discussed is the emphasis on intangible heritage within African culture and the challenges these ideals present to the values and methodology presented within the Venice Charter. Krakow Charter 2000: Principles for Conservation and Restoration of Built Heritage. Krakow: The International Conference on Conservation, 2000. The creation of the ‘‘Krakow Charter’’ may be considered an attempt to produce a substitution for the Venice Charter. The Krakow Charter was the result of the conference in Krakow in 2000. (Szmygin, Boguslaw. ‘‘Venice Charter: The Universal Document or Burden of the Past? A Conservator’s Point of View.’’ In The Venice Charter Revisited, edited by Matthew Hardy, 71–81. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2008.) The Krakow Charter does not specifically discuss the Venice Charter but mentions that the principles outlined are in response to it. The Krakow Charter states: ‘‘Conscious of the profound values of the Charter and working towards the same aims, we propose the following principles for conservation and restoration of the built heritage in our time.’’ Larsen, Knut Einar. ‘‘A Comment Concerning the International Course on Wood Conservation Technology in Relation to the Venice Charter.’’ In ICOMOS, A Quarter of a Century, Achievements and Future Prospects. Lausanne: ICOMOS, 1990. This short article explores how ‘‘revitalization’’ (or reconstruction) practices are in line with the goals of the Venice Charter, with specific attention paid to preservation practices in Japan and Thailand. Lewis, Miles. ‘‘The Conservation Analysis: An Australian Perspective.’’ APT Bulletin 28, no. 1 (1997): 48–53. This article summarizes the criticisms of the Venice Charter that led to efforts to revise the document during the Fifth General Assembly of ICOMOS in 1978. The publication focuses on the Australian viewpoint and the creation of the Burra Charter. Menon, A. G. K. ‘‘Rethinking the Venice Charter: The Indian Experience.’’ South Asian Studies: Journal of the Society for South Asian Studies 10 (1994): 37–47. This article discusses architecture and preservation in India and the challenges they present to the Venice Charter. India’s architecture is both inspired by Western culture as well as representative of indigenous styles. While the sites inspired by Western culture can be restored according to the Venice Charter, the indigenous architecture constructed by India’s master masons requires different treatment. The author recommends the creation of an India Charter in order to appropriately conserve indigenous architecture. Mihelicˇ, Breda. ‘‘Town Planners and Conservators: A Hundred Years of Disagreement and Co-operation.’’ Varstvo Spomenikov 39 (2001): 213–26. Within this article there is a subsection entitled, ‘‘The Venice Charter and the Venice School of Architecture,’’ which discusses the relationship between the Venice Charter and city planning. Included within this is also discussion of the charter’s emphasis on the
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