Biopedia

Biopedia VOL. I

THE BILINGUAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GREAT THINKERS AND PERSONALITIES

BIOPEDIA

Volume I

What you can find inside this volume

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intro

Michael jordan

Christian Schönbein

LEONARDO DA VINCI

antoine lavoisier

Machado de assis

PYTHAGORAS

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE

wolfgang mozart

Miguel de cervantes

Elon Musk

PRIEST antônio vieira

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INTRO APRESENTAÇÃO

Symbolic abstract thinking, which enables, among other things, the production of knowledge, is what makes human beings special. We all have such ability; however, some appear to develop it more, or at least know how to use it in a different way, producing a lot of knowledge and changing the course of human history. Names such as Leonardo da Vinci, Isaac

Newton,

Ferdinand

Albert

Saussure

Einstein,

contributed

Karl

Marx,

significantly

William to

all

Shakespeare

and

areas,

the

from

sciences to the arts, including mathematics and languages. We, Grade 7 students have chosen to study the great names from the different areas of knowledge to understand what makes them tick, as well as how their legacy influences the ideas and forms of organization of contemporary societies. This Biopedia is our answer to the essential question: how have the ideas of great thinkers influenced us until today? We hope you enjoy.

A capacidade de pensamento simbólico-abstrato, que possibilita, dentre outras coisas, a produção de conhecimento, é o que torna o ser humano especial. Todos possuímos tal capacidade; no entanto, alguns indivíduos parecem desenvolvê-la de forma mais acentuada, ou, ao menos, saber utilizá-la de uma maneira diferente, produzindo muito conhecimento e mudando o rumo da história da humanidade. Tais indivíduos, a exemplo de Leonardo da Vinci, Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein, Karl Marx, William Shakespeare e Ferdinand Saussure, contribuíram significamente para todas as áreas, das ciências às artes, passando pela matemática e pelas outras linguagens. Nós, estudantes do 7º ano, escolhemos estudar os grandes nomes das diferentes áreas do conhecimento para entender o que os inquietava e como seu legado influencia as ideias e formas de organização das sociedades contemporâneas. Esta Biopedia é a nossa resposta

para

a

pergunta

essencial:

como

as

ideias

pensadores nos influenciam até hoje? Esperamos que gostem.

dos

grandes

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LEONARDO DA VINCI

By Joรฃo pedro fagundes and Pietro franรงa

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LEONARDO DA VINCI

By João pedro fagundes and Pietro frança

Clique aqui para assistir ao vídeo-monólogo sobre a vida pessoal de Leonardo Da Vinci.

INTRODUCTION Leonardo da Vinci was a painter, draftsman, sculptor, architect and engineer, who invented and created many things during his lifetime. Mona Lisa and the Last Supper represent the most influential paintings of renaissance and his notebooks reveal many mechanical and scientific creations that are far ahead of his time.

Leonardo da Vinci influenced the world with his creations, his studies and his arts.

They are important for the cultural, religious and technological aspects of the development of

humanity, and his abilities to change things, made him able to do it.

Leonardo's contributions go through nature and the human anatomy, which gave him a different vision for his creations and arts.

His mechanical and engineering skills gave him a simple way to create and to see things that aren't for his time, and they are used until today as a base for many studies.

develop his artistic skills

PROFESSIONAL LIFE

- Benois Madonna (1478-

Leonardo da Vinci started to paint when he was really young, and with the help of his teacher, Andrea del Verrocchio, Leonardo started to

which were used after, for his independent works. His portraits and artworks were usually painted for someone or something. Here are some examples: - The Annunciation (14721476); - The Baptism of Christ (1474-1478); - Ginevra de’ Benci (14741480); 1481); - Virgin of the Rocks (1483-1493); - The Last Supper (14921498);

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- Mona Lisa (1502-1516); - Saint John the Baptist (1507-1516);

Many of da Vinci’s artworks were destroyed, some of them from wars, and many for maltreatments, but the majority of them resisted, and today are spreaded in all over the world. Because of the flashness that these arts can give, they are now used as a form of income for many people that works in museums and other touristic points. His notebooks also present many inventions that are used as inspiration for modern-day science . Here are some examples: parachute, airplane, helicopter and cannons.

SPECIAL MENTIONS Madonna and Child with Flowers Madonna and Child with Flowers, or Benois Madonna is probably Leonardo’s first independent work. This oil on canvas painting was created between 1478 and 1481, and now rests in the Hermitage Museum, in Saint Petersburg.

If it wasn't for the golden

halos, this art would only show a baby playing with his mom, a young italian lady, who is wearing Florentine fashion of the 15th century and the baby is looking at the flower, interested by the unknown objects, and he tries to grab them. But in reality, these are Mary and Jesus playing, and the flower represents the Crucifixion, one of the most famous symbol.This work is very important, because it is the first time Mary is represented with a smile, and this Madonna and Child with Flowers

gives, to the art, a very touch of naturalness.

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Madonna and child with Flowers was considered lost for many years. However, in 1909, Leon Benois exhibited the work as a collection.

Probably, this painting was brought from Italy to Russia, and then sold to the Benois family, which was sold after, to the Hermitage museum, in 1914. This trade was made by Ernst Friedrich, son of an expert in Leonardo’s work, and Ernst identified correctly that this is a Leonardo’ painting.

Mona Lisa Mona Lisa is Leonardo’s best known work, with the biggest number of visits, with the biggest numbers of related written works, and the most parodied work. This oil on poplar panel art was painted between 1502 and 1507, and continued until 1516. This enigmatic art rests in Paris, at the Louvre, and it is visited by thousands and thousands of people each year. The subject of this art is a noble woman, called Lisa Gherardini, who is sitting elegantly, giving a

Mona Lisa

sign of a reserved posture. This is one of the first works to use an imaginary landscape, which according to many researchers, has an inspiration in Chinese paintings. It also presents the use of sfumato, and precise details as the veil and the fabric of her clothing.After da Vinci’s death, the portrait was bought by the French king, Francis I. For many years, the art was part of the royal collection and became part of the decoration of many French palaces, until the French Revolution, when the work was assembled as people’s property. In the 19th century, Mona Lisa’s portrait was installed at the Louvre museum.

The Vitruvian man

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was made in big sessions, which took more than two years to be completed. The art also suffered a lot of damage during years and years. The steam and smoke of the monastery’s kitchen deteriorated a lot the work, which needed heavy restoration and retouches. One door was

The Last Supper

also built in the middle of

However, in 1911, the art was robbed by a group of

the wall, and that

workers, who were arrested two years later, after

compromised Jesus’ feet.

trying to deal the portrait to a italian art dealer,

One bomb in the second

which called the police. The robbers took the art

world war also destroyed

from the wall and hid it in the closet for the night,

the selling of the

and then moved to italy where the art was found in

monastery, and the art

the trunk belonging to Vincenzo Peruggia. After all

became exposed to the

of that, the art was moved back to france.

rain and time. All the maltreatment are visible now, as some heavy

The Last Supper The Last Supper was painted between 1492 and 1498 for the Dominican monastery. The subject of this work was a common choice for monasteries’ walls, because the servants could have their meal in front of Jesus and his disciples.

restorations were necessary and compromised many things on the structure of the art.

The work

represents Jesus’ last meal, after declaring the betrayal that is coming. In the art, you can see the reactions of the disciples, like Philip, who wants to pass some type of confidence, and Jesus replying that the betrayer is Judas, who is sitting in his right. Or like Thomas, who is suggesting that all of that was God’s plan while James tries to disbelieve him, and also Peter with a knife in his hand, which he will use later to protect his leader. The painting was asked by Ludovico, duke of Milan and the art

References biography.com britannica.com wikipedia.org hermitagemuseum.org Brasil Escola louvre.fr

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PYTHAGORAS

By Bernardo Tourinho and LETÍCIA TÁVORA

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PYTHAGORAS

BY BERNARDO TOURINHO AND LETÍCIA TÁVORA

Clique aqui para assistir ao vídeo sobre a vida pessoal de Pitágoras.

Pitágoras (582 - 497 a.C.) foi um matemático e filósofo pré-socrático grego. Estudou matemática, astronomia, música, literatura e filosofia na sua cidade natal. Fundou a Escola Pitagórica, também conhecida como Sociedade Pitagórica, que ensinava matemática, astronomia e música. Também o criador do Teorema de Pitágoras, nessa teoria confirma que “ Em qualquer triângulo retângulo, o quadrado do comprimento da hipotenusa é igual à soma dos quadrados dos comprimentos dos catetos. Para Pitágoras "tudo é número", essa

frase fala que a explicação de tudo no mundo e na realidade. Essa frase pode ser descrita por essas observações: - "que as mesmas harmonias podem ser produzidas com instrumentos diferentes por meio das mesmas relações numéricas -1: 2, 2: 3, 3: 4 - em extensões unidimensionais"; - "que há certas regularidades nos movimentos dos corpos celestes"; - "que a forma de um triângulo é determinada pela razão dos comprimentos de seus lados."

Pitágoras nasceu na ilha grega de Samos, na costa jônica. Ele se interessava

por filosofia desde pequeno. Aos 16 anos foi mandado para mileto, para estudar com o maior sábio da época, Tales. Logo, Tales percebeu que não tinha nada o que ensinar para ele, então, começou a estudar as descobertas geométricas e matemáticas do seu aluno.

Quando adulto, em procura de mais conhecimento, começou a somar ideias sobre ciência, religião e outras coisas. Passou 20 anos na Síria, Arábia, Caldeia, Pérsia, Índia e Egito.

Pitágoras volta para Samos, com o objetivo de abrir uma escola, mas nem tudo foi como esperado e foi expulso da Grécia.

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Depois parte para Crotona para abrir sua escola.

Sua escola era mais que uma escola, era um tipo de irmandade religiosa dedicada a matemática, religião, política e filosofia. Seus alunos que eram formados ocupavam altos cargos do governo, e dominavam grande parte das cidades gregas do sul da Itália. As contribuições da sociedade pitagórica para matemática foram: descobertas dos números irracionais. propriedades dos números inteiros. MMC e MDC. Para Pitágoras, a música era um elemento natural, então, a música seria composta por números e relações numéricas. Ele revolucionou a música ao desvendar novas possibilidades musicais, com a descoberta de novas escalas tonais possíveis. Pitágoras havia descoberto que a matemática e a música tinham coisas em comum, entre os sons emitidos e os pesos dos martelos. Ele dividiu uma corda em duas partes iguais, e notou que as mesmas proporções produziam os mesmos intervalos sonoros.

Pitágoras criou o monocórdio, um antigo instrumento musical que é composto por uma caixa de ressonância sobre a qual era estendida uma única corda presa a dois cavaletes móveis, usados em laboratórios para treinamentos, para estudo e cálculo das relações entre vibrações sonoras. por que o teorema de Pitágoras é tão importante? No nosso dia a dia estamos rodeados de triângulos por todos os lugares, principalmente na natureza, por exemplo, uma árvore faz um ângulo reto com o solo e as coisas que o ser humano constrói como prédios, pontes e monumentos assentam em ângulos retos. Há mais de 370 demonstrações para Triângulo

provar o teorema de pitágoras.

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Estátua de Pitágoras na Ilha de Samos, Grécia

Não se sabe ao certo sobre a morte de Pitágoras, ele provavelmente morreu em 497 a. c em Lucânia, Itália, outros dizem que ele morreu em Metaponto, Itália, mas a várias teorias sobre a morte de Pitágoras. Dizem que a causa da morte dele foi de possível inanição, que é a extrema debilidade e fraqueza por causa da falta de alimentação, ele deixou de se alimentar por 40 dias, e acabou falecendo por inanição. Também ele já foi perseguido por suas ideias revolucionárias e teve que mudar para Crotona.

Teorema de Pitágoras

References ebiografia.com bbc.com nova-acropole.org.br Você Sabia (YouTube)

Cidade de Crotona, Itália

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MIGUEL DE CERVANTES

By Clara BARROS AND MARIA ALICE PONDÉ

IMAGEM: O GLOBO

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MIGUEL DE CERVANTES

BY CLARA BARROS E MARIA ALICE PONDÉ

Clique aqui para assistir ao vídeo-monólogo sobre Miguel de Cervantes.

Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra nació el día 29 de septiembre en 1547, en Alcalá de Henares. Su padre fue un cirujano sordo y él tenía 6 hermanos. Su familia no tenía una situación financiera muy buena por la sordera de su padre, Entonces él y su familia se mudaban mucho de ciudad. Él se mudó de Madrid a Sevilla en 1563 donde estudió latín y gramática y donde conoció el teatro de Lope de la Rueda. En 1570 él fue soldado en una unidad militar española de Itália.

También fue capturado por los turcos en 1575 y pasó unos años en la prisión y volvió para su

casa después de 5 años, en 1580. En la batalla de Lepanto, luchó por España, pero se lastimó muy gravemente en el pecho y su mano izquierda tendría que ser amputada.

Aunque él tenía este problema él continuó como soldado por muchos años. En su tiempo de prisión fue un esclavo y aunque intentó fugarse, nunca lo logró. Solo lo liberaron después de que su familia pagó su fianza, esto fue bastante caro e hizo que esta negociación llevara a su familia a la ruina.

Miguel de Cervantes se casó con Ana Villafranca de Rojas en 1565 y ellos tuvieron una hija, Isabel

de Saavedra, y después Miguel de Cervantes se casó con Catalina de Salazar de Palacios en 1785, no sabemos cuándo y ni cómo terminó el primer matrimonio de Miguel ni sabemos cuándo Ana Villafranca de Rojas murió. Sabemos que se casó con Catalina de Salazar de Palacios y ellos estuvieron juntos hasta que él murió el 22 de Abril de 1616.

References ebiografia.com britannica.com todamateria.com.br

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MICHAEL JORDAN By ângelo Coronel AND RAFAEL MATTOS

IMAGEM: 1990 getty images

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MICHAEL JORDAN BY ÂNGELO CORONEL E RAFAEL MATTOS

Clique aqui para assistir ao vídeo sobre Michael Jordan.

Michael Jeffrey Jordan was born on February 17, 1963 in Brooklin, New York. but still in his childhood he moved to Wilmington, North Carolina a very calm and peaceful city, as it was a very peaceful place it was the best place to raise him and his brothers, his childhood was neither bad nor good it was reasonably His first contact with sports was when he went to high school Emsley A.Laney, Michael was more of a recreational athlete, sometimes lazy, generally discouraged because he couldn't compete with his older brother Larry. In addition, he was not very

tall during the early years and did not have much hope of being so tall, since no one in the Jordan family history was over six feet tall.

It was understandable that, before entering high school, Michael did not think about an athletic career. He did not like to play baseball on purpose as a child, as well as basketball and football.

But instead of basketball, after defending the team he went to McDonald’s All American Team.

Jordan was then recruited by several college basketball programs. In 1981 he won a scholarship to attend the University of

North Carolina, where he studied geography. In 1985 - 1986, the athlete only participated in 18 games, as he had fractured a bone in his left foot. In the 1986-1987 season, Jordan scored 3000 points and became the first NBA player to have 200 steals and 100 stumps in one season, in 1989 he married his wife Juanita Vanoy he had three children, but the Celtics won the season.

Image: Editora Sextante

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Image: IG Esporte

In the 1987-1988 season, Jordan received his first MVP (Most Valuable Players) award. He was also named “Defensive Player of the Year�. The first title came in the 1990-1991 season. Jordan won his second MPV award. On October 6, 1993, Jordan announced his retirement, at the height of his career, mainly after being one of the leaders of the "Dream Team", in the 1992 Olympics. In 2006 his wife Juanita Vanoy separated Michael. In 2013 Michael remarried Yvette Prieto and had two more daughters the following year. And a curious fact the sneakers he wore today are worth around 4 million.

Image: Getty Images

References espn.com biography.com

Image: Omelete

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ANTOINE LAVOISIER

By GABRIEL FRoTA AND MIGUEL JUcรก

IMAGEM: 1990 getty images

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ANTOINE LAVOISIER

By João pedro fagundes and Pietro frança

Clique aqui para assistir ao vídeo-monólogo sobre Antoine Lavoisier.

INTRODUCTION Lavoisier was a French chemist, born on August 26, 1743 and the son of a wealthy family making him have a good education and a good life.

ACADEMIC BACKGROUND Lavoisier studied law, but his interest was in studying science. I attended Chemistry classes, after a meeting with a Swedish naturalist Lineu, he influenced him in the choice of his scientific career. At the age of 22, he received the gold medal from the French Academy of Sciences, for the lighting

plan for the streets of Paris, as the winner of the competition for this purpose.

ADULTHOOD Just before entering the Academy of Sciences in 1768, Lavoisier received an inheritance from his mother, which he used to buy a stake in a financial venture known as the Fazenda Geral. The Fazenda Geral was a partnership with a contract with the royal government to collect taxes. Although chemistry was Lavoisier's passion, throughout his life he devoted most of his time to financial and administrative matters.

Three years after joining the General Farm, Lavoisier married Marie Anne Paulze, the 14-yearold daughter of a member of the Farm with whom he worked. Since Marie Anne and Lavoisier had no children. She mastered English, which Lavoisier never did, and translated chemistry papers for him.

She used her drawing talent to record research conducted in the laboratory and prepare prints of apparatus for publication. Three years after the wedding, a correspondent sent his regards to Lavoisier's "philosophical wife" and, shortly after, she was being taught in chemistry by one of Lavoisier's collaborators.

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Image: profes.com.br

DEATH Antoine Lavoisier was sentenced to death during the French revolution, and guillotined in Paris on May 8, 1794 and thrown into a mass grave. In 1796, the French government provided an honorary funeral in honor of the great scientist.

Image: bbc.com

References britannica.com brasilescola ebiografia.com Image: terra.com.br

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WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE

By EDUARDO REZENDE AND LAURA BARRETO

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WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE

BY EDUARDO REZENDE AND LAURA BARRETO

Clique aqui para assistir ao vídeo-monólogo sobre William Shakespear.

William Shakespeare was an English playwright, poet and actor, who is considered by many as one of the biggest writers of all time. Some highlights of his work are the plays “Hamlet”, “Othelo”, “Macbeth” and "Romeo and Juliet". He was born on April 23rd, 1564, in Stratford-uponAvon, in Warwick County.

There is not much information about Shakespeare’s childhood; however, it is known that he grew up with a good education and always showed great artistic and linguistic interest.

At the age of 18, Shakespeare got married to Anne Hathaway, who was 8 years older than him. 5 months later, his first child was born, who was named Susan. After that, Anne gave birth to twins, called Judith e Hamnet Quiney.

In 1586, Shakespeare got involved with bad company and was obligated to leave his family and hide in London.

There, he focused on his studies about classic writers, novels, short stories and chronicles, and soon, he graduated in the King Edward VI school, as a playwright.

In 1590, Shakespeare started writing his first play, called “The Comedy Of Errors”, that was only finished 4 years later.

In 1591, Shakespeare started to work in one of his biggest and most famous projects, Romeo and Juliet. Unlike many think, Shakespeare did not have the idea for the story, he just wrote a play based onin a poem called The Tragicall Historye of Romeus and Juliet, (1562), written by ana English poet called Arthur Brooke, who had based his poem on a French tale, written by the Italian Matteo Bandello.

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The drama is still so popular because of 2 main reasons, the first one, is the play's use of relatable universal themes, for an exemple, love and hate can drive people to do crazy and weird things.And the second one, is the simplicity and direct characterizations that Shakespeare used.

In 1594, he got into the Lord’s Chamberlain theater company, and years later he became a partner of the Globe Theatre.

Years later, he started adapting plays from anonymous writers and wrote most plays presented in the Globe Theatre.

hakespeare's statue.

Also in 1594, Shakespeare finished writing Romeo and Juliet, but the story was only published in 1596, in an unauthorized quarto (a smaller, roughly half the size book).

His works portrayed themes related to love, sentimentality and problems in human relationships.

His productions in dramaturgy can be divided into three phases. From 1590 to 1602, Shakespeare wrote historical plays, tragedies and comedies. From 1602 to 1610, he wrote only tragedies and comedies. And from 1610, he dedicated himself to conciliatory pieces.

But why are Shakespeare’s works so important? His biggest contribution to literature would probably be the variety of material that he produced during his lifetime. By himself, Shakespeare invented new words for the English language such as "Assassination” and “Gossip”. His characters are very believable and have been analyzed by critics ever since the plays were first produced.

Hamlet

In 1613, during a presentation, the globe theater was destroyed by fire, and Shakespeare decided to go back to Stratford-Upon-Avon. He stayed with his family until the day he died, on April 23rd, (same date of his birthday) 1616, at 52 years old

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Romeo and Juliet's balcony in Verona, Italy.

Shakespeare was buried in the chancel of the Holy Trinity Church two days after his death. Some time before 1623, a funerary monument was erected in his memory, with a half-effigy (little statue) of him writing.

His plays remain highly popular nowadays, and are constantly studied, performed, and reinterpreted in diverse cultural and political contexts throughout the world.

Hamlet

References

Shakespeare's house.

britannica.com biography.com ebiografia.com shakespeare.org.uk history.com myenglishpages.com pensador.com wikiquote.org wikipedia.org

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ELON MUSK

By Carlos eduardo Ramos AND Joanna Galvão

IMAGEM: Wikipedia

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ELON MUSK

BY CARLOS EDUARDO RAMOS AND JOANNA GALVÃO

Clique aqui para assistir ao vídeo-monólogo sobre Elon Musk.

FAMÍLIA Elon Musk nasceu em 28 de junho de 1971, em Pretória, Transvaal, uma das ter capitais da África do Sul. Filho de mãe canadense, pai sulafricano e avós nascidos em outros países, ele nunca teve uma boa relação familiar.

Apesar de ter dois irmãos mais novos, Elon Musk viveu por muito tempo ao lado de seu pai, no subúrbio de Petrória, pois seus pais se divorciaram na década dos anos 80, situação que não foi muito agradável para a família.

Na fase adulta Musk

cortou a relação com seu pai, passando a viver em busca de outras conquistas profissionais, pois era um excelente leitor e já elaborava em sua mente alguns projetos tecnológicos.

Na adolescência Musk já tinha grande habilidade com programas de computadores, chegando a vender um código de jogo de vídeo baseado em BASIC, chamado Blastar para uma revista chamada PC and Office Technology por cerca de 500 dólares.

Musk sofreu severamente com bullying ao longo de sua infância, e já foi hospitalizado quando um

grupo de meninos o jogou por um lance de escadas e depois o espancaram até perder a consciência.

Aos 18 anos ele já passou a morar no Canadá, passando a ter a cidadania canadense através de sua mãe nascida naquele país.

Em 2002, Elon Musk tornou-se cidadão dos Estados Unidos, perseguindo suas aspirações empresariais nas áreas da internet, energia renovável e espaço sideral.

VISÃO POLÍTICA Defensor do modelo de política adotada nos Estados Unidos,

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Elon Musk acredita que o mundo não pode sobreviver sem as ações propostas pelo governo Americano. Para ele, o EUA é o maior país que já existiu na Terra, descrevendo-o como sendo "a maior força do bem que qualquer país já foi”.

In 1594, he got into the Lord’s Chamberlain theater company, and years later he became a partner of the Globe Theatre.

Polêmico por declarações que abalaram o mundo, Elon Musk nos últimos meses foi bastante criticado por tratar a Pandemia Mundial – COVID-19 como uma gripe comum e declarou que "o pânico do coronavírus é besteira" e que "o perigo do pânico é maior que o perigo do corona".

Elon Musk (Wikipedia)

Quando o Escritório do Xerife do Condado de Alameda ordenou que todos os serviços não essenciais fossem fechados, Musk e a Tesla inicialmente refutaram a ordem, argumentando que a produção de veículos e a infraestrutura elétrica são setores críticos, citando o Departamento de Segurança Nacional dos Estados Unidos.

Musk chamou o lockdown de fascismo numa chamada de rendimentos da Tesla, afirmando: “Se alguém quiser ficar em casa, ótimo. Eles deveriam poder ficar em suas casas e não obrigados a sair. Mas dizer que eles não podem deixar suas casas e que serão presos se o fizerem, isso é fascismo, não democracia, nem liberdade. Devolva a maldita liberdade das pessoas".

FUTURO A vida de Elon Musk foi marcada por uma rápida ascensão. Utilizando a leitura diária desde a infância ele percebeu que para conseguir seu objetivo bastava apenas uma oportunidade para apresentar seu negócio.

PayPal (Exame)

Ao longo de sua carreira profissional Musk sempre tratou de se envolver com temas voltados para pesquisa e meio ambiente, trazendo para todas questões inovadoras, a exemplo de energia sustentável.

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Tesla (Tecmundo)

O futuro da humanidade está ligado a essas questões que Elon Musk tratou ao longo de sua vida. Meio ambiente, ciência e tecnologia serão sempre estudados por aqueles que tem uma capacidade diferenciada como Musk, pois a humanidade depende dessas pessoas para ter uma vida mais equilibrada e mais saudável.

SpaceX's Falcon 9 (Teslarati)

References britannica.com biography.com

SpaceX (Fossbytes)

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CHRISTIAN SCHÖNBEIN

By DANIEL FILHO AND LUISA RODRIGUES

IMAGEM: science photo library

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CHRISTIAN SCHÖNBEIN

BY DANIEL FILHO AND LUISA rodrigues

Clique aqui para assistir ao vídeo-monólogo sobre Christian Schönbein.

INTRODUCTION Christian Friedrich Schönbein was a German- Swiss chemist born on October 18, 1799, in Metzingen, Germany.

Is known for being the first chemist to discover and name O3 (ozone), as well as being the first person to create guncotton (nitrocellulose) and inventing the fuel cell.

He died at the age of 68 in 1869.

ACADEMIC LIFE In April 1820 Schönbein worked in a post at the chemical factory of J. G. Dingler in Augsburg, in

there he made German translations of French publications for the new Dinglers polytechnisches Journal. When Schonbein was 21 he took an exam for verification of his scientific and practical knowledge of chemistry, which he passed in. After pursuing chemistry at the Universities of Erlangen, and Tübingen, he started teaching chemistry at schools in England, France, and Germany.

Around 1826, Schönbein moved to The Cedars School to teach mathematics and natural sciences. In 1827, Schönbein left England to teach briefly in Paris. In

1828 he accepted a position at the University of Basel, Switzerland, where he remained for the rest of his career.

PERSONAL LIFE We know little about his personal life , but we know that his parents were Christian Friedrich a dyer and Anna Barbara Schäfer a stay in mom. In Stuttgart, Germany, in July of 1835 he married Emilie Benz, a counselor in the chancelier and with her he had 4 daughters.

Christian spent a big part of his life in Basel, Switzerland and because of that he had a swiss nationality.

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Image: myozone.com.br

FINAL YEARS Schonbein died on August 29 of 1869 at the age of 68 in Sauerberg, Germany. The cause of his death remains unknown.

Schönbein's book (Amazon).

References britannica.com encyclopedia.com chemistryview.org wikipedia.org Camada de Ozônio (SoCientífica)

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MACHADO DE ASSIS By bernardo miranda AND Mariana loiola

IMAGEM: MEC

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MACHADO DE ASSIS by bernardo miranda and mariana loiola

Clique aqui para assistir ao vídeo-monólogo sobre Machado de Assis.

Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis foi um escritor brasileiro, considerado por muitos críticos, estudiosos, escritores e leitores um dos maiores, senão o maior nome da literatura do Brasil. Para o crítico literário norteamericano Harold Bloom, Machado de Assis é o maior escritor negro de todos os tempos.

Escreveu em praticamente todos os gêneros literários, sendo poeta, romancista, cronista, dramaturgo, contista, folhetinista, jornalista e crítico literário. Nasceu no Morro do Livramento, Rio de Janeiro, de uma família pobre, mal estudou em escolas

públicas e nunca frequentou universidade.

Sua extensa obra é feita de dez romances, duzentos contos, dez peças teatrais, cinco coletâneas de poemas e sonetos, e mais de seiscentas crônicas.

Machado de Assis passou sua infância e adolescência no bairro do Livramento. Seus pais viviam na propriedade do falecido senador Bento Barroso Pereira e D. Leopoldina era a protegida de D. Maria Jose Pereira.Machado fez seus primeiros estudos na escola pública do bairro de São Cristóvão. Tornouse amigo do padre Silveira

Sarmento e o ajudava nas missas, familiarizando-se com o latim.

Quando tinha dez anos perdeu sua mãe. Viúvo, seu pai saiu da Chácara e foi morar em São Cristóvão. Logo passou a viver com Maria Inês da Silva, só vindo a casar-se em 1854.Sua madrasta trabalhava como doceira em uma escola e levava o enteado para assistir algumas aulas. À noite, Machado ia para uma padaria, local onde aprendia francês com o forneiro.À luz de velas, Machado lia tudo que passava em suas mãos e já escrevia suas primeiras poesias.

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Machado de Assis (Brasil Escola)

Machado de Assis é considerado o introdutor do Realismo no Brasil, com a publicação de Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas (1881). Sua primeira fase literária é feita de obras como Ressurreição, A Mão e a Luva, Helena e Iaiá Garcia, onde percebe características vindas do Romantismo, ou "convencionalismo", como prefere a crítica moderna. Sua obra foi de fundamental importância para as escolas literárias brasileiras do século XIX e do século XX e aparece nos dias de hoje como grande interesse acadêmico e público. Influenciou grandes nomes das letras, como Olavo Bilac, Lima Barreto, Drummond de Andrade, John Barth, Donald Barthelme e outros.

Em outubro de 1904 morreu sua esposa, Carolina, companheira de 35 anos, que além de revisora de suas obras era também sua enfermeira, pois Machado de Assis tinha a saúde abalada pela epilepsia.Após a morte da esposa o romancista raramente saía de casa. Em homenagem à sua amada, escreveu o poema "À Carolina".

Machado de Assis veio a falecer no dia 29 de setembro de 1908, no Rio de Janeiro. Veio a falecer já idoso, tomado pela depressão. Sua morte foi lamentada por muitos artistas e intelectuais brasileiros.

Dom Casmurro (Blog da Poeme-se)

References academia.org Brasil Escola

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WOLFGANG MOZART

By BEATRIZ FONTES AND Mariana Mega

IMAGEM: Wikipedia

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WOLFGANG MOZART

BY BEATRIZ FONTES E MARIANA MEGA

Clique aqui para assistir ao vídeo-monólogo sobre Mozart.

Mozart was an Austrian musician, composer and teacher. influenced many classical composers and influences many people to this day.

In 1770, he went to Italy and composed the opera "Mitridate" which was a great success. Soon after, he returned to Salzburg, where he worked as a concert master, composing church sonatas, masses and serenades.

In 1781 to 1782 it was the most successful time of his life. He composed important and highly successful operas such as "Idomeneo" and "O Rapto do Serralho".

In the year 1786, he composed his first opera, “As bodas de Fígaro” with the help of the Italian poet Lorenzo da Ponte.

Soon after, he received an order to develop a new opera: “Don Giovanni”. In the year 1789, he writes “Così fan tutte”.

In 1791, he composed the last two works of his life, the operas “A Clemência de Tito” and “A magic flute”.

He died in Vienna, aged just 35, on December 5, 1791. The cause of his death was a mystery, but there are researchers who claim that it was rheumatism that led the

great musician to his death.

Mozart's statue.

References ebiografia.com famoushomeschoolers.net

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PRIEST ANTÔNIO VIEIRA By angel miranda AND dário falcão

IMAGEM: medium.com

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PRIEST ANTÔNIO VIEIRA by angel miranda and dário falcão

Clique aqui para assistir ao vídeo-monólogo sobre Padre Antônio Vieira.

Antônio Vieira was a priest, philosopher, writer and one of the missionaries sent to Brazil, with the aim of promoting the catechization of Amerindians. He was born in Portugal on February 6, 1608. Of not very rich origin, he had Jewish and black ancestry. In 1614 he moved to Brazil, where he studied at the Jesuit College. At the age of 15 (fifteen) the Companhia de Jesus joined.

Priest Vieira, despite having been in favor of black slavery, stood out for the positions against the slavery of the

Indians, the Inquisition, the invasion of the Dutch in Brazil and without counting on the persecution of the Jews.

For those who do not know the persecution of the Jews was something common at the time, because the Catholic Church wanted more faithful, therefore it persecuted the Jews to convert them to Catholicism. But what made it special was its pioneering spirit in these matters.

We can not talk about Priest Antônio Vieira without talking about the Jesuits, after all, he was a Jesuit. The Jesuits were

not only religious references, they helped the Portuguese by designing cities, they also helped to understand the Indians in addition to helping them in battles, if it weren't for them, Brazil wouldn't be the same. Of course, the Jesuits also did bad things for Brazil, like capturing the Indians without counting on the domination they had to force the Indians to work or obey Portuguese orders.

In 1641 Vieira moved to Portugal at the request of King Dom João IV, where he was appointed ambassador. As ambassador, he began to negotiate in the

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Priest Antônio Vieira (Revista Cult)

Netherlands the question of the invasion of Holland in the Brazilian lands belonging to Portugal, more specifically in the northeast. He also in Portugal showed his hatred for the Inquisition, and because of that he was sentenced to 2 (two) years in prison.

Antônio Vieira was advisor to King Dom João IV and representative of Portugal in economic and political relations with other kingdoms or nations. Then he returned to the Portuguese colony in the Americas, where he settled in Maranhão and dedicated himself to evangelizing the Indians, seeking to defend them from the colonists, which made the Indians more rebellious. Such an attitude resulted in his expulsion and contributed to the expulsion of all Jesuits in the future.

He returned to Portugal where he was prosecuted and persecuted by the Inquisition. The type of writing in his sermons was a Baroque language. He gave several sermons about 200 (two hundred) sermons.

After being forgiven by the Portuguese people, he returned to Brazil, where he unfortunately died on PayPal (Exame) July 18, 1697.

Preist Antônio Vieira (Wikipedia)

References bndigital.bn.gov.br agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br educacao.globo.com Mundo Educação Brasil Escola