Comprehensive Design Studio Booklet

DIGNIFIED MODESTY L A V A P I É S MADRID,

SPAIN

DIGNIFIED MODESTY Madrid, Spain

Connor Byrne Arch 513.01 Comprehensive Design Studio Fall 2015 Professor Roberto Viola Ochoa Roger Williams University School of Architecture, Art & Historic Preservation

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION CONTEXT SITE ANALYSIS CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK TECHNICAL FRAMEWORK APPENDIX

INTRODUCTION

EUROPE

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SPAIN

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MADRID

Madrid is a vibrant and cosmopolitan city, considered the most important in Spain DQG WKH ,EHULDQ 3HQLQVXOD ,WV LQĹ´XHQFH LQ SROLWLFV PHGLD HQWHUWDLQPHQW VFLHQFH culture, and art helps to contribute to its status as a global city. At the core of Madrid’s growth and development has been immigration. The different people that have come to Madrid over the years have helped to create a culture that is distinctly “MadrileĂąo.â€?

The neighborhood, Lavapies, is widely considered to be the most quintessential of all neighborhoods in Madrid due to its location, rich history, and working class spirit.

Within Lavapies, the Esta Una Plaza Community Center seeks to be representative of the people that have prided themselves on the ideas of community and inclusiveness.

CONTEXT LOCATION __ GROWTH __ CLIMATE

Madrid, the capital of Spain, is located in the geographical center of the country. It is bordered by regions of Castile-La Mancha, and Castile and Leon, which surround the autonomous community of Madrid. The history and growth of the city has played a major role in shaping its culture and architecture.

CONTEXT OVERVIEW COORDINATES: 40°24’26.7”N 3°41’54.6”W REGION: Central Spain AUTONOMOUS COMMUNITY: Madrid THE AUTONOMOUS COMMUNITY Madrid is located in the center of Spain, the Iberian Peninsula, and the Castilian Central Plateau. The Autonomous Community of Madrid, which is conterminous with the Province of Madrid, contains the capital city of Madrid. The region boasts some of the most diverse natural beauty in all of Spain. Within the 3,100 square mile region are mountains rising nearly 8,000 feet, large expanses of forests, and open plains.

THE CITY OF MADRID The city of Madrid, covering 233 sq mi in the center of the Autonomous Community of Madrid, is situated on the banks of the Manzanares River.

Being the seat of the Spanish Royal Court since 1561, the city has grown to become a cultural and economic center in Spain and the world. Today it is incredibly diverse and boasts some of the highest standards of living in Europe.

Spain

The population of the city of Madrid is currently just over 3,000,000 residents, the largest in Spain and the third largest in the European Union after London and Paris.

Community of Madrid 12

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

City of Madrid 13

CONTEXT GROWTH OF THE CITY The Area of Roman and Islamic Settlement The area of Madrid has been occupied since prehistoric times. During antiquity, it was a Roman settlement until the 9th century when it became an Arab Fortress Town, occupied by the Islamic Moors. The Moorish settlement, located along the Manzanares River, was known as alMajrit, meaning “source of water”. Retained in Medieval Spanish as Magerit, the name Madrid was derived from this name. The Islamic Palace, the Royal Alcazar, was built along the east bank of the river. This would be the future site of Madrid’s 5R\DO 3DODFH ,VODPLF DUFKLWHFWXUDO LQŴXHQFHV are still present throughout Madrid today.

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Residential and Commercial Buildings outside of the Royal Palace, Present Day

MADRID, SPAIN

Plaza outside of the Royal Palace, Present Day

The Royal Palace of Madrid, Present Day 15

CONTEXT GROWTH OF THE CITY Christian Expansion Madrid saw a shift in power in the early Fourteenth Century when King Ferdinand IV of Castile conquered and assembled the Cortes Generales in Madrid. This was the beginning of the modern day Spanish monarchy. Despite the fact that Ferdinand IV was a Christian king, he allowed the Moors to remain and practice their faith.

King John I of Castile, Ferdinand IV’s successor, named Leo IV, of Armenia, to be the Lord of Madrid in 1383. At the time of his appointment, Leo IV was sick and poor. His rule over Madrid lasted only a few years; however, during that time he rebuilt the towers of the Royal Alcazar, the Islamic Palace.

Following Leo IV’s death, King Henry III of Castile gained control over Madrid. King Henry III worked to rebuild the city following a devastating ƓUH LQ WKH ODWH V $V WKH FLW\ ZDV UHEXLOW WKH population grew and expanded outside of the original Islamic Settlement. Characteristics of the area of expansion included dense neighborhoods with narrow winding streets. There is little sense of a grid, since the growth was largely ad hoc.

The built portions of the city appear more like puzzle pieces than blocks of a city. Buildings in this area typically include a commercial zone at the street level and residential zones above.

King Henry III remained in power until 1406.

With the death of King Henry VI of England, King Henry III’s control over Madrid was disputed by the Aragon empire. The dispute came to an end with the marriage of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile in 1469 which united the two empires, forming the Austrian Hapsburg Empire.

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DIGNIFIED MODESTY

Puerta del Sol, Present Day

MADRID, SPAIN

Government Building on Puerta del Sol, Present Day

Plaza Mayor, Present Day 17

CONTEXT GROWTH OF THE CITY Austrian Hapsburg Empire Madrid underwent major changes during the mid 1500s when King Felipe II named Madrid the Villa y Corte, the capital of the empire by royal decree. At this time, the city had a population of just under 20,000 people. History shows that Felipe II decided to move the royal court of the Austrian Hapsburg Empire to Madrid due to its lack of relevance in at that time. The city had no notable sites, architecture, or historical events; therefore, Felipe II saw Madrid as a blank slate and an opportunity to leave his mark on history.

Over the next thirty years Madrid grew both in population and area. By 1598, the end of Felipe II’s reign, the population of Madrid had increased four-fold to approximately 80,000 people. Many of these people had migrated to the city from the surrounding provinces in search of work and a better life. Within Madrid a majority of the new population worked for the court as members of the military, as servants, bureaucratic staff, religious staff, or artisans of luxury products.

7KH FLW\ Ĺ´RXULVKHG ZLWK WKH HVWDEOLVKPHQW RI WKH court. Visual improvements to the city included the creation of large public spaces, avenues, and decorative architectural elements. A major architectural overhaul occurred in Plaza Mayor, ZKHUH VWDWH FHUHPRQLHV LQFOXGLQJ Ć“HVWDV EXOOĆ“JKWV DQG SXEOLF H[HFXWLRQV ZHUH KHOG Urban renewal also occurred in Puerta del Sol, developing it into the social centre of the city.

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Painting of Madrid during the 1600s

Plaza de la Cortes, Present Day

Calle del Huertas, Present Day

Restaurant near Plaza del Angel, Present Day

MADRID, SPAIN

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CONTEXT GROWTH OF THE CITY Creation of “El Centro�

7KH FLW\ FRQWLQXHG WR Ĺ´RXULVK WKURXJKRXW WKH V ZLWK WKH Spanish Golden Age, which was a period of growth in arts and literature. In 1625, city walls were built, and remained the boundary of the center of the Madrid until the late 1800s.

With the death of King Charles II in 1700, the Bourbons ascend to the throne, with the arrival of Philip V in 1714.

Bourbon control led to vast economic and urban reform.

As the grandson of King Louis XIV of France, Philip V developed an intense love for Renaissance architecture.

He felt the architecture of Madrid, prior to his reign, was heavy and somber. When the Royal Alcazar was destroyed LQ D Ć“UH 3KLOLS 9 FRPPLVVLRQHG ,WDOLDQ DUFKLWHFWV WR GHVLJQ the Palacio Real, the Royal Palace of Madrid in 1738.

Over the next several decades, Madrid continued to grow and evolve into a city worthy of the title of a European Capital.

Much of this growth is a result of Philip V’s son, Charles III. Charles III appointed Italian architect Francesco Sabatini as court engineer, and brought sanitation reform in the city.

Charles III banned the dumping of waste in the streets, improved sewage collection, paved streets, and lit streets for safe travel after dark. Unfortunately, these reforms failed to keep up with the ever growing population of the city.

In 1808, Napoleon gained control over Madrid. He then appointed his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, as King.

While his reign was short, Bonaparte’s left his mark through the creation of public squares, earning him the nickname of “the King of Square�. He also ordered the relocation of the burial grounds, from the center of the city to outside the city walls. After the Peninsular War, power was returned to the Bourbons in 1813.

After 1831, Ramon Mesonero Romano published “The Madrid Manual, a Description of the Town and Court� which reinvigorated the city’s interest in urban renewal.

The city was still contained within its 1625 walls even though the city’s population was continuously rising.

The health of citizens was brought into questions after the 1834 cholera epidemic swept through the city killing thousands.

Mesonero was charged with the job of reform and embellishment of the city. Over the next several years improvements were made to Plaza Mayor, Calle de Sevilla, Puerta del Sol, and an effort was made to clean up the slum areas.

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Plaza de Cibeles, Present Day

Puerta del Sol, early 1800s

MADRID, SPAIN

Calle Sagasta, Trafalgar Madrid, Present Day

Calle de Conde Duque, Present Day 21

CONTEXT GROWTH OF THE CITY Proposed Expansion Urban and economic growth were further encouraged in the second half of the 1800s by the expansion of the rail system throughout Spain and into France. Madrid quickly became a new cultural center of middle class urbanity.

Health conscious urban planners developed the greenscape of the city, adding treelined roads and improving public gardens.

In 1860, Carlos Maria de Castro proposed an expansion of the city to the north, northeast, and south respectively. Similar to other Baroque Expansions of European cities of the time, the plan would increase the population of Madrid threefold. He also proposed the widening of Paseo de la Castellana in order to make it easier to reach the center of the city from the expanded regions.

One major problem that Castro faced with his expansion was that people were unwilling to invest and move out of the overcrowded city center. By 1911, only 700 properties had been completed, with a population of 4,000 people living in the expansion areas, while the population of Madrid reached 600,000 people.

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Streets of Tetuan, Early 1900s

Calle de Tetuan, Madrid, Early 2000s

MADRID, SPAIN

Castro’s “Ensanche” Plan

Greenscape in the Tetuan District of Madrid, Present Day 23

CONTEXT GROWTH OF THE CITY Final Expansion Madrid fell to Franco’s control in 1939 which brought economic and urban growth to a halt, including the expansion plan developed by Castro. Following the death of Franco in 1975, democracy was established in Madrid with the Spanish Constitution of 1798. Growth was further encouraged by the connection made between Spain and the rest of Europe when Spain joined the European Union in 1982.

1

All of these events marked major changes in Madrid. Development quickly began again.

Castro’s expansion plan was resumed following the democratic establishment of 1978. These areas are characterized by gridded urban layout, with wider roads designed for cars and pedestrians.

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DIGNIFIED MODESTY

Atocha Train Station, Madrid, Present Day

MADRID, SPAIN

Calle de Ibiza, Madrid, Early 2000s

Usera, Madrid, Present Day 25

CONTEXT MADRID GREEN SYSTEMS Madrid has the highest number of trees and green surfaces per inhabitant of any European city, and the second highest number of aligned trees in the world. Within the city of Madrid there are countless public green spaces, the largest being Parque de El Retiro located east of the city center.

The major green spaces of the city are linked by tree-lined streets. The most prominent avenues of the green belt are the Paseo del Prado and Paseo de Recoletos. The minor streets of the city are also lined with small trees, carrying the green belt throughout the majority of the city. The trees serve a variety of purposes such as shading, noise control, promoting a healthy environment, and for aesthetics.

1. Jardines del Campo del Moro

2. El Parque de El Retiro 26

1

2

CONTEXT MADRID TOPOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE 0DGULG LV FODVVLƓHG DV D 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ FOLPDWH ZLWK continental characteristics. It experiences hot, dry summers, and mild cool winters. It has moderate to high levels of radiation. The temperature is hottest in July and August with a mean of about 78 °F and records reaching over 100 °F. It is coldest in December and January with mean temperatures around 36 °F and record lows reaching 25 °F .

The topography of the city of Madrid varies by 310 feet, from the Northeast corner of Parque de El Retiro to the South end of the Rio Manzanares.

The Rio Manzanares lies just outside of Madrid, but contributes greatly to its topography.

European Radiation

Spain Radiation Average Annual Sum (4/2004-3/2010)*

1200

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1350

1500

1650

1800

1950kWh/m2

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

Low: 38 °F Average: 42.13 °F High: 50 °F

Low: 55 °F Average: 69.5 °F High: 82 °F

*Solar *S *So S la So larr G GIS IS (h IS ((http://solargis.info) htt htt http:/ ht ttp:/ p:///so /sso /s ola lar arrgis a gis.in .info) info) fo o))

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CONTEXT MADRID DESIGN SOLUTIONS GREEN ROOFS Green roofs are a commonly used design tool in Madrid. They greatly reduce the amount of heat that is transferred into the interior and reduce the amount of runoff water on the site.

A multi-layered facade or roof structure can reduce heat gain by allowing air to travel and escape in between the layers. Overhangs can also allow for passive solar control by regulating the amount of sunlight that enters the building.

NATURAL VENTILATION Many European cities, including Madrid, do not utilize air conditioning, but instead focus on cooling the building using natural means.

Successful natural ventilation can reduce or eliminate air conditioning in warm weather, if windows are oriented to prevailing breezes. A whole-house fan or natural ventilation can store cool nighttime temperature in high mass interior surfaces to reduce or eliminate air conditioning.

THERMAL MASS Many buildings in Madrid are constructed out of stone or concrete which inherently have high thermal masses. This means that the materiality of the building has the ability to effectively store thermal energy. This results in the material absorbing heat during the day and releasing it at night, which reduces heating loads.

Department of Economics, Madrid

Royal Palace of Madrid, Large Thermal Mass 30

Barajas T4 Terminal Airport Parking, Madrid

Plant Production Pavilion, Madrid

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

In hot climates direct sunlight is the largest contributor to building cooling loads.

Because a roof receives the most direct sunlight over a day, It is the most important surface when considering passive cooling strategies. In areas with hot climates such DV 0DGULG D OLJKW FRORUHG URRI UHĹ´HFWV sunlight, remains cooler, and reduces the amount of heat transferred to the interior of a building. The two surface properties that determine a roof’s temperature are solar UHĹ´HFWDQFH DQG WKHUPDO HPLWWDQFH ZKLFK range on a scale from 0 to 1. The larger the two values are, the cooler the roof with be. The roof surface should be a light color and of a material that has a surface: Ĺ˜ 6RODU UHĹ´HFWDQFH 65 RI ! Ĺ˜ 7KHUPDO (PLWWDQFH 7( RI !

Housing in Carabanchel, Madrid )RUHLJQ 2IĆ“FH $UFKLWHFWV )2$

Cooling Tower House, Madrid dosmasuno arquitectos 2007

165 Social Housing Units in Vallecas, Madrid Guillermo Vasquez Consuegra TBD

Housing in Carabanchel, Madrid Amann-Canovas-Maruri 2009 31

CONTEXT FLORA Historic Plants of Madrid

Secondary Plants/Trees

Clavel [Carnation] 7KH FDUQDWLRQ LV 6SDLQĹ?V QDWLRQDO Ĺ´RZHU DQG LV DVVRFLDWHG with love, passion, and folklore. Like roses in many cultures, the colors of the carnation are carry different meanings such as red for love, pink for gratitude or mothers’ love, and white for luck. The climate in much of Spain, including Madrid is favorable for growing carnations.

1. Alder Tree 2. Holm Oak 3. Scots Pine 4. Black Poplar 5. Cork Oak

1

6. Aleppo Pine 7. Yew Tree 8. Aspen Poplar 9. English Elm 10. Strawberry Tree 11. European Beech 12. Cyprus Tree 13. White Willow

2

14. Common Ash

Madrono [Strawberry Tree] The Strawberry Tree has importance to the city of Madrid because it appears on their coat of arms. The meaning behind this is unknown, but Strawberry Trees grow around the area and are harvested for their fruit.

15. Blackwood Acacia 16. Pomegranate Tree 17. Gum Rockrose 18. Juniper 19. Carnation 20. Spanish Bluebells

3

21. English Lavender 22. Rosemary 23. Lantana 24. Gazania

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5

9

13

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10

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12

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MADRID, SPAIN

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SITE ANALYSIS HISTORY

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MORPHOLOGY

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PEOPLE

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SITE

“Esta es una Plaza� is located in the neighborhood of Lavapies. This historic and diverse neighborhood is in the southern portion of the city center, within the administrative ward of Embajadores. The site, which was left abandoned for over thirty years, has been transformed into a public plaza through the hard work of neighborhood volunteers.

SITE ANALYSIS LAVAPIES The city of Madrid is comprised of twenty one districts, each with their own wards or neighborhoods. Each of these neighborhoods have distinct building typologies, environmental and topographical characteristics, and varying population diversity. The project site is located in the neighborhood of Lavapies, highlighted in yellow on the adjacent map.

Lavapies, located the El Centro district and is one of the oldest neighborhoods in Madrid.

The name “Lavapies” translates to “wash feet.” The origin of this name derives from the Jewish ritual of washing one’s feet before entering a Synagogue.

The San Lorenzo church was built on the site of Lavapies’s former main synagogue. People were said to have washed their feet in the fountain in the plaza before entering the synagogue.

During the 14th century, Lavapies was known as the Jewish quarter of Madrid. But after 15th century, King Ferdinand expelled all Jews descent from the kingdom.

City of Madrid

Lavapies has always been known as a working class neighborhood, with salt mines located in the district during the 17th century. The neighborhood has evolved over time, but still remains a community of hard working people who are full of pride of their heritage and their surroundings. The current population of Lavapies is comprised of 60% immigrants from many different regions, including but not limited to, other parts of Spain, the Middle East, Northern Africa, Asia, and the rest of Europe.

The site was one of a few abandoned lots in the district. It sat vacant for over thirty years before a community group in Lavapies fought to use the lot as a public green space. It took several years for the community group to gain full access to the site, but since then they have turned the vacant lot into an urban oasis full of life and activity. Part of the site is utilized for agricultural purposes, turning this once lifeless site into a inviting urban green space.

36

El Centro

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MADRID, SPAIN

Lavapies 37

SITE ANALYSIS LAVAPIES HISTORY During the 16th and 17th century, Lavapies became a popular place for Spanish immigrants from outside of Madrid to settle in search for work and a new life in the city. Its central location and affordability were the main reasons. However, during the 1800s, the neighborhood fell into decay. It became dangerous, and entire blocks were left vacant, encouraging squatting. It was after this time of hardship in the neighborhood that the second wave of immigration began.

During an economic boom in Spain in the late QLQHWLHV DQG HDUO\ WZHQW\ Ć“UVW FHQWXU\ SHRSOH from the developing world came in search of work. Hailing predominantly from Asia, the Middle East or North Africa, with the largest group from Morocco, Lavapies grew into one of the most diverse neighborhoods in the city.

Urban renewal of the area paralleled the economic boom of Spain during this time. Buildings were renovated, or torn down and rebuilt. Greenery has been integrated into the area with treePlaza Lavapies, Present Day lined streets. However, as a consequence, as the building environment improved over time, many of the existing people living in Lavapies could no longer afford the rent and were forced to move out of the area. The positive side of JHQWULĆ“FDWLRQ LV WKH DWWUDFWLRQ RI DUWLVWV DQG RWKHU everyday people to call Lavapies home when at a time it had been a place one would avoid.

Lavapies Present Day 38

1844 Map of Madrid, Lavapies located in red

Plaza Lavapies, 1983

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

39

SITE ANALYSIS LAVAPIES DEMOGRAPHICS Lavapies is statistically the most diverse neighborhood in the city of Madrid. This diversity has affected the commercial characteristics of the area, with shops and cuisine of many countries invigorating the streets. The 21st century Lavapies looks very different from the early 1900s. The population consists of about 60% immigrants, bringing different cultures, world views, foods, and religions into one place.

The neighborhood is known for being very politically active regarding what is happening in their area as well as around the world.

Of the people in Lavapies born outside Spain, PRVW DUH Ć“UVW JHQHUDWLRQ LPPLJUDQWV 7KLV IDFW has led many to draw comparisons with England, France, and Germany where problems have arisen with second-generation immigrants.

The age of the immigrants is younger than the local residents, resulting in school populations consisting of nearly 70% immigrants.

Lavapies is generally safe and without crime, but in those other countries, it is the children of the immigrants who have caused issues as they expect more from society in terms of integration of culture. This, combined with a lack of parks and sports facilities in the area have many worried about youths joining gangs and causing trouble.

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MADRID, SPAIN

Lavapiés by Jorge Dolç 2012 The painting shows Plaza Lavapies and its cosmopolitan inhabitants 41

SITE ANALYSIS

LAVAPIES TYPOLOGY

Lavapies, like other neighborhoods in the center of Madrid, has a variety of architectural typologies.

The most frequent building typology is the patio.

Almost every city block in the neighborhood contains either a patio or a narrow light well. This can be seen in the La corrala housing typology that was common in Lavapies during the early 1800s. It consists of a rectangular central patio around which apartments are oriented.

The facades of the buildings have little level of YDULDWLRQ 7KH GHƓQLQJ IHDWXUH RI WKH IDFDGHV DUH balconies. Even on the narrowest of streets, most buildings will either have a shared balcony or a balconet. The elevations of a typical building in /DYDSLHV FRQWDLQV D FRPPHUFLDO JURXQG ŴRRU ZLWK residences above. It is often common to have a roof terrace, completing a vertical three part facade.

The street typology differs throughout the neighborhood, with street widths varying from 14’ to larger than 64’ wide. Section 1 is taken near our site, and shows the proportional relationship of the street and buildings.

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DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

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SITE ANALYSIS

ADJACENT NEIGHBORHOOD TOPOGRAPHY

Lavapies is a neighborhood with large topography changes. Compared to the rest of Madrid, it is a very hilly area, which has become a major characteristic of the neighborhood. This affects the character of the streets and the interactions between the buildings and the landscape.

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DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

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SITE ANALYSIS

LAVAPIES TRANSPORTATION AND ACCESS

MAJOR ROADS Highlighted in [red] are the major roads of the neighborhood. As shown in the map on the left from 1831, many of the roads that exist today have carved their way through the city for centuries. Ronda de Toledo, the major road that encompasses the neighborhood at the base of the map, was originally the path of the 1625 city walls. While the neighborhood has become more dense since 1831, the major roads of 1831 are still the major roads of today.

Map of Lavapies, 1831

Map of Lavapies, Present Day 46

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

TRANSIT ACCESS The site is located in a dense residential DUHD RQ &DOOH GHO 'U )RXUTXHW ZLWKLQ Ć“YH minutes walk to the historical center of the neighborhood, Plaza de Lavapies. The site is well located for transit travel, with two metro stations and the main train station of Madrid all within a 5 minute walk. This makes the site easily accessible to people throughout the neighborhood, and across the city.

3 minutes

4 minutes

5 minutes

Lavapies Metro Entrance, Present Day

Lavapies Metro Entrance, early 1920s 47

SITE ANALYSIS

GREENERY WITHIN LAVAPIES

OPEN SPACE This map of Lavapies highlights the open public outdoors spaces [dark green] and private outdoor spaces [light green]. Given the density of the community, it is clear that there are not enough open spaces for the public. As seen in the adjacent map, the site [highlighted in yellow], is surrounded by buildings with private green spaces, but no public green spaces within a short walk.

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CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS Highlighted in [pink] are the cultural institutions WKDW GLUHFWO\ LQĹ´XHQFH WKH VLWH 7KH VLWHV LQFOXGHG are: 1. Escuelas Pias 2. Teatro Circo Price 3. Teatro Valle Inclan 5HLQD 6RĆ“D 0XVHXP 1. Escuelas Pias 3 1

4

PUBLIC PLACES Highlighted in [green] are all of the public outdoor spaces in the neighborhood. These include parks, paved plazas and tree lined avenues with spaces for gathering. In [blue] are important buildings ranging from the main church, San Lorenzo, to VFKRROV WR WKH 5HLQD 6RĆ“D 0XVHXP >\HOORZ` LGHQWLĆ“HV WKH VLWH

2 Map of Site Neighborhood, Present Day

2. Teatro Circo Price

3. Teatro Valle Inclan

Map of Lavapies, Present Day

5HLQD 6RĆ“D 0XVHXP 49

SITE ANALYSIS

VACANT LOTS IN LAVAPIES

Lavapies has a handful of abandoned lots. The adjacent map highlights these sites, including the (VWD HV XQD 3OD]D VLWH ZKLFK LV QXPEHUHG Ć“YH 7KH ratio of public green spaces in comparison to the number of vacant lots proves that the open space of the neighborhood is being under utilized.

7KH QHLJKERUKRRG ZRXOG JUHDWO\ EHQHĆ“W IURP reclaiming and revitalizing vacant lots into public spaces. One issue that the community faces is gaining public access to these spaces.

4.

3.

Abandoned Site 5: Our Site 50

1.

2.

5.

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

Abandoned Site 1

Abandoned Site 2

Abandoned Site 3

Abandoned Site 4

MADRID, SPAIN

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SITE ANALYSIS

“ESTA ES UNA PLAZA�

The project site is located in a dense residential DUHD RQ &DOOH GHO 'U )RXUTXHW ZLWKLQ D Ć“YH PLQXWHV walk to the historical center of the neighborhood, Plaza de Lavapies. For over thirty years, the site sat abandoned, full of trash and rubble.

In 2008, Un Jardin Compartido obtained the site from the Municipal District with the aims of creating a social intervention. The site became known as Esta es una Plaza, meaning “This is a Plaza�. The idea behind Esta es una Plaza is to encourage people of all generations, ethnicities, and religions to come together in a common community space, strengthening the bond of the community. It weaves the lives of community members together, dramatically improving social growth of the neighborhood.

Un Jardin Compartido has had struggled in the past with the government of Madrid in allowing them to use the space. They began their intervention in 2009, planting agriculture, creating a place for soccer, and a hammock sleeping area nestled in the trees of the site. But when they came back the next day, the doors were welded shut. A bulldozer had come through the site without notice and left the space in ruins.

Currently, the group has a better connection with the government than they had in the past and the site is now open every Sunday.

South-West Side of the Site, Pre 2008

South-West Side of the Site, Pre-Revitalization

South Side of the Site, Pre-Revitalization

Existing Facade along Calle de la Sombrereria

The site has been manipulated in modest ways to be used as a place for agriculture, sports, outdoor markets, an outdoor theatre, and outdoor festivals.

The group reuses items found on the streets and in the site to create the amenities that they need.

All structures on the site are removable, allowing users to easily manipulate the site to their needs.

7KH PDLQ HOHPHQWV WKDW GHĆ“QH WKH VSDFH DUH agricultural interventions on the site. *UDIĆ“WL DQG VWUHHW DUW DGRUQ WKH ZRUQ ZDOOV RI the plaza, which is populated by garden plots and makeshift structures for cooking, shelter, gathering, and bike storage.

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North-West Side of the Site, Mid Revitalization

North Side of the Site, Post Revitalization

South-East Side of the Site, Mid Revitalization

South Side of the Site, Post Revitalization

MADRID, SPAIN

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SITE ANALYSIS SITE USAGE

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DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

55

SITE ANALYSIS SITE APPROACH

2.

Approach from Northeast on Calle Sombrereria

1.

Approach from Northwest on Calle Sombrereria

Approach from Southwest on Calle del Dr. Fourquet 56

Approach from South Calle Mallorca

Approach from Southeast on Calle del Dr. Fourquet

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

STREETSCAPE The streetscapes of the neighborhood range from a narrow sidewalk with a one lane road to large tree-line avenues with enough space to accommodate cafe seating. Often, trees are present in between series of parallel parking spaces, allowing for there to be enough space on the narrowest of sidewalks while not blocking WUDIƓF 7KLV LV WKH FDVH DORQJ ERWK &DOOH GH la Sombrerería and Calle del Dr. Fourquet, ZKLFK GHƓQH WKH QRUWKHUQ DQG VRXWKHUQ edges of the site.

Approach from Southeast on Calle del Dr. Fourquet

Approach from Southwest on Calle del Dr. Fourquet 57

SITE ANALYSIS

Site View 1

Site View 2 58

VEGETATION IN AND SURROUNDING SITE

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

EXISTING TREES The site has a number of existing trees. It should be noted that there are several Ash trees that populate the boundaries. Ash is a very tolerant tree to high pollution and can grow in less than ideal conditions. Other species that scatter the site include Cypress and Yew. A vegetable garden exists in the southwest corner of the site. The community has worked to grow plants on the site that can EHQHĆ“W WKH FRPPXQLW\ DQG WKHVH SODQWV have successfully grown on the site.

ADD SITE TREE DIAGRAM 1.

2.

59

SITE ANALYSIS

SITE SUN AND WIND CONDITIONS

Winter: December 21st Wind Diagram

Spring: March 20th Wind Diagram

Summer: April 21st W

Winter: December 21st Sun Diagram

Spring: March 20th Sun Diagram

Summer: April 21st S

60

Wind Diagram

Sun Diagram

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

Wind Studies Wind in Madrid predominately comes from the north at 10 to 20 mph. It also comes from the west, but less frequently.

Wind on the site primarily comes from the north, east, and the west.

Fall: September 22nd Wind Diagram

Sun Studies The site experiences sunlight during the spring, fall, and summer months, but is submerged in shadows during the winter.

With taller buildings across the street to the southeast, there is a large amount of shade cast on the eastern corner of the site.

Fall: September 22nd Sun Diagram 61

SITE ANALYSIS SITE TOPOGRAPHY The elevation difference of the site is 9 feet. The lowest point lies adjacent to Calle de Dr. Fourquet. The highest point lies within the middle of the site. There is a moderate slope from north to the south, and from east to west. Section AA, which runs from West to East is UHODWLYHO\ Ĺ´DW ZLWK WKH VWHHSHVW VORSH DW +RZHYHU section BB, which runs from North to South the greatest grade change. At the center of the site, the slope is 10.4%, running South. This slope occurs where the housing block was demolished, and continues south.

Section Reference Plan 62

Site Section AA

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

Site Section BB 63

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK CONCEPT

__

PROGRAM

__

DESIGN

The design of the Esta es ua Plaza Community Center puts the emphasis where it belongs, on the community. The building is to be a representation of the people that will call it theirs, with a focus on how they will use it. Architecture has the power WR LQĹ´XHQFH WKH OLYHV RI WKH XVHU DQG VKRXOG DOZD\V KDYH WKH SHRSOH LQ PLQG

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

66

SITE REACTIONS

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

“Esta Es Una Plaza” was born out of the need for a for a place to gather, a place for community. Created by local volunteers with simple materials and local plantings, the design of the current plaza is one of modesty and dignity, much like the working class inhabitants of the neighborhood. Without these volunteers and their desire to have a space representative of the rich culture and history of Lavapies, the site would still be an abandoned lot. It is this spirit of the people of Lavapies that must not be forgotten with the creation of the new community center. In fact, their spirit must be the focal point of the intervention.

Public Gathering

Community Garden

The exterior space of the plaza, which has become a cherished space in the neighborhood, must remain as such. In the new design, this multifunctional space will remain as a centerpiece, treated as a monumental room within the overall EXLOGLQJ 7KH QHZ VWUXFWXUH ZLOO DFW WR GHƓQH this exterior space, integrating with it, sheltering it. The building will thus become a backdrop to the various activities performed in this exterior space, which are the heart of the project.

The conceptual collage emphasizes the different activities performed in the site and how the design of the building helps to GHƓQH WKH VSDFHV LQ ZKLFK WKHVH DFWLYLWLHV take place. The building has essentially taken a back seat to the performance of the exterior space while the monolithic concrete ZDOOV VHUYH VLPSO\ WR GHƓQH WKH HGJHV RI WKH exterior space without drawing attention away. In this image, the overhang above the ZDOO VHUYHV WR GHƓQH D TXLHW VSDFH DZD\ IURP the large gathering at the center of the site.

The site is relatively untouched, enabling the spirit of the original “Esta es una Plaza” to carry on. It will be up to the people to adapt the site for various activities.

67

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The activities that the community perform on the site are the single most important facet of Esta Es Una Plaza. Without the people, there is no building. This is why these activities must be preserved. The intervention will create new spaces for the community, but will also leave space for the people to continue to gather informally. ,W LV WKLV PRGHVW VSLULW GHƓQHG E\ WKH ZRUNLQJ class mentality of the neighborhood, that becomes the concept behind the new community center. Evident in both the selected precedents and the collages, the use of simple materials ensures that the building’s presence does not overpower the context. In the case of the Kolumba Museum, it is the ruins. In the Serpentine Pavilion, it is the garden. The Valdemaqueda Town Hall is also respectful of its village.

The community center at Esta Es Una Plaza is designed as a framework for the people to continue their informal gatherings.

Thus, the project searches for a relationship between an interior and an exterior space.

Because the central courtyard is treated as a room within the overall composition of the building, the spaces adjacent to the courtyard must interact by permitting both visual and physical connections. The second collage represents these visual and physical connections between interior and exterior spaces.

68

BUILDING AS A BACKDROP

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

KOLUMBA MUSEUM Peter Zumthor Cologne, Germany 2007

SERPENTINE PAVILION Peter Zumthor London, United Kingdom 2011

VALDEMAQUEDA TOWN HALL Paredes Pedrosa Arquitectos Valdemaqueda, Spain 1998

Peter Zumthor is a master at using materials to evoke particular emotions in his buildings. The use of brick on the Kolumba Museum connects with the ruined church as it delicately rises out of, and above it. The facade integrates the remnants into a contemporary museum in a way that is both monumental and respectful of context. The simplicity of the materials ensures that the intervention does not overpower either the art displayed inside or the fragments of the site. Similarly, the design of Esta Es Una Plaza employs simple materials to convey a sense of modesty and reservation, allowing the people and their activities to take center stage.

The serpentine pavilion treats the central garden as the focal point. The pavilion itself serves only to GHƓQH WKH HGJHV DQG WR FUHDWH D V\VWHP RI HQWU\ The ambulatory space around the garden allows glimpses of light to penetrate, building suspense as one travels toward the garden. The use of simple materials and local plants is consistent with the FRQFHSW RI GLJQLƓHG PRGHVW\ 7KH WUHDWPHQW RI WKH garden as a centerpiece and the entry procession serve as inspiration for the design of the central courtyard of the community center.

7KH GHVLJQ RI WKH 9DOGHPDTXHGD 7RZQ +DOO UHŴHFWV both a small program and a small budget to create simple, but contextual architecture. Constructed out of concrete and wood, the simple volumes of the town hall integrate into the surrounding small YROXPHV RI WKH YLOODJH ZKLOH GHƓQLQJ WKH HGJH RI an open community plaza. Its use of inexpensive materials and its contextual response to the site serve as inspiration for both the site and enclosure strategies of the Esta Es Una Plaza community center.

MADRID, SPAIN

69

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The preservation of the exterior space is the main focus of the site strategy. In order for the exterior space to remain as an integral part of the design, and not merely the leftover space of the site, it has been located at the center of the site with direct access from Calle del Doctor Fourquet.

With such a large program, it was a challenge to keep the scale of the buildings around the courtyard modest so that light can penetrate. To achieve this, most of the program was placed between the party walls to the north of the site along Calle de la Sombrereria. Public program and spaces most in need of exterior adjacencies are arranged around the central courtyard.

The main entrance to the building along Calle del Dr. Fourquet permits access either directly into the building or into the central courtyard.

The workshops and cafe are located directly off the main entrance in the south to allow for the possibility of exterior eating or workshop activities performed in the courtyard. Also along the courtyard, but located on the other side is the Ć“WQHVV IDFLOLWLHV 7KHVH DUH VHSDUDWHG IURP WKH UHVW of the building for privacy considerations, to allow for views of the courtyard when exercising, and for mechanical systems requirements. Located above WKH PDLQ HQWU\ DFWLQJ DV DQ HQWUDQFH VLJQLĆ“HU DQG to remain near the entrance is the lecture hall.

Access is through the cafe and up a stairway, enabling large crowds access without disrupting the other occupants of the building. Another secondary entry from the north is connected to the rest of the building by an open exhibition hall. Above this exhibition hall and between the party walls are the remaining educational areas, childcare area, and the library.

70

SITE STRATEGY

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

71

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The program for the Esta es una Plaza Community Center is a hybrid program. This means that different spaces in the building serve very different functions, but must be integrated together. This type of building is increasingly common in Spain, as space constraints challenge architects and SODQQHUV WR ƓQG ZD\V WR GR PRUH ZLWK OHVV VSDFH One example of this type of building in Spain is the Iglesia de Iesu in San Sebastian. Designed

by Rafael Moneo, the hybrid building combines a church with underground parking and a supermarket. Moneo stressed during the design WKDW WKHUH LV QR SURJUDP GLUHFWO\ XQGHU WKH ŴRRU of the church, but located on the lower level are a garage and a Super-Amara grocery store.

HYBRID BUILDING PROGRAM

EDUCATION With such a large immigrant population in Lavapies that has various levels of education, it is important to provide a safe and comfortable place for people to learn. The education program contains a lecture hall which can be used by public speakers or for community activities.

Various workshops and more computer spaces enable the community to learn in a diverse way.

The workshops can host activities ranging from a pottery class to a music studio.

CHILDCARE Lavapies is a working-class neighborhood.

Having a safe place for children to go after school when their parents are working, or to play soccer on the weekends is important for the long term health of the community. Especially in immigrantheavy areas, there is a tendency for children to get into trouble when they or bored or feel as though they don’t have an accepting place for them to go. The childcare program will be able to take care of young children while the exterior spaces give a place for older children to play.

FITNESS ,W FDQ EH H[WUHPHO\ GLIƓFXOW IRU ZRUNLQJ FODVV SHRSOH WR VWD\ ƓW GXH WR WKH ORQJ KRXUV DQG expensive prices of gym memberships. Because there are no large parks in the neighborhood, DQ LQGRRU ƓWQHVV IDFLOLW\ LV DQ LPSRUWDQW DPHQLW\ *URXS ƓWQHVV VSDFHV DQG DQ RSHQ J\P JLYH 7KHUH DUH ƓYH PDMRU FDWHJRULHV RI SURJUDP WR EH SHRSOH WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ WR VWD\ ƓW LQ D QXPEHU RI incorporated into the community center: Library, fun ways.

Education, Childcare, Fitness and Cafe.

CAFE LIBRARY With every good plaza comes a cafe with exterior The library program contains main stacks, reading seating. The cafe program includes an open areas, a computer area and printing room. There interior dining area with cafeteria-style seating DUH DOVR DGPLQLVWUDWLYH RIƓFHV GHGLFDWHG WR WKH for public festivals, but also contains seating library. This portion of the program contains the along the edge of the courtyard. This engages single largest space of the building, the main the courtyard, similar to a public square like Plaza collection. Libraries today no longer serve strictly Mayor. Adjacent to the cafe is an multifunctional as a quiet place for reading. They have become a exhibition space for various activities, but if place for community engagement and learning, necessary, the cafe and exhibition space can be which is the mission of this building. combined into one large space.

72

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

AREA (net)

QUANTITY

TOTAL (sf)

LIBRARY Lobby/ Entrance Locker/ Coat Area Computer Zone Magazines/ Journals Main Collection Administration/ Help Desk Photocopy/ Printing Room

500 250 1500 1500 3000 400 300

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

500 250 1500 1500 3000 400 300

EDUCATION Lecture Hall Projector Room Workshop Computer Lab

1750 300 500 500

1 1 3 2

1750 300 1500 1000

CHILDCARE Playroom/ Daycare Reading Room Toy Storage Cubbies Staff Room Kitchenette

2400 500 200 200 150 150

1 1 1 1 1 1

2400 500 200 200 150 150

FITNESS Group Exercise Fitness Room Storage Locker Rooms

6WDII 2IƓFH Reception

1000 2500 200 900 500 500

2 1 2 2 1 1

2000 2500 400 1800 500 500

2000 600

1 1

2000 600

CAFE

Dining Area Kitchen

SUBTOTAL 727$/ HIƓFLHQF\

MADRID, SPAIN

26900 43000+/73

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK PATIOS At the center of the project is the courtyard. On HLWKHU VLGH RI LW DUH WKH Ć“WQHVV DQG FDIH VSDFHV %RWK KDYH FRQQHFWLRQV WKH Ć“WQHVV LV YLVLEOH ZKLOH the cafe is visual and physical. This allows for the blending of program which is an important concept in a hybrid program building. Various VPDOOHU SDWLRV OLQH WKH Ć“UVW Ĺ´RRU DOORZLQJ IRU natural lighting and further integration of interior and exterior spaces.

PUBLIC REALM Linking between both of the streets around the VLWH LV D ]RQH RI SXEOLF DFWLYLW\ 2Q WKH JURXQG Ĺ´RRU this is manifested as a large and open exhibition space. The space links the cafe and courtyard to the north entry, and can serve to display community artwork or to host events. Above the exhibition space are an open computer lab and the lecture hall.

REGULATING LINES The concrete bearing wall structure lends itself to UHJXODWLQJ OLQHV WKDW VHUYH WR VXSSRUW WKH Ĺ´RRUV ZKLOH GHĆ“QLQJ VSDFH 7KHVH OLQHV IROORZ D SDWWHUQ based on the site constraints. In the southern portion of the site, they are parallel to the street, while in the northern portion, they follow the party walls. Where the two predominant grid directions intersect is where the cafe and main entry are located.

74

PROGRAM STRATEGY

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

PATIO SPACES

PUBLIC REALM

MADRID, SPAIN

REGULATING LINES

75

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

76

SCHEMATIC DESIGN

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

The central courtyard, which is accessed GLUHFWO\ IURP WKH PDLQ HQWU\ LV Ĺ´DQNHG E\ two covered walkways. These connect the two portions of the building while acting as shaded spaces. Access to the courtyard can also be made from the cafe. A large nana wall can fold away, opening up the entire cafe to the courtyard, blending the two spaces as one.

The courtyard itself is an open space covered in grass, with three trees. It is left open to accommodate various activities which may take place such as theater, sport, or festivals.

The trees provide additional shade as well as SURYLGH VRPH SULYDF\ IRU WKH JURXS Ć“WQHVV spaces adjacent.

77

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

SCHEMATIC DESIGN

Lower Level Plan 1. LOCKER ROOM 2. STORAGE 3. MECHANICAL

2.

3.

3.

1.

1.

3.

78

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

79

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

ENTRY

80

SCHEMATIC DESIGN

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

Ground Floor Plan 1. EXHIBITION 2. CAFE 3. KITCHEN 4. WORKSHOP 5. DAY LOCKERS 6. COAT CHECK 7. GROUP EXERCISE 8. RECEPTION

5.

1.

6.

4.

7.

4.

4.

2.

7.

3.

8.

81

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

SCHEMATIC DESIGN

Second Floor Plan 1. LECTURE HALL 2. MEDIA ROOM 3. COMPUTER ZONE 4. FITNESS SPACE

3.

2.

4.

1.

82

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

84

SCHEMATIC DESIGN

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

Third Floor Plan 1. PLAY AREA 2. TOY STORAGE 3. KITCHENETTE 4. CUBBIES 5. RECEPTION 6. STAFF

1.

2.

3.

4.

6.

5.

85

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

South Elevation 86

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

North Elevation 87

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

SCHEMATIC DESIGN

Fourth Floor Plan 1. MAGAZINES 2. HELP DESK 3. OFFICE Fifth Floor Plan 1. MAIN STACKS 2. READING AREA 3. OFFICE

1.

2.

88

3.

3.

1.

2.

TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS CODE

STRUCTURAL

MECHANICAL

ENVELOPE

SUSTAINABILITY

The integration of technical systems is inspired by the architecture of the building and by environmental conditions. The building is adapted to take advantage of sustainable solutions in as many areas as possible. Natural ventilation, thermal massing, geothermal heating and cooling, and daylighting are all viable and prominent features of the technical systems.

TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS Occupancy requirements determined International Building Code (IBC) 2015.

OCCUPANCY & FIXTURES

using

The total occupancy of the building is 974 persons. The occupancy uses of the building fall into six categories: A-1 Assembly, A-2 Restaurant, A-3 Assembly, Business, Educational, and I-4 Institutional.

Occupancy Calculation Program Department

Program

Quanity

Actual SF

Library Lobby/entrance

1

Locker/coat area

1

Computer zone

1

Magazine/journals Main Collection Administration/Help desk Photocopy/printing room

Occupancy Use Assembly occupancy, unconcentrated seating 2434 (tables, chairs, stages, platforms)

Occupancy Area Per Gross or Net Occupant (sf)

net

15

162

400 Locker rooms Assembly occupancy, unconcentrated seating 2600 (tables, chairs, stages, platforms)

gross

50

8

net

15

1

1754 Libraries, stack areas

gross

100

18

1

2728 Libraries, stack areas

gross

100

27

Business areas

gross

100

10

Business areas

gross

1

978

1

253

173

100 Subtotal

Education/Leisure Lecture room

# of Occupants

1

1600

Projection room area

1

270

Workshop

3

1324

Computer lab

2

1178

Assembly occupancy, unconcentrated seating (tables, chairs, stages, platforms) Educational Occupancy, classroom use Educational Occupancy, shops and vocational areas Assembly occupancy, unconcentrated seating (tables, chairs, stages, platforms)

net

3 401

15 107

net

20

14

net

50

26

net

15 79 Subtotal

225

Kids Area Playroom/daycare

1

1900 Day care areas

net

35

54

Reading room for kids

1

432 Day care areas

net

35

12

Toy storage

1

138 Accessory storage area

gross

300

1

Cubbies/coats

1

120 Accessory storage area

gross

300

1

Staff room

1

212 Bussiness areas

gross

100

2

Kitchenette

1

gross

200

30 Kitchen, commercial

Subtotal

1 72

Fitness 1660 Exercise areas

Group exercise

2

Storage

2

Fitness room

1

Locker rooms

2

Staff office

1

400 Business areas

Reception

1

482 Business areas

gross

50

gross

300

2

2590 Exercise areas

gross

50

52

1796 Locker rooms

gross

50

36

gross

100

4

gross

100

461 Storage

Subtotal CafĂŠ CafĂŠ/dinning area

1

Kitchen

1 Subtotal

Total

92

Assembly occupancy, unconcentrated seating 2136 (tables, chairs, stages, platforms) 600 Commercial kitchen 28476

33

5 131

net

15

gross

200

142 Subtotal

3 145 974

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

93

TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS

PROGRAM AND FIXTURES

LIBRARY PROGRAM

EDUCATION PROGRAM

94

FITNESS PROGRAM

CAFE PROGRAM

CHILDCARE PROGRAM

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN BATHROOMS

FIXTURES Type A: 4M, 4F Level B Type B: 4M, 4F Level B Type C: 2M, 2F Levels 3, 4 & 5 Total: 28 (Req: 26) LAVATORIES Type A: 3M, 3F Level B Type B: 2M, 2F Level B Type C: 1M, 1F Levels 3, 4 & 5 Total: 16 (Req: 14)

Occupancy Use A-1 Assembly

Vertical Distribution Services Calculation (Fixtures) Male/ Female Lavatories Occupancy Required Subtotal Required 120

M = 1 per 125

1

F = 1 per 65

2

Subtotal

1 per 200

1

A-2 Assembly, Restaurant

146

1 per 75

2

1 per 200

1

A-3 Assembly

506

M = 1 per 125

4

1 per 200

3

F = 1 per 65

7

Business

18

1 per 25

1

1 per 40

1

105

1 per 50

2

1 per 50

2

I-4 Institutional

67

1 per 15

6

1 per 15

6

Storage

11

1 per 100

1

1 per 100

1

Educational

Total Total in Building

974

26

14

28

16

95

TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS Egress requirements determined International Building Code (IBC) 2015.

EGRESS

using

Accessibility has been achieved in all areas of the building. Due to the steep terrain in the north of the site, only the main entrance in the south is accessible. Calle de la Sombrereria, the street on which the northern, or secondary entry is located, has a slope ratio greater than 1:20 in either direction. When entering in the south from Calle del Dr. Fourquet, all areas of the building are accessible. From this entry, one can travel to an elevator and have access to all of the program of the building.

Egress Calculation

Program Department

Program

Occupancy Use

Lobby/entrance

Assembly occupancy, unconcentrated seating (tables, chairs, stages, platforms)

Library

# of # Means of Min Door Occupants Egress Width (in)

Min Clear Corridor Width (in)

Min Stair Width (in)

Sprinklered Min DE Corridore Max Travel Max Egress Length (ft) Distance (ft) Distance (ft)

162

2

32

44

44

20

250

75

8

1

32

44

44

20

250

75

173

2

32

44

44

20

250

75

Libraries, stack areas

18

1

32

44

44

20

250

75

Libraries, stack areas Main Collection Administration/Help Business areas desk Photocopy/printing room Business areas

27

1

32

44

44

20

250

75

10

1

32

44

44

20

250

75

3

1

32

44

44

20

250

75

107

2

32

72

44

20

250

75

14

1

32

44

44

20

250

75

26

1

32

44

44

20

250

75

79

2

32

44

44

20

250

75

54

2

32

44

44

20

200

75

12

1

32

44

44

20

200

75

Locker/coat area Computer zone Magazine/journals

Locker rooms Assembly occupancy, unconcentrated seating (tables, chairs, stages, platforms)

401 Education/Leisure Lecture room

Projection room area Workshop

Computer lab

Assembly occupancy, unconcentrated seating (tables, chairs, stages, platforms) Educational Occupancy, classroom use Educational Occupancy, shops and vocational areas Assembly occupancy, unconcentrated seating (tables, chairs, stages, platforms)

225 Kids Area Playroom/daycare

Day care areas

Reading room for kids

Day care areas

Toy storage

Accessory storage area

1

1

32

44

44

20

200

75

Cubbies/coats

Accessory storage area

1

1

32

44

44

20

200

75

Staff room

Bussiness areas Kitchen, commercial

2

1

32

44

44

20

200

75

1

1

32

44

44

20

200

75

33

1

32

44

44

20

200

100

2

1

32

44

44

20

200

75

Kitchenette

72 Fitness Group exercise

Exercise areas

Storage

Storage

Fitness room

Exercise areas

52

2

32

44

44

20

200

100

Locker rooms

Locker rooms

36

1

32

44

44

20

200

100

Staff office Reception

Business areas Business areas

4 5 131

1 1

32 32

44 44

44 44

20 20

200 200

75 75

CafĂŠ/dinning area

Assembly occupancy, unconcentrated seating (tables, chairs, stages, platforms)

142

2

32

44

44

20

250

75

Kitchen

Commercial kitchen

3

1

32

44

44

20

250

75

CafĂŠ

145

96

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

B.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

MADRID, SPAIN

97

TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS In keeping consistent with the monolithic form of the overall building, a concrete structure has been chosen. Bearing walls divide the larger VSDFHV ZKLOH DOVR VXSSRUWLQJ WKH Ĺ´RRU VODEV 7KH direction of the bearing walls travel east-west in the southern part of the site, in line with the boundary wall along Calle del Dr. Fourquet, while WKH QRUWK VRXWK SDUW\ ZDOOV VXSSRUW WKH Ĺ´RRU structure in the area of the building along Calle de la Sombrereria.

The design goals of the structural system are to XVH WKH EHDULQJ ZDOOV DV VSDFH GHĆ“QHUV DQG WR expose the bearing walls and the cast-in-place Ĺ´RRU VODEV DV DUFKLWHFWXUDO HOHPHQWV 7KH H[WHULRU bearing walls are cast in formwork made of variously sized boards to create a rough, handcrafted appearance in tune with the hand made elements of the original Esta Es Una Plaza. The inside of the exterior bearing walls are clad in plaster on metal lath which preserves the monolithic attitude while covering the continuous LQVXODWLRQ 7KH Ĺ´RRU VODEV DUH PDGH RI Ĺ? WKLFN exposed cast-in-place reinforced concrete that span between bearing walls. The exposed slabs KRVW OLJKWLQJ DQG RWKHU HOHFWULFDO Ć“[WXUHV GLUHFWO\ while mechanical systems are underneath a UDLVHG DFFHVV Ĺ´RRU V\VWHP

98

STRUCTURAL CONCEPT

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

B.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

MADRID, SPAIN

99

TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS The bearing walls vary in thickness from 10” to 14” depending on the height of the wall. The Ő WKLFN ZDOOV DUH LQ DUHDV ZKHUH RQO\ RQH ŴRRU is supported above. The tower portion of the building has 14” thick bearing walls as they are much taller and must support greater loads. The spacing of these walls never exceed the maximum span of 30 feet. In the lecture hall where the span is 40 ft, a posttensioned 24” deep concrete beam supports the slab.

100

STRUCTURAL CONCEPT

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

B.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

MADRID, SPAIN

101

TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS

1.

SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES

THERMAL MASS

The concrete construction of the building inherently has a high thermal mass, which allows it to easily absorb and store heat. During the day, the concrete absorbs heat before releasing it at night. This saves on heating and energy usage.

1.

2.

DAYLIGHTING

Placement of patios and courtyards combined with large window walls and an atrium allow plenty of natural light to reach inside the building. A sliding screen system helps to control the light.

102

2.

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

3.

MADRID, SPAIN

NATURAL VENTILATION

Operable windows along exterior curtain walls and the large atrium allow for prevailing breezes to cross-ventilate the building. This greatly reduces the need for mechanical ventilation, saving energy and money.

3.

4.

GEOTHERMAL

30 closed loop bore hole heat exchangers take advantage of the neutral temperature of the ground to greatly decease heating and cooling loads

4.

103

TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS

SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES

THERMAL MASS The use of concrete as a building material has many EHQHĆ“WV )LUVW LW LV D FRPPRQ EXLOGLQJ PDWHULDO LQ Spain that requires minimal travel distances or outside expertise, allowing construction to be local. Secondly, it has a high thermal mass which helps to regulate the temperature of the building.

When the exterior temperature of the building is very hot, the concrete walls absorb the heat and store it. At night when the exterior temperature drops, the heat is then released, warming the space. On the opposite end of the spectrum, when it is very cold out, because it has a high VSHFLĆ“F KHDW LW WDNHV D ORW RI HQHUJ\ WR ORZHU LWV temperature. This enables the structure to remain a more constant temperature compared to the air.

The integration of radiant heating and cooling into the slab further helps to regulate the internal temperature of the concrete which drastically Daytime - Heat Absorbed reduces heating and cooling loads.

The design of the community center relies heavily on concrete and its high thermal mass to regulate internal temperatures. The structural walls and Ĺ´RRUV DUH FRQVWUXFWHG RXW RI FRQFUHWH 7KH FHLOLQJV are left exposed. The large amount of concrete allows for a consistent internal temperature and reduced heating and cooling loads.

Nighttime - Heat Released 104

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

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DAYLIGHTING 'D\OLJKWLQJ KDV PDQ\ EHQHƓWV WKDW extend beyond creating a natural welllit environment. The use of natural light UHGXFHV WKH XVH RI DUWLƓFLDO OLJKW ZKLFK JLYHV WKH EHQHƓWV RI UHGXFHG HQHUJ\ XVH Reducing the amount of lights that are required to light the space reduces the electricity consumption of the building and can also reduce the amount of cooling needed. Because lamps give off heat, having less of them reduces the cooling loads required, saving money on a smaller system.

Madrid has one of the most optimal number of daylight hours in Europe. In December, there are an average of 9 hours of daylight, while in June there are 15 hours. The city averages 2,000 to 3,000 hours of sunshine per year, about 1,500 more than Northern Europe.

The design takes advantage of the abundant natural lighting frequently. A large central courtyard and an atrium at the center of the tower allow for natural light to reach the spaces furthest from the exterior. Two other small patios give more glazed surface area to the building, increasing the effectiveness of daylighting.

The curtain walls along the south face of the building lets in abundant natural light.

Overhangs and a screening system have been designed to control the light that enters these spaces.

Daylighting 105

TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS

SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES

NATURAL VENTILATION The climate of Madrid is optimal for natural ventilation due to its steady winds and low summertime humidity. In the spring and summer, temperatures range from 60 to 80 degrees with relative humidity between 40 and 60%. These conditions are favorable for ventilation during these times of year.

The effectiveness of natural ventilation depends on a number of factors beyond wind speed, LQFOXGLQJ RSHUDEOH ZLQGRZ VL]H DQG ŴRRU SODQ layout. By code, the operable window area PXVW QRW EH OHVV WKDQ RI WKH ŴRRU DUHD EHLQJ ventilated. Furthermore, the effectiveness of Winter Winds - Direction: N natural ventilation is greatly diminished beyond 20’ from the operable window unless the wind can escape through the building to the opposite facade or out of an atrium.

The design of the Esta es una Plaza Community Center takes advantage of these conditions and design constraints. Large operable windows LQWHJUDWHG LQWR WKH FXUWDLQ ZDOOV DQG RSHQ ŴRRU plans allow for wind to reach deep inside the building. In the tower portion of the building, the wind can pass freely from one side out the other.

Also in the tower portion of the building is an atrium which further helps to allow natural fresh air to reach the inner portions of the building.

The use of natural ventilation in conjuncture with geothermal radiant slabs allows for a dramatic decrease in air handling demands. Small energy UHFRYHU\ YHQWLODWRUV DUH VXIƓFLHQW WR EULQJ LQ IUHVK air to spaces in need, or when environmental conditions are unfavorable. Also, the ducts can be much smaller with the smaller loads. The reduction in size of these mechanical systems saves both energy and money as the smaller systems use less energy, and take up less space, UHGXFLQJ ŴRRU WR ŴRRU KHLJKWV

106

Spring Winds - Direction: SSW

Summer Winds - Direction: SW

Autumn Winds - Direction: S

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMPS Geothermal heat pumps use the constant temperature of the earth as the exchange medium as opposed to outside air. Because the temperature of the ground in Madrid remains around 60 degrees year round, it is able to absorb heat in the summer to provide cooling, or provide heating in the winter. This allows the system to be PRUH HIĆ“FLHQW WKDQ D VWDQGDUG heating system.

In the winter, when temperatures fall to around 40, the temperature of the earth enables the system to work less in order to heat the building. Instead of needing to raise the temperature by 28 degrees, the heating system only needs to raise the temperature by 5 degrees, when combined with radiant heating (The water temperature of radiant heating systems do not need to be as high as that of an air system).

In the summer when temperatures can reach over 90 degrees, a radiant cooling system is combined with geothermal heat exchangers. Similar to in the winter, the geothermal bore holes use the constant temperature of the earth to greatly reduce the cooling requirements of the cooling system. With radiant cooling, humidity is a major factor. In climates with high humidity, condensation will develop on the chilled slab. During the summer in Madrid, relative humidity can drop below 40%, optimally dry for radiant cooling.

There are 30 total bore holes, each 500 feet deep. Located below the central courtyard and cafe, the cooling capacity of each bore is 4 tons. Each bore is spaced 20 IHHW DSDUW HQVXULQJ PD[LPXP HIĆ“FLHQF\ ERUH KROHV VHUYH WKH Ć“WQHVV SURJUDP while the rest serve the main portion of the building.

107

TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS

MECHANICAL CONCEPT

The mechanical system has been selected based on the climatic and programmatical demands of the building. As was studied earlier, the Mediterranean climate of Madrid requires both passive and active mechanical systems. Winters are relatively cold for Spain with temperatures averaging around 45°F, while Summers can get very hot with mean daytime temperatures rarely below 85°F, with highs of over 100°F not uncommon. Thus heating, cooling, and ventilation are all required to maintain a comfortable environment.

The selected mechanical system is an all water system. Radiant PEX pipes are integrated into the slabs to help regulate the thermal mass of the slabs. The heating and cooling of the water in the pipes is achieved by closed loop bore hole ground-source heat pumps. Continuous insulation is maintained to keep temperatures constant inside.

Ventilation requirements depend on the function of the space. For the most part, especially in the tower portion, natural ventilation is used to perform the required air changes. The effectiveness of natural ventilation is maximized within 20’ of the perimeter window wall. The ventilation demands are particularly high in the ƓWQHVV VSDFHV DV ZHOO DV LQ WKH ZRUNVKRSV NLWFKHQ and lecture hall. In order to achieve the required number of air changes in these spaces as well as spaces beyond 20’ from an exterior wall, an active ventilation system is used.

Yearly Psychrometric Chart

Temperature by Month

Minimum Ventilation Rates (From ASHRAE) Program Occupancy cfm/person Lecture Hall & Projection 121 7.5 Fitness Room 52 20 Group Exercise 33 20 Locker Rooms 36 20 Staff Offices 9 5 Workshops 26 10 Computer Labs 252 10 Lobby/ Entrance 170 5 Library 58 5 Daycare 72 10 CafĂŠ & Kitchen 145 7.5 Total Fresh Air Volume 974 Tons (400 cfms per ton)

Energy recovery ventilators feed ducts to mechanically ventilate the building. Vertical chases bring the ductwork from the rooftop ERV’s WR HDFK OHYHO ZKHUH D UDLVHG DFFHVV ŴRRU KLGHV WKH ductwork that feeds the perimeter slot diffusers at WKH ŴRRU 'LVSODFHPHQW YHQWLODWLRQ LV WKH VWUDWHJ\ as the return grilles are located near the ceiling.

Denotes ERV #2

Cooling Capacity 108

2800 cfm

min total cfm 907.5 1040 660 720 45 260 2520 850 290 720 1087.5 9100 23

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

Mechanical Zoning

Mechanical Concept

109

TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS

MECHANICAL CONCEPT

RADIANT PIPING 1� diameter PEX tubes are imbedded in the structural concrete slabs. The piping is placed at the bottom of the slab in the ceiling of the space.

Above the slab is a layer of insulation which GLYLGHV HDFK Ĺ´RRU LQWR D VHSDUDWH ]RQH DOORZLQJ for greater control. The location of the coils in the ceiling is more optimal for cooling than it is for heating, but due to the presence of geothermal, and the greater comparative demands for cooling than for heating in Madrid, this location is optimal.

DISPLACEMENT VENTILATION The building relies on displacement ventilation.

This room air distribution strategy introduces VXSSO\ DLU DW WKH Ĺ´RRU DQG LV WKHQ H[WUDFWHG DW WKH ceiling. The buoyancy of the air allows it to spread DFURVV WKH Ĺ´RRU FRQGLWLRQLQJ WKH ORZHU OHYHO RI the space before rising due to heat exchange.

This upward convection creates thermal plumes which helps to circulate the air before it is exhausted near the ceiling. This system is practical because it ventilates the occupied spaces near WKH Ĺ´RRU VXUIDFH %HFDXVH WKH HQWLUH VSDFH LV QRW conditioned, rather in layers, energy is saved while comfort is preserved.

Mechanical ventilation is supplied through linear VORW GLIIXVHUV DORQJ WKH SHULPHWHU RI WKH Ĺ´RRU 7KH air then spreads out into the space, ventilating it, before being extracted through a single return diffuser located high up near the ceiling. The linear slot diffusers are supplied by ductwork WKDW LV UXQ XQGHU D UDLVHG DFFHVV Ĺ´RRU 7KH UDLVHG Ĺ´RRU HQDEOHV WKH GXFWZRUN WR EH KLGGHQ ZKLOH exposing the concrete slab at the ceiling. It also DOORZV IRU Ĺ´H[LELOLW\ LQ ZLULQJ DQG YDULRXV HOHFWULFDO FDEOHV VDYH IRU WKH OLJKW Ć“[WXUHV LPEHGGHG LQ WKH structural concrete ceiling.

110

ERV #1

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

B.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

MADRID, SPAIN

111

TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS MECHANICAL AXONOMETRIC 1. Energy Recovery Ventilator #1 2. Water Boiler 3. Heat Pump #1 4. Energy Recovery Ventilator #2 5. Heat Pump #2 6. Bore Field Supply Ducts are in [red] Return Ducts are in [blue]

MECHANICAL CONCEPT

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

112

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

113

TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS

ENVELOPE CONCEPT

The exterior envelope of the building consists primarily of board-formed concrete walls with minimal openings along the main south facade.

The special formwork liner gives a rough, yet elegant texture, symbolic of Lavapies.

Concrete was chosen because of its simplicity in construction, and monolithic appearance.

Because concrete is the structural system, exposing it expresses the honesty of construction while also doubling as the system of enclosure.

Thermal insulation is placed along the inside face of the exterior bearing walls, which are then SURWHFWHG E\ D PHWDO ODWK DQG SODVWHU ƓQLVK 7R SUHYHQW WKHUPDO EUHDNV ZKHUH WKH VHFRQG ŴRRU meets the bearing wall, rigid insulation combined with steel fasteners combine to transfer the ORDG IURP WKH ŴRRU WR WKH ZDOOV 7KH FRQFUHWH construction inherently contains a high thermal Memorial to the Abolition of Slavery by Wodiczko + Bonder mass, absorbing heat during the warm day and releasing it during the cool nights.

The enclosure system on the facades containing glazing, such as along the tower portion and the interior east-west facades along the courtyard, is treated differently. Because of the thermal gain of glazing systems, overhangs and sliding screens provide sunshading which reduces the cooling load of the building. Deep overhangs protect the east and west facing facades adjacent to the courtyard, as well as the south facing facade of the tower.

The screens are also placed along the wall which separates the courtyard from Calle del Dr. Fourquet allowing for glimpses of the site and for light to pass through, creating dynamic shadows.

The material of these louvers are corten steel which relates in color to the terra cotta roofs of Lavapies.

114

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

115

TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS

Corten Panel Texture

116

ENVELOPE CONCEPT

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

117

APPENDIX RESEARCH __ DATA __ REFERENCES

APPENDIX BLACK + WHITE SET

120

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121

APPENDIX BLACK + WHITE SET

122

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123

APPENDIX BLACK + WHITE SET

124

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

125

APPENDIX BLACK + WHITE SET

126

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

127

APPENDIX BLACK + WHITE SET

128

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

129

APPENDIX BLACK + WHITE SET

130

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

131

APPENDIX BLACK + WHITE SET

132

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

133

APPENDIX BLACK + WHITE SET

134

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

135

APPENDIX BLACK + WHITE SET

136

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

137

APPENDIX BLACK + WHITE SET

138

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

139

APPENDIX BLACK + WHITE SET

140

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

141

APPENDIX BLACK + WHITE SET

142

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

143

APPENDIX BLACK + WHITE SET

144

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

145

APPENDIX BLACK + WHITE SET

146

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

147

APPENDIX BLACK + WHITE SET

148

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

149

APPENDIX BLACK + WHITE SET

150

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

151

APPENDIX REFERENCE DATA This chart helps to determine proper duct sizes.

“Duct Systems Heating & Cooling Quick-sizing Table.” WAPTAC. Accessed December 17, 2015.

KWWS ZZZ ZDSWDF RUJ GDWD ƓOHV ZHEVLWHBGRFV WUDLQLQJ VWDQGDUGL]HGBFXUULFXOD FXUULFXODBUHVRXUFHV GXFW V\VWHP VL]HV DQG DLUŴRZ TXLFN chart.pdf.

152

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

7KH (QHUJRQ SDVVLYH RIĆ“FH EXLOGLQJ LQ 8OP Germany uses a number of sustainable applications that served as inspiration for the project. This includes, but is not limited to radiant heating and cooling, geothermal bore holes, natural ventilation, and daylighting. “Research for Energy-optimised Construction: Project: Energon Passive 2IĆ“FH %XLOGLQJ Ĺ? 5HVHDUFK IRU (QHUJ\ optimised Construction: Project: Energon 3DVVLYH 2IĆ“FH %XLOGLQJ $FFHVVHG December 17, 2015. http://www.enob. info/en/new-buildings/project/details/ HQHUJRQ SDVVLYH RIĆ“FH EXLOGLQJ

153

APPENDIX REFERENCE DATA Listed are the minimum ventilation requirements by code. Use of this data was critical in sizing the ventilation ducts and energy recovery ventilators (ERVs).

International Building Code 2015. Country Club Hills, Ill.: ICC, 2014.

154

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

These series of details were used as a reference in designing the concrete structural system with insulation integration.

Kind-Barkauskas, Friedbert, Kauhsen, Bruno, and Pol贸nyi, Stefan. Concrete Construction Manual. Basel, CHE: DETAIL, 2013. ProQuest ebrary. Web. 20 October 2015.

155

APPENDIX REFERENCE DATA Referenced are ways of protecting large spaces LQ Ć“UHV HVSHFLDOO\ LQ GHDOLQJ ZLWK VPRNH FRQWURO Klote, John H. “Basics of Atrium Smoke Control.â€?

ASHRAE Journal: 37.

156

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

The Kolumba Museum in Cologne and the Emil-Schumacher Museum in Hagen, Germany are analyzed to determine what makes their mechanical systems so HIĆ“FLHQW 7KLV UHIHUHQFH KHOSHG WR H[SODLQ geothermal and radiant systems, while highlighting the unique ways they are implemented in these two museums.

0XHOOHU +HOPXW Ĺ?(QHUJ\ (IĆ“FLHQW 0XVHXP Buildings.â€? Renewable Energy, 2010, 23236.

157

APPENDIX REFERENCE DATA This served as a reference for the combination of radiant cooling with displacement ventilation, which are both used in the project.

McDonell, Geoff. The Austin Papers: Best of the 2002 International Green Building Conference. Brattleboro, VT: BuildingGreen under Arrangement with the U.S. Green Building Council, 2002.

158

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

This resource was used when designing and sizing the borehole layout.

Philippe, Mikael, and Michel Bernier, Ph.D., P.Eng. “Vertical Geothermal BoreƓHOGV Ő ASHRAE Journal, 2010.

159

APPENDIX REFERENCE DATA This reference covered the different applications for installing radiant tubing in commercial buildings.

“Uponor Professional.” Uponor Professional.

Accessed December 17, 2015. http://www. uponorpro.com/Technical-Support/Manuals. aspx.

160

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

+LJKOLJKWLQJ WKH 6DULQDSRUW 2IĆ“FH Building in Fribourg, Switzerland, this reference covered displacement ventilation in a radiant heated/ cooled building. It showed a unique system of ventilation ductwork that is imbedded into the structural slab, along with the radiant coils.

Zimmermann, Mark. Case Studies of Low Energy Cooling Technologies. Watford: BRE Building Research Establishment, 1998.

161

APPENDIX RESEARCH

Madrid Madrid

Group 1 - HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHIC BACKGROUND Chris Brown, Connor Byrne, Christian Johnson, Kristen Weigel

Los Mapas Histรณricos Historical Maps

La Ubicaciรณn Location: Castilla District of Spain

ElCity Crecimiento de la Ciudad Growth

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162

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

ElCity Crecimiento de la Ciudad Growth

8QLWHG XQGHU &KDUOHV , RI 6SDLQ 0DGULG EHFDPH D SDUW RI WKH $XVWULDQ +DSVEXUJ (PSLUH 7KH DUFKLWHFWXUH RI WKH WLPH KDV EHHQ GHVFULEHG DV KHDY\ DQG VRPEUH 3RSXODWLRQ RI XQGHU SHRSOH

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ElCity Crecimiento de la Ciudad Growth

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163

APPENDIX RESEARCH

ElCity Crecimiento de la Ciudad Growth

Las y Las Avenidas CityMurallas Walls/ Avenues

)LQDO H[SDQVLRQV E\ FDVWUR HDUO\ V 'HYHORSHPHQW KDXOWHG GXULQJ )UDQFR FRQWURO :LWK WKH GHDWK RI &DXGLOOR LQ 0DGULG EHJDQ GHYHORSLQJ LQWR WKH PRGHUQ FLW\ RI WRGD\

Los Puntos de Referencia Landmarks

Los Puntos de Referencia Landmarks Cuatro Torres Business Area

ChamartĂ­n Train Station

Gates of Europe Towers

Estadio Santiago BernabĂŠu

164

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

Los Puntos de Referencia Landmarks

MADRID, SPAIN

Los de la Ciudad CityDistritos Districts

Palacio Real

Puerta del Sol

Plaza Mayor

Museo del Prado

Caixa Forum

Museo Reina Sofía

Atocha Train Station

Esta es una Plaza Site

Estadio Vicente Calderón

Lavapiés Lavapies

La Historia History 14TH-15TH CENTURY: JEWS INHABIT LAVAPIES.

15TH CENTURY: JEWS EXPELLED BY MONARCHY, NOT THE CHURCH.

1930S: BECOMES PLACE FOR SPANISH IMMIGRANTS LOOKING FOR A FRESH START.

EARLY-MID 1900S: NEIGHBORHOOD FALLS INTO DECAY. IMMIGRANTS FROM NORTH AFRICA AND MIDDLE EAST.

LATE 1900S: NEW BUILDING REINVIGORATES THE NEIGHBORHOOD.

21ST CENTURY: WEALTHY AND WORKING CLASS LIVING TOGETHER. VERY DIVERSE POPULATION, NEW DYNAMIC.

165

APPENDIX RESEARCH

166

La Figura-Fondo Figure/ Ground

La GeografĂ­a Geography

La Cultura Culture

Las Calles Streets

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

Las Plazas y Puntos de Referencia Plazas & Landmarks

ElTransportation Transporte

PLQXWHV

Las Instituciones Cultural Institutions Culturales

MADRID, SPAIN

PLQXWHV

PLQXWHV

Las Tipolog铆as Arquitect贸nicas Architectural Typologies

5(6,'(17,$/

&200(5&,$/

167

APPENDIX RESEARCH

ElThe Sitio Site

168

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS MADRID + LAVA PIÉS

TYLER DAVENPORT, MICHAELLA FUSCO, LESLIE HULBERT, & CATHERINE SMEYKAL ARCH 513: FILLING THE VOID - PARTIALLY

MAP OF MADRID

MADRID, SPAIN

40.4000° N 3.7167° W

MAP OF SPAIN

MAP OF DOWNTOWN MADRID

169

APPENDIX RESEARCH

MONTHLY DIURNAL AVERAGES

MAP OF LAVA PIÉS

Temperature - Summer Solstice

Temperature (°F)

dĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ ; &Ϳ

Temperature - Spring Equinox 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0

4

8

Low: 40 °F Average: 50.71 °F High: 60 °F

12

16

20

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0

24

Hours

Temperature (°F)

Temperature (°F)

0

The temperature is hottest in July and August with a mean of about 78 °F and records reaching about 100 °F. It is coldest in December and January with mean temperatures around 36 °F and record lows reaching 25 °F .

170

4

8

MONTHLY/ANNUAL TEMPERATURE

12

Hours

8

16

12

16

20

24

20

24

Hours

Temperature - Winter Solstice

Temperature - Fall Equinox 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Low: 59 °F Average: 69.04 °F High: 78 °F

4

Low: 55 °F Average: 69.5 °F High: 82 °F

20

24

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0

4

8

Low: 38 °F Average: 42.13 °F High: 50 °F

12

16

Hours

DAILY TEMPERATURE

DIGNIFIED MODESTY Relative Humidity - Fall Equinox

90

Mar

Apr

May

High

Jun

Jul

Low

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

0

50

16

20

24

0

Hours

4

8

12

16

20

24

20

24

Hours

Low:38% Average:57% High:79%

Relative Humidity - Summer Solstice

30 20

Spring

the month with the lowest average humidity, at approximately 40%. The relative humidity occurs in December, average of approximately 84%.

12

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

40

0

Average

8

Low:43% Average:60.3% High:79%

10

Dec

4

60

Summer

Fall

Winter

The lowest relative humidity occurs in the summer, with an average of about 45%. This is followed by the spring at 59% and the Fall at 67%. The highest levels of humidity occur in the winter, with a seasonal average of approximately 75%.

Relative Humidity - Winter Solstice

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Relative Humidity (%)

Feb

70

Relative Humidity (%)

Jan

80

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Relative Humidity (%)

100

RElative Humidity (%)

Relative Humidity (%)

Seasonal Relative Humidity

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

July is relative highest with an

Relative Humidity (%)

Relative Humidity - Spring Equinox

Monthly Relative Humidity

MADRID, SPAIN

0

4

Low:35% Average:51.75% High:75%

8

12

Hours

16

20

24

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0

4

8

Low:72% Average:82% High:89%

In each season, the relative humidity follows a similar pattern throughout the day, which is inverse to the daily temperature pattern. The daily high occurs in the morning, typically between 4 a.m. and 8 a.m., while the daily low occurs in the afternoon, between 3 p.m. and 7 p.m. The Winter Solstice is a clear outlier, as its average humidity is much higher than the other times of year. The relative humidity also varies less throughout the day in the Winter.

MONTHLY AND SEASONAL HUMIDITY

12

16

Hours

DAILY HUMIDITY

Temperature + Humidity: Providence

Temperature + Humidity: Madrid 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Temperature (째F)

Jul

Aug

Sep

Humidity (%)

Oct

Nov

Dec

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Temperature (째F)

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Humidity (%)

The temperature in both Madrid and Providence follows a similar pattern throughout the year, with the lowest temperatures occuring in the winter and the highest temperatures occuring in the summer. However, the average temperatures are around 10째F higher in Madrid than Providence in any given month.

The Humidity in Madrid has an inverse pattern than the temperature, with the highest humidity occuring during the winter and the lowest humidity occuring in the summer. In Providence, the humidity is relatively constant throughout the year. Therefore, the average humidity in Madrid is higher than that in Providence during the winter and much lower than Providence during the summer. This allows the high temperature to feel more comfortable.

TEMPERATURE+HUMIDITY: MADRID VS. PROVIDENCE

Wind in Madrid predominately comes from the North and consistantly comes at 10 to 20 mph. It also comes from the west, but less frequently.

YEARLY WIND PATTERNS

171

January

February

March

60

12

50

10

40

8

30

6

20

4

10

2

0

April

Number of Wet Days

Average Percipitation Precipitation (mm)

APPENDIX RESEARCH

0 Spring

Summer

Fall

Winter

Season

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

October is when wind is at a low point and June and July is when it is at its highest. There is not much of a difference because wind is a year round condition.

80

10

60 40

5

20 0

0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

20

120 15

100 80

10

60 40

5

20 0

0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Axis Title

Axis Title Precipitation (mm)

Average Number of Wet Days

SEASONAL/MONTHLY RAIN FALL

Precipitation (mm)

Fall Equinox

Winter Solstice

Altitude: 50° Azimuth: 270°W, 90°E

Altitude: 25° Azimuth: 120°W, 240°E

Spring Equinox

Summer Solstice

Altitude: 50° Azimuth: 270°W, 90°E

Altitude: 70° Azimuth: 300°W, 60°E

Average Number of Wet Days

15

140 Precipitation (mm)

120

Average Number of Wet Days

Precipitation (mm)

20

100

MONTHLY WIND

Providence Rain Fall

Madrid Rain Fall 140

There is not much rainfall in Madrid, with the most amount occuring in the month of October, at 64.5 mm (2.5 in). October and December both have an average of 12 wet days. The lowest amount of rain fall occurs in August, with 8.5 mm (.33 in)of precipitation.

Overall, Fall is by far the wettest season, with an average of 49.27 mm (1.94 in) of rainfall per month, which is over four times the average rainfall of the Summer season, which is 11.23 mm (.44 in) per month.

Average Number of Wet Days

Providence and Madrid significantly differ when it comes to precipitation. Providence recieves much more precipitation than Madrid in any given season. In Providence, the highest precipitation falls in March with 125 mm (4.92 in), and the lowest is in July with 75 mm (2.95 in) of precipitation. In Madrid, the highest precipitation falls in October, with just over 60 mm (2.36 in), which is still less than the amount of precipitation Providence receives in its least rainy. The lowest amount of precipitation in Madrid falls in August, with less than 10 mm (.39 in).

PRECIPITATION: MADRID VS PROVIDENCE

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SUN STUDIES

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

Madrid

Spain has a very high level of radiation compared to the rest of Europe and within the country, the radiation level increases as you progress south. Madrid is in the mid-range of the radiation levels within the whole country.

SOLAR RADIATION EUROPE / SPAIN

More solar radiation occurs around noon, when the sun is at its highest. The most amount of radiation occurs around week 20 of the year (May).

ANNUAL SOLAR RADIATION

Providence follows the theoretical projections, just like Madrid, with only record highs reaching above that projection. Madrid falls out of the projections once, in the month of July. Both solar radiation charts are very similar, however the solar radiation of Madrid is generally higher than that of Providence in the summer months.

Solar radiation follows the theoretical projections with only record highs coming out of the theoretical range. Anything above 150 BTU/ sq ft per hour is considered uncomfortable, therefore the majority of the time in Madrid is uncomfortable in regards to radiation.

MONTHLY SOLAR RADIATION

RADIATION: MADRID VS PROVIDENCE

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APPENDIX RESEARCH

Comfort levels year round: Dry Bulb Temperature is 67 to 75 degrees Humidity ratio is .003 to .013 Relative humidity is 30% to 90%

Fall

Winter

Spring

Summer

YEARLY PSYCHOMETRIC

SEASONAL PSYCHOMETRIC

Housing in Carabanchel, Madrid Amann-Canovas-Maruri 2009

Apartments in Madrid

High thermal mass uses materials that resist change in high temperatures. High thermal mass night flushed or night purge ventilation keeps windows and other passive ventilation openings closed during the day, but open at night, to flush warm air out of the building and cool thermal mass for the next day.

Cooling is the use of personal air conditioning to control the comfort level.

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SUMMER PSYCHOMETRIC/ DESIGN SOLUTIONS

High thermal mass uses materials that resist change in high temperatures. High thermal mass night flushed or night purge ventilation keeps windows and other passive ventilation openings closed during the day, but open at night, to flush warm air out of the building and cool thermal mass for the next day.

Cooling is the use of personal air conditioning to control the comfort level.

SUMMER PSYCHOMETRIC/ DESIGN SOLUTIONS

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

Sources of internal heat gains include people, lights, and equipment. This provides a good balance for the fall and spring. It is also a major component of the total building cooling load. This is a major contributor to the cooling in the summer.

Heating is the use of a personal heater to control the comfort level. If the heat is too dry, add a humidifier to maintain the comfort level .

WINTER PSYCHOMETRIC/ DESIGN SOLUTIONS

FALL PSYCHOMETRIC/ DESIGN SOLUTIONS

Spanish "S" Tiles used to create air flow between tile and roof deck. Ideal Materials include, Slate, Terracotta, Clay, and Concrete

Housing in Carabanchel, Madrid dosmasuno arquitectos 2007

FALL PSYCHOMETRIC/ DESIGN SOLUTIONS

Natural ventilation, also called passive ventilation, uses natural outside air movement and pressure differences to both passively cool and ventilate a building. Natural ventilation is important because it can VXU\OJK°GTJ°SU\K°LXKYN°GOX°]OZNU[Z°LGTY °,UX°]GXS°GTJ°NUZ°IROSGZKY °OZ°IGT°NKRV°SKKZ°G°H[ORJOTM OY°IUUROTM° load without using mechanical air conditioning systems.

SPRING PSYCHOMETRIC/ DESIGN SOLUTIONS

Mechanical, or forced, ventilation is used to control indoor air quality.

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APPENDIX RESEARCH

Housing in Carabanchel, Madrid Foreign Office Architects (FOA) 2007

165 Social Housing Units in Vallecas, Madrid Guillermo Vasquez Consuegra TBD

FALL PSYCHOMETRIC/ DESIGN SOLUTIONS

The topography in Madrid varies by 310 feet, from the Northeast corner of Parque de El Retiro to the South end of the Rio Manzanares. The Rio Manzanares lies just outside of Madrid, but contributes greatly to its topography. Lavapies is located on the south side of Madrid, and is between both the high and low point of greater Madrid.

TOPOGRAPHY OF MADRID

Section AA

Section BB

The difference in elevation of the adjacent land to the side in Lavapies, is 81 feet above sealevel. The elevation difference of the actual site is 9 feet. The lowest point lies adjacent to Calle de Dr. Fourquet.

The highest point lies on the south end of the housing block that was demolished on the north end of the site.

176

TOPOGRAPHY OF LAVA PIÉS

Since the site varies by 9 feet, there is a large variation is slope. Section AA, which runs from West to East is relatively flat, with the steepest slope at 2.7%. However, section BB, which runs from North to South the greatest grade change. At the center of the site, the slope is 10.4%, running South. This slope occurs where the housing block was demolished, and continues south.

SITE SLOPE DIAGRAMS

DIGNIFIED MODESTY

ARCH 513 | VEGETATION

BIOMES OF EUROPE

ARCH 513 | VEGETATION

MADRID, SPAIN

LAND BREAKDOWN

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The country of Spain occupies two of the world’s fourteen Biomes. Northern Spain is composed of Temperate Broadleaf, Mixed Forest. The remainder of the country, including Madrid, occupies the Temperate Grasslands, Savannas, and Shrublands zone.

Dry Spain: The central (Lavapiés) and southern regions of Spain foster two types of vegetation in the Mesa plateau/Iberian Depression and along the Mediterranean. In the driest of areas, steppe flora is common, including thorny scrub, plants and woodlands able to retain moisture in the dry, salty environment. The Meseta sprouts holm oaks to the west and cork trees to the east. (Lipscomb, Kelly. Madrid & Its Surroundings)

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LAND UTILIZATION

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GEOLOGICAL ZONES

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Since the 1970’s, the interest in Spain’s ecological concerns and awareness has increased. Although harmful industrial and agricultural practices in Spain still exist (dumping waste haphazardly, over-using pesticides and artificial fertilizers and water, deforesting) measures have been enacted to counter the side effects of these activities. Nevertheless, Spain still maintains more wild spaces, mountains, forests, and arguably more bio-diversity than anywhere else in Europe.

(Lipscomb, Kelly. Madrid & Its Surroundings)

Barker | Jean-Baptiste | Panzarino | Ray

This map shows how Lavapies is situated within the continental region of Spain that makes up most of the country. A major mountain range, the Sistema Central is located to the north.

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APPENDIX RESEARCH ARCH 513 | VEGETATION

NOTABLE FLORA TO MADRID

Clavel [Carnation] The carnation is Spain’s national flower, and is associated with love, passion, and folklore. Like roses in many cultures, the colors of the carnation are carry different meanings such as red for love, pink for gratitude or mothers’ love, and white for luck. The climate in much of Spain, including Madrid is favorable for growing carnations.

ARCH 513 | VEGETATION

Madrono [Strawberry Tree]

MADRID GREEN SPACE

Regional Scale

The Strawberry Tree has importance to the city of Madrid because it appears on their coat of arms. The meaning behind this is unknown, but Strawberry Trees grow around the area and are harvested for their fruit.

OPEN SPACE

Site

Park

Forest

Water bodies

Castile and León

Castilla-La Manchav

Madrid

CASTILLA-LA MANCHA

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ARCH 513 | VEGETATION

MADRID GREEN SPACES CHAMBERI

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ARCH 513 | VEGETATION

GREENERY WITHIN LAVAPIES

Neighborhood Scale OPEN SPACE WITHIN BARRIO DE EMBAJADORES

Private Space Public Space

Abandoned lots

SALAMANCA

MONCLOA ARAVACA

CENTRO

RETIRO

LATINA

ARGANZUELA

CARABANCHEL

USERA PUENTE DE VALLECAS

Open space

VILLAVERDE

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DIGNIFIED MODESTY

ARCH 513 | VEGETATION

VEGETATION WITHIN LAVAPIÉS

ARCH 513 | VEGETATION

MADRID, SPAIN

VEGETATION WITHIN THE SITE

Diverse vegetation within the site is hardly prevelant, however it should be noted that there are several Ash trees that populate the boundaries. Ash is a very tolerant tree to high pollution and can grow in less than ideal conditions.

Other species that scatter the site include Cypress and Yew.

Madrid is the European city with the highest number of trees and green surface per inhabitant and it has the second highest number of aligned trees in the world. The streets in the LavapiĂŠs neighborhood are heavily lined with trees, and balconies are frequently decorated with various flora. The trees serve a variety of purposes such as shading, noise control, promoting a healthy environment, and for aesthetics.

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ARCH 513 | VEGETATION

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APPENDIX RESEARCH ARCH 513 | VEGETATION

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ARCH 513 | VEGETATION Alder Tree Dimensions: 82â&#x20AC;&#x2122; High, 20-30â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread The Alder Tree naturalized in Spain, and is often planted as a windbreaker. It is planted in full sun to part shade and does best in medium to wet soil. However, it can grow in unfavorable conditions such as dry soil.

Typical uses for Alder wood is for domestic woodware and woodcarving.

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Holm Oak

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Dimensions: 82â&#x20AC;&#x2122; High, 65â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread The Holm Oak grows in moist soil and requires part shade to full sun. This evergreen is a very slow grower.

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Scots Pine

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Dimensions: 82â&#x20AC;&#x2122; High, 32â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread The Scots Pine is a fast growing tree that prefers dry-wet soils. It requires semi shade to full sun. Quality grades are used for furniture, joinery, and turnery.

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Dimensions: 98â&#x20AC;&#x2122; High, 65â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread The Black Poplar requires full sun and regular water. The roots of the poplar run deep, and the tree blooms between April and May. The tree has a short life span. It has a variety of uses such as veneer, joinery, light structural work, and food containers.

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ARCH 513 | VEGETATION English Elm

TREE INFORMATION White Willow

Dimensions: 114â&#x20AC;&#x2122; High, 49â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread The English Elm, a fast growing tree, thrives in moist soil, and prefers semi to full shade.

The elm wood is used for cabinetmaking, chairs, flooring, bent components, and decorative veneer.

Dimensions: 82â&#x20AC;&#x2122; High, 32â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread The Willow tree is a fast growing tree that flowers in April to May. It is found near streams, rivers, and rich soils. The wood of the Willow is used for cabinetmaking and decorative veneer, as well as fencing, gates, and stakes.

Strawberry Tree

Common Ash

Dimensions: 25â&#x20AC;&#x2122; High, 26â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread This tree, which is featured on Madridâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s coat of arms, prefers dry to moist soil. It can also accommodate being in semi shade to full sun. The fruits of this tree are edible.

Dimensions: 98â&#x20AC;&#x2122; High, 65â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread The Ash tree grows in moist to wet soil, and needs full sun. It is a fast growing tree that can tolerate high pollution. It is an attractor of wildlife and has uses that include cabinetmaking, panelling and decorative veneers, we well as handles for sports equipment.

European Beech Dimensions: 98â&#x20AC;&#x2122; High, 49â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread The Beech tree grows in a variety of soil conditions, from dry to moist, and can tolerate shade to full sun. It has a medium growth rate, and is used as desks, benches, and chairs as well as domestic flooring and decorative veneer.

Cyprus Dimensions: 29â&#x20AC;&#x2122; High, 19â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread The Cypress, which requires full sun and dry-moist soil is a slow growing tree. It has uses that range from flooring, shutters, shingles, and fence posts, to cooperage and food containers.

Blackwood Acacia Dimensions: 60-100â&#x20AC;&#x2122; High, 98â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread The Blackwood Acacia is a fast growing tree which flowers in April. The wood can be used for doors and paneling (veneer) as well as decorative items and cabinetmaking. It is very tolerant of poor conditions.

Pomegranate Dimensions: 25â&#x20AC;&#x2122; High, â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread The Pomegranate Tree is an important icon to southern Spain and prefer part to full sunlight and regular water. They can withstand periods of flooding and produce edible fruit.

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Dimensions: 65â&#x20AC;&#x2122; High, 40-70â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread The Cork Oak is a slow growing, long lasting tree that thrives in habitats with cold winters and hot summers. The oak requires full sun and dry to medium wet soil conditions.

Aleppo Pine Dimensions: 49â&#x20AC;&#x2122; High, 23â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread The Aleppo Pine is a medium growing tree that prefers well drained soils and can grow in poor conditions. It requires full sun, and dry to moist soil.

Yew Dimensions: 49â&#x20AC;&#x2122; High, 32â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread The Yew is an evergreen which is highly attractive to wildlife. It requires semi moist soil and sunlight can range from shade to full. The fruit on this tree is highly poisonous. The tree is slow growing. Uses for the wood include furniture, and veneer for cabinetwork, marquetry, and paneling.

Black Poplar

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TREE INFORMATION Cork Oak

Aspen Poplar Dimensions: 50-100â&#x20AC;&#x2122; High, 32â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread The Aspen Poplar requires dry to wet soil, and semi shade to full sun. This tree is a fast grower, and can also grow in poor soil. It is known to have medicinal purposes, and uses similar to the Black Poplar.

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ARCH 513 | VEGETATION

FLOWER + SHRUB INFORMATION

Gum Rockrose

English Lavender

Dimensions: 3â&#x20AC;&#x2122;3â&#x20AC;? High, 3â&#x20AC;&#x2122;3â&#x20AC;? Spread The Gum Rockrose prefers open, sunny places with well drained soils, but can also live in poor soil. With evergreen leaves, it blossoms white flowers in the spring that only live one day.

Dimensions: 4â&#x20AC;&#x2122; High,3â&#x20AC;&#x2122;3â&#x20AC;?â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread The Lavender plant flowers from July to September, and has a large amount of small purple blooms. It is very fragrant, and lives in dry-moist soil and needs full sun.

Juniper

Rosemary

Dimensions: 29â&#x20AC;&#x2122; High, 13â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread The Juniper shrub is a slow growing evergreen that thrives in a variety of conditions including dry to wet soil, and part to full sun.

Dimensions: 5â&#x20AC;&#x2122; High, 5â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread Rosemary is a fragrant flower, also used as an herb, has blue blooms from March to October. It likes dry to moist soil and full sun.

Lantana Carnation Dimensions: 18-24â&#x20AC;? High, 12â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread The Carnation thrives in full sun, but does not require much water. They have a long flowering span and can last well into the Autumn months.

Dimensions: 1-4â&#x20AC;&#x2122; High The Lantana is a flowering shrub that blooms from late spring to early autumn.

The flowers change color as they mature, and this plant is often referred to as the Spanish flag. It prefers acidic soil and is very drought tolerant

Spanish Bluebells

Gazania

Dimensions: 9-18â&#x20AC;? High, 9-12â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Spread As the name implies, the Bluebell has blue, bell shaped blossoms. It can grow in many different types of soil and blooms in April and May. The bulb is planted 3-4â&#x20AC;? deep.

Dimensions: 8-10â&#x20AC;? High, 6-8â&#x20AC;? Spread The Daybreak Red Stripe Gazania thrives in full sun and well drained soil.

It is a yellow and red annual that flowers from June to September

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DIGNIFIED MODESTY

MADRID, SPAIN

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