadaba oina thamli madudi, mee oibagi punsi, lan- thum, ekai khumnaba, lan tounabagi panggal yaojadraba singbu mapung fana ngakpi senbigadabani. Masigi Article ahumsubasi Jus cogens ( thugaiba yadraba law ) ni , masi hanthahanba natraga sonthahanba yaroi. Panba yabada 1986 ki Nicaragua amadi America gi case ta International Court of justice na rai pibada ahumsuba article bu Jus cogens ki thakta thanggatkhrabani.

Judial Activism:

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hingjanaba International Covenant amadi leipak asigi Constitution na piba, loinana India gi Court na chatnaba yare haina piraba hak adubu, malemna samna meeoiba amana fangfam thokpa Human Rights aduni haina khangnei. Houkhiba matam kharada Human Rights ki maramda yetnaba kaya ama leijaragasu 20th Century gi loiramdai saruktadi ekhen khennadana yanaba purakkhi.

United Nations ki General Assembly na December 10, 1948 ta chatnaba yare haina laothok khraba Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 ki matung inna Mee oiba haibasi ning kha tamna, esagi matik mangal leina amasung fangfam thokpa hak kayaga loinana poklak ee. Mee oiba pumnakta jat kuchu, nipa- nupi, lon, nat, leingaklon gi, esagi aningba- apamba, leipakki, natraga khunai gi hourakfam, lan thum, gi ning tamba pumnakta thak mannana hingjaba ngambagi hak adu piri. Tehran Conference 1968 amasung Vienna gi malemgi mee oibagi hakki meefam, 1993 gi matungdagidi human rights ki wakhal mityeng asi henna pakthok chaothokna mayek senglakkhi.First Generation of human rights na civil and political rights pu masigi fiban nungda thambagi saklon utkhre. Second Generation of Human Rights na economic rights ka hakthengnana mari leinahalle. Third Generation of Human rights na hannagi generation anigi right ta khetnaba leijarabasu ani asibu henna mapanggal kankhathalli.

Anouba malemgi mityengda Human Rights: Cold War gi matamda, human right asi tongan tonganba wakhallon chenba, amadi ka henna panggal kanba anigi khetnaba wafam oina 1991 faobada leirammi. Socialism gi pathapta thamba human rights na political amadi civil rights

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pu economic rights ki mathangda thamlammi. Aduga Marxian gi wakhallondana, attoppa ningtambasing gi mang thana economic freedom bu maru oina thamlammi.

Matam aduda America gi human rights ki chatnabidadi, kuchu muba American negro singda, mannaba mafam ama piba yaramde.Asengba punsidasu hanthana yengba amadi tuhatpiba leirammi. Matam kharadadi amuba negro sing amadi America gi nupising faoba vote thadabagi hak piramde. Adubu matamgi ahongbagi matung inna ngasidi amuba American Negro Mr.Barak Obbama na Americagi President oirak khre. Masi oithoktabadi natte. Ngasi faobada American citizen singna Communist Party semgatnabagi ning kha tambadu, leipak adnamthak toubaga mannana louri. Soviet Union oiringeida Political rival singbu fajinba, amasung leipak ngaklongi akanba chatna pathap na punduna thamba nachingba, human rights pu chumna yengba ngamdaba loinana tuhatpibagi chatnabi leirammi.

Eramdam Kangleipakki mityengda Human rights: Eramdam Kangleipak asidadi, Ngallingei matamda Human rights violation hairaga 没 rights to life, liberty and security bu maru oina khangnarammi. Democracy chatpa leipak India gi manung chanba leipak ama oirubana Indian system, Indian law, Indian tradition da lupchaba mee oi kanglup singdadi Indian citizen amagi fangfam thokpa Right adumak fangli haina khanjaramba yai, adubu khara kupna, manung hanjinna yengba mityengda, amadi neinaba mee oi singdadi India na piriba political freedom, economic rights penfam thokte. Neo-colonial

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status ta thambiriba political status amadi captive market oina thamliba Kangleipakki economy, eikhoigi meeyamna chana thaknaba pumba Punjab tagi pusillakpa Punjab rice, haryana gi rice, bihar gi alu, hawai, essential commodities pumnamak, eikhoina consumer ama oibagi hakni fangliba, economic out drain na asukki matik laona fattoktuna thamlaga khajik khajik yuba natte echel naina chenthokkhiba drain ni. Ngasi 6th Pay Commission chatnare haina haraoriba, hengatliba senfam pumba mapan da chatkhigadaba ngaktani, dependent economy amagi manungda hingba leipakna kadaidano sen thumgi ning tamba. Esagi resource leijade haiduna Annual Budget ki senfamsu heikru manada yomlaga pirakpa, kairakpa kharadusu angam athou famnai tunaiba mayamna sayen ngayenda mafam khangdana, yakhun naidana loisinkhiba, adugi maheini ngasi nongma kangdana band, blockade, sit in protest chatthariba, hairuragasu erang yamna pamba ehou sagat kanba oina ubiba. Masi pumnamak khuya tusitna hingjabagi right pibidaba, amadi chaokhat lambida chatchanabagi development right fanghanbidabagi maheini.

(A). Indian constitution na piriba Fundamental Rights sing: Indian Constitution gi part III da piriba Fundamental Rights singsi chaorakna tangkak taruk thokna khaidokpa yai.Right to Equality - Articles 14 to 18.Rights to Freedom 没 articles 19 to 22.Right against Exploitation - Articles 23 to 24.Right to Freedom of Religion 没 Articles 25 to 28.Cultural and Educational Rights 没 Articles 29 to 30.6. Rights to Constitutional Remedies, Articles 32 to 35 (B). Universal

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eikhoisu loufam thokpa ethoudang yafam thok ee. Human Rights violation toubagi wafamsi neinarakpa matmda eikhoina kanthoklaga chatpa yadaba eikhoi meecham singgi asoiba kharasu leitaba natte.

Khudam oina, Leikai amada lamhen tuhenba mee oi amana karan tabadagi namja namtheknaduna nupi amagi ekai khumnaba manghalle, natraga mee ama hattokle, meegi mapot ama hurallamle, maral adugidamak accused adubu faraga meeyamna khudakta hekta cheirak piba, maru kokpiba, lamjaoda laoraga chathanba, mayum mei thadokpa, laikaidagi tanthokpagi warep louba eikhoi pumbana toina thengnariba thoudok wathokni. Matangsida neinaningai oiribadi kanagumba emunggi mee oi amana aranba touragasu magi emunggi attoppa member singdudi maral leitabani adu oiradi maral leitaba mee oi amagi natraga mayamgi hak adu khudakta violate toure, masisu meecham amana nattraga mee kharana atoppa mee oi singgi hak matpani louroidra adu oiradi, masi achumba wayel oide, aduna eikhoi pumbana trial toudana natraga aranba mee oi amabu masana chumthok chanabagi tanja ama piba toudana hekta cheirak piba, social boycott touba asi achumba khaongthang natte. Masi touroidabani. Hanjin hanjin achum aran thidana pangtou tounarakpadagi yai haiduna chatnabi ama oikhraba aranba khongthang asi eikhoi pumbana chumthoknaba hotnaba mathou tai.

Hainaba lei, eingonda meena touhanningdaba thabaktu meengondasu eina touroidabani. Eina tabada nungaitaba waheidu meengondasu haidaba fei. Eikhoina Govt gi asoiba natraga, Lalhoubagi asoiba khaktang neinaraga eikhoi meeyamgi asoiba aranbana kupsillaga thamba achumba thoudou natte. Leipaksigi wayel loisang, chatna pathap, leipak ngaklon leiri

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India gi oina National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) asi 8th January 1994 da The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 ( No.10 of 1994 ) gi makhada thamkhibani. Masimakki makhadani State Human Rights Commission lingkhribasu, Commission asina full swing function touringeidadi Meeyam asi sor khara hondok charamlabani, adubu Govt ki initiative watpana houjik kangkha thang oina leire.

Tangkak asidani Judicial Activism gi mathou tarakliba, masi individual level da natraga collectively Organisational level da oirabasu meeyam gi damakti achouba upai ama oire. ASSAM RIFLES na meenungsi khangdana hattok pikhraba Thangjam Manorama gi case ta machet khara mai pakpagi lambi uraklibasini.

Loinana meeyamgi khollaodagi 23rd July 2009 gi Rabina amadi Sanjit ki meehatki matangda CBI na thigatlaga Charge sheet frame tourakliba asini. Houkhiba matamgi case singda mai pakkhide khallaga Judicial Activism gi thajaba manghanba chumde, eikhoi gi eraktagi legal activist kayana physically help toubiba mammal naidraba khudolni, intellectual circle da faoba legal concept asi mapung fana leinaba natte, adunadi innocent laymen amanadi kari khangga douriba. Eikhoi pumbana legal luminaries singgi contribution asi appreciate toufam thok ee. Masimakki laraba khudam amatang panjarabada, houkhiba 18th June 2001 gi the Great June Uprising, 2001 gi Upendra Judicial Commission of Inquiry aduSeniorAdvocate Irom Lalit na luchingba Advocate mayamna semba, UCM gi Legal Cell amana eramdamgini khallaga free of cost ta work toubadagi mai pak khibani.

Aduna ngasidi Manipur gi oinasu akhang ahei kaya voluntarily chongthoraktuna, legal help kaya piduna, Indian Security Force na rape toubikhraba

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victim kaya gi awaba kharada oirabasu kokhanba ngamkhre, maral leiba hingcha yaitamba kayabusu imprisionment fanghankhiba leikhre.

Takyel khongbangi Ema Ahanjaobi panba yai. Ema asina thouna fana chongthoraklamdrabadi asigumba case kaya kaya, kana khangdana namsinduna thamlamba yai, eramdamsigi lamjing meira oikhibi emani. Makha tarakpadadi matam chana- chana ehou sagattuna victim kayabu relief fanghanba ngamkhre. Mee oibagi Human Rights violate toubagidamak maral leiba kayabu cheirak piba, sen oina Govt na tengbang piba, leikhidaba meeoigina hinghouriba macha masuda chanaba thabak happa na chingba kaya paikhatle.

Ngasigi Kangleipakta oiriba Human Rights ki masak: Adubu eikhoigi meeyamna uriba human rights ki masakti, Meecham hatpa- tuppa, nupi oibigi ekai khumnaba manghanba ( ijjat manghanba ), maram pidana meecham kayabu hekta faba, fuba otpa Ăť neiba, security forces ki custody da hatpa kayasibu lounarammi. Adubu ngasigi mee oiba khunnaina asum asum chaokhatlakpa, malemgi leipak kayana electronic & communication gi lamda matol lomle lounaraba, space ta plot kannaraklaba matam, advanced computer gi age asida India gi fibannungda tinsinkhibadagi Manipur di chaokhat lamjenda yaosinbagi mahutta, meehat- meepun, meecham kayabu otpa neiba mee oiba amagi basic right oiriba Right to life, liberty and security asi khonggao nabibagi wathok lanthok kaya nongma kangdana tanari, unari, khangnari. ISTV, AIR, DDK(I), gi paoda amadi news paper paramdaida, ngasidi mee kaya hatlamle haibasina ahanba wahangni. Mee 5/6 tagi tarabadi pao oina paninglaktabagi thak faoba yourakle.

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Kana kanana Human Rights violate tou-ee?

Human Right violation gi case ayamba da maru oina State Actor singna pangthok ee. Lamdamsida lalhouba namthanabagi mingda India Govt na namduna thamjinbiriba amuba, hingcha yaitambagi Act ni lounariba Ă´ the Armed forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958 Ă´ asigi khudongchaba louraga meecham kayabu maral ama nattraga ama hekta haijillaga faba, punba, custody da namsinba, nipada nattana nupi faoba hatpa tuppagi case kaya eikhoi pumbana khangnaraba ngakni.Amaromda houkhiba chahi 4/5 sidadi Non-State actor singnasu puba thangba ngamdaba senkhaigi demand kaya tousinduna, piyu yadraga nongmei kapsinba, bomb langsinba kaya, makok thongba officer faba ngamdraga macha masu oiba kayada tainaduna, meecham meeyamda onsinduna hakthengnana khut thabagi thoudok wathok kaya tanarakli. Khudam haibabu nongma kangdana makhoigi mayokta Ema Ebel kayana, maheiroi faobana Wakat meefam famba unaribasini. Masi masagi Ideology, Principle amadi Background leijaba Armed opposition Group amagi lichat natte. Masi sottharaba khunai amada chaokhatpagi khudam natte. Pattha pumtharaba khunai amagi saklonni.

Govt nasu meecham meeyambu kanbibagi mahutta onsillaga makhal mathengi cheitheng kaya pirakli. Security Forces maraktagi tamnalai, bhut kaya lalhoubagi saklon louhallaga mitranggi drama sannahalli, meecham kaya nungsi heitana hattokli. Cheina cheitheng kayasi khangba tabani, maramdi Conflict Zone amada leirubana.

Armed Opposition Group ki ehou leiba state amada leirubana

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Lanthengminnasi Eikhoi

oiraba, meeoi kanglup ama nattraga madugi saruk amabu paktaknana hatpa tuppagi thabak amadi manghan takhannaba chatthaba tamthiba lichat adubu rape hairaga khangnei. Masi conflict zone singdana henna paksanna chatthari. th

19 Century da Lan amada awa- ana nangliba asi meechamsingni haina Kelly Dawn Askin na hairi. World War II da meecham million 45 henna sikhi. Meecham nupi nipa kaya ama meeot meenei nangkhibagi manungda War rape asi nipa dagidi nupidana henna chatthakhi. Langi lallong ama oina sexual violence asi maru oina yeknabagi leipak adugi nupi, angangsingda amasung mari leinaba meeoisingda amadi khutlai paiba lanmee maselda faoba chatthei.

Yeknaba khudum chanba hainba hak adugi makhaponna khutlaipaijadaba nupi amadi angangsingda rape chatthaba yai haina 19th century gi mamangdadi lourammi. Puwari gi latamsingda War rape asi iramlagasu Armed Conflict matamda nupi oibisingbu rape touba amadi sexual assault haibasi law na yadaba machat amani.

Law na yai haina keisu leite khanna chatthakhiba sexual assault kharadi wayel cheirak fangkhi. Adubu masi kaya maru oidabani khanna cheirak pifam thokte hainasu leikhi, adubu Human Rights Watch ki mityengdadi War rape asi langi aronba wafamni, loinana meesi masi nipana nupigi mayokta chatthaba crime amani lou ee. “Mai paknabagidamak manghan takhanali� mang-takhallibasi nupi buni. Masini chatliba chahi cha asigi meekap meerao langi khollao.

Makha tana war rape haibasi laibak thibani, masi nipabu landa thajillubagi maheini. Mamangeidadi War rape haibasi lanmeesing da nipathokna maipakpaklakpagi piba khudolni lounarammi.

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masibu mamai chumnaba khollao piba, taksinba, tadraga ehou changsinba haibasina Pressure Group oiriba, CSO eikhoigi ethoudangni.

Meeyamna Right to Self Determination gi hak tanbada Malemgi chatna kanglon ngakna pangal lousing sijinnaba yai, adubu terrorism na sijinnaba pangal lousingdi malemgi chatnabigi wangmadani, lalli haina cheiningai oi. Matang asidani Justice of Power amasung Power of Justice ki khetnaba khangbasu mathou tarakliba. Masi eramdam asikhaktagi natte, mafammafam pumnamakkini. Ngasifaobada 1991 da Soviet Union na emu-naimu tanadana leipak 15 da maning tamba pikhiba nattana, maningtamba haibasi sanagi sempakta lanthoklaga pikhidri, mullaga loukhiba ngaktani.

Waroisin: Eikhoina hingbagi hak tanbata nattana, esagi Fundamental Duty su khangjinba tai.Houjik Palliba leingak asigi leingakloisingna Human right haibasi talludana pirakkadaba potsak ama natte, eikhoi esaesana mitkup nahum singna hingba tai, apanba ayetpa pirakpa pumnamak thengnaba tai, lantheng asi mai paknabagidamak eikhoi punsinba tangai fade, punsinnabagi kayat yatpa tai, kattthokpaga loinana amatta oibagi panggal sagatminnarasi.

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WAR AMADI ARMED CONFLICT ZONE AMADA MARAIBAK THIRABI NUPISINGBU OT-NEIBA

Wahoudok:

K

angleipakta nupi oibisingbu awangba thakta ekai khumnaba asigum atei malemgi leipaksingda leiramloi. Laiembigi masakni lounarammi. Adubu chaokhatle hairiba ngasigi chahi cha asidadi nupibu tathi taoina, hanthaba thakta thambagi, angam-angamba ot neibagi, sannapotkum khanbagi, lujadrabi chatnabi ama leiraklibasi matam chana chumthokhouba, thinghouba mathou tare. Langi matamda lanmee singna makhoigi yeknaba oiriba leipak nattraga kangbu adugi nupi oibisingda hek hek onsilli, fuba cheiba, ot neiba nupi oibisinggi ekai khumnaba manghanbana chingbagi pamdaba thoudok wathok kaya thokhalli.

Rape ki wahanthok: Kanagumba nipa amana nupi amabu namja namtheknana padongba, masida nattana nupi adugi hakchangthong amasung amangthongda, hakchanggi saruk amada hekta nipa adugi sexual organ na nattaba attoppa potsak sijjinnaraga otpa-neiba, kihan khanghanba, tamthiba mawongda, anamkanna taksinba,

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fajin punsinduna thamlaga, wakhal laina pokhanganaba mawongda kihanba; asumna kihan khanghanbadagi oirakliba fibamgi khudongchaba louraga, namja namtheknariba nipaduna, upai leijadrabi aduna masana yaningdana chatthaba thabak adubu Rape touba haina khangnei

War Rape: War rape haibasi lanmeesingna, atoppa uniform setpa Security forces singna natraga meechamnasu langi matamda natraga khutlai paiba lanhou marakta pangthok ee. Chumna lanmee masengi marakta nupi oibigi ekai khumnaba manghanba ga rape touba asiga khetnei.

Langi matamda natraga Armed Conflict thokpa matamda yeknaba lanmeesinggi wakhal lousing panggal sonthahannaba Psychological Warfare oina rape touba haibasi toina sijinnei. Paring pathap naina amasung manungthitna neinaraga lanmeegi makok thongba luchingbasingnasu makhoigi lanmeesingda meechamsingbu rape tounaba paotak pi, insilli. Nupi lanfasingbu loisang linglaga oktabi oihanba, akaknaba lanfam natraga paktaknana meehat- meepun chatthabada, lanai oina nattraga tokhaina sexual violence makhal kaya mafam matamgi matung inna War rape kayasi chatthei. Gang rape touba amasung cheitek cheirang natraga nongmei barrel nachingba na thingjinduna ot neiba mawongda rape touba, makhalsing asi War rape ki manung challi.

Paring pathap amagi makhada paksanna sandorakliba rape amadi sexual slavery haibasi Geneva Convention nasu mee oibagi mayokta chatthaba War Crime ni haina masak khangle. Tasengna yeknaba

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liraba War crime amani haina International Criminal Court (ICC) tasengna thingkhrabani. Adum oinamak South Asian Country amattana ICC gi party oina yaodri.

Mamangeigi matamda Harold Washington na wayet ama pukhatlakkhi madudi rape touba haibasi lallong amani sokhallaba city singduna madugi awaba nanglabasingni.

The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan gi 1998 ki report ta Pakistan da 354 minutes khudinggi mee amadi rape tou ee haina palli. Aduga India dana hairiba matam asigi manungda fongna fongdoraktaba makhei tharudana, akhangba kharadang pallabada 15,000 henna rape tou ee hairi. Aduga Political violence oina masigi saruk ani henna khungganggi lamdamda awangba thakki mee oi singna atonba hanthaba community singgi nupisingbu rape ki awabasi nanghalli.

Langi Lanfamsing:

War damage and colonialism da awaba nangkhiba singdu Korean Government amadi Japan ga tounakhiba Treaty amagi matung inna, Korean Government na sex Slavery issue adu 1965 ta loisinkhi.

Lanfa oina faraklaba nipasingda faoba rape amadi sexual violence chatthei, masi nipasinggi mathouna maringjel, wakhal lousing thamaisinbata nattana nupi olhannabagi lallongni. Masi nipana nupibu hanthana yengbibagi lichatni. Iraq ta leiba Abu Gharib Jail da nipa lanfasingda sexual violence ka- henna chatthakhibagi e-pao foto kaya marik chumna media da fongdoktuna malenmgi meeyamda sabak fakkhi. Jail gi staff singna makhoi masel marakta namduna mapal thokna meeyam mangda ekai firuk hangduna ot neiba rape touhanba faoba chatthakhi.

International Law gi mityengda War Rape: Geneva Convention na War Rape ki matangda: The Fourth Geneva Convention gi Art.27 na 1949 dagi houna War time rape amasung namduna prostitution oihanbadu thingkhi. Athingba asi 1949 Geneva Convention gi Additional Protocols 1977 na amuk hanna kansinhankhi.

Rwandan Genocide ki matangda: 1998 ta Rwanda gidamak United Nations na lingkhatkhiba International Criminal Tribunal na loukhiba warepta rape haibasi International Law gi makhada Crime of Genocide (Meenungsi leitana paktaknana hatpa meehat ), 1994 Rwandan

Rapist singgi mathakta wayel chattharakpa haibasi War Crime Tribunal gi anouba khumang chaosinba amani. Meechamsingda tathi tawoina toubata nattana lanmeesingna meechambu khuntak lansihanba haibasi Humanitarian Law n alumna lounarak ee. Yamna tangna War rape toubasingbu War Crime ni haina laothokkhre. World War II gi matungda Nuremberg Tribunals na Nazi war criminal singbu rape case ka mari leinana sak takkhi.Rape of Nanking haina khangnakhraba Tokyo da Japanese Officer singna Nanking massacre da rape touba thingkhide haibagi damak War Crime Tribunal na Jail da thamkhi.

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World War II gi mang oinana Humanatirian Law: Nupi haibasi potsak oina leiba lan thumni. Asigumba lan-thum asigi mapudi nipani. Nipa adudi, mapa, mapu roiba, meenaigi luchingba, nattraga ahal lamanni. Hiram asigi matung inna nupi amabu rape touba haibasi nupi adugi mapu oiriba nipa adugi lan thum manghanbagi crime ama toure haina lougani.” Nupisingda chatthaba war rape asi lanfam amada chatthaba khunaina yaba lichat amani “ haina mamanggeigi Greek singna lounarammi. 19th Century gi mayai oiba sarukta Europe ta nupisingbu Law gi mityengda hanthaba thakta leiba meeoi pok oina lounarammi.

18th Century gi athengba sarukta amadi 19th Century da Treaties and War Codes ta mayek sengfattana nupi oibisingbu ngak sengadabani palli. The Treaty of Amity and Commerce (1785) ta marik chumna pallammi madudi langi matamda “ nupi amasung angangsingbu hakchang sokna ekai khumnaba manghalloidabani”. US Rules and Article of war gi Supplementary Article 20 of the Orders No.20(1847) na makhagi hiramsing asi sathina cheirak fangfam thok ee, madudi: atamnaba mee hatnaba hotnaba, mee hatpa, siba yana thangna thinba nattraga rape touba. World War I matungda 1919 da lingkhatkhiba War Crime Commission na thigatpada World war I matamda German amasung atei Central power singna chatthakhiba mee ot meenei amadi sexual violence amasung rape toukhibagi amadi namduna oktabi oihankhibagi war gi Laws and Customs thugaibagi khudam changdam kaya fangkhi.

The Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals:

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World War I gi matungdagidi the Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals ihan hanba International Criminal tribunals tasengna chongthorakkhre. IMT ( International Millitary Tribunals) charters Article 6(b), meecham meeyambu faba, meenai oihanba amasung atei maram kayagidamak fajinba asi lanmeegi toufam thokpagi wangmada chatthaba chumdaba thabakni. Nuremberg Charter gi Article6(c), gi makhada War rape asi mee oibagi mayokta chatthaba crime oibana wayel chatthaba yai. Tokyo da leiba War Crime Tribunal na Sexual Violence and War rape asi meenungsi leitaba lichat, lichat fajadaba amasung manunggi ekai khumnaba amasung hak singbu ngaktabagidamak cheirak pikhi. Wayel chatthakhiba asigi matung inna Nanking gi Chinese city Japan na lousinkhibagi ahanba chayolda leisabi, mou punna mupi 20,000 henbabu rape toukhi haina palli.

National level dana 14th Area Army gi Commander General Yamashita bu magi yathang matung inna rape touhankhibagi damak Jail da namsinkhi. Dutch ki fajinbiraba nupi 35 mukki case amasu Batavia military Tribunal in 1948 ki mangda wayel chatthabada mai pakkhi.

World War II gi matungda: World war II gi matungda South Asian Country singda Armed Conflict asi yamna maru oiba wafam oirakkhre. Pakistan ga tainaba Afghan border da, Kashmir da, Chittagong Hill tract ta Mao’ist rebel sing, awing amasung nongpok tana Sri Lanka gi Armed Conflict thengnaba. Masina awabagi cheitheng piribasi nupi oibisingdani. Langi matamda rape touba haibasi khwaidagi

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Bangladesh Attrocities: 1971 gi Bangladesh Liberation War matamda chaorakna 200, 000 Bangladeshi nupising Pakistan Army na rape toukhi. Ayamba nupi singdi Dhaka University amasung lanai yumsingdagi farakpani aduga makhoidu sex slaves oina Dhaka Cantonment manungda thamkhi.

1974-1992 gi matunda: War rape ki record matung inna Liberia Civil War amasung Indonesia na 1975 ta East Timor lousinlaba matungda War rape chatthakhi. August 1990 da Iraq lanmee singna Kuwait ta landaba matamda Kuwait nupi 5,000 muk rape toukhi.

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Genocide matamda nupi 500,000 raped toukhi haina panei.

International Criminal and Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia na Geneva Convention and violation of the Law or Customs of War gi matung inna ihan-hanna rape haibasi meeoibagi mayokta chatthaba crime amani. Bosnia amasung Herzegovina gi kha nongpokta leiba FOCA gi Muslim nupising, chahi 12 dagi 15 khaktagi leisabi macha singbu Bosnian Serb lanmee singna, Police singna, Parta- Military Troup singna city adu April 1992 da lousinlaba matungda paktaknana gang rape toukhi, ot neikhi, aduga oktabi oina leihankhi haibasi khangkhi. Asidasu nattana Bosnian Serbman singna

Indian Rebellion gi matamda War Rape ki Case: Ekui kuikhidriba thoudoksingda: Amnesty International gi nouna fonglakpa report ki matung inna houjik-houjik chathariba amasung loikhibada ngairiba Conflict leiba leipaksing maru oina, Colombia, Iraq, Sudan, Chechenia, Nepal and Afghanistan da rape case kaya chathakhi.

19 th Century da India da mass media hougatlakpa matamda Indias First War of Independence haina India na khangnaba, British na Sepoy Mutiny haina khangnaba matamduda English nupi amasung leisabisingbu Indian Rebellion singna rape toukhi.

World War II gi matamda leikhiba War Rape ki Case: African Conflict Zone da: African Conflict Zone da 2008 ta UNICEF ki report matung inna hai, rape asi uniform setpa sifaisingta nattana meechamnasu tou ee. Rape haibasi maru oina War matamda, mahousagi oiba tamthiba awa ana thokpa matamda thengnei. Aduga UNICEF ki matung inna Conflict Zone oiriba Sudan, Chad, amasung Democratic Republic of Congo nachingba lamsing asida rape ki khudong thiba nang ee.

Second World War asi September 1939 da German Forces na Poland da landabadagi houkhi.Matam asida German Forces na Poland da Police aamasung Jewish nupi amasung Leisabisingbu rape toukhi.

Japanese Army na Chatthakhiba Rape Case khara: “Comfort Women “ haibasida ayambana Korean, Chinese, Fillipina nupising 200,000 muk rape touraba matungda, nupising asi Japanese Military Brothel da oktabi oina

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namsinduna thamkhi. Nanking Massacre dasu Japanese Militant singna makhoina lousillaba leipaksingdugi nupising ayambana, mou amasung meerollabi nupi faoba yaona rape touraga ot neikhi.

Australian Army singna chatthakhiba Rape Case khara: Hanna oktabi oirambi nupi amana lithorakpa warida, Australian Troup singna Kure da 1946 ki ngallingei sarukta naha oiribi singbu faraga makhoigi Jeep ta chingthakta puraga rape toukhi.

Numidang khudinggi nupisingna kanbinaba laoba khonjel mahakna takhi.

US Army na chatthakhiba: Okinawa nupisingbu Battle of Okinawa, 1945 ta US Army singna raped toukhi. Kanagawa prefecture lousinba ahanba numit 10 ni faobada nupi 1,336 rape toukhi. Adubu Japanese Military singna haibadadi asigumba thabaksi toudabnaba American Army Official singna makhoigi sifaisingda paotak pibana karimatta toukhide. 2006 ta fongdorakpa Secret Wartime File gi matung inna 1942-45 ki manungda American GIS singna Europe ta sexual offence 400, England da 126 rape toukhi haina palli. World War II gi matamda American GIS na England, France amasung Germany nupi 14,000 muk rape toukhi.

War Crime of the Wehrmacht: Wehrmacht force singna Jewish nupisingbu Invasion of Poland September, 1939 gi matamda rape toukhi. German Military singna nupisingbu nongmeina kaptuna hattringeida rape touthok ee. Soviet Union gi nupisingbu German Forces na faduna puraga

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nungshi heitana mapambom amadi masam laktuna chinglaga faraba matungda rape touthoklaga oktabi loisangda makhoigi Officer singgi damak thamkhi.

French Army na Toukhiba: French Moroccan Troups, Goumiers haina khangnaba singna Battle of Monte Cassino amasung German da Itali nupisingbu rape toukhi. Italian source ki matung inna 7000 Italian meecham nupising amasung angangsingbu Goumiers singna rape toukhi.

British Army na toukhiba: Mandadori gi matung inna British service ta leiba Indian Troup na chang yamna hanthana Itali nupisingbu rape toukhi.

Soviet Red Army na chatthakhiba: German Armed Forces singna surrender toukhraba matungda German tangkhai amadi Soviet Union na lousille. Soviet Union sifaisingna Polish nupisingbu ( Poland gi nupising ) yamna tamthina rape toukhi.

World War II loirakpada Soviet Union gi Red Army singna German nupi amasung leisabi 2,000,000 henna raped toukhi.

Berlin: the Downfall , 1945 haiba Antony Beevor na eeba lairikta 1945 ta Berlin nupi 90% mukti rape touraba matungda Venereal Disease na nakhi. 1945 tagi 1946 faobada pokkhiba German angangsinggi manungda 3.7% gi mapadi Russian singni. Red Army atrocities gi matung innasu 1992 faoba wafam asi achouba wathok oikhi.

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Eastern Congo da rape amasung sexual violence ki chang asi asukki matik sathikhre, malem da khgwaidagi tamthiba mawongda chathakhi haina loukhi. 1998 ta Lan hek hourakpadagi mou amasung leisabi lising 10 / 10 na khujing oiraga Democratic Republic of Congo da rape toukhi. Rape ki awaba cheitheng nangkhraba nupi 200,000 henna ngasisu Democratic Republic of Congo da hingli.

Rape Camp: War amadi Conflict leiba zone da rape toubikhraba nupi singbu punna camp amada thambi, makhoibu thambiriba authority singna apamba matamda leptana rape tou ee. Rape camp haibasi Nazi Exploitation Cinema singda yamna common oi. Bosnia dasu Rape Camp sing lei. Maming oina pallabada, (1). Vilina Vlas (2). Keratern camp (3). Omarska camp.

World War II gi matamda Japanese Military singna nupi 1000/ 1000 bu faraga makhoigi Sex Slaves oina sijinnei. Makhoi asibu Comfort Women haina khangnei.

Comfort Women: Ehan hanba “Comfort Houses� asi chaorakna March, 1932 da Battle of Sanghai gi matamda lingkhatkhi. Makha tarakpada Second Sino- Japanese War of 1937 dagidi makhoina lousillaba lamsingda oina lingkhatkhre. Chaorakna apunba Comfort women gi 80 to 90% di matamduda Japan na lousillaba Korea dagi lakpa nupising ngaktani. Lemhouriba ateina Chinese, atei Asiannupi khara amadi Dutch nupisingni. 1991 khaktada South korea Nupi Grandma

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Lanthengminnasi Eikhoi

Kim Hak Soon na ihan hanna Comfort Women haiba ama lei haibasi meeyam mangda fongdorakkhi.

Lanthengminnasi Eikhoi

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