Winter Chronicle 2018 by Council on Foreign Relations

The Chronicle Newsletter of the Council on Foreign Relations — Winter 2018

Containing Russia: How to Respond to Russian Interference by Blackwill and Gordon Page 1 Biden at CFR: Russia Must Pay a Price for Election Meddling Page 2 Top Threats to Watch in 2018 Page 12 New Books by Ayres, Boot, Snyder, Sivaram, and Steil Page 13 Plus Foreign Affairs Tours Europe Page 10 New InfoGuide on Modern Slavery Page 19

G L OBAL COMMUN I C AT I O N S AND ME DI A R E L AT I O N S Lisa Shields Vice President Iva Zoric Managing Director Anya Schmemann Washington Director Andrew Palladino Deputy Director Melinda Wuellner Deputy Director Dustin Kingsmill Associate Director Jenny Mallamo Associate Director Megan Daley Assistant Director Sabrina Khan Assistant Director Samantha Tartas Assistant Director Eugene Steinberg Associate Editor

PU BL I SH I NG Patricia Dorff Editorial Director Julie Hersh Production Editor Erik Crouch Associate Editor Sumit Poudyal Assistant Editor

Don Pollard Sardari.com Photography

OFFI C E R S David M. Rubenstein Chairman Blair Effron Vice Chairman Jami Miscik Vice Chairman Richard N. Haass President Keith Olson Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer James M. Lindsay Senior Vice President, Director of Studies, and Maurice R. Greenberg Chair Nancy D. Bodurtha Vice President, Meetings and Membership Irina A. Faskianos Vice President, National Program and Outreach

Suzanne E. Helm Vice President, Philanthropy and Corporate Relations Jan Mowder Hughes Vice President, Human Resources and Administration Caroline Netchvolodoff Vice President, Education Shannon K. O’Neil Vice President, Deputy Director of Studies, and Nelson and David Rockefeller Senior Fellow for Latin America Studies Lisa Shields Vice President, Global Communications and Media Relations Jeffrey A. Reinke Secretary of the Corporation

DI R E C T OR S John P. Abizaid Zoë Baird Alan S. Blinder Mary Boies David G. Bradley Nicholas Burns Sylvia Mathews Burwell Ash Carter Tony Coles David M. Cote Steven A. Denning Blair Effron, Vice Chair Laurence D. Fink Timothy F. Geithner James P. Gorman Richard N. Haass (ex officio) Stephen J. Hadley J. Tomilson Hill

Susan Hockfield Donna J. Hrinak Shirley Ann Jackson James Manyika William H. McRaven Jami Miscik, Vice Chair Janet A. Napolitano Eduardo J. Padrón John A. Paulson Richard L. Plepler Ruth Porat Laurene Powell Jobs David M. Rubenstein, Chair James G. Stavridis Margaret Warner Vin Weber Daniel H. Yergin Fareed Zakaria

HO N OR A RY AND EMER I TU S Madeleine K. Albright Martin S. Feldstein Leslie H. Gelb

Maurice R. Greenberg Carla A. Hills Robert E. Rubin

Cover photo: Russian President Vladimir Putin (center), flanked by Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu (right) and Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy Vladimir Korolev (left). (Sputnik/Alexei Nikolsky/Kremlin via Reuters)

In Memoriam: Peter G. Peterson The Council on Foreign Relations mourns the passing of Peter G. Peterson, CFR’s Chairman Emeritus. As a businessman, philanthropist, author, and public servant, Peterson left a lasting legacy for our organization, the city of New York, and the United States. Peterson’s impact on and contributions to CFR were profound. He served on CFR’s Board of Directors for thirty-four years, twenty-two as chairman. As the longestserving chairman in the institution’s history, Peterson helped shape and transform CFR. His visionary leadership protected the Council’s core values—nonpartisanship, independence, and excellence—while also overseeing an expansion into a truly national organization. Under his tenure, from 1985 to 2007, the CFR Term Member program—devoted to nurturing the next generation of foreign policy leaders—grew from 222 to nearly 500 members, the number of women and minority members more than doubled, the Council’s analysis and ideas reached a broader audience than ever before, and the Council’s economic position was greatly strengthened. Peterson was instrumental in acquiring the Council’s newest building at its New York headquarters and transforming it into the institution’s largest and most premier meeting space. Named in his honor, the Peter G. Peterson Center has hosted countless world leaders, high-level policymakers, and Nobel laureates. In recognition of Peterson’s extraordinary service to this institution, the chair for the editor of the Council’s flagship publication, Foreign Affairs, was also named after him. An integral and highly active member of the institution, Peterson participated in close to one thousand CFR meetings and study groups during his forty-seven years of membership. “So much of what the Council is today would not have been possible without the vision and commitment of Pete Peterson,” said CFR Chairman David M. Rubenstein. “He was instrumental in leading the Council

to a position of prominence and influence throughout the country and the world.” In addition to his work with CFR, Peterson was a prominent member of the business community, a loyal public servant, and an avid proponent of fiscal responsibility in the United States. A tireless advocate for curbing U.S. national debt, he spearheaded and supported a range of organizations, including the Peter G. Peterson Foundation, the Peterson Institute for International Economics, and the Concord Coalition, dedicated to helping the American public understand the consequences of federal budget deficits. Peterson’s exemplary public service included positions in the Nixon administration as assistant to the president for international economic affairs, secretary of commerce, and chairman of several commissions concerning U.S. productivity and U.S.-Soviet economic relations. Three decades later, he returned to public service as chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. In the private sector, Peterson’s business acumen was legendary. He co-founded the Blackstone Group, which became a global leader in alternative investments. He was also chairman of Lehman Brothers for over a decade and chairman and CEO of Bell & Howell. Peterson served as a director of numerous corporations and was the author of seven books, including the national bestseller Running on Empty. “Most of us consider ourselves lucky if we are able to make a real difference in one realm of life,” said CFR President Richard Haass, “but Pete Peterson made a real difference in five: in business, government, philanthropy, finance, and ideas. His contribution to CFR was extraordinary, as was his dedication to New York City and the country at large. He will be truly missed.”

“Most of us consider ourselves lucky if we are able to make a real difference in one realm of life, but Pete Peterson made a real difference in five: in business, government, philanthropy, finance, and ideas. His contribution to CFR was extraordinary, as was his dedication to New York City and the country at large. He will be truly missed.” —Richard Haass, CFR President

The Chronicle Winter 2018 A NE W RE SP O N S E TO RUS S IA Council Special Report: Containing Russia 1 Biden at CFR: Russia Must Pay a Price 2 NE WS ABO U T C FR Member Discussion Series Launched in New York, Washington, and Around the Country 3 New Experts Join CFR 4 John Pomfret Wins 2017 CFR Arthur Ross Book Award 6

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FOREIGN AFFA I R S Editors’ Picks From Foreign Affairs, Print and Online 7 Foreign Affairs: The European Tour 9 F ROM T HE T H I N K TAN K Experts Testify Before Congress 10 Top Threats to Watch in 2018 12 Our Time Has Come by Alyssa Ayres 13 The Road Not Taken by Max Boot 14 South Korea at the Crossroads by Scott Snyder 15 Taming the Sun by Varun Sivaram 16

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The Marshall Plan by Benn Steil 17 New Report: Common Security Interests Should Drive U.S.-Indonesia Relations 18 InfoGuide Illustrates the Plight of 40 Million Enslaved Worldwide 19 Experts in the News 20 Energy Blog From Amy Myers Jaffe 21 E VEN TS Tech and Foreign Policy Converge at National Symposium in Silicon Valley 22 Membership and Fellowship Deadlines 24 New Members 25

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Make Election Meddling More Costly for Russia to Deter Future Attacks The United States has failed to elevate Russia’s intervention in U.S. elections to the national priority that it is, and it has neglected to respond to it in a way sufficient to deter future attacks, warn Council on Foreign Relations Senior Fellows Robert D. Blackwill and Philip H. Gordon in a new special report. They argue, “A wide range of additional measures is therefore needed in order to better protect U.S. society and political and electoral systems from further intervention.” Surveying the full scope of the “extraordinary Russian attack on the core of the American democratic system” during the 2016 U.S. presidential election and beyond, Blackwill and Gordon—who served in Republican and Democratic administrations respectively— conclude that, “The United States is currently in a second Cold War with Russia.” “The Russian effort to destabilize the United States does not take place in a vacuum. Rather, it stems from the Russian president’s strongly held view—shared by a wide range of Russians—that the spread of U.S. regional and global hegemony since the end of the Cold War threatens Russian vital national interests and deprives Russia of its rightful place on the world stage,” they explain. “There is also little doubt that Russian interventions continue—both to influence upcoming elections and to divide Americans, fanning the flames of cultural, racial, and class resentment and seeking to delegitimize institutions, the free press, and elected officials,” the authors write. The report’s prescriptions for U.S. policymakers are “designed in the first instance to deter Russia from again stoking disunity in the United States by making clear to the Kremlin and to its national security apparatus the significant cost of their activities.” The recommendations in Containing Russia: How to Respond to Moscow’s Intervention in U.S. Democracy and Growing Geopolitical Challenge include: The Chronicle, Winter 2018

Expanded Sanctions. Working closely with European partners, implement asset freezes and visa bans on Russian officials and entities known to be involved with election and political interference. Electoral and Cyber Countermeasures. Strengthen the cybersecurity of federal networks and critical infrastructure, support legislation to enhance transparency, and update campaign finance laws to cover online activity. European Security. Work with European partners to maintain the numbers of permanent NATO forces currently in Europe and “deploy permanently an additional armored combat brigade in Poland and maintain permanent multinational battalions in the Baltic states.” Read the full report at cfr.org/ContainingRussia. 1

Biden at CFR: Russia Must Pay a Price for Interference

“We should be on the offensive in making it clear exactly what we know Russia and/or Putin, in particular, is doing, and we should be working much more closely with our European allies around the world in exposing and getting them to stand up and acknowledge with us that this is what’s happening here,” said former Vice President Joe Biden at the launch of the January/February issue of Foreign Affairs. Biden and Penn Biden Center Senior Director Michael R. Carpenter—coauthors of “How to Stand Up to the Kremlin,” in the Foreign Affairs issue—spoke with CFR President Richard Haass at CFR’s Washington office about the implications of Russian interference in the U.S. election. Biden expressed serious concern over the Donald J. Trump administration’s inattention to the Russian threat: “Can you imagine not having called together all the major agencies that have something to do with our interests vis-à-vis Russia and begin to put together a game plan? . . . To the best of my knowledge . . . I don’t know of any system-wide analysis going on within this administration.” When asked if the Barack Obama administration could have done more to curtail The Chronicle, Winter 2018

Russia’s efforts before the election, Biden explained doing so would have risked being accused “of trying to tip the election.” Biden’s comments about his relationship with Congressional Republicans in the lead-up to the election prompted a flurry of media coverage. He explained that Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell “wanted no part of having a bipartisan commitment” to issue a public warning against Russian meddling. Biden said that from that moment “the die had been cast here. This was all about political play.” Expanding on their Foreign Affairs article, Biden and Carpenter argued that the United States should work more closely with European leaders through an international commission that would help states coordinate their policies on Russian intervention. They called for Western democracies to mobilize and address the “glaring vulnerabilities in their electoral systems, financial sectors, cyber-infrastructure, and media ecosystems.” Watch the event and read the transcript at cfr.org/events.

Council Launches Salon Series for Members The National Program has launched a new Salon Discussion series to stimulate critical thinking and debate in local CFR communities across the country and around the world. Using background readings on timely topics and questions circulated prior to the meetings as a guide, local members facilitate group discussions in not-forattribution settings. The first sessions, held in the fall in Atlanta, Boston, Dallas, London, and Seattle, tackled the North Korean nuclear threat. Other topics covered this winter include U.S.-Russia relations and U.S. immigration policy. If you are interested in more information on this series or have suggestions for the National Program, please email national@cfr.org. The Council has also introduced the Salon Dinner series to encourage participation and discussion among members in New York and Washington, DC. Similar to the National series, facilitators steer conversation in not-for-attribution settings using background readings and discussion questions distributed in advance of the dinner. Previous Salon Dinners have addressed escalating tensions between North Korea and the United States, as well as the U.S.Russia relationship and the implications for regional and global security. The upcoming Salon Dinner will focus on Iran. If you are interested in attending these events, please email meetings@cfr. org for further information.

Members debate U.S. relations with Saudi Arabia at a salon dinner in New York. The Chronicle, Winter 2018

Four New Experts Join CFR The Council welcomes four new experts on the Middle East, Africa, counterterorrism, and women’s rights—Henri J. Barkey, Michelle D. Gavin, Bruce Hoffman, and Meighan Stone—to its David Rockefeller Studies Program. Henri J. Barkey joins CFR as a senior fellow for Middle East studies. At CFR, he will direct a roundtable series on and write about the future of the Kurds and their impact on regional dynamics over the next two decades. Barkey is the Bernard L. and Bertha F. Cohen chair in international relations at Lehigh University, where he has served for thirteen years, and chair of the academic committee on the board of trustees of the American University in Iraq, Sulaimani. Previously, he was director of the Middle East Center at the Wilson Center and a nonresident senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. During the Bill Clinton administration, Barkey served on the State Department Policy Planning Staff, working on East Mediterranean, Middle East, and intelligence-related issues. Barkey received his BSc in economics from City University of London, his MSc in international relations from University College London, and his PhD in political science from the University of Pennsylvania. Michelle D. Gavin, former U.S. ambassador to Botswana, returns to CFR as a senior fellow for Africa Studies. Gavin will conduct research on major economic and political developments in African states and will direct a roundtable series on managing political transitions in the region. Gavin was formerly managing director of the Africa Center, a multidisciplinary institution dedicated to increasing awareness and understanding of contemporary Africa. From 2011 to 2014 she was the U.S. ambassador to Botswana and served concurrently as the U.S. representative to the Southern African Development Community. Prior to that, Gavin was special assistant to President Barack Obama and senior director for Africa at the National Security Council, where she led major policy reviews of Sudan and Somalia and helped originate the Young African Leaders Initiative. Before joining the Obama administration, Gavin was an international affairs fellow and an adjunct fellow for Africa at CFR. Earlier in her career, she worked in the U.S. Senate, where she was the staff director for the Senate Foreign Relations Committee’s subcommittee on African affairs. She earned her bachelor’s degree from Georgetown University’s Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, where she was a Truman scholar, and received her master’s degree in international relations from Oxford University, where she was a Rhodes scholar. The Chronicle, Winter 2018

Terrorism and insurgency scholar Bruce Hoffman joins CFR as a visiting senior fellow; he is writing a book on the United States’ first war on terrorism, fought during the Ronald Reagan administration, and will examine the use of covert action as an instrument of foreign policy. He will also convene a roundtable series on terrorism and counterterrorism. Between 2010 and 2017, Hoffman was director of the Center for Security Studies and the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University’s Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service. Prior to that, he held the corporate chair in counterterrorism and counterinsurgency at the RAND Corporation, was director of RAND’s Washington office, and served as RAND’s vice president for external affairs. Outside of academia, Hoffman served on the independent commission to review the Federal Bureau of Intelligence’s post-9/11 response to terrorism and radicalization, a position to which he was appointed by the U.S. Congress, and was a lead author of the commission’s final report. Hoffman was also scholar-in-residence for counterterrorism at the Central Intelligence Agency between 2004 and 2006. Hoffman received his BA in government and history from Connecticut College, and his BPhil and DPhil in international relations from Oxford University. Meighan Stone joins CFR as a senior fellow for women and foreign policy. Stone will focus on women’s economic empowerment, girls’ education, and refugee policy. She joins CFR after serving as entrepreneurship fellow at the Harvard Kennedy School’s Shorenstein Center, where she researched refugee policy and collaborated with Harvard faculty to foster social innovation. As president of the Malala Fund from 2014 to 2017, Stone worked with founder and 2014 Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Malala Yousafzai to empower girls globally to learn and lead without fear. She has also led high-level advocacy, media, and digital projects with Bono’s ONE Campaign, the United Nations, World Food Program USA, World Economic Forum, FIFA World Cup, and Group of Seven summits. Stone serves as executive chairwoman of Pencils of Promise and on the boards of the Faith and Politics Institute, the Indivisible Project, the Civic Engagement Fund, Sweet Briar College, and the girls’ coding initiative Kode With Klossy. She received her bachelor’s degree from George Mason University and her master’s degree in international social welfare policy from Columbia University, where she was a Congressional Black Caucus fellow.

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John Pomfret’s The Beautiful Country and the Middle Kingdom Wins 2017 CFR Arthur Ross Book Award Journalist John Pomfret has won the sixteenth annual CFR Arthur Ross Book Award for The Beautiful Country and the Middle Kingdom: America and China, 1776 to the Present (Henry Holt and Co.), a retelling of the United States and China’s political, economic, and cultural relations over the past two centuries. Pomfret, a diplomatic correspondent for the Washington Post and the paper’s former bureau chief in Beijing, received $15,000. On December 11, CFR honored Pomfret and the other awardees at a cocktail reception hosted by Gideon Rose, editor of Foreign Affairs and chair of the award jury. “The course of the twenty-first century will depend on how the United States and China manage their complicated relationship— and there is no better guide to the history of that relationship and scene-setter for the future than John Pomfret’s wonderful new book,” said Rose. The jury awarded the Silver Medal and $7,500 to New York Times Magazine staff writer Robert F. Worth for A Rage for Order: The Middle East in Turmoil, from Tahrir Square to ISIS (Farrar, Straus and Giroux). The Bronze Medal and $2,500 were awarded to Nobel laureate Svetlana Alexievich for Secondhand Time: The Last of the Soviets (Random House). Additional shortlist nominees: Georgetown University Professor Rosa Brooks for How Everything Became War and the Military Became Everything: Tales from the Pentagon (Simon and Schuster) Historian Volker Ullrich for Hitler: Ascent: 1889–1939 (Knopf) Former New York Times Executive Editor Joseph Lelyveld for His Final Battle: The Last Months of Franklin Roosevelt (Knopf) London School of Economics Professor Fawaz Gerges for ISIS: A History (Princeton University Press) Endowed by the late Arthur Ross in 2001, this award honors nonfiction works, in English or translation, that bring forth new information that changes the understanding of events or problems, develop analytical approaches that offer insight into critical issues, or introduce ideas that help resolve foreign policy problems. The jury consists of Council on Foreign Relations members, but reaches its decision independently of the institution.

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Editors’ Picks

In the wake of last summer’s white supremacist violence in Charlottesville, Virginia, and renewed debates over memorializing the Confederacy, the January/February issue of Foreign Affairs examined how a range of countries have grappled with their own troubled histories—and how those histories continue to shape both domestic and international politics today. “Worst practices are easy to identify: denying what actually happened,” wrote Editor Gideon Rose. “Best practices are more scattered, but one country leads the field. Germany’s crimes rank with the worst in history. But at least, over time, the right lessons were indeed learned, and responsible engagement with the past has become a new national tradition.” “The most significant fact about American slavery, one it did not share with other The Chronicle, Winter 2018

prominent ancient slave systems, was its basis in race. . . . As a result, American slavery was tied inexorably to white dominance,” wrote Harvard University Professor and Pulitzer Prize-winning historian Annette GordonReed in the issue. “Grappling with the legacy of slavery, therefore, requires grappling with the white supremacy that preceded the founding of the United States and persisted after the end of legalized slavery.” Asia Society’s Orville Schell noted that “Despite all the anguish and death the CCP [Chinese Communist Party] has caused, it has never issued any official admission of guilt, much less allowed any memorialization of its victims. And because any mea culpa would risk undermining the party’s legitimacy and its right to rule unilaterally, nothing of the sort is likely to occur.” “The monsters of Stalin’s era are coming back from the dead. And some of Russia’s leaders, including President Vladimir Putin, are exploiting the ideology of Stalin’s era to serve their own ends,” observed Nikita Petrov, deputy director of the Board of Memorial, a human rights organization based in Moscow. “The Kremlin has instilled the cult of strong government in the public consciousness. . . . All of this serves to justify Russia’s expansionism abroad and repression at home. As long as Russia refuses to officially acknowledge the darkness in its past, it will be haunted by ideas that should have died long ago.”

Editors’ Picks

The March/April issue of Foreign Affairs explored the state of the world after a year of the Donald J. Trump administration’s foreign policy. “If you squint, U.S. foreign policy during the Trump era can seem almost normal. But the closer you look, the more you see it being hollowed out, with the forms and structures still in place but the substance and purpose draining away,” wrote Rose. Carnegie Endowment Senior Fellow, former Barack Obama administration official, and former advisor to Hillary Clinton Jake Sullivan offered a case of qualified optimism. “Rumors of the international order’s demise have been greatly exaggerated. The system is built to last through significant shifts in global politics and economics and strong enough to survive a term of President Trump.” The Chronicle, Winter 2018

Massachusetts Institute of Technology Professor Barry R. Posen argued that despite fears that Trump would prove to be an isolationist, in practice, he has been anything but, albeit deviating from traditional grand strategy: “He still seeks to retain the United States’ superior economic and military capability and role as security arbiter for most regions of the world, but he has chosen to forgo the export of democracy and abstain from many multilateral trade agreements. In other words, Trump has ushered in an entirely new U.S. grand strategy: illiberal hegemony.” “If the United States continues its retreat from economic leadership, it will impose serious pain on the rest of the world—and on itself. Unless the Trump administration chooses to launch a full-blown trade war, the consequences will not come immediately,” cautioned Peterson Institute President Adam S. Posen. “But a sustained U.S. withdrawal will inevitably make economic growth slower and less certain. The resulting disorder will make the economic well-being of people around the world more vulnerable to political predation and conflict than it has been in decades.” “All U.S. presidents have, to varying degrees, downplayed or even overlooked concerns about human rights in order to get things done with unsavory foreign partners. But none has seemed so eager as Trump to align with autocrats as a matter of course,” observed Human Rights Watch Washington Director Sarah Margon. “The harm goes beyond mere words. In country after country, the Trump administration is gutting U.S. support for human rights, the rule of law, and good governance, damaging the overarching credibility of the United States.”

Foreign Affairs Tours Europe In January and February, Foreign Affairs undertook a European tour to inaugurate FOREIGN AFFAIRS ON THE ROAD, a new initiative to connect the magazine with readers abroad through live events around the world. Bringing to life the high-level and authoritative conversations the magazine has hosted for nearly a century, it gathers Foreign Affairs editors, authors, and other experts to share their insights on critical issues facing the world today. FOREIGN AFFAIRS ON THE ROAD kicked off with a series of lively and wellattended events on the future of transatlantic relations, liberalism, and global cooperation, held in partnership with leading European think tanks. Managing Editor Justin Vogt moderated a conversation about how nations confront the evils of history at the European Council on Foreign Relations in Berlin and participated in a panel discussion on the role of experts in an age of populism at Chatham House in London. Editor Gideon Rose led discussions about transatlantic relations in the Trump era and the future of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the U.S.-EU partnership at the French Institute for International and

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Strategic Affairs in Paris and the Royal Institute for International Relations in Brussels. To enrich the conversations and open them up to the magazineâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s wider audience, Foreign Affairs also released a free online eBook, A Post-American Europe? Liberalism and Transatlantic Relations.

Above: Gideon Rose in Paris Below: Foreign Affairs in Brussels

Experts Testify Before Congress “While the openness of U.S markets and science and technology system is central to economic and national security, it is also a threat to those same interests. China in particular has benefited from access to U.S. universities, companies, and markets, and the diffusion of technologies and knowledge from the United States and other advanced economies has played a role in the acceleration of the modernization of the [Chinese] People’s Liberation Army.” —Adam Segal, Ira A. Lipman Chair in Emerging Technologies and National Security and Director of the Digital Cyberspace and Policy Program, before the House Committee on Financial Services, Monetary Policy, and Trade Subcommittee, on December 12, 2017 “The Trump administration has never cited any international law basis for the air strikes in Syria, and it would have been difficult to do so because there is no legal basis under the U.N. Charter. . . . When the United States uses military force, especially under controversial circumstances, it should explain the legal basis for its actions. When the United States does not do so, it appears to act lawlessly and invites other countries to act without a legal basis or justification.” —John B. Bellinger III, Adjunct Senior Fellow for International and National Security Law, before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, on December 13, 2017

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“Extremist groups use women to their advantage—recruiting them on the one hand as facilitators and martyrs, and on the other hand benefitting both strategically and financially from their subjugation. Yet, counterterrorism policy has not been as effective at understanding how women can improve security efforts. By convening this hearing, Congress sent a bipartisan signal that the United States can no longer afford to ignore how women’s participation will improve the likelihood that counterterrorism efforts are successful.” —Jamille Bigio, Senior Fellow for Women and Foreign Policy, before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, on February 27 “China has been gaining ground across the geopolitical competition primarily because it has been the only one competing. A concerted U.S. effort that brings together the right strategy, sustained attention, and sufficient resources can regain momentum in the contest and put the world back on a path to a more open and democratic future.” —Ely Ratner, Maurice R. Greenberg Senior Fellow for China Studies, before the House Committee on Armed Services, on February 15

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Survey Ranks Top Conflict Prevention Priorities for the United States CFR’s tenth annual Preventive Priorities Survey identified eight top conflict prevention priorities for the United States in the year ahead, highlighting armed confrontations between the United States and North Korea as serious international concerns. The survey, conducted by the Center for Preventive Action (CPA), asked foreign policy experts to rank thirty ongoing or potential conflicts based on their likelihood of occurring or escalating in the next year and their potential impact on U.S. national interests. This year, eight conflicts were considered “top tier” risks: military conflict involving the United States, North Korea, and its neighboring countries an armed confrontation between Iran and the United States or one of its allies over Iran’s involvement in regional conflicts and support of militant proxy groups, including the Yemeni Houthis and Lebanese Hezbollah a highly disruptive cyberattack on U.S. critical infrastructure and networks a deliberate or unintended military confrontation between Russia and the North

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Atlantic Treaty Organization members, stemming from assertive Russian behavior in Eastern Europe an armed confrontation over disputed maritime areas in the South China Sea between China and one or more Southeast Asian claimants—Brunei, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, or Vietnam a mass casualty terrorist attack on the U.S. homeland or a treaty ally by either foreign or homegrown terrorist(s) intensified violence in Syria as government forces attempt to regain control over territory, with heightened tensions among external parties to the conflict, including the United States, Russia, and Iran increased violence and instability in Afghanistan resulting from the Taliban insurgency and potential government collapse The Preventive Priorities Survey was made possible by a generous grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York. View the full results and the nine prior surveys at cfr.org/ priorities_survey.

India’s Time on the World Stage Has Come, Says Ayres “More than at any time over the past quarter-century, India is well on its way to global power,” writes Alyssa Ayres in a new book, Our Time Has Come: How India Is Making Its Place in the World. She notes, “We are witnessing a country chart its course to power, and explicitly seeking not to displace others but to be recognized among the club of world powers, one in which it believes its membership is long overdue.” In Our Time Has Come, Ayres, senior fellow for India, Pakistan, and South Asia, considers the role this ascendant democracy will play internationally, the obstacles it continues to face, and the implications of its rise for the United States and other nations. While Ayres makes the case for India’s elevated global position, she also highlights the challenges the country faces: The Indian economy remains relatively protectionist, and no clear consensus exists on the benefits of a more open economy or stepping up the pace of economic reforms. India struggles with the legacy of its longstanding foreign policy doctrine of nonalignment, and remains ambivalent about The Chronicle, Winter 2018

how it should exercise power. India is intensely protective of what it sees as its autonomy, and seeks to shape international interactions very specifically on Indian terms. “Our [the United States’] relationship with democratic India—going from estrangement of the Cold War decades to partnership in the twenty-first century—as it emerges among the world’s great powers will likely stand as a defining policy shift, one that we missed in the twentieth century but have pursued in the twenty-first,” writes Ayres. The United States’ relationship with India differs from its relationships with longstanding European and Asian partners because New Delhi, while seeking a closer strategic and economic relationship with the

United States, does not seek the obligations inherent to an alliance. To help shape this nontraditional partnership, Ayres emphasizes the need for global governance reform that makes space for India. Her recommendations include backing Indian membership in the UN Security Council and other institutions that set the global economic and security agenda; developing stronger bilateral economic ties with India; continuing to pursue stronger regional security cooperation with India; and supporting institutions of democracy. View the book page at cfr.org/OurTimeHasCome.

Boot Argues One CIA Operative Could Have Changed the Course of the Vietnam War The Vietnam War “might have taken a very different course—one that was less costly and potentially more successful—if the counsel of this CIA operative and Air Force officer had been followed,” writes Max Boot in The Road Not Taken: Edward Lansdale and the American Tragedy in Vietnam. Amazon has selected the biography as one of its Best Books of January 2018 and has said it “reads like a novel.” Boot, CFR’s Jeane J. Kirkpatrick senior fellow for national security studies, presents a groundbreaking biography of Edward Lansdale, the legendary covert operative—the purported model for Graham Greene’s The Quiet American—who pioneered a “hearts and minds” approach to wars in the Philippines and Vietnam. Lansdale advocated a visionary policy that, contends Boot, was ultimately crushed by America’s giant military bureaucracy, steered by elitist generals and patrician diplomats who favored troop buildups and napalm bombs over winning the trust of the people. Through dozens of interviews and access to never-before-seen documents—including longhidden love letters—Boot The Chronicle, Winter 2018

recasts this cautionary American story, tracing the bold rise and crashing fall of the roguish “T.E. Lawrence of Asia,” from the battle of Dien Bien Phu to the humiliating American evacuation in 1975. “[Lansdale] argued that the American emphasis should be on building up legitimate, democratic, and accountable South Vietnamese institutions that could command the loyalty of the people, and he thought that sending large formations of American ground troops was a distraction from, indeed a hindrance to, achieving that all-important objective,” explains Boot. Lansdale recognized the need “both for tough military action against insurgents and for political and social action designed to address the

roots of an uprising.” Boot asserts that Lansdale’s legacy “stands as a rebuke both to anti-interventionists who assume that fragile states should stand or fall on their own and to arch-hawks who believe that massive commitments of American military forces are necessary to win any war.” He further suggests that Lansdale’s mastery of political warfare and propaganda and his “tactics in fighting global communism” could “usefully be studied by officials today fighting global jihadism” in U.S. involvements in Afghanistan and Iraq. Visit the book page at cfr.org/RoadNotTaken.

U.S. Alliance Remains South Korea’s Strongest Security Guarantee, Argues Snyder in New Book “South Korea’s only viable strategic option for the foreseeable future is continued cultivation and strengthening of the alliance with the United States,” argues Scott A. Snyder in South Korea at the Crossroads: Autonomy and Alliance in an Era of Rival Powers. “Despite China’s rising economic and political influence in East Asia, the United States remains the country that is most capable, committed, and strategically aligned with South Korea,” writes Snyder, CFR senior fellow for Korea studies and director of the program on U.S.-Korea Policy. “A major factor influencing South Korea’s strategic choices is the relative balance of power between China and the United States,” he writes. “Korea’s historic preference has been to accommodate the country with the greatest influence on Korea while seeking to preserve Korea’s security and sovereignty.” He notes that after China surpassed the United States as South Korea’s number one economic partner in 2004, the “divergence between South Korea’s economic opportunities with China and the security alliance with the United States began to draw attention in South Korean policy circles.” The Chronicle, Winter 2018

According to Snyder, “The dizzying the United States “shares developments on the democratic values with Korean peninsula have South Korea” and “remains more powerful than China assumed a central and continues to guarantee place in our national an open and liberal global conversation as recent order under which South developments in Korea as a leading exporter both Pyongyang and has thrived.” Snyder contends that as Seoul remind us of the long as U.S. defense commit- stakes in play for the ments remain credible and United States in Asia. the United States remains Scott Snyder, perhaps the most powerful actor in global affairs, “the U.S.- America’s premier ROK [Republic of Korea] al- Korean watcher, has liance will remain the anchor written an indispensable and platform that enables South Korea’s pursuit of its book about how to chart fundamental strategic objec- a course for America tives” of security, prosperity, and South Korea in the and national unification.

complex period ahead.”

Visit the book page at cfr.org/ SouthKoreaAtCrossroads.

—Kurt M. Campbell, Chairman and CEO of the Asia Group 15

Without Significant New Investment in Innovation, Solar Energy’s Growth Will Stall, Writes Sivaram Solar energy could one day supply most of the world’s energy needs, but its current upsurge is in danger of ebbing, increasing the risk of catastrophic climate change. While solar energy is currently the world’s cheapest and fastest-growing power source, if its growth falters, “few clean energy alternatives to fossil fuels are on track to compensate,” argues Varun Sivaram in Taming the Sun: Innovations to Harness Solar Energy and Power the Planet. Rapid adoption of solar power has been fueled by inexpensive solar panels manufactured in China, but without large-scale investments in innovation, “today’s red-hot solar market could cool down tomorrow,” warns Sivaram, CFR’s Philip D. Reed fellow for science and technology. “Fueling solar’s continued rise will take three kinds of innovation: financial innovation to recruit massive levels of investment in deploying solar energy; technological innovation to harness the sun’s energy more cheaply and store it to use around the clock; and systemic innovation to redesign systems like the power grid to handle the surges and slumps of solar energy.” The Chronicle, Winter 2018

Sivaram calls on U.S. policymakers to once again lead on energy innovation. Under President Barack Obama, the United States spearheaded a commitment by all major global economies to double funding for energy research and development (R&D). But the Donald J. Trump administration has backtracked on that pledge. “Even if China and other countries step up their funding for energy R&D, the United States has by far the most well-developed innovation institutions and top-flight talent; therefore, without U.S. leadership, the global pace of energy innovation will slow,” Sivaram writes, and the United States will fail to capture a significant piece of the growing solar industry. Sivaram offers policy recommendations to “reshape solar into a global,

technology-driven industry [that] would make use of and enhance U.S. strengths,” including expanding federal funding for programs like the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) that encourage private sector investment; removing punitive tariffs on foreign imports while supporting advanced manufacturing at home; and increasing cooperation between federal and state governments to modernize the domestic power grid to accommodate greater use of solar power. Visit the book page at cfr.org/TamingTheSun.

The Marshall Plan, Central to Europe’s Recovery, Holds Lessons for Present Tensions With Russia, Contends Steil The Marshall Plan—the costly and ambitious initiative to revive western Europe after World War II—marked the true beginning of the Cold War, argues Benn Steil. Bringing to bear new Russian and American archival material, Steil shows that it was only after the launch of the plan in 1947 “that both sides, the United States and the Soviet Union, became irrevocably committed to securing their respective spheres of influence.” In his new book, The Marshall Plan: Dawn of the Cold War, Steil describes how President Harry S. Truman’s State Department, under George C. Marshall’s leadership, formulated the recovery program to provide Europe with a new economic and political architecture appropriate for a continent divided into two worlds: a capitalist and a communist one. The Marshall Plan “promised a continuing energetic U.S. presence, underwritten by a reindustrialized capitalist western Germany at the heart of an integrated, capitalist western Europe,” Steil explains. His narrative, which Paul Kennedy’s Wall Street Journal review calls “brilliant,” brings to life the most dramatic episodes of the early Cold War—such as The Chronicle, Winter 2018

the Prague coup, the Berlin blockade, and the division of Germany—and shows how they unfurled from Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin’s determination to undermine the U.S. intervention. Steil, CFR senior fellow and director of international economics, and author of the award-winning book The Battle of Bretton Woods, asserts that whereas “the Marshall Plan is remembered as one of the great achievements of American foreign policy,” it fell short in one of its principal goals. The Plan “aimed at aiding American military disengagement from Europe, yet ended up, through NATO [North Atlantic Treaty Organization], making it both deeper and enduring.” Given current echoes of the Cold War, the tenuous

balance of power and uncertain order of the late 1940s is as relevant as ever. “Many of the institutions we now take for granted as natural elements of the liberal postwar order—in particular, the European Union, NATO, and the World Trade Organization—were forged under U.S. leadership during the early Marshall years,” writes Steil. This order is now under threat, Steil argues, partly from failures in American diplomacy. Visit the book page at cfr.org/MarshallPlan.

Common Security Interests Should Guide U.S.-Indonesia Relations, Argues Kurlantzick in New Report The relationship between the United States and Indonesia has long underperformed its potential,” writes Joshua Kurlantzick, CFR senior fellow for Southeast Asia, in a new Council Special Report. “Instead of seeking unlikely goals,” Kurlantzick argues, “the two nations should embrace a more transactional approach,” focusing on “three discrete security goals—increasing deterrence in the South China Sea, combating militants linked to the [self-proclaimed] Islamic State, and fighting piracy and other transnational crime in Southeast Asia.” Produced by CFR’s Center for Preventive Action, the report makes the case that “Indonesia could be a critical security partner and a larger destination for U.S. investment and trade in the next few years.” Kurlantzick explains that a relationship with Jakarta “that achieved important goals could be an asset if Washington’s relationships with other Muslim-majority nations are threatened by shifting U.S. immigration policies. Maintaining productive ties with the country that has the world’s largest Muslim population could help U.S. officials argue that The Chronicle, Winter 2018

the new immigration policies are no barrier to working with Muslim-majority countries but simply a narrow effort to stop militants from entering the United States.” Kurlantzick makes several recommendations to this end: Upgrade bilateral cooperation on South China Sea challenges. “The United States should increase funding for the International Military and Education Training program for Indonesian soldiers by at least 50 percent over the current amount of roughly $2.4 million annually.” The United States should also encourage Indonesia to conduct freedom of navigation operations with Australia and consider joint U.S.Indonesian exercises in the South China Sea. Bolster bilateral strategies to combat the Islamic State. The United States should help search for and vet returnees to Indonesia from Islamic State–held territory in the Middle East; consider creating a small, permanent force of police officers to lead foreign police trainings; and suggest that Indonesia

join the U.S.-led Global Coalition to Defeat the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), which would provide greater access to shared intelligence. Crack down on piracy. A greater U.S. presence could also serve as a deterrent to Islamist militant networks, pirates, and other organized crime groups that have historically flourished in the Sulu Sea. The United States could also join air patrols that are critical for identifying pirate boats. Read the report, Keeping the U.S.-Indonesia Relationship Moving Forward, at cfr.org/IndonesiaCSR.

More Than 40 Million People Enslaved Worldwide, Shows New InfoGuide Slavery is universally prohibited by national and international laws, but more than 40 million people continue to be enslaved worldwide. Fueled by a population boom and extreme poverty, modern slavery has become stunningly profitable, generating $150 billion for traffickers annually. It persists in industries such as fisheries, mines, and sex work. From the gulags of North Korea to the battlefields of Iraq and Syria, to children forced into military action in the Democratic Republic of Congo, this slavery can take the form of sexual exploitation, bonded labor, domestic servitude, or forced marriage. A new CFR InfoGuide sheds light on the causes of modern slavery and how to fight it. The feature offers video interviews with victims, maps highlighting the scope of the problem, regional examples of the phenomenon, and policy options for modern abolition. “We sought to convey the scale of the abuses, which is shocking in this modern age, as well as the economic drivers that make it so difficult to combat,” says CFR. org Managing Editor Robert McMahon. “The guide also aims to capture the human

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dimension of modern slavery, especially the disproportionate number of victims who are women and children.” CFR’s “Modern Slavery” InfoGuide includes an introductory video, maps, and graphics illustrating the global scope of modern slavery; a visual overview of the different forms modern slavery takes and factors that enable its continued existence; video testimonials with victims, highlighting slavery in India, North Korea, Democratic Republic of Congo, Thailand, Haiti, Iraq and Syria, and the United States and Europe; a review of policy options that can aid modern abolition; and teaching guides and further reading sections for educators. View the InfoGuide at cfr.org/modern-slavery. InfoGuides are made possible by generous funding from the Carnegie Corporation of New York.

Experts in the News “You have to take the president’s words at face value. President Trump has repeatedly stated his willingness to walk away from [the North American Free Trade Agreement] NAFTA if he can’t achieve a good deal, and I think that remains a distinct possibility.” —Distinguished Fellow Michael Froman on CBC News on January 29

“If what the president is doing is trying to persuade the North Koreans that we do have military action on the table, that if they push the president too hard he’ll strike back—that’s probably a good diplomatic move to take.” —Senior Fellow for Middle Eastern Studies Elliott Abrams on PBS’ Amanpour on February 2

“[Chinese leader Xi Jinping] is looking to remake global order in ways that suit China more. He has said in one of his speeches in 2014 that he wants China not only to help write the rules of the game but also to construct the playground on which the games are played. He has a very ambitious vision for China’s role and its centrality in the global system, five, ten years out.” —C. V. Starr Senior Fellow and Director for Asia Studies Elizabeth C. Economy on CNN’s Fareed Zakaria GPS on March 3

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Energy Realpolitik: New CFR Blog by Amy Myers Jaffe The underlying forces shaping global energy are the subject of the newest CFR blog, authored by David M. Rubenstein Senior Fellow for Energy and the Environment and Director of the Program on Energy Security and Climate Change Amy Myers Jaffe. A leading expert on global energy policy, geopolitical risk, and energy and sustainability, Jaffe joined CFR in 2017 after serving as executive director for energy and sustainability at the University of California, Davis. Read and subscribe to the blog at cfr.org/blog/energy-realpolitik. Follow Jaffe on Twitter at @AmyJaffeenergy.

National Security Advisor H. R. McMaster Hosts CFR Term Members Ahead of the unveiling of President Donald J. Trumpâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s National Security Strategy, CFR term members had the opportunity to have a special not-for-attribution discussion with National Security Advisor H. R. McMaster at the Eisenhower Executive Office Building on the most pressing foreign policy challenges facing the United States. Learn more about the term member program at cfr.org/membership/term-member-program.

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Technology and Foreign Policy Converge at CFR’s National Symposium in Silicon Valley The Council convened its third National Symposium in Menlo Park, California, in December, bringing together over two hundred participants from across the country and around the world to discuss issues at the intersection of foreign policy and technology. Made possible through the generous support of Steven and Roberta Denning, each year the symposium provides a unique opportunity for CFR National members, fellows, and industry experts to connect with each other on the West Coast, and allows CFR to draw upon the extraordinary talent in the region. Ruth Porat, CFR board director and chief financial officer at Alphabet and Google, welcomed the group and set the stage for a discussion on the Trump administration’s national security strategy and the future of the liberal international order with CFR Board Director and former National Security Advisor Stephen J. Hadley and CFR President Richard N. Haass. Panels featured conversations on California as a global actor; blockchain technology’s impact on the finance industry and beyond; and the U.S.-Russia relationship and The Chronicle, Winter 2018

Ruth Porat, CFR Board Director and Chief Financial Officer of Alphabet and Google

cybersecurity, moderated by CFR Board Director and Harvard Kennedy School Professor Nicholas Burns. The 2018 National Symposium, designed for CFR members who reside outside of New York and Washington, DC, will be held on December 13 and 14, at the Rosewood Sand Hill in Menlo Park, California. For more information, contact 212.434.9465 or national@cfr.org.

The National Program holds regular meetings in ten cities—Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Houston, London, Los Angeles, Miami, San Francisco, and Seattle—and offers select New York and Washington, DC, meetings via teleconference and livestream. The 2018 National Conference, also designed for National members, will take place from June 14 to 16 at CFR’s New York headquarters.

CBOL Corporation Chairman Spencer H. Kim asks a question at the National Symposium.

McKinsey & Company, Inc. Senior Partner Emeritus Lenny Mendonca, California Environmental Protection Agency Secretary Matthew Rodriquez, California Public Utilities Commission Commissioner Carla J. Peterman, and San Jose Mayor Sam Liccardo discuss California as a global actor.

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Three New Companies Join the Corporate Program CFR welcomes three new Affiliates-level member companies: Bessemer Trust, a private, multifamily office focusing on investment management and wealth planning; HARMAN, a global leader in connected technology products and solutions; and JunHe LLP, one of the largest and most recognized Chinese law firms. These new members join the over 140 prominent companies that participate in the Councilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Corporate Program, which provides timely analysis on the global issues and policy

debates that affect their businesses. The program also thanks General Atlantic LLC and Warburg Pincus LLC for increasing their membership to the Presidentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Circle level, and Investcorp International, Inc. for increasing its membership to the Founders level. For more information on the benefits of corporate membership, please contact the Corporate Program at 212.434.9684 or corporate@cfr.org.

Next Membership Deadlines: November 1, 2018, and January 3, 2019 CFR relies on members to identify and nominate accomplished leaders in international affairs as candidates for membership. The next membership application deadline is November 1, and the term membership deadline for individuals between the ages of thirty and thirty-six is January 3, 2019. If you

know of strong candidates for membership, encourage them to contact Membership at 212.434.9456 or applications@cfr.org to initiate an application. For more information, visit www.cfr.org/membership.

Stay Current and Connected Through the Member Services Portal Update your personal information; register for upcoming meetings; read Foreign Affairs; access past on-the-record events; and pay dues, all through your Member Services account online. Share your work by posting on the Member Wall and connect with The Chronicle, Winter 2018

fellow members through the Member Directory. To access your account, log in at cfr. org/member. For more information, contact Membership at membership@cfr.org or 212.434.9487.

New Council Members N E W YOR K AR E A

Mr. Michael T. Anders Iconiq Capital Ms. Fabiola R. Arredondo Siempre Holdings

Mr. Ashish Bhutani Lazard Ms. Katia Bouazza HSBC Securities, Inc. Ms. Jessica H. Brennan The Carlyle Group Ms. Libby D. Cantrill PIMCO Mr. Sewell Chan New York Times

Ms. Chelsea ClintonT Clinton Foundation The Honorable Erin C. ConatonT U.S. Army War College Mr. Nikhil Deogun CNBC Peter R. Eccles, Esq. Foley & Lardner LLP Ms. Yael D. Eisenstat New York University Center for Global Affairs Mr. Philip Erdoes Bear Ventures Ms. Jane Gladstone Evercore Partners, Inc. Mr. Thomas Goldstone CNN Mr. Robert S. Harrison Cornell University Yanzhong Huang, PhDF, T Council on Foreign Relations Mr. John H. Josephson SESAC, Inc. Dr. Joan Kaufman Schwarzman Scholars Oliver Kharraz, MD Zocdoc F T

Current or Former Fellow Former Term Member

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Ms. Lauren Leader-ChiveeT All in Together Campaign

Mr. Jonathan J. FinerT Warburg Pincus LLC

Mr. John McIntire Venture Capitalist and Philanthropist

Dr. Suzanne E. Fry National Intelligence Council

The Honorable Cameron P. Munter EastWest Institute

Mr. Joseph W. Gartin Central Intelligence Agency

Ms. Abagail NelsonT Episcopal Relief and Development

The Honorable Stuart E. Jones The Cohen Group

Mr. A. Robert Pietrzak Sidley Austin LLP

Ms. Jennifer A. LeonardT International Crisis Group

Ms. Lesley Rosenthal Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts

Frank Luntz, PhD Luntz Global, LLC

Mr. Eric Ruttenberg Tinicum Incorporated

Dr. Mona Mourshed McKinsey & Company, Inc.

Mr. Eric Schwartz 76 West Holdings LLC

Mr. James H. Patton III International Center for Religion and Diplomacy

Ms. Somini Sengupta New York Times

Dr. Ralph D. Semmel Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory

Ms. Laura Trevelyan BBC World News America

Colonel Heidi A. Urben, USAT Joint Chiefs of Staff

Mr. Matthew Vogel D. E. Shaw & Co. L.P.

The Honorable Alexander R. VershbowT Atlantic Council

Ms. Claude Wasserstein Fine Day Ventures, LLC Mr. Karl G. Wellner Papamarkou Wellner Asset Management, Inc.

Mr. Ray W. Washburne Overseas Private Investment Corporation The Honorable Robert O. Work TeamWork, LLC

WA SH I NGTON, DC , ARE A

Mr. Jarrett N. BlancF, T Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

NAT I O NAL

The Honorable David S. Bohigian Overseas Private Investment Corporation T

L. Reginald Brothers Jr., PhD The Chertoff Group Samuel Charap, PhDF, T RAND Corporation The Honorable David S. Cohen WilmerHale Mr. Abraham M. Denmark Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Dr. Katharine M. Donato Georgetown University Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service

Ms. Faheen AllibhoyT International Finance Corporation Professor Asli U. Bali University of California, Los Angeles School of Law Morgan D. Bazilian, PhD World Bank Group The Honorable Ami Bera U.S. House of Representatives Mr. Kevin M. Brown Dell Inc. Professor Alison Brysk University of California, Santa Barbara Colonel Myles B. Caggins III, USAT Harvard Kennedy School

Captain Clinton A. Carroll, USNF U.S. Navy Michael Chui, PhD McKinsey Global Institute Dr. Francisco G. Cigarroa University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio Lieutenant Colonel Timothy D. Gatlin, USA U.S. Army Ms. Lisa Gevelber Google, Inc. Ms. Megan E. Greene John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company Dr. Christopher M. KirchhoffT Defense Innovation Unit Experimental Ms. Anne E. KornblutT Facebook Mr. David Marcus Facebook Mr. R. Brad Martin Chesapeake Energy Ms. Ann T. MaxwellT Dr. Gilbert E. Metcalf Tufts University Ms. Jacqueline Miller World Affairs Council of Seattle Mr. Patrick Keith Porter The Stanley Foundation Mr. Steven G. Poskanzer Carleton College Professor Intisar Rabb Harvard Law School Mr. Carlos A. Saladrigas Regis HR Group Mr. Daniel Schulman PayPal Dr. Mariko SilverT Bennington College Mr. Neil Smit Jr. Comcast Mr. Robert F. Smith Vista Equity Partners Ms. Susan S. Stautberg WomenCorporateDirectors The Honorable Kathleen Stephens Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies Mr. L. Mark Suzman Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Mr. Guillermo Trevino Southern Distributing The Honorable Robert H. Tuttle Tuttle-Click Automotive Group Mr. Daniel J. Weitzner Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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