AZCA Madrid, Research

Anatomy of aaaaLandmark Anatomy Anatomy of of aa Landmark Landmark Anatomy Landmark Anatomy Anatomy of of Landmark Anatomy ofof a Landmark Landmark Chair of Complex Projects Chair Chair of Complex of Complex Projects Projects Chair of Complex Projects Chair Chair of Complex of Complex Projects Chair of Complex Projects Projects

AZCA MADRID AZCA AZCAMADRID AZCA MADRID AZCA AZCA MADRID MADRID AZCA MADRID RESEARCH RESEARCH RESEARCH RESEARCH RESEARCH RESEARCH RESEARCH

Anatomy of a Landmark Chair of Complex Projects MSc1 Studio Professor Kees Kaan

Studio Coordinator Aldo Trim

Teachers Stefanos Filippas Afaina de Jong Alexander Pols Albert Takashi Richters Aldo Trim

Teaching Assistants Alessandro Arcangeli Katarzyna Piekarczyk

Editors Afaina de Jong Aldo Trim

Students Francesco Tincani Alexandra Heijink Han Yang Rong Fan Michal Bala Filiz Coskun Mehran Samiyi Maruli Heijman Gijs Beckman Maäyan DaniÍl Martine Huijsmans Jing Lin Therese Eberl Steven van der Woude Mitchell John Gow Marta Kowalczyk Giuseppe Campo Antico Sjoerd Boomars Paolo Turconi Mike de Bruijn Ho Yin Chan Mengyu Li Thilini Pavithra Warnakulasuriya Alon Sarig Silvia Creosteanu Wesley Verhoeven Laurens Pieter de Lange Marck Vrieling

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Matthijs Vreke Alessandro Arcangeli Arianna Fornasiero Marinus Jongeneel Lin Wang Mike de Lange Signe Perkone Malou Speets Filippo Fiorani Arjan Schoneveld Hendrik Voegelpoel Paula Bizais Fallon Walton Henrique Gil Matiz Enrico Sciannameo Tadeusz Pruszkowski Mickael Minghetti Victor Koot Jarno Van Iwaarden Sophie Dikmans Rita Wei Carolina Pastor Dimitrios Andrinopoulos Nikoleta Stankovic Hana Mohar Sebastiaan Van Arkel Gerben van den Oever Lukas Kroop

Anatomy of a Landmark Chair of Complex Projects MSc1 Studio

Contents: Introduction to the studio

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Morphology

7

Infrastructure

37

Demographics

63

Politics

89

Economy

115

Culture

147

Tower

183

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4

Introduction to the studio In the Landmark studio we dissect existing buildings via anatomy, exposing the basic elements that define the building or an ensemble. A Landmark exists by virtue of its environment; its ‘raison d’etre’ has to be comprehended before analysing the building itself. Through their specific location, function and distinct architecture, Landmarks have become meaningful and recognizable. The city around has changed, but the building has remained and solidified its meaning.

The studio promotes broad speculation, independent thinking, collective work with the aim of positioning architecture into a broader social, cultural, political, and economic context.

Students perform a thorough urban research in order to understand the area’s history and context, and to identify the Landmarks that could become catalyst for intervention. The research zooms in from the large scale of the city itself, to the medium scale the site, to the small scale of the building. The resulting data is organized into a comprehensive research book. This research book serves as basis for the argumentation of the design brief by the students, which on its turn is leading for the indidividual proposals.

We examined the rise of the European skyscraper. How did a building type, which originates from financial and technological developments in de US, become an emblem of prosperity for the modern capital across the Atlantic? We focused on a site in Madrid which is an important node in the city and for decades has had an impact on the skyline.

Studying Madrid in general is relevant since estimations predict that the city will grow substantially to become the most dense European city by the year 2025. The studio work has to be seen within the context of this future growth which faces the given site with certain challenges such as density, uses, adaptation and its image within the city.

North of the center, along the Paseo de la Castellana, lies the multi layered AZCA complex. It is bordered by the football stadium Santiago Bernabeau and Nuevos Ministerios.

AZCA was conceived in the ‘60’s and ‘70’s as the new business district responding to the overcrowded old center. During the ‘80‘s some remarkable skyscrapers have been built and for a long time it was concidered the ‘Manhattan of Madrid’. Alas, the monofunctional program, labyrinthic internal spaces and hidden infrastructure have led to a problematic area during non-office hours. As an uban entity it isolates itself from the otherwise lively city around. The question is how via a redesign of the towers that mark AZCA, a more dynamic and integrated complex can be created.

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6

MORPHOLOGY

7

CITY SCALE

Madrid metropolitan area

This study concerns the morphology of Madrid, in three crucial scales, from mega to micro developments: Municipality - Paseo de la Castellana - AZCA. It is an attempt to understand the impact of history, culture and geography on Madrid’s Urbanism.

Madrid is a very dynamic city. Throughout the years it underwent many changes and was extending with variable paste. This was all influenced by it’s role as a capital of Spain and central location. Isolated in the heart of the Iberian Peninsula, on the outskirts of Europe, the City of Madrid has struggled for decades to show its proud radiance as the capital of Spain and as a major European city, being the most populous after only London and Paris.

Its strategic geographical position at the foot of the chain of Guadarrama, which provides sufficient water, gives the ‘island’ an almost surreal autonomy amid the dusty territory the high plateau of Castile. Its name comes from the Arab Mayrit, which means “the place where water abounds”.

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1845

1845

1845

Extension 1846-1900 Extension 1846-1900 Extension 1846-1900 Ciudad Lineal Ciudad Lineal 1900-1910 1900-1910 Ciudad Lineal 1900-1910

1845

1845

1845

Extension 1846-1900 Extension 1846-1900 Ciudad Lineal Extension 1846-1900 Ciudad Lineal 1900-1910 Ciudad 1900-1910 Lineal 1900-1910

Fuencarral Barajas Aravaca Canillejas

Pozuelo

1944

1944

1944

1975

1975

1975

PAU’s 1997-2008 PAU’s 1997-2008 PAU’s 1997-2008

1944

1944

1944

1975

1975

1975

PAU’s 1997-2008 PAU’s 1997-2008 PAU’s 1997-2008 Verde

Villa

Vicalvaro Vallecas

First theof Plan De Extension, focusing on Development Development Development of Madrid ofwas Madrid Madrid

Up until 1850’s Madrid was growing radially with slow paste from it’s place of origin by the river Manzares.

radial and ring roads enclosing central urban core, which was surrounded by green zone: a buffer between the satellite cities. Following NUCLEO: N model known as Plan Regional, concerned the surrounging industrial and residential satellites Barajas as Nucleos.

Development Development Development of Madrid of Madrid of Madrid

In the second half of XIX century city grew Fuencarral rapidly and extensively, the model of growth became more linear, with Paseo de la Aravaca Castellana, gaining it’s position of the city axis.

Pozuelo

In the beginning of the XXth century three models constituted the way urban structure was developed (diagrams below).

Alcobeloas

NUCLEO: E Barajas

Aravaca

CanillejasGeneral dePozuelo In the Plan Ordenacion new industrial zones added in the south, in attempt NUCLEO: W to divide central core into individual units, separated by open space.

Vicalvaro NUCLEO: S

Vallecas

Villa Verde

San Fernando Vicalvaro Ribas Vallecas

Leganes Getate

1929 - Plan de Extension

1939 - Plan Regional

NUCLEO: N

Fuencarral

1946 - Plan General de Ordenacion

El Pando

Alcobeloas

Barajas

El Plantio

NUCLEO: E

Aravaca Canillejas

Pozuelo

AEROPORTO

Barajas

Aravaca Pozuelo

Vicalvaro

San Fernando Vicalvaro

NUCLEO: W

Ribas Vallecas

Villa Verde

La Hortaleza Fuencarral Ciudad Lineal

NUCLEO: S

Vallecas

Ciudad Univarstitara

San Blass San Fernando

Pozuelo Quatro Viento Villa Verde

Leganes

Canillejas

Vallecas

Getate

NUCLEO: N

9

Alcobeloas El Pando NUCLEO: E Barajas

El Plantio

La Hortaleza

Fuencarral Ciudad Lineal

CITY SCALE

Urban development of Madrid

9-11TH CENTURY: FiRst mention oF madRid First historical references that mention Madrid come from Arab times, when it was called Magerit or Mayrit. The city was a Muslim alcazar and medine and was surrounded by the first wall. It became a cradle for future development.

1565: FRom tHe pRovince into capital HistoRical and political backgRound In June 1561, when the town had 30,000 inhabitants, Philip II of Spain moved his court from Valladolid to Madrid, installing it in the old castle. Thanks to this, the city of Madrid became the political center of the monarchy. This fact was decisive for the evolution of the city and influenced its fate. cultuRal backgRound The city was a mix of christian, muslim and jewish culture. Every nationality occupied other part of the city. uRban development Calle Mayor and Calle de la Colegiata were creating the spine of the city. However, it consisted of chaotic urban structure.

Plaza Mayor had undefined shape.

1600: 1st big gRowtH HistoRical and political backgRound After becoming the capital, Madrid gained importance and growht twice bigger. cultuRal backgRound During the reign of Philip III and Philip IV of Spain, Madrid saw a period of exceptional cultural brilliance, with the presence of geniuses such as Miguel de Cervantes, Diego Velรกzquez, Francisco de Quevedo and Lope de Vega. uRban development Madrid spreaded widly in radius directions. The main axes had been extended, but the structure between them was still very chaotic.

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Plaza Mayor 1665: Before recession HistoRical and political backgRound The Spanish “Golden Age� politically ends no later than 1659, with the Treaty of the Pyrenees, ratified between France and Habsburg Spain. cultuRal backgRound The end of Habsburg dinasty stoped developing the art and architecture. uRban development During last decade of Habsburg dinasty the city spreaded in northern and eastern direction and reached the bank of the river, which later became Paseo de Castellana. The plan of reshaping Plaza Mayor was finally executed.

Plaza del Sol

1725: Recession impact HistoRical and political backgRound The death of Charles II of Spain resulted in the War of the Spanish succession. The city supported the claim of Philip of Anjou as Philip V. While the city was occupied in 1706 by a Portuguese army, who proclaimed king the Archduke Charles of Austria under the name of Charles III, and again in 1710, remained loyal to Philip V. cultuRal backgRound The big gap between western Europe and Spain resulted in recession and the lack of Industrial revolution. uRban development The city development was stoped but the quality of streets and infrastructure during Burbons improved.

1835: libeRal city HistoRical and political backgRound The Peninsular War against Napoleon, despite the last absolutist claims during the reign of Ferdinand VII, gave birth to a new country with a liberal and bourgeois character, open to influences coming from the rest of Europe. cultuRal backgRound Madrid, the capital of Spain, experienced like no other city the changes caused by this opening and filled with theaters, cafes and newspapers. uRban development A lot of new public spaces were created. The river dried off and the place for Paseo de Castellana has been prepared.

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CITY SCALE

Urban development of Madrid

1857: 2nd gRowtH HistoRical and political backgRound In the second half of XVIII the population of Madrid doubled.

The increasing population of Madrid forced government to apply Ensanche de Madrid (Madrid Extension Plan). cultuRal backgRound XXI century was the rise of the middle class and neoclassicism rulement. uRban development The new part of the city was designed in rectangular net shape. New axis of the city, which were the continuation of the old ones remind the Haussman Paris. The Castellana was designed as the spine of Madrid. It started from the Railway station and connected south with north.

Ciudad Lineal 1900: lineRal city HistoRical and political backgRound In the beginning of the XXth Century Madrid was a small city in comparisment to European Capitals. The city had problems with increasing need of infrastructure. cultuRal backgRound Work of Gaudi, Dali and Picasso. uRban development Arturo Soria designed the linear city concept which was meant to deal with infrastructure problem. Unfortunately the plan wasn’t applied to Madrid due to very fast growth, but it shaped the future of Paseo de Castellana somehow.

1946: pgou HistoRical and political backgRound Madrid was one of the most heavily affected cities of Spain in the Civil War (1936–1939). The city was a stronghold of the Republicans from July 1936. It was during the Civil War that Madrid became the first European city to be bombed by aeroplanes. cultuRal backgRound Francoist Spain - Socialist culture. uRban development After the civil war the Government developed the PGOU Plan, in which they included the information about office centre in the pace of AZCA.

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1975: 3Rd madRid gowtH HistoRical and political backgRound Benefiting from increasing prosperity, the capital city of Spain has consolidated its position as an important economic, cultural, industrial, educational, and technological centre on the European continent. cultuRal backgRound Free culture. uRban development The area of the city doubled. Paseo de Castellana divided the city into two sides.

2015: postcRisis city HistoRical and political backgRound In 2008 the Spain survived the economical crush. The city lost a lot of money. cultuRal backgRound Because of the increasing migration the city gained different cultural impacts. uRban development The plan for Madrid was to enclose the city in circular rings which were connected by Paseo de Castellana.

MORPHOLOGY

MORPHOLOGY

district density

district density

MORPHOLOGY

MORPHOLOGY

district density

district density

MORPHOLOGY

MORPHOLOGY MORPHOLOGY district density

district density

MORPHOLOGY

Historicdensity centre district

human density Historic centre constructed parcels infrastructure not used human density

Historic centre

district density 290 h/ha 75% 17% 1% 290 h/ha

constructed parcels under construction

75% 7% 17% human density 290 h/ha not used 1% constructed parcels 75% human density 290 h/ha under construction 7%17% infrastructure constructed 75%1% not usedparcels infrastructure 17% under construction 7% Castro not used development 1%

Historic centre infrastructure

1600-1700’s

under construction 7% human density 270 h/ha HistoRic Castro development constructed parcels 52% infrastructure 45% not used Castro development 3% human density 270 h/ha

centRe

constructed parcels 52% under construction 5% Comparison of Castro the city development human density 270 h/ha infrastructure 45% constructed parcels not used 3%52% sections, depending on infrastructure human density 270 h/ha under construction 5%45% 1850’s not usedparcels constructed 52%3% the time of development. under construction infrastructure 45%5% castRo Las Rosas 1985 not used 3% The original structure of development under construction 5% human density 150 h/ha Madrid can be described Las Rosas parcels 1985 constructed 40% infrastructure 50% Las as Rosas 1985 as solid with voids, not used 5% human density 150 h/ha constructed parcels 40% under construction 5% human density 150 h/ha opposed to theLas newest Rosas 1985 infrastructure 50% constructed parcels 40% 1985 not used 5% infrastructure 50% developments, human which density 150 h/ha under construction 5% not used 5% las Rosas constructed parcels 40% under construction 5% present quite the opposite: infrastructure 50% PAU’s 2007 used 5% void with solids.not under construction 5% human density PAU’s 2007 constructed parcels infrastructure PAU’s 2007 not used human density constructed parcels under construction human density

60 h/ha 20% 40% 30% 60 h/ha

infrastructure not used notdensity used human under construction constructed parcels under construction infrastructure not used

20% 10% 60 h/ha 20% 40% 40% 30% 30% 60 h/ha 10% 20%10% 40% 30%

under construction

10%

PAU’s 2007 parcels constructed infrastructure

2007 pau’s 13

NORTH-SOUTH AXIS Urban development of Madrid

1

2

1 2

4

3

3

5

4

6 8

7

5

6

The extension of the Paseo della Castellana, the large artery extending towards the North, is one of the main lines of the Bigador plan. Firstly developed in 1930 by Secundino Zuazo, architect and urban planner of Madrid, and Herman Jansen, a German engineer.

The project was finally approved by the authorities and inaugurated in 1952. In December 1953 Castellana law was approved, which granted privileges to the promoters who were economically involved in the development of Nuevos Ministerios, the new business district and important points on the axis of the Castellana.

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7

8

Paseo del Prado

Paseo de Recoletos

Glorieta de Emilio

15

Paseo de la Castellana

AZCA & SURROUNDINGS

CUATRO CAMINOS – NORTH

tetuán

cuatro caminos north TETÚAN

Built from: Floor space (m2): Surface area: Floor Area Ratio: Stories: Functions: Notes:

1920s 10.687 4.161 2,57 3-6 Mostly residential Narrow streets, closed blocks

Built from: Floor space (m2): Surface area: Floor Area Ratio: Stories: Functions:

1960s 91.070 9.681 9,41 8-16 Residential Commercial Retail Large volumes Much space

Notes:

bernabéu

azca

EL VISO

nuevos ministerios

RÍOS ROSAS

Built: Floor space (m2): Surface area: Floor Area Ratio: Stories: Function: Notes:

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1902s ríos 83.928 12.212 rosas 6,87 6-10 Residential Closed blocks

Built from: Floor space (m2): Surface area: Floor Area Ratio: Stories: Function: Notes:

1930s 10.035 6.245 1,61 el viso 2-6 Residential Luxurious Small volumes Much greenery

NUEVOS MINISTERIOS Floor space (m2): Surface area: Floor Area Ratio: Stories:

184.796 116.223 1,59 2-8

BLOCK COMPARISONS

4

5

2

1 CASCO ANTIGUO old city, organic block 87% built surface

2 ASENTAMIENTO CERRADA reg. regular urban block grid 72% built surface

3 MANZANA CERRADA mod. modern urban block 54% built surface

4 EDIFICACION ABIERTA undefined urban block 46% built surface

3

1

By viewing AZCA as a block in the city it is easy to see the differences between this block and the typical city blocks the city has.

02 55 0

100

200 m

5 AZCA block 25% built surface

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AZCA

Development of the site of AZCA along Castellana, prior the competition

1900: tHe boRdeR uRban backgRound In the beginning of XXth century the site was a border between old, rectangular city and the chaotic slums structure.

Landmark background The main landmark of the sorrouning was the Hyppodrom, which was located on the axe of Paseo de la Castellana. The culture of horse racing played a big role then.

1927: pRewaR peRiod uRban backgRound During the first decade of XXth century the urban structure remained the same.

Landmark background In the border there was a church named Santa Maria Del Silencio. It was located between the richer and poorer part of the city.

1946: open way uRban backgRound After war the Castellana was extended, the city border was moved.

Landmark background Nuevos Ministerios was built in the place of Hippodrom. By doing so, the way to extend Paseo de la Castellana was opened. The terrain gained new value because of new functions located here.

1951: Football capital uRban backgRound By creating the Nuevos Ministerios the city opened the way for new urban structure sorrounding it.

Landmark background The site gained importance by hosting new Real Madrid stadium.

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AZCA

Project development

1954 The Commissioner General of Urban Madrid announced an international competition for the area. The winning project was developed by architect Antonio in Perpiñá, inspired by the Rockefeller Center in New York.

Above : Picture of the original model presented by the team of Antonio Perpiña in the competition for the development of AZCA.

Following the competition, the Partial Plan of the area was approved in 1957, but despite this approval, the project underwent several reforms and its full and final approval not occur until 1964 by the Commission of Planning and Coordination Madrid metropolitan area (General Commissariat Urban).

Perpiña presents winning proposal for the area of AZCA. Intention of the project was to create lively shopping and residential district, with cultural venues.

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AZCA

Project development

1957 The original basement-layout resulted in the many-leveled system, that is still visible in AZCA. It was adjusted over the years to match new funstions and ended up being very confusing.

1961 Areas around AZCA are already developed.

Bending canal is visible on the site, leftover of the Canalillo system developed by Juan de Ribera to provide the city with water in the XIXth century.

1969 First branches of the tunnel system are being raised along with EL Corte Ingles and first residential buildings. Original layout resulted in the many-leveled system, that is still visible in AZCA.

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1975 Western strip of residential buildings is completed, as well as the tunnels, that remain above ground. El Corte Ingles extends and in the E-S corner BBVA is under conctruction.

1979 Eastern line of office buildings is being deleoped, slowly closing off the connection between AZCA and Castellana. Torre Windsor reaches it’s full height, while the whole complex marks it’s clear boundaries.

Below: Plaza de Castillo, last on Castellana axis towards north, finished in the same time.

1985 Torre Europa is constructed. The exterior belt of AZCA is completed. At the same time, contrary to the original plan, internal park is being laid out.

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AZCA

Project development

1990 All intended buildings are finished.

The tunnels are finnaly covered by the ground forming a complicated, multi-layered pathways for the visitors of AZCA.

2005 Fire at the Torre Windsor. The resulting destruction is so large, that it leads to the complete demolision of the building.

2013 Torre Titania is constructed on the previous site of the Torre Windsor.

This is the state of AZCA until today.

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SITE PLAN

23

AZCA site plans

site plan level +1

site plan level 00 0

24

25

50

100m

site plan level -1

site plan level -2 0

25

50

100m

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AZCA The site of Azca has been the site for the city’s projection of the future, since the Plan Castro in 1860. In the Plan Bigador (1941-1946), the site is anticipated as the crest for the Paseo de la Castellana, the most prominent urban initiative for the following 50 years, and would be crowned with the most exclusive commercial area in Spain. Following the discourse in modern architecture, Pepino’s plan was promoted for its modern architecture of the future and promised a new model of urban living. The modernist systematical approach is still visible in some aspects of the site’s organisation, but the image of AZCA today is not the one originally envisioned by Antonio Pepin.

AZCA has been reshaping itself to specific historical contexts and urban planning convictions in which capital dynamics played the leading role. Right after first investments came through and some buildings were realised, Perpiná continued to work on the project under big speculative pressures that altered the balance of surfaces and volumes of the original scheme. In the 60s, developmentalism policy started reshaping the ideas of modern architecture and began to take on ideas of capitalist architecture (Belluschi) and architecture of commercial spaces (Gruen). The projected business centre fell under a process of commodification, a phenomenon that would rise to its climax in Spain a decade later, when the middle class started growing. The opera, the botanical garden and the national library were never built. Thus although conceived as a rationalist approach to the production of space, AZCA was build on the demands of capital, and became merely a reflection of the initial model.

The site of Azca has been the site for the city’s projection of the future, since the Plan Castro in 1860. In the Plan Bigador (1941-1946), the site is anticipated as the crest for the Paseo de la Castellana, the most prominent urban initiative for the following 50 years, and would be crowned with the most exclusive commercial area in Spain. Following the discourse in modern architecture, Pepino’s plan was promoted for its modern architecture of the future and promised a new model of urban living. The modernist systematical approach is still visible in some aspects of the site’s organisation, but the image of AZCA today is not the one originally envisioned by Antonio Pepin.

AZCA has been reshaping itself to specific historical contexts and urban planning convictions in which capital dynamics played the leading role. Right after first investments came through and some buildings were realised, Perpiná continued to work on the project under big speculative pressures that altered the balance of surfaces and volumes of the original scheme. In the 60s, developmentalism policy started reshaping the ideas of modern architecture and began to take on ideas of capitalist architecture (Belluschi) and architecture of commercial spaces (Gruen).

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The projected business centre fell under a process of commodification, a phenomenon that would rise to its climax in Spain a decade later, when the middle class started growing.

The opera, the botanical garden and the national library were never built. Thus although conceived as a rationalist approach to the production of space, AZCA was build on the demands of capital, and became merely a reflection of the initial model.

CONFIGURATION

building mass

pedestrian levels

parking

metro

27

SECTIONS

A B C D E F G

1 2 3

28

1

D

3 29

DIAGONAL SECTION through three towers

30

31

PEDESTRIAN LEVELS level 1

level 0.5

level 0

level -1

level -1.5

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MORPHOLOGICAL PROTOTYPES in relation to use

- representative - cost efficient - no need for lots of ground contact office

OFFICE TOWER

- longitudinal - groundfloor retail slab - following underground infrastructure - flanking abundant pedestian routes office/retail

HYBRID SLAB

- shapeless, filling residual space - cheap, simple construction - no need for corporate image (interior, various stores) RETAIL BOX retail

- compact - cost e - office/retail base slab - dwelling detachet from street activity housing

HOUSING TOWER

- barley present as idividual buildings - usually incorporated within shopping centers - unrepresentative/hidden public service

SERVICE SHED

- designed - unavodiable because of the extensive underground infrastructure infrastructure

INFRASTRUCTURE HUT 33

DISSOLUTION OF STREETS

active street life representative one sided, sunken heavy road, overfly one sided, no enterances

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SEQUENCE OF PLAZAS Through its lifetime AZCA has been continually changing and reshaping in accordance to specific historical contexts of capital investment and urban planning convictions. Thus although conceived as a rationalist approach to the production of space, AZCA was build on the demands of capital, and became mercy a reflection of the initial model.

Following the ideas of modernist architecture, Pepin’s plan was promoted for it’s modern architecture, and also for it’s promise of modern living. In an attempt to maximise the use of space AZCA was designed as a series of levels, while traffic circulated below.

But the pressure of large financial firms let to the gradual elimination of commercial and residential presence in AZCA as opposed to business conglomerates. In order to attract public investments, each block was closed, leaving in the middle and one square, the Plazza Picasso , which is surrounded by the backs of the AZCA’s skyscraper facade. The lack of connection between buildings, and their increasing height - also an outcome of capital interests - resulted in gradual dissolution of AZCA as holistic project and transformed it into a display of private investments.

representative promenade/park residual

promenade

representative

residual 35

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INFRASTRUCTURE

INFRASTRUCTURE

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INTRODUCTION In this chapter we will be looking at the relationship between AZCA and Madrid city by investigating its Infrastructure. The term infrastructure refers to the fundamental facilities and systems serving a city from transportation and communication systems to the civil and leisure services. We analyzed AZCA’s infrastructure system on different scales. We start with the bigger scale by researching the public transportation system of the city of Madrid and analyzing how the site is connected to the city. And through looking at a variety of transportation types such as high speed trains, metro and buses etc., we come to a conclusion that AZCA is well embedded into the Madrid transportation network. For instance, AZCA is connected to Atocha and Chamartín train stations through high speed trains and it is also linked to the Barajas Airport. Moreover, travelling times to AZCA are investigated. The research is carried on by zooming in more into the neighborhood of AZCA (1km radius from AZCA centre). Adjacent public infrastructures such as civil services, retails, educational and cultural associated services are identified on plans as to help us further understand the position of AZCA in relation to its surrounds. Accesses of AZCA are also investigated. The analysis of its accesses includes a close study of its road structures, underground as well as upper ground planning schemes. We identified that there are limits at its borders - between the inside and outside and between the levels. AZCA is not a porosity space. The last and smallest scale we have worked on is about the elements inside AZCA. Here we will analyze the upper ground planning scheme along with the underground. Relationship between the towers’ property boundaries and the underground carpark areas is studied. Then we shift the focus from boarder studies to urban fixtures of AZCA. It is interesting to identify how the existing master planning has significantly influenced design decisions. For instance the design of towers needs to cooperate with the fixed exhaust locations, underground metro systems and landscaping.

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ACCESIBILITY OF AZCA Regional scale By analysing the main public transport connection (Metro & Train) in the Madrid city, we can find out that AZCA can be directly linked with most of the districts without transfer.

Chamartin and Atocha are Madrid’s two main train stations. The local railway system (Cercanias) is also passing through these two stations and linking them to the central area of the city.

There are two tunnels which is named Laughter Tunnel between Atocha and Chamartin.

madrid city suburban area urban fringe urban spraw area Travling time (minutes) 0

10

20(minutes)

Tunnel Laughter

Madrid–Barajas Airport

Fuencarral - El Pardo

Hortaleza

Chamartin Barajas

Tetuan Chamartin

Chamberi Moncloa - Aravaca

Salamanca

Retiro

Centro

Atocha

Arganzuela Latina

Carabanchel

Usera

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METRO EXPANSION

METRO EXPANSION From 1900-2020 METRO EXPANSION

1900 1900

1900

City expanded across the river.

1900

Pinar de Chamartin Pinar de Chamartin

1924

The first metro line (line 1) of Madrid 1924 was constructed.

The first metro line (line 1) of Madrid was constructed.

1910 1910

City expanded across the river.

Valdecarros

1920

Hospital Valdecarros Infanta Sofía Hospital Infanta Sofía

1930

Alameda de Osuna Alameda de Osuna

1920

1961 1930 Casa de Campo Casa de Campo

1940 1940

The metro route was constructed 1961 pass the site where AZCA would The metro route was constructed be built. pass the site where AZCA would be built.

Puerta del Puerta del

1900

Circular highway of Madrid was 1900 constructured.

Circular highway of Madrid was constructured.

1980

1950

-

The circular metro line was 1980 constructed. It made AZCA the The circular metro line was traffic hub of Madrid. constructed. It made AZCA the traffic hub of Madrid.

Circular

1950

Circular

1960 1960

1970

Aeropuerto T4

1970

2003 Aeropuerto T4 Nuevos Ministerios

1980 Development direction of Madrid City Direction of roads and train network war Development direction of Madrid City greatly affecting the city expansion.

Direction of roads and train network war greatly affecting the city expansion.

Nuevos Ministerios

1980 Plaza Elíptica La Fortuna

1990 1990

2000

Plaza Elíptica

La Fortuna Las Tablas Las Tablas Pinar de Chamartín Pinar de Chamartín

Estación de Aravaca

2000

2007

The commuter railway network we 2007 are using today was constructed.

The commuter railway network we are using today was constructed.

PuertaEstación de Aravaca de Boadilla Puerta de Boadilla Colonia Jardín

2010 2010

Colonia Jardín

New metro line ExistingNew metro metro line line Existing metro Location lineAZCA AirportLocation AZCA

2020 2020 40

AZCA was linked to the 2003 Barajas Airport AZCA was linked to the .

Barajas Airport .

Royal Palace Airport Royal Palace

METRO NETWORK The metro-line network of Madrid stretches far out of the city centre. With 13 lines at work and a high density of metro stations this system seems to be a very important part of its infrastructure. The Metrostation in the centre of Madrid covers most areas with train stations.

Nuevos Ministerios

Old city centre

41

City scale

TRAVELLING TIME Plaza de Castilla 5 min 15 min 25 min

Metro Entrance

1km radius

Universidad Polytechnico 10 min 20 min 35 min

Bullfighting Las Ventas 10 min 35 min 45 min

Tapas Bar Malasana 15 min 25 min 45 min

Plaza Mayor 20 min 20 min 55 min

0

500

1500

A large amount of Spanish people go to work via metro over other forms of public transport. The amount is increasing over the years.

This shows a gerat importance of the public infrastructure network in Spain with this rise in usage.

A radius of 1 km from the center of AZCA is taken into account for research into basic programs, such as educational, civil, medical services as well as retails and restaurants.

Knowing the types, quantity, density and pattern of occupation on the site will further explian what AZCA is made of and its relationship with its neighborhood. It also helps explain what and why some components within AZCA is defunct.

42

3000 m

Museo el Prado 15 min 30 min 55 min

CIVIL SERVICE

Calle de Joaquín Costa

Programs in relation to civil, medical, educational and spiritual services can be seen as the basic hardware that constitutes a society. Civil service has a particular area of focus, which the local government offices and embassies are scattered along Calle de Joaquín Costa.

Higher educational institutes are located close to each other in the Chamartin district.

Such patterns indicate the southeast of AZCA are more ‘political’ concentrated and more civilized.

Surprisingly, there is one Church-Parroquia Nuestra Señora del Castañar, located at northwest corner of AZCA. Unlike other churches, it is ‘hidden’ on the basement level.

43

LEISURE

There is only one Library spoted in the selected district and neither cinema or theatre has landed in in or around AZCA. However an opera house, library and a botanic garden is planned in the old scheme. The lack of cultural elements somehow reflects on AZCA’s alienation from its neightbours since library, cinema or theatre are colaborative public spaces that allow people to gather, interact and exchange ideas.

library botanic garden

opera house

(old scheme)

44

AZCA AS A MINIATURE CITY

The infrastructure of AZCA is well planned and completed however the overconcentration on the outskirts leads to the function failure of its centre.

The diagram on the left indicates that density of commercial programs along Paseo de la Castellana is low. In fact, due to Paseo de la Castellan’s busy streetscape accessibility for pedestrians on the eastern edge is poor.

The concentration of commercial programs within AZCA has made it a financial hub - with retails on its outskirts and office highrises in the center. Major reatials are situated within AZCA’s two ‘ends’ - its north and south edges.

They are Moda shopping and El Corte Inglés.

Estadio.

AZCA is built up from the outskirts towards its centre. The ‘ring’ of AZCA itself can be seen as a barrier that blocks people from entering, and therefore causing defunct of the centre public spaces.

Paseo de la Castellana 45

ACCESS

The main entrance for AZCA is designated alongside Paseo de la Castellana. However, oddly, the metro station Nuevos Ministerios (indicated in Red circile) is located far away at bottom right corner of AZCA. Referring to the pedestrain flow diagram, there are various entrances for AZCA however the ones that used most are thoes narrow, and dark passages. People either enter from ‘gaps’ between two towers or passages ‘hidden’ underneath buildings.

46

ROAD TYPOLOGY

AZCA is located on the west side along the busiest city road of Madrid citym the Paseo la Castellana. It build up the lindage of the transport stations together and make ACA easily accessible for the cummuter flow from other places. The Oaso elevado which is also one of the most important motorways. It serve AZCA and bond it into the transport ring of City Madird. Calle de Orense and Av. del General Peron linnk AZCA to the residential area on west and north side.

Section at Paseo de la Castellana

Major motorway Major pedestrian traffic concentration pedestrian flow concentration Section at Calle de Orense 47

ENTRANCE SECTIONS

2

1

4

6

3

5

section 3

Calle de Orense

Paso elevado 48

section 4

Calle de Orense

section 1

Calle de Orense

section 2

Paseo la Castellana

Paso elevado

49

ENTRANCE SECTIONS

section 5

Picasso Plaza is the main entrance of AZCA along Paseo la Castellana

The space is constricted and the displaycases are unattractive.

In rush-hour the parking lane is fulled of taxis.

a

b

c

Due to the constricted portal, the interior and external space is badly connected.

The sinking corridor is dark and lack of dynamic.

The space of pedestrian is often partly occupied by motorbike parking.

g

i

j

section 6 50

h

f

d

c

b

e

The bus path are merged into the motorways

Tunnel portal

Motorways with 6 lanes

d

e

f

The space is fully occupied by motorbike parking at daytime.

This shading pedestrian is too wide and often underused

Motorways with 6 lanes

k

l

m

j h

k

l

m

i

51

UNDERGROUND INFRASTRUCTURE

-

Examples of remarkable property borders which are visable in the privatized public pavement

P

P

The underground parking garageP can be P devided into public and private places. = Private parking Footprint of 65780 m2

->

2/3

= Public parking Footprint of 31560 m2

->

1/3

The ratio between public and private of the underground world of AZCA is divided in 1/3 private parking and 2/3 public parking. We can say that the underground world is a more privatized space.

52

The public parking places are located near the entrances of the tunnel and at the corners of the AZCA complex.

At the bottom right corner of the plot you should expected public parking places, since the public parking places are located at the corners of the complex. At this corner there is public parking on ground level instead of underground. This is because of the metro and renfe station underneath this place. = Parking on ground level

The current parking garage plan is based on the original plan of AZCA. The underground system of tunnels and parking garages was already build when the original plan changed.

In 1969 they start building the tunnel system and the Western strip of residential buildings. Six years, when this part of the complex was finished, the master plan of AZCA has changed.

We can say that the underground infrastructure system fixed the whole plan of AZCA above these tunnels and parking garages.

The underground tunnel system is divided into two levels. These levels are used differently, since all the entrances of the parking garages are located on the first basement level. Therefore the second basement level is more used by cars who are only crossing by AZCA instead of visiting the complex. From the parking garages is it possible to enter the buildings above them by using the stairs or elevators in core of the buildings. = First basement level Entrances of the parking garages

P

P

P

= Second basement level More used by cars crossing by AZCA P P

The second map on the left page shows the property borders of the buildings. The assessed property of some buildings is more or less the same as the footprint of their parking garages. This sometimes causes remarkable property borders in the pavement. = Property borders Remarkable is the difference in privatized public pavement between public and private building. The two shopping centers and the Cajamar supermarket have very little privatized public pavement compare to the other buildings. These are the most public buildings at the AZCA complex. Torre picasso is the opposite of these public buildings with its huge amount of privatized public pavement. This is probably to show the power of this outstanding building.

The assessed property of some buildings is more or less the same as the footprint of their parking garages. These property borders are often visable in the privatized public pavement of the buildings. m2 Footprint

Building

1. Block 1 2. Block 2 3. Moda Shopping 4. Torre Europa 5. Residental Block 6. Block 6 7. Torre Picasso 8. Block 8 9. Block 9 10. Torre Mahou 11. Block 11 12. Cajamar 13. Block 13 14. BBVA 15. Block 15 16. Block 16 17. El Corte Inglès 18. Torre Titania

3820 7470 5800 1390 14650 5990 1900 6520 1570 2170 2010 1380 2810 2160 3230 2930 12300 3090

Assessed propety Assessed property (cadastre) (cadastre) 6070 6070 9480 9480 5990 5990 3180 3180 15010 15010 6560 6560 10110 10110 8920 8920 1790 1790 2520 2520 4770 4770 1460 1460 4740 4740 3190 3190 6370 6370 3320 3320 12340 12340 5840 5840

Privatized pavement (propety - building) 2250 2010 190 1790 360 570 8210 2400 220 350 2760 80 1930 1030 3140 390 40 2750

Parking

Propety ≈ Parking

6910 8420 5950 2580 13420 5560 8720 8630 2500 4120 3740 1790 4870 1960 5350 1660 11160 5340

-840 1060 40 600 1590 1000 1390 290 -710 -1600 1030 -330 -130 1230 1020 1660 1180 500

1. Shopping mall Public

2. Residental towers Private

3. Office tower Most private

Very little privatized public space in relation to the footprint of the building.

A reasonable amount of privatized public space in relation to the footprint of the residental block.

Enormous privatized public space in relation to the footprint of the tower. Due to the parking garage underneath it.

El Corte Inglès

Torre Picasso

53

P P

TYPE 0 - PUBLIC SPACE Public

Private

The same pattern of the pavement is often used to clarify the public places.

The public space and the underlaying tunnel system are often connected. The public space owned by the municipality follows the underground infrastructure, especially above the underground ring road. This occasionally leads to strange situations in terms of the pavement. The borders of public and private is strongly visable in the pavement. For the public space, the same pattern of pavement is often used.

Sometimes is the pavement of privatized public space adapted to the pattern of the public pavement. The owners of these privatized places are trying to connect their property with the public space, but actually they are creating boundaries.

Privatized public pavement is sometimes adapted to this pattern of public pavement.

54

TYPE 1 - SHOPPING MALL Public

Private

Private space Public used

Public space

The shopping malls in AZCA are the most public buildings of the complex. The amount of privatized public space is very litte in relation to the footprint of the public building itself. This is probably to attract people to go inside the building.

The public space and the private owned, public space are seperated by a strong visual line. This line is located directly above the wall of parking garage.

P

P

P

P

= Public space Owned by the municipality = Privatized public space Owned by Corte Inglès

Dividing line between the public space and the privitazed public space of Corte Inglès.

55

TYPE 2 - RESIDENTAL BUILDING Public

Private

Separation of the different residential towers is visible in the pavement, columns and facade.

The privatized public space of the residental towers is located right under the parking garages of these buildings. Each tower has its own parking garage and this separation is also visable in the pavement above it. The different building blocks are using their own expression for the collumns and facade. Due to this, there is no consistency in the appearance of this street.

The border between the public space and the privatized public space is again visible in the difference in pavement, but this time also in the difference in height.

P

P

P

P

= Public space Owned by the municipality = Privatized public space Owned by residental towers 56

Difference in height to clarify the border between the public space and the private owned, public space.

TYPE 3 - OFFICE TOWER Public

Private

Torre Picasso is a good example of a private building that owns a lot of privatized public space in relation to the footprint of the tower. Due the pavement, the enormous square in front of Torre Picasso shows that it belongs to the tower. The stripes of this square are a reflection of the tower beyond it. The expression of the privatized public pavement creates a strong division between the public space and the private owned, public space.

As a result of the parking garage underneath the tower, torre Picasso owns this P P amount of public space.

P

P

= Public space Owned by the municipality = Privatized public space Owned by Torre Picasso

Strong division between the public space and the private owned, public space.

57

AZCA OBJECTS

1

10

19

30

27

22

34

8

6

5

12

35

26

14

15

12

16

9

24

3

23

2

25

32

13

7

28

11

29 20

33

4

21

32

AZCA site is composed of different objects.

On a small scale, urban objects of the site are composed of lamps, ashtrays, benches, art objects, obstacles for dead-end roads...

They adopt the same attitude as towers but they don’t offer any special experience. They are fixed, and sometimes impracticable.

58

18

Urban objects of the site are regularly placed and systematic manner, one banche every 100 meters. But unfortunately it don’t gives any realtions between objects and also with the users.

On a larger scale, it’s more specifically a set of towers installed on a mineral base.

Different forms, different heights, different widths, each of these building has his own and specific presence on the site. The towers are fixed and inactive objects on the site that get activated when users started using them.

Scale

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

59

INFRASTRUCTURE AS A DESIGN GUIDE Infrastructure is not only related to the large scale network. Each cores of AZCA towers have specific relation to the infrastructure.

Torre BBVA has spread its cores to let the metro go through the building. Torre Titania has separated his groundfloor in between the public space of the Corte Ingles to the private space of the entrance of the offices. Torre Europa is inserted into the site because of the holes around the tower, only the footbridge conects the city.To finish, into the cores of Torre Mahou and Torre Picasso, two chimney permits to evacuate the pollution from the underground levels.

Torre BBVA

60

Torre Titania

Torre Europa

Torre Picasso

Torre Mahou

CONCLUSIONS ON EACH SCALE

3. The city of Madrid

2. AZCA and its surroundings

Historically, when in 1561 Phillip II decided to move his court to Madrid, the city wasn’t prepared. The new capital of the empire in development didn’t had any cathedral, university or printing press. In the center of Spain, inserted in a particular topographic situation, Madrid had develop quickly, maybe too fast.

Nowadays, Azca is part of the central business district lined up on Paseo de la Castellana, the principal road of Madrid which creates a limit between east and west of the city. This road which we can compare because of her proportion to a highway is occupied by all the institutions building, financial towers, infrastructure landmarks, and museums.

Nowadays, Azca is part of the central business district lined up on Paseo de la Castellana, the principal road of Madrid which creates a limit between east and west of the city. This road which we can compare because of her proportion to a highway is occupied by all the institutions building, financial towers, infrastructure landmarks, and museums.

But Azca is not only crossed by visible links. The underground public transport under AZCA is very dense. First by the tunnel which link the two train stations of Madrid, Madrid-Chamartín and Madrid-Atocha.

But Azca is also related to 3 metro lines (one directly linked to BarajasAirport) and 7 Cercanías lines linked to the suburbs of Madrid.

1. AZCA itself

0. Inside AZCA

Thanks to its position in the center of Madrid, Azca site is directly related to a lot of civil services and even more to leisure elements.

However, those elements are mostly related to the rims more than Azca itself. In fact, because of its position, Azca is, on its borders, a limit and therefore very difficult to cross. The entrances are not really passable.

Inside Azca, in a smaller scale, we can tell the same duality of borders in the pavements. We can’t really understand the plots between the towers. A pavement related to a tower haven’t really finished yet to determine its property that second already starts defining its territory.

It creates a really strange patchwork on Azca’s ground floor.

Infrastructure is represented in Azca from the design of the towers to all the differents objects strewn in the site. This composition is sometimes difficult to access but seems to be necessary for the survival of this financial heaven.

61

62

DEMOGRAPHY

63

SUMMARY OF ANALYSES CURRENT STATISTICS Spain’s GDP/capita (€18,420/year) is relatively low compared to a country such as the Netherlands (€46,252/year). Nonetheless, Madrid’s GDP/capita is significantly higher than the rest of the country. This even holds true for the notoriously poorer area around AZCA, Tetuan, whose GDP is lower then the other surrounding areas. Madrid is also very densely habited compared to the rest of the Spain. Of the four focus districts, Tetuan contains the most habitants per square kilometre. It also has the highest immigrant community. Age structure is slightly less informative and does not differ that much within Madrid. The largest age group, at all scales, is between 40-64. This is projeted to be worrisome because in the next 20 years we will see a large amount of baby boomers retire. The birth and death rates are quite even, except in the districts of Chamberi and Salamanca where the death rate actually exceeds the birth rate.

(Marc Anderson)

HISTORY OF POPULATION FLUX Spanish population flux has occurred primarily as a response to political and economic changes. The population is projected to decline mainly due to the decrease in birth rates compared to that during Franco’s reign. This has left the country with a high population of elderly. With an already degrading economy, there will be fewer people to fill jobs and costs to take care of the elderly will be exorbitant.

In Madrid, and particularly within the AZCA district of Tetuan, there is a high population of immigration, especially those from Latin America. In recent years there have been tensions between “Spaniards” and immigrants in the area and often it is the immigrants that have been most affected by the crisis. There is a need to create a more inclusive community within Tetuan and mediate tensions between cultural groups.

(Gerard Julien)

SURROUNDING AZCA AZCA is located in the district of Tetuan, yet it is situated in the intersection of many small neighbourhoods. To summarise, the surrounding neighbourhoods of AZCA all consist of a largely older population with approximately 52-60% inhabitants over the age of 40. Excluding the affluent neighbourhoods of Hispano Americo El Viso, the others are extremely dense, ranging from 27,000 - 39 000 HAB/km2.

Thus suggesting that these neighbourhoods consist of a population with a lower socio-economic status. Finally on average the neighbourhoods consist of a Non-Spanish population of approximately 10%, with the exception of Hispano America with a low of 4.27% and Bella Vista with a high 21.4%. Interestingly, AZCA is sited directly between these two neighbourhoods, almost creating a physical border between the two zones. It would seem that the division was stimulated by the intense border conditions AZCA generates.

64

(google.maps.com)

(UN)EMPLOYMENT Spain has been plagued with relatively high unemployment rates. Causes include (1) a housing bubble where construction accounted for 12% of GDP and 13% of employment, (2) household borrowing tripled between 19962004, and (3) labour laws make it difficult to fire someone, thus making it less desirable to hire.

Unemployment is particularly relevant amongst young people. Although many Spaniards complete graduate programs, finding a permanent job remains difficult. In 2011, the grass-roots protest movement group Juventud Sin Futuro (Youth Without a Future), took to the streets because Spanish youth are frustrated by their inability to start a career, earn a steady wage and move out of their parents’ homes. JSF desires to change the submission of democratic politics to private economic power, and protect workers right and stimulate change. (telegraph.co.uk)

PEOPLE OF AZCA The people of AZCA can be categorized into three groups of people: consumers, workers, and residents. Residents compromise the smallest population as housing blocks are solely located on the western region along Calle de Orense. Workers are concentrated in the towers such as Torre Picasso, Torre Europa and Torre Mahou. Many of the workers lunch along the Castellano, but there is little connection with the street & sidewalk. The consumers are spread across the periphery of the AZCA block, with a large concentration shopping at El Corte Ingles. Many passersby use the major metro lines at the ends of the complex, yet there is rarely a need to venture to the interior of AZCA.

(Raphael Trapiello)

SOCIAL ISSUES OF AZCA AZCA is an area of contradictions that is host to corporate program during the weekdays, and underground criminal activity, insecurity and homeless in the evening. Associations, such as proAZCA, are attempting to revitalize the area and bring new attraction and demographies to the area, particularly in low peak office hours.

Due to the affiliation between Latin clubs and gang violence, unjust xenophobic reactions have been projected on the surrounding Latin community. Security cameras have been implemented, however this is only a temporary solution for reducing crime. Overall design and infrastructure must be changed to avoid isolated areas. These areas attract homeless, which indicates that there is a greater need for social efforts in helping the disadvantaged. At a larger scale, helping the local community find a solution to housing eviction can create overall improvements to the neighbourhood. (elmundo.es)

65

SHORT HISTORY OF TETUAN (DISTRICT OF AZCA) Before exploring the demographic situation of AZCA, it is important to understand the history of Tetuan. Tetuan was not always associated with Madrid, but through time it expanded and was eventually merged together. Its history is evident in the coexistance of various neighbourhoods in the area and the people who live there.

.1860 Establishment of Tetuan’s “Expansion Plan” - Originally orchard fields, but transformed in to settlement for soldiers after the Battle of Tetouan, Morocco - Presence of immigration within the Tetuan area as a result of civil war - Gradually became a working class neighbourhood 1875 - 1900 - South-east area (now AZCA) developed differently then the rest of Tetuan in both land use and social class. Area characterized by farming, gardens and large villas - Tetuan developed a stock of sub-standard housing due to poor living conditions in the downtown neighbourhoods and lack of official housing policies

Fielato de Cuatro Caminos-1889

1917-1926 - Municipal taxes brought a revival of construction activity to the area - Detached houses and gardens were developed - Erection of tall buildings were an indicator of the arrival of middle class 1940 - Large scale urbanization began in the district with development plans and established industries Large scale urban interventions took place. The demolition of suburban homes and expropriation of farms for the creation of the streets of Genera Peron, Huesca and Orense

Plaza de Toros, Tetuan - 1900

1946 - Tetuan, predominately a working class district, sees an introduction of high-income population due to the prolongation of the axis of the Castellana and the creation of AZCA 1960’s-1970’s - Rapid growth of the Paseo de la Castellana expands westward over the old quarter, resulting in the displacement of working population. Low houses are replaced by affluent housing blocks 66

Cuatro Caminos - 1917

SOCIO-HISTORY OF TETUAN DISTRICT

Distrit of Tetuan, 1950

AZCA site - 1960

1975 - Franco’s death; End of the “Politics of Birth” 1980’s-2000 - Significantly decline in population between 1986-1996, afterwards there was a gradual and steady increase - The number of births fell by half during this period -On average, women are having children between 30-40 years. This coincides with the inclusion of women in the work force Capitan Haya street, north of Tetuan, housing destruction for commercial mall construction 1986

2000’s - Attractive for employment seekers and people looking to improve their living conditions.

- Creation of two opposing areas: the west is composed of artisans, commercial and residential workers, and the east is recognized as a financial and bureaucratic district with a luxury residential neighbourhood as a result of the urbanization in ‘60s and ‘70s 2000-2010 - Cuatro Caminos is the most densely populated district in Tetuan - New residents from elsewhere in Madrid are also migrating towards Tetuan to purchase new homes 2005 - Foreign population represents 20% of Tetuan. This is a large percentage in comparison to other neighbourhoods, and it is also unevenly distributed throughout the district.

67

SPAIN VS MADRID POPULATION 1500-1900

SPAIN VS MADRID POPULATION 1910 - 2015 50 000 000

POPULATION

POPULATION

20 000 000

15 000 000

10 000 000

37 500 000

25 000 000

5 000 000

12 500 000

0

0

1500

1600

1700

1800

1900

1910

1920

1930 1940 1950

YEAR

1500

1960 1970 1980 1990

1550

1600

1650

2 450 000 2 250 000 2 050 000

1 450 000 1 250 000 1 050 000 850 000 650 000 450 000 POPULATION MADRID 68

MADRID 1561 Madrid Becomes the Capital of Spain

175

1700 - MADRID 1706 City occupied

by Portuguese.

SPAIN 1618 The 30 Years War Began

2 650 000

1 650 000

2015

YEAR

2 850 000

1 850 000

2000

- SPAIN 1648 The 30 Years War End With The Signing Of The Treaty of Westphalia

1800

- SPAIN 1761 The 7 Years War Began Spain Declares War on Britain

1850

- MADRID 1808 Rising of Dos de Mayo

1900

2000

1950

FRANCO

50

- SPAIN 1960 Contraceptives Firt Registered

SPAIN 1918 An Influenza Epidemic Caused a High Infant Mortality

1939-1975

40 000 000 38 000 000 36 000 000 34 000 000 32 000 000 30 000 000 28 000 000 26 000 000 24 000 000 22 000 000 20 000 000 18 000 000 16 000 000 14 000 000 12 000 000 10 000 000 POPULATION SPAIN 69

1980

FRANCO

1970

1990

20

3 200 000 3 100 000 3 000 000 2 900 000 2 800 000 2 700 000 2 600 000 2 500 000 2 400 000

1000

2 300 000

900

2 200 000

800

2 100 000

700

2 000 000

600

1 900 000

500

1 800 000

400

1 700 000

300

1 600 000

200

1 500 000

100

POPULATION DENSITY (hab/km2) MADRID MADRID

70

1% IMMIGRATION TO SPAIN

1%

000

2010

2015

2020

2030

2%

GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS

CRISIS

47 500 000

12%

9.5%

46 500 000 45 500 000 44 500 000 43 500 000 42 500 000 41 500 000 40 500 000 39 500 000 38 500 000 37 500 000 100

36 500 000

90

35 500 000

80

34 500 000

70

33 500 000

60

32 500 000

50

31 500 000

40

30 500 000

30

29 500 000

20

28 500 000

10

27 500 000

(hab/km2) DENSITY POPULATION SPAIN SPAIN 71

MIGRATION TO MADRID Spanish population flux has occurred primarily as a response to political and economic changes. The population is projected to decline mainly due to the decrease in birth rates compared to that during Franco’s reign. This has left the country with a high population of elderly. With an already degrading economy, there will be fewer people to fill jobs and costs to take care of the elderly will be exorbitant.

In Madrid, and particularly within the AZCA district of Tetuan, there is a high population of immigration, especially those from Latin America. In recent years there have been tensions between “Spaniards” and immigrants in the area and often it is the immigrants that have been most affected by the crisis.

There is a need to create a more inclusive community within Tetuan and mediate tensions between cultural groups.

72

DISTRIBUTION OF NATIONALITIES IN MADRID

0

Centro Arganzuela Retiro Salamanca Chamartín Tetuán Chamberí Fuencarral-El Pardo

Europe America

Moncloa-Aravaca Latina Carabanchel Usera

Asia Africa

Puente de Vallecas Moratalaz Ciudad Lineal Hortaleza Villaverde Villa de Vallecas 19. Vicálvaro San Blas-Canillejas Barajas

(elpais.com)

TETUAN & IMMIGRATION (elpais.com)

The district of Tetuan is home to the most immigrant around the AZCA area. Within the area, there is a large population of Latin American immigrants. (madrid.es)

TETUAN IMMIGRANT POPULATION:

16.7%

LATIN AMERICAN & CARIBBEAN POPULATION:

(tetuanmadrid.com)

42.4%

73

(UN)EMPLOYMENT Spain has been plagued with relatively high unemployment rates. Causes include (1) a housing bubble where construction accounted for 12% of GDP and 13% of employment, (2) household borrowing tripled between 1996-2004, and (3) labour laws make it difficult to fire someone, thus making it less desirable to hire. Unemployment is particularly relevant amongst young people. Although many Spaniards complete graduate programs, finding a permanent job remains difficult. In 2011, the grass-roots protest movement group Juventud Sin Futuro (Youth Without a Future), took to the streets because Spanish youth are frustrated by their inability to start a career, earn a steady wage and move out of their parents’ homes. JSF desires to change the submission of democratic politics to private economic power, and protect workers right and stimulate change.

(mapadelparo.com)

74

(CBS.nl) (CBS.nl) (madrid.es) (madrid.es)

(madrid.es)

(inocenciadeldevenir.blogspot.nl)

Evolution of Unemployment

2015 Unemployment Rate (20-34yrs)

(CBS.nl) (madrid.es)

Comparison of Global Unemployment Rates

(eurostat.com)

75

76

1960’s & ‘70s 1980’s-2000’s 2000’s - PRESENT 1936-39 1939-75

Migration from rural Spain to metropolitan centres such as Madrid, Barcelona, Sevilla & Valencia where there was greater economic activity.

When Baby Boomers (born between 19551975) left their family home, there was a shift from living in the city to moving to the suburbs due to high housing demand, better property values, expansion of new infrastructure & the revalorization of the suburban spaces.

In recent years, there has been a trend in re-urbanization and a move back to the metropolitan area, particularly in cities like Madrid and Barcelona. This is said to be a result of increase in immigration and an increase of the attractiveness of the central areas.

During the Spanish Civil War, there was a decrease in birth rates as many men were removed from their families.

During Francisco Franco’s fascist reign, women were expected to have many children.

While birth rates were declining in the rest of Europe, the average family in Spain consisted of 3 or more children.

TRENDS IN POPULATION MOVEMENT

BETWEEN CITY & SUBURB INFLUENCES

1975-80’s PRESENT 1975+ 1998-2010 2010-11 2015+

After Franco’s death access to education, contraceptives, divorce and the work force increased for women, while birth rates plummeted.

Following trends across the EU, women in Spain have decided against starting families.

2015 was the first time since the Spanish Flu (1918) and the Spanish Civil War that the deaths outnumbered births.

After Franco’s Spanish extremist nationalist perspective ended, a liberal democracy and extensive social welfare developed. This brought an increase of immigrants from Morocco, Eastern Europe and South America.

Immigrants from Latin America increased from 19% to 41% due to access to jobs, as well as financial and industrial development.

After crisis and lack of employment, there was a decrease in Latin American’s in Tetuan and immigrants in Madrid in general. However, Chinese immigration has been increasing slightly.

Spain has agreed to take in 15,000 asylum seekers who have been displaced by war.

However, so far the EU has criticized Spain for their slow initiatives. Madrid has pledged 10 million euros towards refugee resettlement services.

ON BIRTH RATES IMMIGRATION

77

CURRENT DEMOGRAPHIC STATISTICS

SITUATION OF SPAIN, MADRID & SURROUNDING AZCA DISTRICTS

Province of Madrid

POPULATION: 46,121,699 DENSITY: 91.7 hab./km2 GDP/PERSON: €18,420/year IMMIGRANTS: 9.6% BIRTHS: 9.64 births/1000 people DEATHS: 9.04 deaths/1000 people

SPAIN

POPULATION: 3,141,991 DENSITY: 5,199 hab./km2 GDP/capita: €24,576/year IMMIGRANTS: 12.1%

AZCA

BIRTH RATE: 9.42 births/1000 people DEATH RATE: 8.01 deaths/1000 people

1 4

MUNICIPALITY OF MADRID 78

2 3

Spain’s GDP/capita (€18,420/year) is relatively low compared to a country such as the Netherlands (€46,252/year). Nonetheless, Madrid’s GDP/capita is significantly higher than the rest of the country.

This even holds true for the notoriously poorer area around AZCA, Tetuan, whose GDP is lower then the other surrounding areas, but still higher then the national average. Although Salamanca is considered a more affluent district, visible by its streetscape, it does not have a significantly higher GPD. Madrid is also very densely habited compared to the rest of the Spain. Of the four focus districts, Tetuan contains the most habitants and immigrants per square kilometre. Age structure is slightly less informative and does not differ that much within Madrid. The largest age group, at all scales, is between 40-64. This is projeted to be worrisome because in the next 20 years we will see a large amount of baby boomers retire. The birth and death rates are quite even, except in the districts of Chamberi and Salamanca where the death rate actually exceeds the birth rate.

1 - TETUAN POPULATION: 150,860 DENSITY: 28,100 hab./km2 GDP/capita: €21,934/year IMMIGRANTS: 16.7% BIRTH RATE: 9.52 births/1000 people DEATH RATE: 8.39 deahts/1000 people

2 - CHAMARTIN POPULATION: 141,435 DENSITY: 15,400 hab./km2 GDP/capita: €25,862/year IMMIGRANTS: 8.8% BIRTH RATE: 9.36 births/1000 people DEATH RATE: 8.60 deaths/1000 people

3 - SALAMANCA POPULATION: 142,388 DENSITY: 26,400 hab./km2 GDP/capita: €26,119/year IMMIGRANTS: 11.2% BIRTH RATE: 8.79 births/1000 people DEATH RATE: 10.49 deaths/1000 people

4 - CHAMBERI POPULATION: 137,286 DENSITY: 29,300 hab./km2 GDP/capita: €26,161/year IMMIGRANTS: 10.6% BIRTH RATE: 8.23 births/1000 people DEATH RATE: 10.77deaths/1000 people

(madrid.es) (cia.gov)

79

SURROUNDING AZCA NEIGHBOURHOODS

80

CONCLUSION & ANALYSIS: By redefining the “zone� in which AZCA is situated, we were able to develop a greater understanding of the demographics surrounding AZCA. Although politically a part of the Tetuan District, AZCA also borders on the Chamartin District. By breaking the two districts down, selecting the border neighbourhoods of AZCA and analysing the demographic statistics within, themes and their aberrations arose. To summarise, the surrounding neighbourhoods of AZCA all consist of a largely older population with approximately 52-60% inhabitants over the age of 40. Excluding the affluent neighbourhoods of Hispano Americo El Viso, the others are extremely dense, ranging from 27,000 - 39 000 HAB/km2. Thus suggesting that these neighbourhoods consist of a population with a lower socio-economic status. Finally on average the neighbourhoods consist of a Non-Spanish population of approximately 10%, with the exception of Hispano America with a low of 4.27% and Bella Vista with a high 21.4%. Interestingly, AZCA is sited directly between these two neighbourhoods, almost creating a physical border between the two zones. It would seem that the division was stimulated by the intense border conditions AZCA generates.

81

SOCIAL ISSUES IN & AROUND AZCA AZCA is an area of contradictions that is host to both economic activity and corporate social activities around Torre Picasso during the weekdays, while also host to underground criminal activity, insecurity and homeless in the evening. The maintenance of the complex is not be fully effective unless there is joint effort between private and public institutions. Associations, such as proAZCA, are attempting to revitalize the area and bring new attraction and demographies to the area, particularly in low peak office hours. Due to the affiliation between Latin clubs and gang violence, unjust xenophobic reactions have been projected on the surrounding Latin community. Security cameras have been implemented, however this is only a temporary solution for reducing crime. Overall design and infrastructure must be changed to avoid isolated areas. These areas attract homeless, which indicates that there is a greater need for social efforts in helping the disadvantaged. At a larger scale, helping the local community find a solution to housing eviction can create overall improvements to the neighbourhood.

Crime “This year there were 118 police operations, with 158 detainees and 986 arrest for abusing drugs, in AZCA” - 20 Minutos (2014) AZCA’s nightlife draws a large community of Latin Americans and disturbances such as crime and drugs have been linked to this community.

Although murders have occurred in the area, it is a rare occurrence.

Insecurity There are 55 operating security cameras located around housing and office areas. The city believes that the installation of cameras will deter crime and guarantee safety.

“Madrid extends its project of urban surveillance on Azca complex” - El Pais

Acoustic nuisance In recent years residents of the area have complained of the excessive noise due to the nightclubs. In 2009 the “Zone of Special Acoustic Protection” was implemented. This regulation attempts to improve quality of life of the neighbours.

(blog.esmadrid.com)

82

Maintenance Issues

Social contrast

In AZCA, isolated corridors and below ramps have been occupied by homeless and often waste, boxes and bottles accumulate in these areas. In contrast the area surrounding Torre Picasso is well maintained to preserve the corporate image.

The street, Bravo Murillo, creates a boundary between rich and poor.

Extreme degrees of social cohesion exist in Madrid. Recently, Latin communities have been victimized by neo-Nazi group, Hogal Social Madrid. In contrast, an ultraleft

collective “Mesa Festivo� attempts to promote interracial marriage, solidarity and engage in the fight against xenophobia.

Local initiatives Established in 2014, ProAZCA acts to develop and promote activities and thematic areas, around sports, family, leisure, culture, restoration, & trade.

The aim is to increase equalities, day/ night and week/weekend contrast, and to facilitate the relationship and public-private communication between municipality, owners, users.

(agenciasinc.es)

Housing Eviction Housing eviction is an issue affecting areas of Madrid, including Tetuan.

The increase in eviction is caused by the inability to pay mortgage loans which was stimulated by the economic crisis and recent housing bubble. Plataforma de Afectados Por La Hipteca (PAH) is a platform created to help people who have lost their mortgaged homes. PAH now focuses on all housing related problems, including the support of squatting rights.

Homeless

(nuroa.es)

Homelessness in Madrid primarly affects men (80%), average age: 47.

Most have a secondary education or higher (65%), are unemployed (79%) and 15% are retired. Since the economic crisis more people use soup kitchen and health resources, but numbers of homeless has not increased significantly. 28% of homeless are immigrants. Often homelessness is a result of personal circumstance.

Most homeless gather in the centre (31.5%). Other districts include Tetuan (5.7%), Chamartin (5.1%), Salamanca (8.4%) and Chamberi (6.6%). Homeless Statistics on AZCA are difficult to find, however, from empirical analysis and discussions with locals, it is clear that AZCA is appealing to homeless, particularly in the evening when the area is less active. (agenciasinc.es) (madrid.org)

(vice.com/es)

83

MAPPING SOCIAL ISSUES

6 4 2

1 5 3

Nightlife venues

Garbages, maintenance issues

Main recent conflicts

High Acoustic Protection zone

Major proportion of housing by area

Eviction (2012-2014)

Low Acoustic Protection zone

Major proportion of offices by area

1 Dwellings along Calle de Orense 84

2 Workers in Plaza Picasso

3 Shoppers in Calle de Orense

Residents compromise the smallest population as housing blocks are solely located on the western region along Calle de Orense. Workers are concentrated in the towers such as Torre Picasso, Torre Europa and Torre Mahou. Many of the workers lunch along the Castellano, but there is little connection with the street & sidewalk. The consumers are spread across the periphery of the AZCA block, with a large concentration shopping at El Corte Ingles. Many passersby use the major metro lines at the ends of the complex, yet there is rarely a need to venture to the interior of AZCA.

By the 19 hectares of AZCA, pass each day 120,000 pedestrians, and in its undergrounds approximately 37,000 vehicles.

500,000 sqm of offices in 11 different buildings

1,250 dwellings situated in 10 different buildings 180 commercial establishments

30,000 people on weekends - hosted in approx. 15 venues

Proportion residents to workers in AZCA

500 brands represented

19,8% of space used for commercial activity

The AZCA’s Zone of Acoustic Protection, that will benefit to about 5,000 neighbors, will divide in two parts. The first is the “zone of low acoustic contamination”, where the schedule of the terraces will diminish half an hour in summer and there will be determined the opening of new places to the existence of a distance of 30 meters between them.

The “zone of high acoustic contamination”, more restrictive.

The entry into force of the measure will suppose a veto to creation of businesses and that the watching ones dismantle an hour before in summer, and hour and a half the rest of the year.

Nightlife venues

Garbages, maintenance issues

Main recent conflicts

High Acoustic Protection zone

Major proportion of housing by area

Eviction (2012-2014)

Low Acoustic Protection zone

Major proportion of offices by area

4 “La Nuit” one of the underground club in AZCA

5 Underground occupied by evicted people

6 Garbages around underground venues.

85

PEOPLE OF AZCA It is important to note that the survery is of such a small size due to both a small time frame in which we had to undertake the task and the amount of people, particularly businessmen, who declined to answer any questions.

In fact it would be safe to say that 1 in 10 people agreed to let us ask them some questions. Regardless, we still managed to aquire a diverse sample of people at AZCA, which we believe, reflect the people using the complex quite accurately. The centre and northern end of the complex are dominated by business men and women and the perimeter which becomes synonomus with the retail zones, are where a more diverse demographic can be found. The complex is also dominated by men, which does not reflect in the survey as they were less likely to answer questions.

Other AZCA Users

AZCA User 3 Office Working Girls in their 20’s Reason for being in AZCA: We are working here, at the Picasso tower.

Perception of AZCA: Azca is a central point of Madrid, it is a commercial center for working and business.

AZCA improvements/change/requirements: It should be cleaner, it is clean but definitely there is room for improvement. There are too many homeless people, I would try to relocate them somewhere else.

They should not be here, they are everywhere, in the park and in the plaza. It is not good for them and not good for us either.

Area of interest

Perception of AZCA via Plan

86

Profile Picture

Position

Occupation of Surveyees

38%

Business

15%

Sales/Retail

8%

Services

8%

Media

8%

Surveyees Age and Sex 4 No.

Renewable Energy

15%

Student

8%

Retired

3 Male Female

2 1

0-19

20-39

40-64

65+

Age

Approx. Salary Based on Job Title and Estimated Years of Experience Data provided by http://www.tusalario.es/main/salario/comparatusalario

Euro per Month

3000

2000

1000

Euro per Month

0

Sales

Businessman

Sales

Businessman

Retired

Businessman

Media Technician

Renewable Energy

Businesswoman

Student

Cleaning Services

Students

2000

1000 0

Businesswoman 87

88

POLITICS

89

INTRODUCTION Spain finds itself at this very moment in the middle of a political shift. Top-down policy making gives way to a more and more localy initated, bottom-up approach to politics and city planning.

The reasoning behind this shift can be split up in different parts. Firstly there is the shift in political landscape. During the last decades the central gouvernment consisted of the two major parties. Right now the political landscape is getting more and more fragmented, which causes trouble in in the process of forming coalitions. The enormous gain of popularity of the extreme left wing party Ahora Madrid fits in the described political shift. The Ahora Madrid coalition invites citizen initaves and NGO to join the inclusive process to draft a new development plan for Madrid. At the same time planned projects are freezed or even overturned. This recent trend is going hand in hand with a decrease of trust in politics by the people of Spain. Dissatisfaction of the established political parties and system is growing.

Last, Spain has a relatively young democracy.

It is well possible that this young democracy is in a search for the right way to deal with a polictical system and with city planning. This could declare that Spain is going to a phase in which it is more leaning towards a decentralized way of practicing politics. particapatory democracy Recent initatives of particapatory democracy such as Decide Madrid show the seeking for a more ‘‘power to the people’’ way of thinking about policy making. At the other hand it also clearly shows that Spain and Madrid are not there yet. Particaptory budgetting, as initated

by Decide Madrid mallfunctions on certain aspects. The medium that is used, the internet, at the one hand enables the possibilty to easily manage the voting at proposal system.

At the other hand it creates a huge distance between people themselfses and between

people and the governement. The internet is not a disicplined space ideal for debate. The last the essential to particaptory democracy.

Another mallfunction of Decide Madrid as it is now is the lack of an overal framework wherein small scale proposals can get a place. Without this framework policy making becomes fragmented which is at the expense of its effectiveness. spheres of influence The political shift is confirmed by the changes in of the spheres of influence in and around AZCA. Smaller private organisation gain power and are more often at the table when it comes to major decisions concerning the AZCA district. An example is the descicion of placing a surveillance system around AZCA. This plan is party initaited by the AZCAneighbourhoods organization COMUNAZCA. city planning, spatial implications This mentioned shift also involves a spatial factor. Where in the last decades Madrid undergone huge urban expensions this trend gave way to a more small scale type of urban planning. The last stands for slow development. AZCA itself, as part of one of the great expansions towards the north, represents the ‘‘old-fashioned’’ way of politics. The more interesting it is to sense that right now AZCA seems to seek for smaller scale developments and activities. In this way one tries to humaniza the area to become more active, lively and safer and more related to its surroundings: the residential neigbourhoods. An fine example is the food-truck festival organized by the PRO-AZCA organisation. An organiastion which, at least triest to, appear as having good intentions with the residents of the neighbourhood and the business active in the AZCA area. Also the plan director de AZCA initated in june 2015 consists of multiple examples of small scale, short term actions to improve and re-vitalize the urban fabric of

Scenario 1

bottom up

ve

lo

pm

en

t

Scenario 2

Re

ce

nt

de

top down

time

90

AZCA. Tools therefor are art, light, recreational functions and small scale adaptations of the urban fabric in favour of pedestrians.

Future perspective Where does this political shift leads to and what will the future hold for madrid and more particulair for AZCA? The aswer is naturally unsure. Two scenarios can occure.

At the one hand, it could be possible that the perceived shift will continue. This would mean a drastic adjustment of the political system present right now. Neighbourhood organizations and the local municipality boards will take full control over important discisions concerning the AZCA area.

At the other hand the perceived could be only temporary. In this case the shift is just a temporary phase where every young democrary is going through.

P O L ITICAL S TE M SPAIN POLITICAL SYSTEMSY & SITUATION Po lit ica l sys t e m King

symbol i c & heredi tary

C ons titution Ex e c utiv e bra nc h

Le gis l at i ve b r an ch

Ju d i ci al b r an ch

C ons t i t ut i onal C our t Prime M inis te r M a ri a n o Ra j o y

M inis t e r ie s

C ongr ess

S en at e

Fo r m c a b in e t w ith p r im e m in is te r

2 5 8 m ember s

359 s enat or s

5 8 a p poi nt ed 2 0 8 c h os en b y r e g i on

di r ec t l y c hos en

De te rm i n e d b y re s u l ts e l e c ti o n

S upr eme C our t

C our t

Gov e rna nc e le v e ls 1

Spa in Ex p la in e d in th e D ia g r a m a b ov e

17

Autonom ous R e gions Comunida d de M a dr id

Ce rta i n L e g i s la tiv e A u to n o m y , e x e c u ti v e pow er s

50 Provinc e s (Co m m u n i d a d d e M a d r id h a s o n e p r o vi nc e) In fra s tru c tu re a n d A d m in is tr a tio n , n o t muc h pow er

M un ic ipa lit ie s M u n i c i p i o d e M a d r id Sp a ti a l Pl a n nin g a n d S a fe ty

Te tu a n

Dis tr ic t os

Sm a l l i n fl u e n c e 91

100 YEARS Country OF POLITICAL ELECTIONS

Land, municipality and city scale

2008

2004 2015

Country

PSOE

PP

Union of the DemocraticUI Centre Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party People’s Party Christian Democratic Party Basque Nationalist PartyCP Herri Batasuna Amaiur Democratic and Social Centre CEDA The Spanish Confederation of the2020 Autonomous Right

UCD

PCE

92

1977

1979

1982

1986

1989

1983

1979 1961 ETA derails a train with politicians

1975 1958 Spain joins the World Bank 1959 The ETA armed separatists group is formed

1971 1955 Spain joins the United Nations 1950’s Around this time tourism becomes popular again

1967 1950 dictatorship changes to semi-plurist authorian system

1963 1946 start first ideas of azca site

1945 Franco starts to talk with NATO and USA

1939 start Franco regime

1936 last normal election

1955

1939

1951

1947 1931 monarchy ends and a republic rises start of female voting rights including usage of the Madrelian airport

Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party Union of Democratic Centre People’s Party

1943

year

1926 end of RIF war (2nd maroccan war)

1939

1935

1931

ast 11 die and more are injured eries of mass mpts by African ants to enter the ves of Melilla and a from Morocco in to reach Spain. n reviews decision port those who do hrough back to cco after expresof international ern

Francoist regime

civil war 1959

Second republic

Military Governor

1993 1993

1996 1996

2000 2000

2004 2004

2008 2008

2003 2003

2015 Forced Forced early early elections elections for for independence independence of of Catalinia Catalinia 2015

2008 2008 PM PM Zapatero Zapatero new new cabinet: cabinet: More More women women

2015 2015

1995 1995

Train bombs bombs in in madrid madrid 192 192 killed killed Train (just before before the the general general elections) elections) (just 2006 ETA ETA lay lay down down arms arms for for democracy democracy after after airport airport bombings bombings 2006 2007 2007 -- 2013 2013 building building torre torre Titania Titania

2001 EURO EURO valuta valuta first first used used 2001

01 -- 01 01 -- 1999 1999 Spain Spain adopt adopt the the EURO EURO valuta valuta 01

2011 2011

2007 2007

2003 2003

1985 1985 1989 1989 1993 1993

1997 23 23 leaders leaders of of Batasuna Batasuna jailed jailed for for helping helping ETA ETA 1997 6 million million spaniards spaniards protest protest against against ETA ETA 6

1992 Olympic Olympic games games in in Barcelona Barcelona 1992

1999 1999

1995 1995

1991 1991

1987 1987

1981 1981

1986 Spain Spain joins joins the the Europian Europian union union 1986

30 May May 1982 1982 Spain Spain joins joins the the NATO NATO 30

23F -- Coup Coup d’état d’état -- Failed Failed the the next next day day 23F

1975 1975 start start building building azca azca towers towers // Franco Franco dies dies

 1973 1973 Eta Eta kills kills Prime Prime Minister Minister Admiral Admiral Luis Luis Carrero Carrero Blanco Blanco in in retaliation retaliation for for the the government's government's execution execution of of Basque Basque fighters fighters

1970 1970 start start development development on on site site // Franco Franco starts starts monarchy monarchy 1971 1971 start start of of the the Madrelian Madrelian University University

Municipality Municipality

Municipality Municipality

City City Council Council

City City Council Council Spanish Spanish democracy democracy

2011 2011

2011 2011

93

POLITICAL PARTICIPATION IN SPAIN It is widely accepted that citizens’ trust is important for the state of democracy and for the correct functioning of the social, economic and political life.

scandals, it is possible that upcoming elections will further reduce the influence of PP and PSOE.

candidate became real for the first time since the Spanish transition to democracy.

Decline in Elections Turnout

Decline in Political Trust and Public Satisfaction

Growing Political Tension

Spain has one of the lowest rates of voter turnouts in Europe. Since the death of Franco, Spain went through many political changes.

During the time of social and political tension, the voter turnout rates show that participation in politics grew; and during relative stability there is a general decline in public interest in politics.

Higher turnout would be expected to benefit smaller parties challenging the hegemony of Popular Party (PP) and Socialist Party (PSOE), which have alternated in power for decades until the last General Elections in December 2015. As Spain faces the new political crisis because elected parties are unable to form a government, as well as the new corruption

The economic and financial crisis started at the same time all around the European Union.

Some of the countries rapidly recovered from it and overcame the crisis situation; Spain still has problems of huge unemployment and increased economic downturn. This has led to dramatic decline in political trust over past decade starting from crisis in 2007.Which, in turn, combined with corruption scandals led to the latest political crisis. After the 2015 election resulted in the most fragmented Congress of Deputies in recent times, the possibility of a new election having to be held as a result of a possible parliamentary deadlock during the investiture of a Prime Minister People’s Party (1989-today)

ERC (1931-today)

PSOE (1879-today)

People’s Coalition (1982-1989)

United Left (1986-today)

General Elections 1982

UPyD (2007-today)

General Elections 1986

on

CiU (1978-2015)

General Elections 1993 Growing of social opposition

politic

al sta

p

First elections since Franco

People’s Aliiance (1974-1989)

BNG (1982-today)

General Elections 1989

First Madrid City Council Elections nsi al te olitic

Comunist Party (1921-today)

Basque Partie (1895-today)

Citizens (2005-today)

General Elections 1982

UCD (1977-1982)

CDC (1974-today)

Podemos (2014-today)

General Elections 1977

Spain is a diverse country with different and contrasting polities showing varying economic and social structures, as well as different languages and historical, political and cultural traditions. As tensions between peripheral nationalism and centralism continue to grow, some nationalist parties advocate for recognition of the other “nations” of the Spanish Kingdom or for a peaceful process towards self-determination. In Catalonia there has been a substantial increase in the number of people who openly consider themselves independentists. Recently, the Parliament of Catalonia adopted the Declaration of the Initiation of the Process of Independence of Catalonia.

bility

sion

l ten

tica poli

Referendum on remaining in NATO 23F - Failed Coup d’état

The Spanish Constitution

94

Spain joins the NATO

Time of stability under PSOE gov PSOE big victory Time of reforms

Various scandals of PSOE led to start of their loosing seats to PP

Spain joins the Europian Union First Elections for European Parliament

General Elections 1996

General Elections 2000

General Elections 2004

General Elections 2008

General Elections 2011

General Elections 2015

sion

al ten

politic poli

tical

sion

al ten

stab

ility

politic

politic

al dis

trust

Spain adopt the EURO valuta Start of the financial crisis

Eruption of illegal financing scandals

6 million spaniards protest against ETA Labour reforms

2 strikes that year

Growing of Euroscepticism Spain is ranked the second most distrustful of European Union

95

General Elections 2015 outcome

Conclusions

ELECTION OUTCOME Political climate For 33 years, two parties have taken turns to run Spain. No more. Elections on Sunday, December 20th, produced no outright winner.

The conservative People’s Party (PP) won just 29% of the vote or 123 seats, down from 186 in 2011 and well short of the 176 needed to form a government. The Socialists (PSOE) claimed second place with 22%, down from 29% in 2011. Both lost ground to new parties.

Upstarts Podemos, a leftish movement, claimed 21% of the vote while liberal Ciudadanos won 14%—less than expected. Both parties campaigned against corruption and cronyism. Their support has been fuelled by biting austerity and a stagnant economy, though the economy is now growing again and unemployment, while still high, has begun to fall.

But the paradoxical result of the rise of two parties promising fresh approaches to the country’s problems has been paralysis, not forward movement. After months of squabbling and manoeuvring, King Felipe last week gave up his efforts to persuade the politicians to agree on a coalition, which could rule the country, and there will now be new elections in late June.

2015 results

2011 results

Mariano Rajoy PP and it’s leader fail to form a government. Mariano Rajoy stays as Caretaker Prime Minister.

Coalitions PP + Podemos. Unlikely Grand coalition. Would be seen as betrayal to democracy, because people voted for change

PP + C’s. Everybody is likely to vote against them PSOE + Podemos. Was possible if

coalition with PSOE

C’s abstained but Podemos refused

PSOE + Podemos + C’s. Could have been new reformist grand coalition, but Podemos refused coalition

Recent developments and Predictions

Recent developments and Predictions

New Elections 2016. Parties fail to form coalitions

Rajoy and PP fail to form a government

Podemos and PSOE along with Other left-wing parties form a government. This is possible if PSOE changes the leader of their party and both big parties come to an agreement on Catalonia.

Referendum on Catalonia

Business is not developing as fast as it could. Unemployment is still a problem despite more of social equality.

Political trust is growing.

New benefits for people under left-wing government

2015 96

2016

Catalonia is separated from Spain. Protests.

Political tension.

scenario 1 Right-wing Government

PP an C’s form a government.

PP and C’s popularity is growing comparing to PSOE with it’s many scandals, so this coalition possibly would be able to form a government.

Political trust is low. No social changes. Unemployment is still high.

Sanchez and PSOE fail to form a government. No party wants to form a coalition with PSOE due to their corruption scandals

Catalonia remains a Spanish territory Country is flourishing

Political trust is growing.

There is stability in the country. Business is developing more rapidly

Country is stable enough to overcome the economical crisis this time.

Economical crisis.

New wave of unemployment leads to great political tension.

scenario 2 2017

2018

2019

2020

General Elections 2020

Podemos leader rules out coaltion with any party

New General Elections 2016

Left-wing Government

MADRID ELECTIONS Assembly of Madrid Regional legislature of the Autonomous Community of Madrid since the approval of the Madrid Charter of Autonomy in 1983.

It is elected every four years during the Spanish Regional and Municipal elections.

Spain

City Council of Madrid Administrative body of the municipality of Madrid, Spain. It consists of the invested Mayor of Madrid, currently Manuela Carmena, the Junta de Gobierno, and an elected 57-member Plenary with scrutiny powers.

2015 election was an unexpectedly close race between PP and Podemos-supported Ahora Madrid platform, obtaining 21 and 20 council seats each. This was a blow to Esperanza Aguirre’s expectations of becoming the city’s Mayor, as an alliance between Ahora Madrid and PSOE allowed Carmena to become the first non-PP mayor in 24 years.

Municipality of Madrid

Municipality of Madrid (Madrilenian parliament) People’s Party (current opposition) 48 seats in Madrilenian parliament. Christian democratic and liberal right orientated party with a Francoist background.

Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (current opposition) 37 seats in Madrilenian parliament. Social-democratic and federalist centre left. For the working class; government in ‘93.

Podemos 27 seats in Madrilenian parliament. Left winged party. Founded in March 2014, against the inequality and corruption.

City of Madrid

Citizens - Party of the Citizenry 17 seats in Madrilenian parliament. Considered Center left and dod-nationalist. mix of social democracy and progressive liberal.

C’s (12%)

Others (6%)

C’s (12%)

Others (6%)

PSOE (15%)

Ahora (32%)

City Council Elections ( Tetuan ) PSOE (15%)

People’s Party 21 seats in city council.

Absent (32%)

Ahora (29%)

Madrid City Council

PP (35%)

Manuela Carmena

City Council Elections ( Madrid )

PP (38%)

Mayor of Madrid

Absent (36%)

Others (5%)

C’s (13%)

PSOE (11%)

Ahora (24%)

Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party 9 seats in city council.

City Council Elections ( Cuatro Caminos ) PP (48%)

Now Madrid 20 seats in city council.

Citizens powered party.

Absent (32%)

Citizens - Party of the Citizenry 7 seats in city council.

97

GUIDE TO IDEOLOGY

Ideology over a 100 year political area



                                



















The Communist Party of Spain



Radical Republican Party

 The Popular Front



The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party





The Liberal Party

 Partido Liberal-Conservado

 The Carlist party







 Spanish Patriotic Union







98

Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups





Falange Espanola Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva N









Monument to Alfonso XII

Ministerio de Aire

Edificio España

El Ru









          

        

      

        









                              



Partido Comunista de Espana



Podemos (Founded 2014)





United Left - Izquierda Unida



The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party



 Citizens - Party of the Citizenry



Democratic and Social Centre

 Union, Progress and Democracy

 Union of the Democratic Centre



 The People's Party



       

 

Nacional Sindicalista





udeo



        









Banco de Bilbao Tower

Gate of Europe

Pro Azca - madreat







        

         

           99

POLITICAL PROTEST King Juan Carlos is appointed

Madrid has a agitated history of political mass protests. Both political sides, left and right, are organising protest in the city on regulare bases. Therefor, they occupy specific places in the city, Plaza del Sol and Plaza de Oriente. It started in the last decade of the Franco regime with the 1965 student protests formed by left-wing activists and students at the Madrilean University. After the dead of General Franco, the right-wing side organised a mass protest to honour Franco with more than 700.000 people.

In the following years and decades the madrilenian citizens showed up for a demonstration frequently. They’re protesting for or against political dicisions, terrorism, capitalism, immigration and unemployment.

In one way it shows the political compassion of the people, but also their mistrust in spanish governments.

200.000- Protest for a free Catalonia

1976

1977

Citizens Security Act 1.000s- Protest against educational cuts

1980

100.000s- Protest against citizens security act

2015

2014

10.000s - Many protests against abortion/ PP, Cuts in education and The switch of the Kings

2013

1.000s -Protest against the decisions of the PP and the PM

2008

Removing last statue of Franco from mainland

Felipe IV appointed

100

6.000.000- Protest against ETA

1997

1.000s- Protest for immigrants

2001

1.000s- Protest against early release of ETA members

2003

10.000s- Protest against ETAs train bombing

2004

1.000s- Protest against the unemployment rate

2011

10.000s- Protest against the world ecomony I won’t pay movement

2010

10.000s- Protest against ETA

2007

100.000s - Protest against Fascism

1972

1868 El Retiro Glorious Revolution

100.000s - Protest on the many jobs lost

The gardens passed to public, at the Glorious Revolution time resulting in the deposition of Queen Isabella II.

1965

10.000s - Education protests in Madrilenian university

2011

1.000s -Protest against immigration rate

2001

40.000 -Protest against immigration rate

1931 Casa de Campo Second Republic The Park historic property of the Spanish Crown and hunting for royalty. After the proclamation of the Second Republic , it was ceded by the State to the people of Madrid ( May 1, 1931 ) , being since then open to the public .

2004 Atocha railway station Madrid train bombings were nearly simultaneous, coordinated bombings against the Cercanías commuter train system of Madrid, Spain, on the morning of 11 March 2004 – three days before Spain's general elections

2011 Puerta del Sol 28,000 people 6.5-8 million troughout spain Movimiento 15-M ideology Euroscepticism

Franco’s dead 1975

A series of ongoing of demonstrations for a radical change in Spanish politics - especially to reduce the influence of economic powers in politics, demonstrators do not consider themselves to be represented by any traditional party nor favored by the measures approved by politicians

700.000 - manifestation to honour Franco and his ministers

annual

Protest to celebrate the death of Franco

1975 1975 Plaza de Oriente 700,000 people Manifestation of October 1 ideology Fasisem demonstrate the support of the Spanish people to Franco and his ministers, who passed a difficult time due to criticism by several European and American governments (including the withdrawal of several diplomatic missions) caused by the government's decision to shoot ETA terrorists involved in the assassination of Prime Minister Carrero Blanco in 1973,

101

ADMINISTRATORY REGIONS The area around AZCA is divided in different legisclave regions. AZCA is situated in the south-east corner of the district of Tetuán. A Municipal District is a governing body that is responsible for the administration of a neighborhood. It has only small influence. Their powers are generally related to the organization of citizen participation and transmission of public needs to the cities Town Hall.

Because of the position of AZCA neighbouring the districts of Chamarti and Chamberi, policie making often also involves the district boards of of these two. Discisions also affect surrounding districts.

castillejos

hisponoámerica

tetuán

chamartin cuatro caminos

The district of Tetuan is divided in a couple of neighbourhoods (barrios) although AZCA is strictly speaking part of the Barrio of Cuatro Caminos, the area is often concidered as a neighbourhood on its own: the AZCA neighbourhood.

Case study At the beginning of 2015 a plan was initiated to implement a surveillance system around the AZCA area to improve the (feeling of) safety.

The plan involves 55 camera’s and a total budget of 480,000 euros. In this case the following parties are involved: Board of Tetouan, Municipality board, Municipal Police and COMUNAZCA. The fact that COMUNZCA is getting involved in projects like this proves that the organization has a relatively large influence in the area.

102

rios rosas

chamberi

A Z C A

el viso

SPHERES OF INFLUENCE ASOCIACION DE VECINOS DE LAS VICTORIAS

Calle de Orense

El Corte Inglés Zara Inditex ...

Paseo de la Castellana

EMBASSY DISTRICT

AUTONOMOUS REGION COMUNIDAD DE MADRID

PRO-AZCA

lle

Ca de ín

qu

a Jo a

st

Co

Land owners AZCA is largely influenced by three major private parties; El Corte Inglés and Inditex own a great deal of the complex. The land owners represent their own financial interest within the AZCA area.

REAL MADRID

PYMES CHAMARTIN

Junta Municipal del Distrito de Tetuán The Municipal District is a governing body that is responsible for the administration of a neighborhood or district. Has only small influence.

Their powers vary from one city to another, being generally related to the organization of citizen participation and transmission of public needs to own Town Hall of the city.

Av. de Alberto de Alcocer

EL AYUNTAMIENTO DE MADRID

El Ayuntamiento de Madrid The Madrid City Council is the institution that is responsible for governing the city and the municipality of Madrid. It is chaired by the mayor of Madrid. Mainly concerned with Spatial Planning and Safety. The city councel is devided in different departments.

ASOCIACIÓN VECINAL SOLIDARIDAD CUATRO CAMINOS

JUNTA MUNICIPAL DEL DISTRITO DE TETUÁN

Comunidad de Madrid Is one of the seventeen autonomous communities (regions) of Spain. It has certain Legislative Autonomy, executive powers. All autonomous communities are organized politically within a parliamentary system.

ASOCIACIÓN DE PRESIDENTES DE COMUNIDADES CALLE ORENSE-AZCA (COMUNAZCA)

National Governement There are three main institutions known as the Cortes Generales, which are legally independent: Executive branch, Legislative branch and Judicial branch. The National Governement represents the countries public interest.

Calle de María de Molina

Comunazca Private association initiated by a group of presidents of community Orense-Azca area.

The association protects the public interest and rights of the citizens living in the AZCA neighbourhood.

Authority

Pro-AZCA Association of traders and companies AZCA that manages all kinds of activities in the area, and acts as an interlocutor with the administrations. Pro-AZCA is a two-faced organization.

At the one hand they represent the interest of the companies, at the other hand they represent theirselfs as an organisation dedicated to the interest of the residents of the surrounding neighbourhoods.

Asociación Vecinal Solidaridad Cuatro Caminos Social neighbourhood organisation working in Cuatro Caminos but also related to the other neighbourhoods of the district of Tetuán. The association represents the interest of the people living in Cuatro Caminos.

Pymes Chamartin SMEs Chamartin is a business association of Madrid’s Chamartin district who was born in 2007 with the intention of bringing together associations of commercial axes to achieve a unified business management. Grant management, legal advice, licensing, training or communication department are some of the services that SMEs Chamartin permanently offers its partners and employees thereof.

Social

Commercialy

PRIVATE REALESTATE OWNERS

AUTONOMOUS REGION COMUNIDAD DE MADRID

AZCA MADRID CITY COUNCIL MERCHANTS AND RESIDENTS OF AZCA

NEIGHBOURHOOD ORGANIZATION OF CUATRO CAMINOS

AZCA

COMUNAZCA

TETUÁN DISTRICT BOARD

ASSOCIATION PRESIDENTS COMMUNITY STREET AZCA-ORENSE

103

GENERAL MUNICIPALITY BUDGETING

"we are surprised that most of the investment for 2016 will be dedicated to the budget project of Azca, a legacy of the Total Madrid PP project. We propose that improvements be included neighbors on the left side of the axis of Bravo Murillo wait years, such as improving the Plaza de la Remonta. That is, reduce the gap 32.700.000 EUR Budget Tetuan between the most and least disadvantaged neighborhoods. "

‘Plan Director’ is a investment master plan that is commisioned by the right-winged Partido Polular in June 2014. In this plan, the city council announced several investments in the area of AZCA to make the place better accescible, safer and more vital for economic activities. To get this plan executed, they set up a public-privat collabartion. The budget was brought together by the city council and by various private parties that are situated in AZCA. At the end of 2015, the new ruling party in Madrid, ‘Ahora Madrid’, dicided to cut the budget. Details have not been anounced yet, but it is expected that certainly half of the budget is cut. That means that the private companies should keep the budget on its feet, or several investments should be canceled.

"the district leaves very hurt, despite having large gaps and needs. You can check the arbitrarily when making budgets without rigor. It seems that each district have given him what he asked and, in this case, Tetouan has not been vindictive towards its neighbors ".

General budget Tetuan

8.400.000 EUR

Sustainable investment program

Total budget Madrid

4.320.000.000 EUR Budget Madrid

32.700.000 EUR

Budget Tetuan

2

G

Parc los Pinos Cycling routes Landscapes Social center Cultural center Elderly center

get Madrid

‘Plan Direct

2.400.000 EUR

32.700.000 EUR

Budget Tetuan

"Investments in the b amounted to one and euros only, since the r amounts, which amou was six million, relate area of Azca, it was al previous mandate and Director of Azca, appr developed by the PP." 24.300.000 EUR

Redevelopment 8.400.000 EUR AZCASustainable investment

24.300.000 EUR

General budget Tetuan

program EUR 6.000.000

4.320.000.000 EUR Budget Madrid

Private investments 3.500.000 EUR

8.400.000 EUR

Sustainable investment program

Public investment 6.000.000 EUR

Private investments

2016 JAN

2015 DEC

2014 JUNE

Plan Director set in motion initiated by Partido Popular

Start execution Plan Director -Plaza Picasso is transformed

Start transformation of Central Plaza

2016 APR

Start transformation of Plaza Carlos Beltran

2017

?

Public investment

Finish Plan Director

Plan Director will problably get extended according to PRO-AZCA

City Council Election: winner !Ahora Madrid!

2015 MAY

Budget of Plan Director is cut in half by !Ahora Madrid!

2017

2015 DEC

Private investments

Public investment

Private investments ?? EUR

104

?

Start revitalisation neighbourhood Cuatro Caminos

Public investment ?? EUR

Buildings Managment & Administration Department-presidency Teaching Centers & Primair Education Consumption Sport performances Public Infrastructure Public Health Plan Barrio

17 programs

Children & Family Social integration & Emergencies Sportfacilities Seniors Cultural activities Citizen partisipation & volunteerism Absenteeism Supplemental education services

Comments on budgets

“we are surprised that most of the investment for 2016 will be dedicated to the project of Azca, a legacy of the PP project. We propose that improvements be included neighbors on the left side of the axis of Bravo Murillo "we are surprised that mostthe ofPlaza the de la wait years, such as improving investment for is, 2016 willthe be gap dedicated Remonta. That reduce between most and least disadvantaged tothe the project of Azca, a legacy neighborof the hoods. “ We propose that improvePP project.

ments be included neighbors on the left side of the axis of Bravo Murillo wait years, such as improving the Plaza de la Remonta. That is, reduce the gap between the most and least disadvantaged neighborhoods. "

“the district leaves very hurt, despite having large gaps and needs. You can check the arbitrarily when making budgets without rigor. It seems that each district have given him what he asked and, in this case, Tetouan has not "the leaves very despite been district vindictive towards itshurt, neighbors “.

having large gaps and needs. You can check the arbitrarily when making budgets without rigor. It seems that each district have given him what he asked and, in this case, Tetouan has not been vindictive towards its neighbors ".

euros only, since the remaining amounts, which amount in the budget was six million, relate to action in the area of Azca, it was already under the previous mandate and were part of the Director of Azca, approved and developed by the PP." (re-)connecting the triangle: Santiago Bernabeu - Conference - AZCA. Improving urban continuity.

refurbishment and improved security ring underground movement,

remodeling Plaza Picasso on the Plaza Carlos Trias Beltran and the acces Plaza at the side of Paseo de la Castellana

investigate possibilties for new buildings

sustainable urban environment

Improve the North-South and East-West accesability by adapting the existing pedestrian network. The passways should be available 24 houres a day.

Parc los Pinos Cycling routes Opening Landscapes rear facades of the premises the Socialof center Orense street. center Cultural Elderly center Environmental actions.

Roof gardens.

“Investments in the budget virtually amounted to one and a half million euros only, since the remaining amounts, which amount in the budget was six million, relate to action in the area of Azca, it was already under the previ"Investments in were the budget virtually ous mandate and part of the Director of amounted to one a half million Azca, approved andand developed by the PP.”

feeling of security General revitalizing urban space urban art within public space mercials Director’ but also cultural information ‘Plan

Turning AZCA into a ‘Light Scene’: screens with commore pedestrian space

Redevelopment AZCA

strict noise regulations in fovour of residents of AZCA Having an emergency plan and evacuation of all AZCA improved accesability for all usergroups 105

PARTICIPATORY POLITICS: ‘DECIDE MADRID’ Decide Madrid 60.000.000 EUR Program budget Dicide Madrid

Budget per district

300000

4.320.000.000 EUR

In september 2015, the municipality of Madrid announced the participatory program ‘Decide Madrid’. It is an initiative of the new mayor Manuela Carmena. They set beside 60 million euro’s of the city-budget, whereof 36 million is ment to spend on proposals that affect the whole city, and 24 million for those who are district or neighbourhood related.

People can propose investment projects and need to raise votes for these proposals. When the proposal is voted into the top 10 and is approved by a commision that is testing the proposal on legal and financial terms, it will be executed.

36.000.000 EUR

Budget for proposals that affect specific districts

1,7 Million Tetuan

250000

34.300.000 EUR

24.000.000 EUR

Rest

Budget for proposals that affect entire city

200000

WHO?

WHEN?

HOW MUCH?

Puente de Vallecas

Latina

Carabanchel

Ciudad Lineal

Fuencarral-El Pardo

Usera

Villaverde

Hortaleza

Tetuán

San Blas

Centro

Arganzuela

Chamartín

Chamberí

Salamanca

Villa de Vallecas

Retiro

Moncloa-Aravaca

From the map of the most voted proposals 100000 for Madrid as a city and the district of Tetuan, you can conclude that the citizens want to have a cleaner and more accessible city. A lot of proposals have to do with renovation of the public space, better biking lanes and more green places. Also public transport and 50000 free-WiFi is a popular proposal.

Moratalaz

An other city where this kind of participatory 150000 budgeting program was introduced is Paris.

The main difference is that, in Paris, they decided to pre-select some investments and put them to a vote. So you can say that is only a half-participatory system.

Barajas

The 24 million which is intended for district proposals is equally divided over the districts by looking at the amount of citizens per district and the average capita per head. For example, the district of Barajas, where the airport is located, got the least inhabitants and one of the heighest income per head, so it is getting the least budget to spend on proposals. On the other hand, Puente de Vallecas is the most crowded district with the lowest income per head, so it is given the heighest budget. Tetuan, where Azca is located, is a very average district when we look at the assigned budget.

Distric budgets

Vicálvaro

A lot of european governments try to let people participate in politics. The first reason to do so is because they want to show that they are willing to listen to the voice of the people and by that, they gain a certain trust in their capabillity to rule the country. The second reason is that they can gauge what people think is important.

FORM

20.000.000 EUR in 2014 Januari, 2014

Semi-participatory 500.000.000 EUR till 2020

Commisioned by Anne Hidalgo Parti Socialiste

vs Commisioned by Manuela Carmena Ahora Madrid

1.000.000 EUR in 2014 (test-fase)

DECIDE MADRID

Full-participatory

September, 2015 60.000.000 EUR 2016 106

Rehabilitation Plaza Remonta Converse park into Dog Park

N IN ART AM CH

TE TU A

Re-landscape Almenara, Valdeacaderas & Berruguete

Remodeling of Paseo de la Dirección Urban playgroud in Calle Tiziano

CHAMB ERI Street lightning in Dehesa de la Villa

Better cycling connection between districts and center

Climbing wall in Parc Retiro

Public sanitair in city center

Pedestrian zone around Museo Prado

More street furniture to rest

More green areas in Carabanchel

Extend Parc Rio till Puente de los Franceses 0

VOTERS

PROPOSALS

EXAMPLES • •

40.000

OF 22.000.000

15 pre-selected projects on which citizens can vote on

•

• •

23.850 proposals 168.811 people voted of 3.000.000

Free to propose projects.

Divided by city and district proposals. Proposals are checked by a commision on its legal and economic aspects

vegetation walls that would “improve biodiversity” introduce “learning gardens” in primary schools transform gritty, abandoned areas around the city’s ring road into space for gigs, exhibitions and film screenings. facilitate recycling co-working spaces for young entrepreneurs

unknown, 15th of may, the commision is anouncing which projects are selected.

500

1500

3000 m

SUCCES?

moderate, the people like that they have a voice, but the semi-participation isn’t what they hoped for.

Moderate, a lot of proposals where send in and a lot of citizens voted. It depends on the way the city execute this proposals 107

SPAIN, AZCA AND THE POLITICS OF URBAN PLANNING

National

Political timeline 1923 - 2015

´39

Gen Miguel Primo de Rivera

´23

´31

´41

Start of the Second Republic

´36

Military dictatorship of Gen Rivera

AZCA

Urban planning law

Civil liberal reform

Fascist, nationalist regime

Civil war

1931

1936

1939

1931

1936

1939

Municipal Private

1924

108

Spanish Civil war

Spain remains neutral and non-belligerent during WWII despite supplying the Axis Powers with military equipment and supplies and offering military volunteers

Regional

Relative influence on urban planning

National

1924

Rule of Gen Fransisco Franco

GDP ´20s

By the 1920s, legal codes for land use law, such as for zoning, replace its traditional regulation by the local police.

´30s

First introduction of regional planning in Spain, eg. the 1932 “zoning distribution plan” in Catalonia, although it had little practical consequence.

AZCA was conceived as the new heart of the city, in a urban development strategy that would extend the city northwards along the Avenida del Generalissimo (Paseo de la Castellana) to alleviate the pressure on the old city centre. With civic functions, activity centres, exhibition spaces and recreational grounds the area was destined to become Madrid´s new commercial and business centre. The 1954 competition won by Antonio Perpina built on modernist principles of functional segregation with a vast interior space for the exclusive use of the pedestrians. Building commenced in the late 1960s, culminating in Torre Mahou in 1990. Since mid-2000 the local authorities have sought to revitalise the area with calls for tender, but as yet have made no significant progress. A new initiative by the recently elected city council could breathe new life into the rehabilitation plans following several years of budgetary constraints.

´29

´39

The National Board of Reconstruction is charged with the rebuilding of the country following the devastating civil war.

Pedro Bigador leads the efforts in Madrid at an age of only of 35.

Plan Zuazo - Jansen

´41

´46

Plan Bigador to extend Madrid along the Passeo de la Castellana

In the period from 1946, the Comissariat for City Planning in Madrid regulated all constuction in the Municipality, with the benefit of sorting directly under Gen Franco´s chain of command

´46

Approval of Plan Bigador, including Nuevos Ministerios

The visit by President Eisenhower ended Spain´s isolation from the international community. More specifically an act of forging a military and trade alliance at the onset of the Cold War, the Pact of Madrid would lead to Spain´s ascension to the UN and later inclusion in NATO in 1982.

´53

Visit of President Eisenhower leads to Pact

€ ´62

of Madrid

´55

Spain is admitted to the UN

´59

ETA emerges in the Basque coutnry to fight a low-intensity war against Francos fascist regime

The “Spanish Miracle” was a period of strong economic growth between 1954 and 1972 as a result of economic reform implemented under the guidance of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The development plans brought massive investments to a variety of industrial and commercial sectors including infrastructure, tourism, the automotive industry, textiles, petrochemicals, the steel industry and breathed new life into Spain´s shipyards. The country grew at a rate second only to Japan and by the early 1970s was the world´s ninth largest economy after Canada.

It ended abruptly with the international oil crisis of 1973, and it would take several years before a new economic boom manifest itself in the mid 1980s.

International marginalisation. Cultural censorship. Bankruptcy, economic liberalisation and recovery.

´56

´47

Spain´s first national Land Use Act of 1956 considered the primary purpose of land was for agricultural use. Any developable land was a gift by the authorities through urban planning. It put in place a wealth sharing principle for the development of public infrastructure and facilities.

Completion of the Estadio de Chamartin

´54

´57

Emergency plan to build 60.000 social housing units over the next 2 years introduces tax benefits to attract private developers.

Antonio Perpiná wins international tender for a new commercial centre at AZCA. Tax benefits for investors.

´63

´64

In 1963 the Commissariat of 1946 was replaced by the Comisión de Planeamiento y Coordinación (COPLACO), but it lacked political backing, worked indirectly through other organisations and maintained in effect a coordinating role, rather than executive. Nor did its top-down approach cater much to the new social and political realities to of the time, further weakening its authority.

Revision of Plan Bigador to include winning proposal by Antonio Perpiná

´67

Establishment of the landowners´ association A.Z.C.A. persuant to the Land Law of 1963

The 1956 Land Act specified the compensatory principles that would apply for the development of the site, owned by A.Z.C.A. (Asociación Mixta de Compensación de la Manzana “A”, Zona Comercial del sector Avenida del Generalísimo de Madrid).

109

Felipe González elected prime minister. Rules for next 13 years

Adolfo Suárez (UCD) elected Prime minister

´77

´86 ´75

Franco´s death, transition to consitutional monarchy under Juan Carlos I

Spanish constitution paves the way for regional autonomies in 1983

´78

Spain joins the ´92 EEC and votes to remain in NATO. Economic growth and integration projects Spain onto the international stage

The World Cup comes to Spain

Barcelona hosts the Olympic Games, Valencia the World Fair and Madrid is voted Capital of Culture

´82 Re-establishment of the monarchy

´75

Europe, economic development and the welfare state

Transition to democracy

1975

1977

1979

1982

1986

1989

1993

1975

1977

1979

1982

1986

1989

1993

The Reformation Land Act of 1975 followed in the footsteps of the 1956 Law, seeking to encourage more municipalities to fulfill the strategic plans, to provide for the surge of rural immigrants moving to the cities

After a decade failing to adapt to the new political and regulatory realities, COPLACO is dissolved and responsibility for urban planning is partly transferred to the new Autonomous Regions.

Creation of Madrid Regional Authority

´85

´92

The Basic Local Regime Act of 1985 specifically mentions land use regulation as a function of the local level

´83

´77

Landowners sign 20-year contract for the maintenance of public spaces at AZCA

´79

´74

110

National Concert Hall replaced by public park

Torre Windsor

´81

Torre BBVA

´85

Torre Europa

´88

Torre Picasso

´90 ´88

Torre Mahou

The 1992 Land Use Act strengthens the authority of the central government by introducing a series of planning obligations on the part of the landowner

´96

José María Aznar (PP) voted into government

´03

Austerity measures spark civil unrest and demonstration

´10

Spanish support for the War in Iraq sparks public protests

´14

Catalan selfdetermination referendum

´04

José Luis Zapateros (PSOE) wins elections only days after the Madrid bombings

´04 ´99

Spain joins the IMU and adopts the Euro

Economic liberalisation and labour market reform

´97

´11

Social reform and financial crisis

´16

PSOE loses elections to PP´s Mariano Rajoy

Fragile recovery

1996

2000

2004

2008

2011

2015

1996

2000

2004

2008

2011

2015

The Constitutional ´98 Court declares the 1992 Act unconstitutional, and grants responsibility for urban planning to the Autonomous Regions

´15

The 1998 revision of the Land Use Act further liberalises development rightsunder the auspices of the Autonomous Regions

´05 ´06 ´05

´99

Renewal of AZCA maintenance contract for a further 10 years

Neither of the competitions for the renewal of AZCA produce satisfactory proposals

´09

Following their electoral victory, the Ahora Madrid coalition, led by Manuela Carmena, invited citizen initiatives and NGOs to join in an inclusive process to draft a new urban development plan for Madrid, while freezing or even overturning a number of planned development projects.

Municipality takes over maintenance of AZCA

´13

Torre Windsor is destroyed by a fire

Torre Titania

´15 ´08

The rise of Podemos and Ciudadanos increase the prospects of a coalition government

Ahora Madrid alliance wins Madrid´s municipal elections and shelves a number of recent commercial development plans. It issues a call for tender for a new publicprivate partnerships to remodel and revitalise AZCA.

Murder in Calle Orense 111

CONCLUSIONS

AZCA AZCA was developed to alleviate the pressure on the old center of Madrid and become a center consisting of civic, cultural, recreational and business related functions. Plans were made to extend Madrid to the North along the Passeo de la Castellana. During the dictatoryship let by Franco the plans for AZCA are included in the extension plan made before. From then on the constructing of AZCA begins. From the beginning of the last age Madrid is trying to revitalize and reneweal the area by setting up competitions and making plans to remodel the area. These intentions are till today unsuccesfull. The left wing party Ahora Madrid decided to shelve a number of recent commercial development plans.

112

Influence By all this changes in the political system of spain, the amount of influence of the people, municipality, region, districs and government is changing a lot. For example, the regime of Franco was a really centralized way of ruling.

The power to rule was totally in hands of Franco and his ministers. When the political system shifted into a democracy, the system was decentralized and the influence of city councils grew and with that also the influence of the citizens, because those were able to chose its council by municipality elections.

When we look at the future of the political situation of Spain, it is still a bit misty. On one hand it is clear that citizens are done with the political esthablisment and that they are ready for a new kind of democracy. On the other hand it is questionable if they can lead it in the right direction, or that it is a start of total political chaos where nobody has the power to rule and implement the new democracy.

National

When you look at the political history of spain, you see that its political system has been trough a lot of transitions. Spain transformed from a republical system back in the early 20th century, through a civil war, into a dictatorial regime under Franco, to a re-installed constitutional parlementary monarchy where it still find itself today. Nowadays the political landscape of spain is still in a transition fase. The political esthablisment is not as strong as it was, and the political landscape is scatterd by new citizen initiated parties who want to change the way the government rules the country.

Regional

After practically the entire twentieth century of urban planning in Spain being regulated by the central government, at present municipal councils probably have more authority in the area of urban planning than in any other area.

The main causes of this recent reinforcement of the local level can be traced to two main factors: firstly, the Spanish constitution of 1978 and the Local Government Standards Act (1985). The urban planning responsibilities were transferred to the Autonomous Communities. There are seventeen in Spain and almost all of them have their own urban legislation.

Before the death of Franco, central government played a huge role in urban planning.

AZCA was conceived in the time when central government held all the power over urban planning in Spain with help of Commission for Planning and Coordination of the Metropolitan Area of Madrid directly under Franco chain of command.

But once democratic municipal councils were constituted in 1979, urban planning began to occupy a key role in local politics, since it is one of the areas in which the councils can express their concerns and strategies to improve the quality of life.

Relative influence

Municipal

General politics in Spain

Private

Urban legislation in Spain

113

114

ECONOMY

115

THE SPANISH ECONOMY

116

Madrid is the economical capital of Spain, after it became the capital of Spain in the 16th century, Madrid was more a center of consumption than of production or trade.

Economic activity was largely devoted to supplying the city’s own rapidly growing population, including the royal household and national government, such trades as banking and publishing. A large industrial sector did not develop until the 20th century, but thereafter industry greatly expanded and diversified, making Madrid the second industrial city in Spain. However, the economy of the city is now becoming more and more dominated by the service sector.

Since the restoration of democracy in the late 1970s, despite efforts to decentralize the administration, the city has continued to expand.

Its economy is now among the most dynamic and diverse in the European Union. As the national capital, Madrid concentrates activities directly connected with power (central and regional government, headquarters of Spanish companies, regional HQ of multinationals, financial institutions) and with knowledge and technological innovation (research centers and universities). It is one of Europe’s largest financial centers and the largest in Spain. In 2008, 72% of Spain’s largest 2,000 companies had their headquarters in Madrid.

The major expansion of the city’s industry occurred during the 20th century, especially in the period following the Spanish Civil War, reaching levels of industrialization found in other European capital cities. The economic output of the city shifted to chemicals, metallurgy, and high-technology production including precision engineering, electronics, and pharmaceuticals. Many national and multinational companies set up headquarters in the city, encouraged by its function as the center of government. At the same time, workers’ commissions (Comisiones Obreras), although illegal under the legislation of the Franco period, were set up in the factories that now surrounded the city.

In 2009, Madrid’s per capita GDP lay 11% behind the average of the top 10 cities of the EU (it had been 14% behind in 2000). This is explained by lower rates of employment and, to a lesser extent, by lower labor productivity, but Madrid is catching up on both these factors, with productivity growing 2.5% pa in real terms.

The Iberian country’s economy is back in full swing and the investors that once shunned it for its toxic mix of high unemployment, troubled banking sector and free-falling real estate values are now staging a return.

The signs of recovery are breathing new life

into the real estate sector. In particular, Madrid’s prime real estate market has been thriving for some time now, bucking the trend for muted growth that’s gripping many of Europe’s urban hubs. According to global real estate advisor Knight Frank, luxury real estate prices grew by 4.9% between March 2014 and March 2015, putting the Spanish capital in 15th place in the league tables of world cities and second among European ones.

The development and rapid evolution of demand and supply in the real estate sector is having a direct impact on the way Azca, the financial district in downtown Madrid, behaves. Companies already occupying offices in Azca are moving. On the other hand, new companies are looking forward to place their headquarters in Azca, creating interesting changes on the buildings. These new activities have had curious consequences. Owners are empting the buildings, restoring them and even selling them. In order to comprehend what is currently going on in Azca and what the future holds for Madrid’s economic center, it is important to deeply understand and analyze everything that surrounds this intriguing situation.

SPAIN: A RAPIDLY GROWING ECONOMY When talking about the financial hearts all around the world, the first thing that comes to our minds are cities like New York, Paris, London, Hong Kong, Singapore, Tokyo, etc.

had a GDP of â‚Ź124.780M in 2011. GDP per capita in 2011 was 74% above the national GDP per capita average and 70% above that of the 27 European Union member states.

These cities play the most important roles as economic hubs, but there are other cities that also have major influence in the financial world, cities like Chicago, Milan, Seoul and Madrid.

All this economical capitals have had immense investments in infrastructure in order to host the companies that are located there.

The rental prices for offices on these cities tend to be extremely high. There is a lot of demand for office spaces in these areas and little supply, which makes the market prices rise.

Madrid is one of the most important economic capitals in Europe, and it is considered the economic capital of Spain. The city of Madrid

Madrid has one of the highest rental princes for offices in the world. The prices are comparable to those in Paris, New York and London.

These prices are quite shocking considering the overall economic situation of Spain.

Although the economy of Spain has recovered from the crisis and is slowly growing, the rental princes for offices go out of the charts.

PRIME OFFICE RENTS PER CITY 2014 IN $ PER m2

100+

WWW.KNIGHTFRANK.COM

50-100

HELSINKI

42$

30-50 <30

OSLO

59$

STOCKHOLM

56$

MOSCOW

88$

COPENHAGEN

27$

DUBLIN

49$

AMSTERDAM

38$

LONDON

156$

BRUSSELS

32$

BERLIN

31$

WARSAW

FRANKFURT

52$

PRAGUE

MUNICH

47$

PARIS

85$

27$

VIENNA

33$

ZURICH

70$

MILAN

51$

33$

BUDAPEST

27$

BUCHAREST

25$

ISTANBUL MADRID LISBON

25$

39$

45$

Prime office rents per city in 2014, $/m2 Source: Knight Frank Research / Newmark Grubb Knight Frank 117

OFFICE RENT FORECAST: NEXT 5 YEARS

W

KFU RAN

11.4

%F

RT KFU RAN

4.4%

10%

9.5%

Paris

Houston

3.1% Frankfurt

Shanghai

Frankfurt

Shanghai

HA

I

3.1%

Paris

Mexico City 9.5% Houston G

AN

RT

D RI

AD %F

TO

N

DC

15

.8

%

.3%

14

.3% 14

ITY

11.4

NG

Y CIT

AD .3 RI % D M

HI

O

11

W AS

XIC

M

BA

HI

X ME

Vacant office space per city in 2014 Source: Knight Frank Research / Newmark Grubb Knight Frank

MUM

W AS

C N 14% TO HOUS ICO

3%

ONG

HONG K

5.2%

HOUSTON 14%

11 .

O

TO

ONG

HONG K

5.2%

ME

3

10.

RE

PO

GA

SH %

5.9 I

HA AN G SH

O ARKP ING

8.8% 0.3SYDNEY

IN %S

8%

5.

RE

YO

TO

5.

% 5.9 8%

O

KY

KY

%S

1

10.6%

10.6%

4.4%

NE

10%

Paris

Tokyo

5.9%

O

%

RK

6.1%

1%

8.

8.8% SYDNEY 8.4

SAN FRANSIS C

YO

5.9%

W

S

RI PA

NE

DON

%

LON

8.4

Paris

Tokyo

Mumbai

10.6%

10.6%

SAN Mexico FRACity NSISC

Mumbai

London

Sydney

Singapore

New York

Washington DC

6.1%

1%

8.

Apart from that, Madrid is, along with Washington DC and Mumbai, one of the few cities of the abovementioned graph that also is a leading city in Vacant office space. This means that, taking in mind the huge rise in prices that is forecasted above, Madrid’s offices are going to quickly experience a rise in demand, and owners of said offices can greatly benefit of that.

O

13.4%

14.9%

London

Washington DC

Sydney

16.3%

19.6%

New York

22.3% Singapore

25%

28.2%

28.7% Madrid

DON

IS

R PA

San Fransisco

LON

Office rent forecast: Next 5 years Source: Knight Frank Research / Newmark Grubb Knight Frank

118

13.4%

14.9%

16.3%

19.6%

22.3%

25%

28.2%

28.7%

36.2% SOURCE: KNIGHT FRANK RESEARCH / NEWMARK GRUBB KNIGHT FRANK

Madrid

Apart from that, as Madrid is going through a huge dive in its economy, his price rise is representing great fluctuations in the whole real estate economy. These can provide huge opportunities for investors, but mistakes in management can lead to huge deficits. One thing is for sure, the office market of Madrid is going through a very interesting period.

OFFICE RENT FORECAST: NEXT 5 YEARS 36.2%

The first graph of this page depicts the rent prices office forecast for the next five years. In worldwide context, Madrid ranks 3rd, which is especially surprising, as Madrid’s office market can’t compare with long established business centers in the world such as New York, London or Tokyo.

SOURCE: KNIGHT FRANK RESEARCH / NEWMARK GRUBB KNIGHT FRANK

San Fransisco

Prices in Madrid’s office rents followed their request dive since the crisis, and are as well expected to rise in the following years. The experts’ opinion that the median office rent will rise gradually per year - the highest estimated rise in Europe, North America, Africa and Oceania - as well as the request for more higher, grade A office buildings has led to a lot of renovations and modernizations of existing buildings. Such are also Castellana 79 and 81 in the AZCA complex, where large amounts of capital are invested.

NG

TO

N

MUM

DC

BAI 2

15

.8

3%

%

The liberalization of the land market in Spain combined with a regional expansion of public infrastructure to drive the urban development of Madrid´s outer peripheri.

This was closely tied to the social programme of the PAUs, whose inclusion in the General Plan of 1997 served as political and economic incentive for landowners and financial speculators alike, seeking alternatives to the then relatively poorly performing stock market that would last until 2004.

<1998

>1998 developed land

developed land

developable land developable land

non-developable (residual) land

non-developable land

re g no ula n- tio d n la eve of nd lo st on pa rict ly ble ly

developable land non-developable, protected land

The new neighbourhoods would also attract interest from the corporate sector, with national as well as multinational companies relocating to new headquarters while the prospects for continued growth were still encouraging. The aforementioned developments combine to detract investments in urban areas of the city core, where rehabilitation and revitalisation are pressing issues. Along with flagging out of corporate and private businesses who can afford neither the relatively high rents, nor the accompanying maintenance expenses, areas such as AZCA run the risk of becoming lesser-grade urban environments. At least current occupancy figures would seem to indicate the need to reasses the city´s central business district if it intends to remain the prime location for office space also in the future.

1995

2007

2000

se

ou

H

94

96

98

00

02

e ric

x

de

in

p

EX

35

x

de

In

IB

04

06

08

00

Property market vs Stock market

2 43 1

5

1 - Banco de Santander 2 - BBVA 3 - Telefonica 4 - Huawei 5 - KPMG 6 - IKEA 6

119

THE PRIVATISATION OF URBAN PLANNING The 1998 Reform of Urban Planning Legislation “(...) the (1998) Act seeks to facilitate an increase in the supply of land, to which end all land as yet unincorporated into the urban process is considered eligible for development, when no objective reasons for its preservation arises (...) and forms part of the necessary structural reform of the Spanish economy (...)”

Act of 1990 - 1992 NATIONAL PLANNING AUTHORITY

LAND OWNER

Act of 1998

Right to development returns

Right to develop with full authority over the building process

... before ultimately being declared unconstitutional in a ruling by the Constitutional Court in 1997. Furthermore, the Court firmly placed urban planning within the jurisdiction of the autonomous governments, leaving the central administration with little real influence on future urban planning processes.

Right to build

Obligation to build within a fixed period Rights to the building

€

Projects on nondeveloped land Municipality : 15

Land Act imposed ever stricter obligations on the part of the landowners in a bid by the central governemnt to tighten its grip on the urban planning process, although at the expense of the regional autonomies. The Land Act was passed into law ...

1997

1996 Following the return

to government of the liberal right in 1996, after almost 15 years in opposition, ...

... the 1998 reform seizes 1998 upon one final opportunity to deregulate land use with the aim of drastically expanding available land for development, with the ultimate goal of reducing the soaring house prices. The strategy was threefold:

€

All projects

Land Owner : 85

and only 7.5 % of spanish municipalities had implemented an urban plan, resulting in widespread and disorderly urban sprawl.

To curb speculation and meet housing demands, the act was elaborated on in 1976 ...

... and later ratified by the 1978 1978 Constitution.

Approval of development plan

Obligation to apply for building permission

€

1976 Twenty years later

1992 In 1992, a revision to the

Obligation to develop

€

1956

of a thorough regulatory regime.

REGIONAL PLANNING AUTHORITY

LAND OWNER

Right to land development

(I) Land ownership and development rights

The Land Act of 1956 firmly established urban planning as a public function. The right of ownership was separated from ‘the right to build’ and the state would oversee all urban development by means

Municipality : 10

Land Owner : 90

Projects on developped land Municipality : 0

first, to eliminate the beureaucratic system of gradual proprietorship and placing the full control of the development process with the landowners; and ...

Land Owner : 100

secondly, lowering, and in some cases removing the landowners cession of profits to the regional authorities.

€ Deregulation

120

Thirdly, to create an exponential expansion of available land by redefining the distinction between developable- and nondevelopable land.

€ Economic incentives

Increase land supply

TRADE

Import / Export in Spain

What does Spain import?

What does Spain export?

What does Spain import?

What does Spain export?

INSUL. WIRES

EXCAV. MACHINERY

0.76% 0.78%

INSUL. WIRES

EXCAV. MACHINERY

0.76% 0.78%

IMPORT

CARS CARS PLANES, AIRCRAFTS

1.4%

PLANES, AIRCRAFTS

1.4%

0.76% 0.78%

INSULATED EXCAV. WIRES MACHINERY

0.76% 0.78%

10% 10%

INSULATED EXCAV. WIRES MACHINERY

VEHICLE PARTS 3.3% VEHICLE PARTS DELIVERY TRUCKS 3.3%

CARS

PLANES,

AIRCRAFTS

1.4%

PLANES,

AIRCRAFTS

1.4%

IRON

3.6%

CITRUS

RUBBER TIRES 1.1%

CITRUS

1.4%

1.4%

REFINED PETROLEUM 5.2% REFINED PETROLEUM 5.2%

CARS

MEDICAMENTS

3.6%

RUBBER TIRES 1.1%

CITRUS

RUBBER TIRES 1.1%

CITRUS

1.4%

1.4%

3.4% CARS 3.4%

REFINED PETROLEUM 5.2% REFINED PETROLEUM 5.2% PETROL GAS

VEHICLE PARTS

GLAZED CERAMICS 0.88%

WINE

OLIVE OIL 0.92%

GLAZED CERAMICS 0.88%

OLIVE OIL 0.92%

GLAZED CERAMICS 0.88%

WINE

OLIVE OIL 0.92%

GLAZED CERAMICS 0.88%

1.2%

1.2%

PIG

1.4%

13% PETROLEUM GAS

4.5% PETROLEUM REFINED GAS PETROLEUM

4.5% PETROLEUM REFINED PETROLEUM GAS

4.5%

4.5%

4.5%

REFINED PETROLEUM PACKAGED MEDICAMENTS 4.5%

CARS

3.5%

3.6% PACKAGED MEDICAMENTS

3.4% CARS

3.5%

3.6%

3.4%

VEHICLE PARTS

REFINED PETROLEUM PACKAGED MEDICAMENTS 4.5%

VEHICLE PARTS

3.5%

3.6% PACKAGED MEDICAMENTS

3.5%

3.6%

VEHICLE PARTS

IRON

IRON

IRON

IRON

1.18%

1.18%

1.18%

0.72%

OLIVE OIL 0.92%

COMPUTERS

CRUDE PETROLEUM CRUDE PETROLEUM 13%

4.5%

PACKAGED

1.18%

1.4%

GAS

PACKAGED

IRON

MEDICAMENTS

COMPUTERS

13% PETROLEUM

1.8%

PACKAGED

RUBBER TIRES 1.1%

VEHICLE PARTS 3.3% VEHICLE PARTS DELIVERY TRUCKS 3.3% DELIVERY MEDICAMENTS TRUCKS 3.6%

1.18%

1.8% 1.18%

1.4%

EXPORT CRUDE PETROLEUM CRUDE PETROLEUM 13%

1.8%

PACKAGED

IRON

COMPUTERS

10% 10%

DELIVERY MEDICAMENTS TRUCKS 3.6%

1.18%

1.4%

CARS

1.8%

IRON

COMPUTERS

1.18%

PETROL WINE GAS 1.2% 0.72%

WINE 1.2%

PIG

MEAT 1.1%

MEAT 1.1%

PIG

PIG

MEAT 1.1%

MEAT 1.1%

100.000 -1.57B

€

1.41B

-3.35B

€

4.47B

-1.57B

€

1.41B

-3.35B

€

4.47B

MILLION EUROS

75.000

Madrid hosts the vast majority of organizations and markets in which the50.000 Spanish financial system is organized: Bank of Spain, National Securities Market Commission, General Secretariat of the Treasury and Financial Policy, Direccion25.000 General de Seguros , Bolsas y Mercados Españoles (BME), AIAF, SENAF, MEFF-RV, IBERCLEAR, among others.

0

After exports it expected that the city of Madrid holds a produces positive balance of trade of over 15,000 million Euros. It is forced to import a great deal of the goods that it consumes but is greatly bolstered by the economic gains produced from the exports within the services sector and foreign investment continues to improve with time.

75.000

Exports Services Industry Total

MILLION EUROS

The city also hosts the headquarters of the main Stock Exchange of Spain. In short, the past four years have seen steady improvements in both the Madrid Stock Exchange (IGBM) and the IBEX-35 from a impecunious position in 2012. This is showing positive progression in recent times.

100.000

50.000

Imports

Difference

25.000

0 Exports

Imports

Difference

Services Industry Total

121

The Spanish Economy to 2023

FINAL ANALYSIS ON SPANISH ECONOMY In order to correct for the massive imbalances built up during Spain's decade-long No return to pre-crisis growth rates

boom, the economy is now in the first stages of rebalancing that will result in a lowe growth potential. Household spending in particular, which was the primary driver of The Spanish Economy to 2023 adoption of the euro, is set to temper significantly amid an environment of tighter cr tions and deleveraging.

While andeleveraging. internal devalua- tion will help restore some of Sp In order to correct for the massive imbalances tighter credit conditions and built up during Spain’s decade-long economic While an internal devaluation will help petitiveness over the long run, the process will prove long and painful. Ultimately, c boom, the economy is now in the first stages restore some of Spain’s com- petitiveness over of rebalancing that will result with in a lower thelonglevelstheoflong growth enjoyed since adoption, the next 10 years are likely t run, the process will prove long euro and run growth potential. Household spending painful. Ultimately, compared with the levels lost decade for Spain. in particular, which was the primary driver of of growth enjoyed since euro adoption, the growth since adoption of the euro, is set to temper significantly amid an environment of

next 10 years are likely to prove a lost decade for Spain.

Rebalancing No Easy Task Tied into the euro, the economy will have to internally devalue in order to make its goods and services cheaper by pushing down domestic wages and prices. This painful structural adjust- ment is under way, but could prove politically devastating, given that unemployment is already the highest in the eurozone. Moreover, even if the government succeeds in overseeing the structural rebalance act of the economy, it will take a long time to restore the competitiveness lost over the past 10 years.

The Future of Spanish Economy Spain’s recovery gathered steam in 2014 and Opportunities for the next 3-5 years 2015, with exports remaining strong due to improving competitiveness. Consumer spending also supported growth, but a lack of progress on deleveraging ensured that household incomes remain under pressure.

The worst is now over for Spain’s economy.

Lower Growth Trajectory The recovery picked in 2014 and 2015, and Real GDP Growth, % ohg y-o-y forecast real GDP growth of 1.3% in 2014 and Opportunities for the next 3-5 years 1.7% for 2015. Nevertheless, the unbal- anced nature of the recovery will prevent growth Opportunities for the next 3-5 years from returning to pre-crisis levels.

I believe Spanish real GDP growth will remain overly-reliant on exports, while squeezed 50 - 60 10 - 15 30 - 150 30 - 160 disposable incomes will prevent household 5-6% 1-2% 3-15% 3-16% spending from a full recovery.Declining unemployment is making investors overly complacent about the challenges still facing 50 - 60 10 - 15 30 - 150 30 - 160 25 - 70 -35 - 0 125 - 450 5-6% 1-2% 3-15% 3-16% 3-7% -4-0% 13-45% households. Youth unemployment remains 0,7 - 1,6 50 - 60 10 - 15 30 - 150 30 - 160 25 - 70 -35 - 0 125 - 450 above 55%, wage growth is stagnantand 5-6% 1-2% 3-15% 3-16% 3-7% -4-0% 13-45% households have made a lack of progress on -0,2 - 0 0 - 0,1 0,7 - 1,6 deleveraging. In my view, these factors imply 0,1 - 1,0 -0,2 - 0 0 - 0,1 the economic recovery remains unbalanced 0,7 - 1,6 0,1 - 1,0 and is not yet built on firm foundations. +1,0 - 3,2 0,1 - 0,2 Taken together, The Economist’s GDP 0,3 - 0,4 0,1 - 1,0 0,1 - 0,2 0,3 - 0,4 +1,0 - 3,2 18,6 forecasts show that Spain’s recovery will 18,6 0,1 - 0,2 few outperform the eurozone over the next 18,6 0,3 - 0,4 18,6 years (see chart), reflecting the progress 18,6 Tradable Tourism Local Businness Infrastructure Construction Potential the country has made tackling underlying goods Services Services Tradable Tourism Local Businness structural issues. However, I Tradable believeTourism Spain’sLocal Businness Infrastructure Construction Potential goods Services Services goods economic recovery will remain tepid unlessServices Services further reforms are implemented to improve labour market flexibility. The rhetoric from the ruling PP implies that any further reforms are Potential GVA Billion Euros Potential VAB, Percentage of GdP now unlikely, meaning that unem- ployment is likely to remain high and continue limiting Potential GVA Billion Euros Potential VAB, Percentage of GdP consumption for some time to come.

Opportunities for the next 3-5 years

Rebalancing No Easy Task

25 - 70

-35 - 0

125 - 450

3-7% devalue -4-0% Tied into the euro, the economy will have to internally in13-45% order to make its services cheaper by pushing down domestic wages and prices. This painful structu ment is under way, but could prove politically devastating, given that unemploymen -0,2 - 0 0 - 0,1 the highest in the eurozone. Moreover, even if the government succeeds in overse structural rebalance act of the economy, it will take a long time to restore the comp lost over the past 10 years. +1,0 - 3,2

Potential GVA Billion Euros

122

18,6

Infrastructure

Construction Potential

Potential VAB, Percentage of GdP

MADRID ECONOMY

Statistics about the employment rates and jobs

Unemployment has remained a pertinent issue across Spain for many years. The rate of unemployment in the city of Madrid remains as high as 17% and is even greater for the younger demographic. Interestingly, over 475,000 workers commute each day to the city for employment.

In line with the structure of Madridâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economy, the greatest proportion of people who are employed in Madrid work in the service sector.

The 1,187,900 people that are employed in this sector account for 87.3% of workers, far greater contributers to employment levels that the industry sector (8.6%) and construction (4.1%).

Labour costs in Madrid are higher than most of Spain as work attracts semi-skilled workers and those with higher education. This creates an environment where those that are employed in Madrid are receiving wages that are 17% higher than the national average.

Concentration of Employment In Madrid 10,000 5,000 1,000 250

Workplaces Employing More Than 10,000 people Unemployment

Workplaces Employing Between 250 and 1,000 people Workplaces Employing Betweeen 100 and 250

Creation of workplaces in the region of Madrid (precrisis-crisis) Rise of unemployment in the region of Madrid (precrisis-after crisis)

<3% 3 to 5 % 5 to 7 % 7 to 9 % >9%

< -20 % -20 to -10 % -10 to 0 % 0 to 10 % 10 to 20 % 20 to 30 % 30 to 40 % > 40 %

2007

2004 - 2007

2007 - 2011 2014

<3% 3 to 5 % 5 to 7 % 7 to 9 % >9%

Rise of unemplyment in the region of Madrid

< -20 % -20 to -10 % -10 to 0 % 0 to 10 % 10 to 20 % 20 to 30 % 30 to 40 % > 40 %

Creation of workplaces in the region (precrisis-crisis)

123

8

16 6 9

7

5 4

1

20

15

3

14

2 10

21

19

13 11

12

1

Unemployment 2.40-9.47 9.47-10.63 10.63-11.68 11.68-12.69 12.69-14.03 14.03-16.13 16.13-33.21 source: Instituto de estadística de la comunidad de madrid (2001), and UCL

18

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

CENTRO ARGANZUELA RETIRO SALAMANCA CHAMARTIN TETUÁN CHAMBERI FUENCARRA-EL PARDO MONCLOS-ARAVACA LATINA CARABANCHEL USERA PUENTE DE VALLECAS MORATALAZ CIUDAD LINEAL HORTALEZA VILLAVERDE VILLA DE VALLECAS VICÁLVARO SAN BLAS BARAJAS

Employment Sectors

SERVICES 2012 - 85% 2011 - 84% 2010 - 84% 2009 - 81% 2008 - 71%

The majority of those employed were within the services, industry and construction sectors, with the minority of the population employed in agriculture. However it can be seen over the years, the population has moved away from agriculture with the percentage dropping from 0.6% to 0.3% from 2008 to 2012, with services growing from 78.9% to 85.00%. This indicates the higher skill level that can be seen upcoming generations and the upgrade in skill level. While acting as a indicator that there aren’t enough jobs on the market for upcoming generations at this stage.

CONSTRUCTION 2012 - 5% 2011 - 6% 2010 - 7% 2009 - 8% 2008 - 10%

INDUSTRY 2012 - 10% 2011 - 9% 2010 - 9% 2009 - 10% 2008 - 10%

AGRICULTURE

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

124

2012 - 0.3% 2011 - 0.2% 2010 - 0.2% 2009 - 0.5% 2008 - 0.6%

Spanish recovery is real

Spanish recovery is real Strengths

From 2014 it is possible to see a strong positive side to Spain's recent performance on the employment front. According to t latest labour force survey Spain created 434,000 jobs in 2014.

- Over the last two decades, Spain has developed a modern and high-growth economy within the EU framework.

- The government a series From 2014 itis isproposing possible to see a of strong positive side to Spain's recent performance on the employment front. According to the economic reforms, with an eye to becoming a latest labour force survey Spain created 434,000 jobs in 2014. world leader in clean energy technology.

Spain Unemployment rate 2007 - 2015 (%, seasonally adjusted) Weaknesses

- Spain suffers from significant structural unemployment, with its current unemployment rate the second highest in the EU. - The country has relied heavily on EU funding support over the last decade.

- Despite strong headline economic expansion in the pre-crisis years, productivity growth has remained lackluster.

Spain Unemployment rate 2007 - 2015 (%, seasonally adjusted) 25 20 15

Opportunities

10

- The government has the chance to bring in stricter corporate governance rules and end 25 the tradition of political appointments and cronyism that has 20 bedev- illed both statecontrolled and some private sector companies.

- Following signifi 15cant privatisations over the last decade, a second wave of structural economic reform is10possible to increase the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s competitive edge.

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

5

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

Spain Employment (annual rate of job creation, quarterly)

3%

2,53 %

2%

1,12 %

1%

Spain Employment (annual rate of job creation, quarterly)

-0,47 %

-2%

-3,37%

-3,59% -4,64%

2%

-4,42%

-4,48%

-0,47 %

T3 -2013

T2 -2013

T1 -2013

T4 -2012

T3 -2012

-1%

T2 -2012

T4 - 2011

0%

T1 -2012

1,12 %

1%

1,59 %

-1,18 %

-2% -2,48%

-2,79%

-3,37%

T4 -2014

T3 -2014

T2 -2014

T1 -2014

T4 -2013

-4,14%

T3 -2013

-4,48%

T2 -2013

-4,42%

T4 -2012

T2 -2012

T4 - 2011

-4,64%

T3 -2012

-3,59%

T1 -2013

-4%

T1 -2012

-3%

2,53 %

-4,14%

T4 -2014

3%

-2,48%

-2,79%

-4%

T3 -2014

-3%

1,59 %

-1,18 %

T2 -2014

-1%

T1 -2014

0%

T4 -2013

- Lower wage economies in eastern europe and china are snatching away Spainâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s onetime competitive advantage in certain areas of manufacturing, although the spainâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economic downturn is slowing this trend.

2010

2009

2007

Threats

2008

5

125

Service sector growth from 2000 to 2009 MADRID

he

rp

ub

cat

ion

lic

se

ser vic e Fi n

ai r

an

rep

Ot

Edu

cia l

nd

The economy of Madrid has become based increasingly on the service sector.

In 2011 services accounted for 85.9% of value added, while industry contributed 7.9% and construction 6.1%. Services to business, transport & communications, property & financial together account for 52% of total value added. Following the recession, services and industry were forecast to return to growth in 2014, and construction in 2015.

Personal services

il a

ade sale tr

ta Re

(2000 - 2008)

v.

Recreational ser

Whole

Analysis of the last period of economical growth

cto

r

3%

4.9%

11.5

%

5%

6.

Othe

r priv . sec

EMPLOYED POPULATION EMPLOYED POPULATION EMPLOYED POPULATION UNEMPLOYED

%

11.

9%

6.2%

2%

4.5

.

th

min

al

blic

Ad

He

Pu

.

un

m

38,7%

ACTIVE

61,3%

87,5% 7,5% 5%

ACTIVE

SERVICES

N ABOVE AGE 16

INACTIVE

38,7%

ACTIVE

61,3%

OTHER

SPITALITY

14,3%

126

OTHER

14,3% 6,4%

WHOLESALE TRADE

6,7%

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

7,2%

RETAIL

7,6%

TRANSPORT

8,2%

ACTIVE

61,3%

SERVICES

7,5%

INDUSTRY

5%

CONSTRUCTION

38,7% 61,3%

OTHER

14,3%

OTHER

14,3%

HOSPITALITY

6,4%

HOSPITALITY

6,4%

WHOLESALE TRADE

6,7% WHOLESALE TRADE

6,7%

EMPLOYED PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

7,2% PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

7,2%

RETAIL

7,6%

RETAIL

7,6%

TRANSPORT

8,2%

TRANSPORT

8,2%

CORPORATE SERVICES

13,5%

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION

87,5%

ACTIVE

87,5%

CONSTRUCTION

16,5%

83,7%9,5%

38,7%

INDUSTRY

EMPLOYED POPULATION 16,3%10%

INACTIVE

POPULATION ABOVE AGE 16 INACTIVE

HOSPITALITY

61,3%

UNEMPLOYED

FINANCE AND INSURANCE

REAL ESTATE

OTHER

14,3%

HOSPITALITY

6,4%

WHOLESALE TRADE

6,7%

SERVICES

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

7,5%

INDUSTRY

5%

CONSTRUCTION

7,2%

RETAIL

7,6%

TRANSPORT

8,2%

16,5%

CORPORATE SERVICES

13,5%

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION

6,4%

EMPLOYED

EMPLOYED

m

INACTIVE

83,7%

83,7%

co

POPULATION ABOVE AGE 16

38,7%

16,3% UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYED 16,3%

d

POPULATION ABOVE AGE 16 POPULATION ABOVE AGE 16 INACTIVE

an

EMPLOYED

ing

UNEMPLOYED

83,7%

Property & rental

16,3%

Hotel & cater

2008

EMPLOYED POPULATION

EMPLOYED

rt

83,7%

po

ns

a Tr

16,3%

2000

sinness

e to bu

Servic

19%

1% 21.

2.7%

15%

4%

tor

87,5%

SERVICES

7,5%

INDUSTRY

5%

CONSTRUCTION

87,5%

SERVICES

7,5%

INDUSTRY

5%

CONSTRUCTION CORPORATE SERVICES

16,5%

16,5%

CORPORATE SERVICES

13,5%

INFORMATION AND COMM 13,5% INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION

10%

FINANCE AND INSURANCE10%

FINANCE AND INSURANCE

9,5%

REAL ESTATE

REAL ESTATE

9,5%

16,5%

CORPORATE SERVIC

13,5%

INFORMATION AND

10%

FINANCE AND INSU

9,5%

REAL ESTATE

Financial service: -11.6% Retail and repair: +8.3% Whole sale trade: -9.0% Hotel and catering: -9.2% Public administration: +7.1% Health: +16.2% Education: -10.0% Recreational services: -9.5% Personal services: -11.0% Other public sector: +10.8%

Transport and communication +33.3%

Service to businness: +2.8% Transport and communication: +33.3% Property and rental: +3.7% Financial service: -11.6% Retail and repair: +8.3% Whole sale trade: -9.0% Hotel and catering: -9.2% Public administration: +7.1% Health: +16.2% Education: -10.0% Recreational services: -9.5% Personal services: -11.0% Other public sector: +10.8% Other private sectore: +3.0%

Other private sectore: +3.0%

Transport and communications +33.3%

Growth of each service from 2000 to 2008 :

Health +16.2% Public administration +7.1% Other public sector +7.1% Property and Rental +3.7%

Retail and repair +8.3% Other private sector +3.0%

Service to business +2.8%

Hotel and catering Financial service -9.2% -11.6%

Whole sale trade -9.0% Education -9.5%

Personal Services -11.0%

Recreational Services -9.5%

Tourism FRANCE

Direct contribution: - commodities (accomodation, transport, entertainment) - industries (tourism services, cultural ) â&#x201A;Ź58.8 bn (5,6% of total GDP) Total contribution : - indirect contribution (investment, purchases from suppliers, visitor exports, induced contributution to tourism such as clothing, foods) â&#x201A;Ź161bn (15,2% of GDP) Directly supported jobs : 870,000 jobs (5% of total employement)

USA

SPAIN

60 MILLION 50 MILLION 40 MILLION

CHINA ITALY

UNITED KINGDOM GERMANY

20 MILLION 10 MILLION

1995

JAPAN

2013

Growth of ammount of tourist visitors per country

127

Economic Outlook

How is the Spanish Economy recovering?

Madrid Breakdown From the following three maps it can be concluded that the central and older districts of Madrid are doing much better then the rest. With the North on average with a lower unemployment rate then the south.

Number of Jobs [2012]

> 150,000 100,000-150,000 50,000-100,000 < 50,000 N/A

This could be because of three reasons 1) as the construction boom hit Madrid the rich moved towards the north to the hills and parks while the poor stayed in the south in industrial areas. Hence better off citizens reside on the northern side.

2) with the high activity districts of the city sitting towards the central northern areas along the main axe, this makes areas such as Charmantin, Chamberi, Salamanca and Centro main districts for jobs.

16

3) With large tourist based centers in Centro and Business tourism centers based around the new business district there will be more activity in those regions

6 9

The two maps on the following pages outline the main relationship between high management jobs and unemployment. With areas where high managements employees reside with lower unemployment rates than those areas where there are less high management residences.

7

5 15

4

1

21

3

20

14

2 10

11

12

19

13

18 17

% of Manager Residence 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Centro Arganzuela Retiro Salamanca Chamartin Tetuan Chamberi Fuencarra-el Pardo MoncloaAravaca Latina Carabanchel Usera Puente deValleras Moratalaz Ciudad Lineal Horteleza Villaverde

5.3 % 5.3 % 8.4 % 9.5 % 11.8 % 4.8 % 7.9 % 7.5 % 9.5 % 2.4 % 2.4 % 1.7 % 1.7 % 3.5 % 5.5 % 8.5 % 2.1 % 2.8 % 3.3 % 5.7 %

% Unemployment 20.9 % 17.7% 17.6% 16.1% 15.8% 21.8% 17.5% 16.8% 19.0 % 23.7% 24.3% 27.7% 28.8 % 22.9 % 21.3 % 19.0 % 28.0 % 23.2 % 23.1 % 21.8 %

16 6

6

5

9

9

7

15

4

1

11

10

11

12

18 17

128

20

14

2

19 13

15

3

14

21

5

4

1

3

12

7

20

2 10

16

21

19

13

18 17

MADRID: OFFICE REAL ESTATE SITUATION Because of the critical role that Madrid plays in the economy of Spain, Europe and around the world, it is important to analyze the consequences thatMEDIAN come along with EVOLUTION being RENT an economical capital. One of the greatest impacts on the city is the infrastructure that it requires. One cannot help to wonder where all this important and big companies are located and the way they influence the city.

CBD

Offices in Madrid are a main part of the city and they have great impact on the real estate market that moves around Madrid.

In40 the last few years the economy in Madrid has grown. “The Community of Madrid 35 recorded an economic growth of 3.6 % at the end of 2015, representing the largest increase 30 of all Spanish regions”. Along with this growth the city is experiencing great changes, 25 the office market has change considerably in20 the last few years and it will change even more in the years to come. The main locations 15 for offices in Madrid are: the city center, the newly built area “Cuatro Torres”, located in10 the north of the city, and the widely known complex “Azca”.

SOURCE: BNP PARIBAS REAL ESTATE

Centre

Descentr.

Madrid

OFFICE SPACE IN MADRID - CURRENT (2015)

5

The focus of our research will be the way the real0estate market is behaving in Madrid and the wayI this theIVrealI II III IV II IIIbehavior IV I IIisIIIinfl IVuencing I II III estate market in Azca. We will analyze the behavior of the real estate market of previous years, in order to understand the changes that Azca and Madrid have experience and then make predictions for what might happen in the near future.

Periphery

VACANT

11%

I II III IV

I II III IV

I II III IV

I II III IV

I II III IV

I II III IV

I

10556290 M2 OCCUPIED SPACE

89%

1304710 M2

OffiOFFICE ce space in Madrid in 2015 SPACE IN AZCA - CURRENT (2015) Source: El Mundo VACANT

economic cycle and contrating

9.9%

433.439 M2 OCCUPIED SPACE

91.1%

47.000 M2

OFFICE SPACE IN AZCA - IN THE NEXT TWO YEARS

VACANT

22.7% 367784 M2

OCCUPIED SPACE

77.3%

108000 M2

Economic cycle and contacting Source: BNP Paribas Real Estate https://www.realestate.bnpparibas.es/upload/docs/application/pdf/2015-05/datasheet-oficinas-madrid-t1-2015.pdf 129

Azca is the capital’s financial center, home to iconic buildings such as Torre Picasso. Many of the world’s leading companies own the properties, including Pontegadea (the real estate company owned by Amancio Ortega), GMP, Mutua Madrileña, El Corte Inglés, Metrovacesa, Testa and Infinorsa. Azca has a prime location, in the heart of the Paseo de la Castellana and next to one of the capital’s major transport hubs, Nuevos Ministerios.

This area is currently experiencing dramatic changes, both, economically and in terms of infrastructure.

6000 M2

MAPFRE

6000 M2

MAHOU

34%

the way they will handle the new economic trend that Madrid is experiencing. As mentioned before, the increase and decrease on the demand for offices is directly related to the economic trends, which means it is constantly changing, and most importantly it can be unpredictable.

NEWLY CONTRACTED OFFICE SPACE IN MADRID Source: http://cincodias.com/cincodias/2016/01/07/empresas/1452195853_433201.html

828.000m2

“As the national capital, Madrid concentrates activities directly connected with power (central and regional government, headquarters of Spanish companies, regional HQ of multinationals, financial institutions) and with knowledge and technological innovation (research centres and universities).

It is one of Europe’s largest financial centres and the largest in Spain. In 2008, 72% of Spain’s largest 2,000 companies had their headquarters in Madrid. The service sector predominates in its economy. The comparative advantages of Madrid have been decisive in capturing the larger part of foreign investment coming into Spain in recent years. It is the third metropolis in the EU by population, and the fourth by gross internal product.

Leading employers include Telefónica, Iberia, Prosegur, BBVA, Urbaser, Dragados, and FCC.” As a consequence of the predomination of the service sector, the demand for SOURCE: BNPoffi PARIBAS ESTATE ces inREAL Madrid is high. This demand was extremely reduced after the crisis of 2008, only in the past two years, since 2014, there has been a visible increment on the demand for offices. In 2015 we see that the demand doubled, which indicates the recovery of Madrid from the economic crisis.

480.000m2 17% above expected

358.000m2 261.000m2

2007

2012

2014

2015

Newly contracted office space in Madrid Source: http://cincodias.com/cincodias/2016/01/07/empresas/1452195853_433201.html Source: BNP Paribas Real Estate Research

NUMBER OF OFFICE SPACE HIRING OPERATORS IN MADRID

200

TRANSACTIONS PER ACTIVITY SECTORS

Services

150

SOURCE: BNP PARIBAS REAL ESTATE

0,35

Others

0,30

IT

0,25 0,20

Predictions of the real estate market suggest that in the coming years, the demand will keep on increasing, mainly due to the improvement of the economy and new international investments. The high demand seen in Madrid means, for the real estate market, a possibility of price increase, especially in areas considered as prime. International companies looking to invest in Madrid, usually use Madrid as a location for their headquarters, which means they tend to search for places that can host a big amount of people.

In the center of Madrid, because of the type of buildings and the lack of space, it is challenging for companies find a place that can meet their need. This leaves the two main economic centers in Madrid as the main options for companies looking to place their headquarters in Madrid.

130

Both Azca and the Cuatro Torres, the economic centers of Madrid, are experiencing big changes in relation to demand, which means that the owners of the real estate properties have had to make important decisions about

100

Public Sector

0,15 0,10

Industry

0,05

50

TransportLogistics

2004

Finance

2005 Leisure and 2006 Culture

2007

2008 Legal-Consultant

2009

2010

CommercialDistribution

Newly contracted office space per sector Source: http://cincodias.com/cincodias/2016/01/07/empresas/1452195853_433201.html

30% 25% 20% 15% 10%

Madrid 2015 I; 16,3%

2011

TRANSACTIONS PER ACTIVITY SECTORS

SOURCE: BNP PARIBAS REAL ESTATE

Services 0,35

Others MADRID: OFFICE REAL ESTATE SITUATION 0,30

IT

0,25 0,20

There is a big difference in availability rates as well as rent prices between different zones Public Sector of madrid.

Specifically, the central business district is the most sought-after regarding office space followed by the whole central district. While large, wealthy companies have no problem in moving their offices and headquarters in the periphery in privately funded and owned buildings, the majority of corporations’ needs are satisfied in office space near the center.

TransportAs evident in the secondLogistics graph in this page,

0,15

Industry

0,10 0,05

Rents of the trimester

SOURCE: BNP PARIBAS REAL ESTATE Max.

Med.

Min.

Finance

30

the availability rates increase as we fend off 25 from the central districts. More specifically, 20 while the availability rates for office spaces in the central business district was fluctuating 15 between 5% and 7% and slightly rising during 2014 and the first quarter of 2015, districs Leisure and 10 outside the center of Madrid presented Culture percentages as high as 25.5%, while Madrid’s 5 average was 16.3% in the first quarter of 2015.

Legal-Consultant

Medium Madrid 13,1%

CommercialDistribution

0

CBD

Center

Decentr.

Periphery

Trimester rents per zone Source: BNP Paribas Real Estate https://www.realestate.bnpparibas.es/upload/docs/application/pdf/2015-05/datasheet-oficinasmadrid-t1-2015.pdf

PRIME OFFICE RENTS PER CITY 2014 IN $ PER m2

100+

WWW.KNIGHTFRANK.COM

50-100

HELSINKI

42$

30%

30-50 <30

OSLO

59$

STOCKHOLM

56$

25%

MOSCOW

88$

COPENHAGEN

27$

20% DUBLIN

15%

AMSTERDAM

49$

38$

LONDON

156$

10%

BRUSSELS

32$

31$

WARSAW

FRANKFURT

52$

PRAGUE

MUNICH

5%

47$

PARIS

85$

70$

I

II III IV I

2014

2015

I

II III IV I

2014

I

2015

II III IV I

2014

MILAN

51$

2015

33$

27$

VIENNA

33$

ZURICH

0%

Madrid 2015 I; 16,3%

BERLIN

I

BUDAPEST

27$

II III IV I

2014

25$

2015

Availability rate perCBD zone Center Decentr.

Periphery 39$ LISBON Source: BNP Paribas Real Estate 25$ https://www.realestate.bnpparibas.es/upload/docs/application/pdf/2015-05/datasheet-oficinas-madrid-t1-2015.pdf MADRID

BUCHAREST

ISTANBUL

45$

131

SOURCE: BNP PARIBAS REAL ESTATE

MEDIAN RENT EVOLUTION

CBD

40

Centre

Descentr.

Periphery

Madrid

NEWLY CONTRACTED OFFICE SPACE IN MADRID Source: http://cincodias.com/cincodias/2016/01/07/empresas/1452195853_433201.html

35 30

828.000m2

25 20

480.000m2

15

17% above expected

358.000m2

10

261.000m2

5 0 I II III IV

I II III IV

2007

I II III IV

I II III IV

2012

I II III IV

2014

I II III IV

2015

I II III IV

I II III IV

I II III IV

I II III IV

I

2013

2014

Median rate evolution Source: BNP Paribas Real NUMBER OFEstate OFFICE SPACE HIRING OPERATORS IN MADRID https://www.realestate.bnpparibas.es/upload/docs/application/pdf/2015-05/datasheet-ofi cinas-madrid-t1-2015.pdf Source: BNP Paribas Real Estate Research

200 economic cycle and contrating

150 100 50

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2015

Number of office space hiring operators in madrid Source: BNP Paribas Real Estate https://www.realestate.bnpparibas.es/upload/docs/application/pdf/2015-05/datasheet-oficinas-madrid-t1-2015.pdf

When comparing the evolution of office rental prices in different areas in Madrid, the immense gap, between places that are considered prime and those that are not, becomes evident. The massive demand for offices in the areas that are centralized, or belong to the financial district, have made the rental princes increase greatly.

The evolution of the prices during the last 10 years has vary significantly, this is mainly due to the economic booms and crises, before the 2008 crisis we can see the prices reaching the highest numbers from the 10 years, this shows that during economic booms the real estate markets tends to create a real state bubble, when the crisis hits and this bubble explodes, the rental prices of offices crash.

In the context of Madrid this economic crisis and the crash of the real estate market has 132

taken 7 years to begin its recovery, from 2008 until 2015 the prices have only decreased. In the last year, the rental prices for offices have seen a positive outcome, prices are starting to increase, which means that those who owning real estate properties will try to take advantage of this new trend in the market. It is important to highlight that this increase on the office rental prices could be pointing to a new real estate bubble, in fact, the predictions for 2019 show that the rental prices could reach numbers as high as those seen during 2008 before the crisis hit.

When looking at the first diagram, one can conclude that the booms and crises of the real estate market hit much harder to those areas that are centralized, mainly because those are the ones that are mostly affected by the economic trends. The office spaces that are located outside what is considered the prime

office areas have a less variations, and therefore their prices have more stability.

Prime office spaces are extremely sensible to economic trends, which makes it hard to predict the way they will behave, even with this unpredictability, the owners of prime office spaces seem to make decisions like selling or buying buildings, based on assumptions made from the economic forecasts.

Since the prime office spaces play an importance role on the behavior of the real estate market, the decisions that the owners of these prime office spaces make about way they will handle their properties, tends to affect the entire market, which creates a fake market that bases itself on the decisions of those owning real estate properties.

MADRID: OFFICE REAL ESTATE SITUATION

PRIME OFFICE RENT € per sqm per month 45

RESTORATION

ECONOMICAL CRISIS

40 GDP

6.2%

ANNUALLY

TOTAL GROWTH 20%

ICE OFF

30

PRIC

E

35

CY

AN UP

OC

25

20

15

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Prime office rent in €/m2/month Source: El Confidencial http://www.elconfidencial.com/empresas/2015-03-16/catarsis-en-el-corazon-financiero-de-madrid_728200/#

The prices of offices in Madrid have been rising since 2013, this growth is directly connected with the general recovery of the city from the crisis and the GDP growth of the last years. “According to the consultancy firm JLL, the scarce supply and improving economy will cause office rental prices in Madrid and Barcelona to rise by more than anywhere else in the EMEA region over the next five years”.

ing them to occupancy levels one cannot understand why the towers in Azca are Empty.

The reason behind the vacancy of the towers is based on the market prices speculation. The owners of the towers are waiting for the prices of office rent to increase in order to make contracts then. Madrid has some of the highest forecasts for (rental) income growth over the next five years of any city in Europe.

the Master Plan for the area, which will favor (higher) prices; how Azca is going to change in terms of immediate availability, since various buildings are currently being refurbished, which will work in the area’s favor, but that will also mean there is more supply and therefore, tenants will have greater bargaining power, which may contain the increase to some extent.

Specifically, the consultancy expects that office rents will rise in Madrid by 6.2% each year on average, from €25/m2/month in 2014 to €34.5/m2/ month in 2019. Meanwhile, rents in Barcelona will increase by 5.3% per year, to €23/m2/ month by the end of 2019. The highest rents will be seen in the prime areas, i.e. in the central business districts: Azca in Madrid and Avenida Diagonal (between Francesc Macia and Maria Cristina) in Barcelona.Prices of offices in Azca are expected to grow even more in the next few years.”

When looking at these numbers and compar-

Currently, according to data from Knight Frank, its vacancy rate amounts to 11.9%, although in the central business district, known as in the jargon of the trade as CBD, the figure decreases to 7.3%, and for Grade A buildings (highest quality) within the M-30, the vacancy rate is a low as 2%. This means that there are very few good buildings (available) in prime areas in Madrid. Patricio Palomar, Director of Alternative Investments at CBRE provides a good summary of where Azca is going and the price of its rentals: “To analyze the evolution, three points should be taken into account:

The third element is that there are few square meters concentrated in one area in Madrid and there are few high quality buildings for tenants looking to rent more than 10,000 m2 of space inside the M-30; a supply that Azca will indeed have (in the not too distant future).

Add to that the fact that many tenants of this type, which moved to peripheral areas in the past, now want to return to locations such as this one, make me think that we will see price increases”.

133

AZCA: MAIN TRANSACTIONS GDP

TIMELINE MAIN TRANSCTIONS Madrid’s office real estate was hurt badly from the 2008 crisis onwards, where the renting applications more than halved themselves.

Businesses are searching for good quality offices inside the m30 highway area, where vacancy rates drop again after years of increases.

Experts agree that Madrid’s real estate is out of the deathly danger of the period from 2008 to 2014, but its full recovery will be timely and full of traps.

During the crisis there were a lot of real estate sales in madrid, espacially in AZCA, where there were some big real estate sales. Some big real estate companies wanted to invest in AZCA’s real estate and gain ground.

The big players are INDITEX, who bought Torre Picasso. GMP who bought Castellana 81, Torre Negra, and Torre Edera, Saint Gobain, El corte inglais, who built Torre Windsor and bought a big plot, Financiera Alba who bought Castellana 89 and Ahorro building.

Castellana 89 was sold with a big profit,12 years after being bought. Compared to other areas of Madrid, there is more trust in the economy and in the real estate market in AZCA, so companies are interested in investing in the complex.

93.5 MILLIONS FROM BANCO ZARAGOZANO TO AHORRO CORPORACION

2003 CASTELLANA 89

2003 SAINT GOBAIN

300 MILLIONS FROM BBVA TO GMP

87.5 MILLIONS BOUGHT BY BBVA - UNKK NOWN PREVIOUS OWNER

2008 CASTELLANA 81

2011

400 MILLIONS FROM FCC TO INDITEX

PICASSO

140 MILLIONS FROM ADIF TO EL CORTE INGLES

3.8% 2015

2014 PARKING LOT

90 MILLIONS

FROM BBVA TO GMP

SAINT GOBAIN

147 MILLIONS

FROM AHORRO CORPORACION TO FINANCIERA ALBA

BOUTH 52% OF THE BUILDING

2015 HOLLYDAY INN

36.3% 2015 CASTELLANA 89

25 MILLIONS BOUGHT BY HISPANIA UNKNOWN PREVIOUS OWNER

GDP

134

-

Current Relative Price Distribution of Rental Properties in Area Surrounding AZCA, Nov. 2015

AZCA: THE SITUATION AZCA is a site where high activity occurs (Where high activity jobs are at a higher density and where high activity sales occur), with this according to Savills Research group [an real estate company based in England] for a lease of 3-2 years it would cost 663 euros per square meter and 27,155 euros per employee taking into consideration of agency fee, fit outs, land tax, rent and service charges for 250 square meters. This “package” as advertised by the company would be big enough for an office of 6 people with 5 car parking spaces along with 5 month free rent.

In comparison by the same company of office space located in Manoteras, in the Northern area, where 3,900 square meters for 327 employees would cost 169 euros per square meters and 1,996 euros per employee. Taking into consideration of the two areas and the cost different between them, AZCA renting prices are much higher then the northern areas.

€ 25/m² + € 20/m² € 15/m² € 10/m² € 5/m²

Current Relative Price Distribution of Real Estate for Sale in Area Surrounding AZCA, Nov. 2015

0

Prices rent

100

€ 7500/m²

While average office prices in Tetuan land on the 1664 euro mark, the offices located closer to AZCA average 400-1000 euro higher then it’s counter parts. In Chamartin however the office spaces closer to AZCA on average are 3000 euros higher [average office spaces land on the 3553 euro mark]. Hence this brings the conclusion that though AZCA property prices are higher then surrounding areas it’s mainly dependent on the district the property is situated in.

€ 6000/m² € 4500/m² € 3000/m² € 1500/m²

Prices buying

Torre BBVA

Torre Mahou

200

Torre Titania

Torre Picasso

0

Torre Europa

Torre Cristal

100

200

Torre Espacio

135

COMPANIES WHO MOVED OUT OF AZCA There were a couple of big companies who moved out of AZCA the last decade, they moved to others regions in Madrid.

In the map is shown the M-30 highway and the castallana road. This two roads are important to understand the areas of the city.

Close to castallana road in the center is the prime area also called CBD. Around this area still in btween the M-30 Highway is the center area. Outside of the M-30 Highway are the decenter areas.

The red lines show the companies how move out of AZCA, The blue lines show the companies how move into AZCA. The thicker the lines are the more offices space the companies occupy.

Azca and Quatre Torres are seen as prime offices areas. Azca is the area where all the lines come from or go to. Quatre Torres is the the area where KPMG moves to.

BBVA moved out of Torre Negra, also known as the BBVA tower. They moved to a new build building in the area called Las Tablas outside of the M-30 highway.

FCC moved out of Torre Picasso, they also owned the Torre Picasso, but resently solled it. They moved to a new build building in the neighbourhood called Las Tablas outside of the M-30 highway. It was said that they moved because of a reorganisation.

KPMG moved out of Torre Europa. They moved to Torre Cristal in Quatre Torres area.

Saint Gobain moved out of Torre Ederra to a center area, not a prime location anymore.

Amazone will move into Castallana 85 and will occupy 1.700 squarre meter.

Google and Intel allready moved into Torre Picasso a little while ago.

Below a Little map of how the M-30 highway is situated in Madrid.

136

“La Vela”, the new BBVA Headquarters, Las Tablas, Madrid, by Herzog & De Meuron.

In November 2015 the last employees have moved out of Torre Negra, Castellana 81, built by the Architect Francisco Javier Sáenz de Oíza in the years 1978-1981 as the headquarters of the Spanish bank Banco d Bilbao, group BBVA. The new building-complex exist of 114.000 square meters of floor area, were the old building existed out of 45.00 square meter.

And will house 6,000 employees.

It consists of a sequence of office buildings made out of concrete and glass with green streets in between, leading to a big central courtyard with a 93 meter high oval tower,

the new icon of the BBVA headquarters called “La Vela” (what means either “the candle” or “the sail”) It’s not very clear why they moved out of Torre Negra. There are a few thing that stand out. The new building is a lot bigger, its verry sustainable. Its better reachable by car.

New headquatres of FCC, Las Tablas, Madrid.

The restructuring of FCC’s real estate was completed in November 2012, when it inaugurates its new headquarters in Las Tablas.

The new 14,000 square meter building will provide workspace for approximately 1,450 employees.

The building, which will be leased by FCC, will have seven stories above grade plus two underground car park levels. The ground floor will be devoted to shops and parking space.

The building will have a total of 400 parking spaces. The top six floors will be devoted to offices.

The transfer is part of the Group’s cost-saving policy. With the sell of Torre Picasso, FCC is continuing the policy implemented in the last few years of strengthening its financial structure and reducing debt.

Source: http://www.worldpropertyjournal.com/featuredcolumnists/deal-of-the-week-fcc-pontegadea-inmobiliariatorre-picasso-the-balmes-barcelona-federico-salmon-madridspain-commercial-real-estate-spain-banks-5146.php#sthash.

RRsp0xpx.dpuf

Torre Cristal, KPMG New Headquatres, by Cesar Pelli.

KPMG’s office in Madrid has about 20% more deal advisory business in the pipeline compared with last year at this time. Feeling more confident that the economy is strengthening, the firm will move into new offices in Madrid’s Torre de Cristal skyscraper.

KPMG will have 17 floors, with an area of about 20,000 square meters, for its more than 1,900 employees in Madrid. “Our new offices will mean an improvement in the working environment of our employees by providing the latest technological advances, environmental performance and open and functional spaces to encourage more collaborative

environment. This is excellent news that will certainly strengthen the growth plans of the firm, “says John Scott, chairman of KPMG in Spain.

Source: https://home.kpmg.com/es/es/home/sala-de-prensa/ notas-de-prensa/2015/02/kpmg-traslada-sede-torre-cristal. html

Saint Gobain new Headquatres.

The New Headquatres is not located in a prime area anymore, but in a center area.

Príncipe De Vergara Norte Saint Gobain Príncipe de Vergara, 132.

They moved because of a reorganisation.

137

REAL ESTATE SALES IN AZCA COMPARED TO QUATRE TORRES

Torre Europa

Av. del General Perón, 40 Fundación Cultural Mapfre

Holiday Inn Bernabeu Building 52% share, Hispania Bought from Leading Hospitality.

Castellana 89 Ahorro Building 93,5 Milion, 2003 Ahorro bought the building from Banco Zaragozano.

147 Million, 2015 Corporación Financiera Alba, owned by the March family. Around euro 7500 / m2

Torre Picasso 400 million, 2011, FCC sold Torre Picasso to Pontegadea Inmobilia ( Indetex). Thats around euro 5000 / m2

Torre Mahou, which has a market value of €104 million is estimated value of the tower

Torre Saint Gobain / Ederra 90 million, GMP bought from BBVA It had to be refurbished, So GMP will renovated so it can by a leading landmark

Torre Windsor

Castellana 75

Castellana 79

The plot of Adif a public transport company, 140 million, El Corte Ingles bougt the plot from Adif, the asking price was 40 million.

El Corte Inlges made plans to extend there store so it becomes the biggest of Spain

Castellana 81 Torre Negra (BBVA) 300 million, 2008-2009 BBVA sold the tower to GMP in a deal with three other buildings

Castellana 83-85.

138

Torre Espacio

Torre Cristal, by Cesar Pelli

Torre Cepsa, by Norman Foster.

The owner was Grupo Villar Mir, and solld the building in 2015 to Emperador for 558 million Euro, the asking price was between 600 and 650 million. The building exist out of 57 floors and in total 60.000 square meters of office space. So the sellin price was around 9200 Euro per square meter. Grupo Villar Mir build the building in 2007 for around 400 million Euro, this includes the price for the plot.

85% off the building is occupied, 55% of is occupied by Grupo Villar Mir. After the sell Villar Mir will stay in the building to keep the renting prices high. The renting prices are said to 34 Euro per square feet monthly.

Grupo Villar Mir is investing the money in two other big project in Madrid.

Exists out of 77.000 square meter.

In 2015 the estimated value of the the building was 504 million.

Ipic, the Abu Dhabi state fund behind the oil company Cepsa, is trying to sell the tower for a price between 500 and 600 million Euro.

In 2013 the value of the building was estimated between 400 and 450 million Euro.

The building exists out of 70.000 square meter above ground, and 35.000 square meter below ground. If the building would get sold for 550 million, the building would by worth 7850 per square meter for above ground.

Torre PWC, by Rubio & Alvarez Sala The building exists out of 63.000 square meter.

60% is occupied by a five star hotel called Eurostars Madrid Tower, the rest is occupied

by PwC, PricewatehouseCoopers.

139

AZCA BREAKDOWN The following graph visualizes the situation of the towers of AZCA in site. The rent per sqm is higher as the quality of the offices rises, the most expensive one being Torre Picasso.

The owners of each building are also listed.

Big companies of Spain currently hold the future of AZCA in their hands.

Finally, the vacancy rate of the building is visualized in the diagramm. These vacancy rates are some times fictious, as companies prefer to hold on to their investments until the prices rise furtherly.

TORRE MAHOU MutuaMadrilena 19€/sqm Insurance AVAILABLE: 6.000 m2

TORRE TITANIA El Corte Ingles Around 28€/sqm (2015)

Dept. Store

AVAILABLE: 36.700 m2

CASTE

Sacyr 27.50€

CASTELLANA 81 GrupoGMP Real Estate Under renovation Previously 27€/sqm

140

AVAILABLE: 24.000 m2

TORRE PICASSO

EDIFICIO MAPFRE

Inditex >32€/sqm

Mapfre 23€/sqm

Clothing

Insurance AVAILABLE: 6.000 m2

TORRE EUROPA Groupo Infinorsa

Real Estate Developer

22-31€/sqm

CASTELLANA 89 Ahorro Corporacion

Financial Company

27.50€/sqm

AVAILABLE: 21.000 m2

CASTELLANA 83-85 Sacyr 27.50€/sqm Construction Comp.

ANA 81 Real Estate

vation 7€/sqm

4.000 m2

141

AVAILABLE SPACE IN AZCA AVAILABLE OFFICE SPACE IN AZCA 36700 M2

TITANIA TOWER

24000 M2

CASTELLANA 81

21000 M2

CASTELLANA 89

16000 M2

EDERRA TOWER

6420 M2

MASTER I AND II

6000 M2

MAPFRE

6000 M2

MAHOU

21% 18%

13%

34% 4.5% 4.5%

5%

Office space in AZCA in 2015 Source: El Confidencial 100% TORRE PICASSO

The future of AZCA is clouded, If nothing changes in the coming five years almost half of the office buildings in the complex will be vacant. There is a trend of moving towards the outskirts of the city, with as main destination the Cuatro Torres more in the north. KPMG will be moving there and abandon the Torre Europe. Besides that, BBVA is moving out of their famous Black Tower. Only the top six floors will stay occupied by them.

EDIFICIO 100% BRONCE

TORRE ESTRELLA SEGUROS 20% TORRE TITANIA

89%

79% EDIFICIO MAHOU

82% MASTERS I y II OFFICE SPACE IN MADRID - CURRENT (2015) 50% TORRE EUROPA

11%

100% P. de la Castellana 89

10556290 M2

0% TORRE NEGRA

100% P. de la Castellana 79

OCCUPIED SPACE

89%

100% P. de la Castellana 83 - 85

0% TORRE BBVA

1304710 M2

OFFICE SPACE IN AZCA - CURRENT (2015) VACANT

9.9%

Occupancy Figures for AZCA 10556290 M2 100%

OCCUPIED SPACE

70% EDIFICIO MAPFRE

VACANT

The Torre Titania above the Corte Ingles is one of the biggest vacant offices in the city of Madrid.

There are rumours of Ernest & Young moving in there, but that would mean that they move out of the Torre Picasso, which still causes vacancy in the AZCA. IN MADRID - CURRENT (2015) This meansOFFICE thatSPACE something has to happen with or within the AZCA complex. Experts are pleading for VACANT 11% icon, which would the complex to become a digital mean investing heavily in the incorporation of new technologies.

TORRE 0% EDERRA

433.439 M2 OCCUPIED SPACE

91.1%

1304710 M2

47.000 M2

OFFICE SPACE IN AZCA - CURRENT (2015)

OFFICE SPACE IN AZCA - IN THE NEXT TWO YEARS

VACANT

9.9%

VACANT

22.7% 367784 M2

433.439 M2 OCCUPIED SPACE

OCCUPIED SPACE

91.1%

77.3%

47.000 M2

Prime Office Rent in EUR/M2/Month

Office Space in AZCA: Next 2 Years

OFFICE SPACE IN AZCA - IN THE NEXT TWO YEARS

142

VACANT

22.7% 367784 M2

108000 M2

143

SEVEN IDEAS THAT WIL CHANGE THE SPANISH ECONOMY

144

Open the door!

XXL

Change!

Support companies in their outward orientation, by promoting the increase in exports or attracting foreign direct investment.

Promote the creation of larger companies, capable of tackling changes and investment requirements to improve productivity and competitiveness.

Labour capacity adapts more easily to fluctuations in demand and economic dynamics - salaries are increased only through productivity increases (meritocracy).

Invest on education

Social Economy

Look at the future.

According to economic demands, the right levels of preparation must be available in terms of secondary and higher education; the variety of specializations offered at the university level and the numbers of graduates within each must also be suited and continually adapted to the needs of the economy. Futrhermore, access to international talent must be improved,

Simplify regulations to ease business initiative and the entry and exit of players; simplify administrative processes and improve effectiveness in interactions with entrepreneurs.

Innovation should be promoted, especially in subsectors where it is the key to competitiveness and growth (i.e. tradable goods and business services)

Spain is recovering Spain’s unemployment, gdp and development indexes are currently rising. The country is beginning its recovery already, so there is hope for its economy. With correct management and planning Spain’s economy will be up and running in the following years. After all, it is the 4th largest economy of the EU.

Companies keep their cards The entities already invested in the real estate of Madrid are keeping their properties empty until the setting is clear. These giants don’t take risks that could cost them millions, essentially contributing to vacancy, loss of profit, and ultimately, the crisis itself.

Development is here Experts’ forecasts predict rapid development in all sectors in Spain. Investors are attracted by the current low prices and are more likely to invest in sectors of infrastructure and business.

Fictitious vacancy Madrid’s and AZCA’s high vacancy rates are a result of the aforementioned strategy of real estate owners. Demand for high quality (Grade A) offices in Madrid’s central business district (AZCA included) is as high as ever. Companies are continuously searching for large, high quality office spaces.

Time of opportunities Large fluctuations in the stability of the real estate market means that proper managed investments are going to pay off highly. Therefore, Spain currently is a place of opportunities, and every factor is trying to buy in on a chance for profit.

Dangerous period The aforementioned large fluctuations make the real estate of Madrid a high risk-high reward game. As much possible as it is for an investor to turn out with huge profits, it is for him to get broke in an instant.

145

146

CULTURE

147

CULTURE IN MADRID Toward which direction is Spanish culture going? Which are the main tendencies in Madrid today?

These are the questions we are trying to answer by analysing the evolution of contemporary cultural scenarios. Our goal is to relate this analysis with historical facts, spatial distribution and demographic information in order to find out if there are cultural patterns in the city. The introduction timeline helps to understand the evolution of culture by comparing them with the main historical facts.

The district up show which is the division of quarters, related to the concentration of Spanish and foreign people. Each quarter has its own character and its own stereotypes that sometimes come from cultural issues. For instance, the barrio de las Cortes & Letras is so called because the high concentration of famous writersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; houses or for quotes from several books written on the floor.

The food analysis is based not only on the most popular dishes, but also on the Spanish time-table. This reflects the rhythms of Spanish people and their habits.

Spaces of literature in Spanish are several and sometimes they go beyond the classic bookshops. For instance, Bibliometro is a new system of loan of books present in all of the main metro Stations. This contributes to the spread of culture in a more informal and smart way. At the same time, some cult places for literature are present, such as the Restaurant Botin (the first restaurant in the world), famous for being attended by Ernest Hemingway, or the House of Cervantes.

Numerous libraries are present in Madrid.

Obviously, they reflect the architecture tendencies of their times. Biblioteca National de Espana, for example, is built in a classic way. On the contrary, the Regional Library and Archives of Madrid, designed by Mansilla & Tunon, re-use part of the ex El Aguila brewery in a more contemporary (and Spanish) way, by using massive shapes opposed to the lightness of the glass.

The analysis of magazines cover is also symptomatic of the cultural tendencies in Spain. Comparing some of the most popular covers, is it clear the differences between the ones of the 20â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, characterized by the influence of avant-gardist art movements, are different from the new ones. The latters reflect the contemporary illustration styles.

Rodrigo Sanchezâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cover for Metropoli (one of the most important cultural magazine of today) shows the will of re-interpret some of Spanish archetypes (by using typical colors for example), declined in a more contemporary way.

148

Not only covers, but also photography and graphic design reflect the changes of times. In this case, there is a clear difference between the works before, during and after La Movida Madrilena. This cultural movement, started

after the death of Franco, had a more pop approach, with shiny colors.

Madrid can be considered one of the main world capitals for Street Art. World famous artists have worked there, such as Blu, contributing to this fame. The peculiar thing is that they are able to use street art as a tool for requalification. Sam3 or Cristina Gayarre use the building facades as a huge canvas.

Neko exploit the existing billboards to express himself. Also in Azca there are several graffiti, but instead of the city center ones, they are not so accurate nor used from the shops owners as a tool to valorize their shutters.

Analysis of the music market shows us the great popularity of Latin, Pop or Dance music. This means that lot of discos are present in the city, especially around Azca. However, is important to underline the differences between discos attended by Latins and Spanish. They have different spatial characteristics and tell us which are the users of the site. The difference between them is also evident by looking at their flyers.

Fashion design is really popular in Spain.

Spanish designers are famous for their almost sculptural dresses and their colored shoes, clearly influenced by the popular traditions.

Several architectural firms are present in Madrid. Among the most popular there are Mansilla & Tunon, Alberto Campo Baeza, Abalos Herreros. But the most important is probably the Pritzker Prize Rafael Moneo, that enriched the city with his project for Atocha Station and the extension of Prado Museum.

The final map consists in the overlapping of all the cultural places analysed before.

Is it possible to say that there are three places where culture is condensed. Paseo de la Castellana with most of the important museums is one of those. The city center is also full of cultural activities. Here, all of them coexist contributing to create a really dense spot in the map. Azca is the third spot, where a great number of spaces for music is present.

Culture is really different in those parts: for instance, graffiti realised on the shutters of city centre shops are way more accurate than the one made in Azca. Spaces for music have different users depending on the quarter: this is reflected in their design.

The most interesting info is the fact that the city centre and Tetuan are the quarters with the highest percentage of immigrants (29% and 27%). This means that, apart from institutional culture such as museums on the Paseo de la Castellana, culture rises spontaneously when differences are present.

149

TIME LINE

Arabic, Moorish culture

Mannerism Baroque Spanish Golden Age

MOOR ARABIC

1st printed cookbook Libre del Coch: filled with midterranean style recipes Diego Velazquez The 1st Spanish cookbook from Catalonia: assortment of Catalan recipes, cooking techniques

8th

1324

1519

1520

1580s

16th

El Greco Cervantes: Don quixote 3rd Conquer by Herran Cortes: Chocolate, tomatoes, vanilla turkey, chillies introduced to Europe

150

RomanticismC ubism Surrealism Literary Movement

La Movida Madrilena

Spanish Civil war The advent of the DO system: The Denominacion de Origen System The Spanish government protected its regional produce from imitation, so they were notching up more than 100 protected food stuffs. e.g. Manchgo, Aceite Monterrubio, Jamon serrano

Novel Prize winner in Literature

Novel Prize winner in Literature

Jose de Echegaray

Camila Jose Cela

1st Spanish film exhibition

18th

19th

Juan Galbis’s Paella is listed on Guiness World Records

Pop Music

20th

1928

Second half 20th

1970s and 80s

2001

Tapas!

1st film society in Madrid Goya

Picasso Juan Miro Salvador Dali

Olive oil began to replace lard as the dominat cooking fat around Spain

2007

French Adria’s visionary cooking earns reputation as “el bull”, the best restaurant in the world.

Baroque chefs influenced

by French nouvelie cuisne created Nueva Cocina Vasca, a light version of stout peasant food, with in a few years the rest of Spain has followed suit.

151

DISTRICT MAP

Tetuàn

Chamartin

Chamberì

Malasana y Conde Duque Gran Via Callao

Chueca

Opera y Puerta Palacio Real del Sol Austrias y la latina

Barrio de Salamanca

Colon y Alonso Martinez

Las Cortes Paseo del Prado

Huertas

Retiro

Estrella

Puerta de Toledo Lavapies y El Rastro Atocha

Arguanzela

152

0

500

0

500

1500

1500

3000 m

3000 m

STEREOTYPES

Salamanca

Las Cortes & Letras

La Latina

This barrio is commonly known as the place of luxury, traditional and restaurant and shopping.

This is the poshest part of Madrid, full of ex-

Cortes is a traditional neighbourhood characterized by nice cobbled streets. This place is also famous for monuments, art and tapas bars.

Placed in the south-west part of the city centre, it is famous for its Cava Baja streets. This streets has the highest concentration of bar per

pensive lounge bars, where you can still feel how Madrid was years ago.

square meters of all Madrid. Even though it is quite close to the centre, rental price are quite cheap.

Chueca

Nuevos Ministerios & Chamartin

Sol

Located on the northern part of Gran Via, Chueca is famous for its gay population but it is way more than that. This is also a place full of tradition. The San Anton Market make it a special place for those who love food.

Famous as the businnes districts of Madrid, these quarters are quiet out of working hours.

The density of offices, park and commercial buildings will increase in proximity to the Castellana

Probably the most touristic place of Madrid, this is officially the heart of the Spain, with streets that start from here. Here lots of bar, shopping places and souvenir shops are pres-

Malasana

Lavapies

Retiro

Mostly know for its bars and party places, this is the barrio where La Movida Madrilena devel-

Close to the city centre, it has the best qualityto-price ratio if you want to live close to the

The quarter take the name from the huge park, El Parque del Buen Retiro, attended by all the

oped. It is populated by artists and alternative people. After Francoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s death, film director like Almodovar used to spend their time in Mala-

centre. It is populated by a large Indian and African community, but also locals and international people.

Madrileans. It is close to the city centre

sana bars.

ent

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LIFE OF PLAZAS - THE TIME

Comparing the â&#x20AC;&#x153;heartbeatâ&#x20AC;? of three different plazas during a 24h time it is clear that the ones mostly frequented by locals and turists have the most equilibrate and lively rhythm. They are not considered monuments (Plaza Mayor) or mere transition spaces (Plaza Picasso); Sociability and the presence of more activities brings more diverse kinds of people to the public space and during all the day.

LOCAL Tourists Locals

Plaza de Jacinto Benavente

TURISTIC Tourists Locals

Plaza Mayor

AZCA Tourists Locals

Plaza Pablo Ruiz Picasso

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FOOD: WHAT SPANIARD AND TOURISTS LOVE Paella Paella has derived from the Old french word Paelle for pan, which in turn comes from the Lain word patella for pan. Valencians uss the word paella for all pans.

Origin recipe

Paella Competition and record Types of Paella

Valencian

Vegetarian

Seafood

Mixed

etc.: Arros negre

It is a tradtion at mass gathering in the Valencian Community ,including festivals, political campaigns, protests, etc.,to prepare gigantic paellas.

There is a record for the world’s largest paells made by Valencian chef Juan Galbis on 2 October 2001. This paella served about 110,00 people officially, and his record is listed in Guiness World Records.

Tapas Different theories of the origin of tapas A: In 18th century, most of Spaniars, including innkeepers and travelers, were uneducated to read and write, so innkeeper served their guests a sample foods on a “tapa”(the word for pot cover in Spanish). It was a part of communication between them, especially in middleclass.

B: People used to cover their sherry glasses between sips with the slices of meat or bread usually in Andalusian taverns. There slices of meat was normally ham or chorizo which are both salty and activate thirst. So bartenders created some menus to serve with sherry, increasing their alcohol sales.

Common Spanish tapas Tortilla de patatas Tortilla paisana Tortillitas de camarones Aceitunas Albondigas Allioli Bacalao Banderillas Boquerones Gambas

Setas al Ajillo

Empanadillas Ensaladilla rusa

Zamburinas

Calamares Carne mechada Chopitos Cojonuda Choirzo al vino Chorizo a la sidra Croquetas Solomillo a la castellana Solomillo al whisky Papas arrugadas Papas con mojo Patas bravas Pimientos de Padron Pulpo a la gallega Pincho moruno Raxo Mejillones rellenos Queso con ahchoas 156

International small finger foods

OVERALL MAP

Tetuan Foreigner percentage 27%

Chamartin Foreigner percentage 15%

Malasana

Salamanca Foreigner percentage 18% Centro Foreigner percentage 29%

Retiro Foreigner percentage 11%

Libraries Literary cafès Bibliometro Independent and non-commercial movies Old cinemas Buildings in which many other activities take place Commercial movies in their original language 0 500 1500

#graffitiAZCA #3ttman #streetart #graffiti Photography Music venues Discotecas Museums 3000 m

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MUSEUMS

Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza

Museo Sorolla

Museo Del Prado

Museo Reina Sofia

CaixaForum

Museo Arqueologico Nacional

Museo Cerralbo

Museo del Romanticismo

Museo Lázaro Galdiano

Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales

Matadoro

Patrimonio Nacional

Madrid has a hugh collection of quality museums. They vary from highly classical to modern and from art to science. Almost all museums can be found along the Paseo de la Castellana (see map). The museums in Madrid have very important collections. For example, the Prado Museum has a big collection of Hieronymus Bosch (a.k.a. El Bosco). The Prado is also part of the so called Triángulo del Arte, together Museo Real Madrid

Guernica, Pablo Picasso in the Museo Reina Sofia

158 0

500

1500

3000 m

with the Reina Sofía Museum and the ThyssenBornemisza Museum. These are the most prestigious Museums of Madrid. Madrid also has a lot of private collections, that have become museums. And the Matadoro, a complex for art and performances.

And then, of course, there is the Museo Real Madrid, dedicaded to all the glorious victories of the famous Madrilean football club.

SPORTS

Real Madrid

Real Madrid is the biggest and most well known football club in Madrid. It also has the most (consequent) succesfull team. Real Madrid is known as a rich club, that also has wealty supporters. Of course this is no longer relevant, since anyone can be a fan. However a Real Madrid jersey still costs about 30 euros more than a Atlético jersy.

Atlético Madrid

El Derbi Madrileño: when Real Madrid faces Atlético Madrid. This club is less succesfull and has therefore less money, but is still a worthy opponent for Real. Atlético is the football club for the workingclass, since they could relate better to it. The derby is seen as a classic fight between the rich madrilean and the poor workingclass.

Rayo Vallecano

Rayo Vallecano is a typical yo-yo-club, always in the shadow of the bigger clubs of Madrid (Real and Atlético). The ska-punk band Ska-P is very imporant to the supporters of this club, since they sing song by Ska-P to support their club.

INE: Number of clubs in the Community of Madrid (2014)

Good skating spots don’t necessarily have to be specially designed skateparks. On the map you can see the best skate spots in Madrid, two of which are actual skateparks.

Skating (as well as rollerblading and BMXing) are very popular in Madrid. For example, when the weather is good, the madrilean go to the park (Parque de El Retiro or Parque Madrid Rio) to rollerblade. There are a lot of spots that have a smooth surface and are suitable for rollerblading.

In AZCA, the most popular sport is freerunning.

The different levels are very good for climbing and jumping. On instagram, under the hashtag #azca you will find numberous videos on freerunning on the premises of the complex. w

159

LITERATURE BIBLIOMETRO Bibliometro is a system of free loan of books located in several metro stations of Madrid.

They contain about 3,000 volumes. It allows the loan of two books per reader for a maximum of 15 days.

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RESTAURANTE SOBRINO DE BOTIN

CASA DE CERVANTES

BARRIO DE LETRAS

This restaurant (certified as the oldest in the world) used to be attended by lots of famous writers during the 1920s, ‘30s and ‘50s. This is mentioned in the final page of Hemingway’s “The sun also rises”.

The house of the Spanish writer is situated in Calle Huertas, the main artery of tahe Barrio de Letras district.

The neighborhood of letters hosted several Spanish writers during the years, like Luis de Gongora, Francisco de Quevedo and Gustavo Adolfo Becquer.

LIBRARIES Regional library and Archives of Madrid

Biblioteca PĂşblica Municipal IvĂĄn de Vargas

Library at El Real Monasterio de El Escorial

The library, designed by the Spanish studio Mansilla & Tunon, is partly hosted in the ex El Aguila brewery.

Library of Marketing Finance and Economy

Pedro Salinas - Puerta de Toledo Juan Navarro Baldeweg

Biblioteca Central

Biblioteca National de Espana

Ana Maria Matute Carabanchel - RSP architects

161

MOVIES

Álex de la Iglesia

1

Pedro Almodóvar

2

Alejandro Amenábar

3 4

Madrid is a hot spot for cinema. Not only is filmed by famous Spanish directors, it also has a cultural scene around it that comprises cinema festivals, cinema schools and the famous Goya Awards.

Madrid is constantly being used as a background for recording movies and some of the most important scenes are shot in notorious locations. Icons of Madrid, in both the historical centre and the financial centre, have played an important role in film making since the early beginning of the industry in Spain.

In some of these movies, the meaning of these icons goes hand to hand with the narrative. In Álex de la Iglesia’s movie The Day of the Beast, the devil’s signature is identical to Torres Kio, a proof that this is where he lives.

8 6

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MOVIE SCENES LEFT: The Day of the Beast (1995). CENTRE: Torrente 3 (2005); The Day of the Beast (1995); The Large Family (1962); Km. 0 (2000); The Community (2000); 20 centimeters (2005). RIGHT: Stories from the Kronen(1995); The Flower of My Secret (1995); The Witches of Zugarramurdi (2013); The Mystery of Puerta del Sol (1929); The Last Horse (1950); Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown (1988).

162

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Open Your Eyes (1997) is a movie by Alejandro Amenábar that was filmed in Madrid and reveals amazing footage of the some of the city’s mains locations.

The whole movie is a mix of dreams and real events in a man’s life. During a dream, the main character is driving his car in downtown Madrid, when he realizes that everyone is gone. Astonished, he stops the car and starts walking in Gran Via. In the final scene of the movie the man realizes he has been living in a dream. In order to wake up, he goes on a rampage and tries to be killed. Instead, he must jump from Torre Picasso, a ritual that symbolizes the end of the dream.

The city assumes a special importance in this movie. Social behaviours, déjà-vu and the environment provide clues in order to distinguish dreams from reality The movie was a success and an English version was filmed some years later in hollywood under the name Vanilla Sky (2001).

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CINEMAS

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Going to the cinema in Madrid can be a very peculiar experience. Most cinemas in Spain exhibit dubbed movies, a tradition that dates back to Franco’s regime and his nationalist ideals. However, many exceptional cinemas can be found all around the city and the differences among them vary in terms of the type, style and language of the movie or even the type of room.

Whereas the old Cine Doré and Cine Callao provide the perfect experience for watching classical movies, Cineteca’s highly contemporary cinema rooms seem to match the independent films and documentaries presented there. Another trend in watching movies in madrid are the informal open air summer cinemas, like the Muestra de Cine de Lavapiés, that attracts every kind of people.

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1 - Cines Verdi Calle de Bravo Murillo, 28 28015

6 - Cines Callao City Lights Plaza Callao, 3,28013

11 - La Casa Encendida (Cultural centre) Ronda de Valencia, 2,28012

2 - Cine Renoir Plaza de España Calle de Martín de los Heros, 12,28008

7 - Cine Ideal Calle del Dr Cortezo, 6,28012

12 - Artistic Metropol Calle de las Cigarreras, 6,28005

3 - Cine Renoir Retiro Calle de Narváez, 42 28009

8 - Cine Doré Calle de Santa Isabel, 3,28012

13 - Cineteca (Matadero Madrid) Plaza de Legazpi, 8,28045

4 - Renoir Cuatro Caminos Raimundo Fernandez 10, Villaverde, 28003

9 - Café + Cine Kino Calle Olivar, 17,28012 Madrid

14 - Cine Estudio Circulo de Bellas Artes Calle de Alcalá, 42 28014

5 - Cine Capitol Calle Gran Vía, 41,28013

10 - CSA La Tabacalera de Lavapiés (Cultural centre), Calle de Embajadores, 51,28012

15 - Academia de las Artes y las Ciencias Cinematográficas, Calle de Zurbano, 3,28010

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GRAPHIC DESIGN

Historical Covers The analysis of magazines cover is symptomatic of the cultural tendencies in Spain. Comparing some of the most popular covers, is it clear the differences between the ones of the 20â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, characterized by the influence of avant-gardist art movements, are different from the new ones. The latters reflect the contemporary illustration styles. Rodrigo Sanchezâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cover for Metropoli (one of the most important cultural magazine of today) shows the will of re-interpret some of Spanish archetypes (by using typical colors for example), declined in a more contemporary way.

Ramon Gomez de la Serna Espana cover - 1918

AA.VV. Por Esos Mundos cover - 1926

AA.VV. Mundo Grafico - 1938

Recent Covers

AA.VV Rolling Stone cover - 2011

AA.VV Interview - 2012

Rodrigo Sanchez Metropoli / Magazine and Newspaper Design - 2015 166

PHOTOGRAPHY AND GRAPHIC TIMELINE GRAPHIC DESIGN AND PHOTOGRAPHY

Charles Clifford

Manuel Luque

Photography Salvador Bartolozzi

1850’s

Graphic Design

Daniel Gil

Manolo Prieto

Christobal Portillo

1920-30’s

Santos Yubero

El Hortelano

Montesol

Nazario Luque

1975

Death of Franco Ouka Leele

Miguel Trillo

Paulo Perez Minguez

Alberto Garcia Alix

Isabel Munoz

Alberto Schommer

1980’s

Ceesepe

1970’s 197 7

Amand Domenech

Eduardo Arroyo

1990 - 2000’s

LA MOVIDA MADRILENA

Joan Pedragosa

1950-60’s

Ramon Masats

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GRAFFITI HIGHLIGHTS Social Center Esta es una plaza, with works by Roa, Ligen, Blu, Br1

Sam3 facade graffiti

Billboard street art by Neko

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Building in Lavapies by Cristina Gayarre.

The Rosh Aphrodite

Street Art on railings and doors by E1000

ana

SHUTTER DOORS GRAFFITI Shutter doors of Madrid shops are the black canvas for graffiti artists in Madrid. Because of the diffusion of Street Art in Madrid, some businesses have started to commision artwork for their doors, in order to control the imagery on their doors. Walking through the streets is possible to observe the succesion of these graffiti.

The blog TravelMarx has decided to map and share a series of shutter door graffiti photographed during their walk across Madrid streets.

Malasana

Malasana Plaza Mayor

Museo el Prado

GRAFFITI IN AZCA

Museo el Prado

Plaza Mayor Street Art in AZCA site differs from the city centre graffiti. Comparing the typical shutter of a shop in AZCA to one of Malasana, is clear how the latter street art is a tool to improve the image of the shop. In the former case, graffiti are just the result of people that act without authorization.

laza Mayor

Museo el Prado

Shutter of a shop in AZCA

Malasana

Shutter of a shop in the city centre 169

MUSIC FACTS Physical music market from 2005 to 2010 in Spain

Evolution of the musical market 2006 23,1 Millions 2010 41,2 Millions

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

437,7 M.

Downloaded

Subscription

Mobile

Streaming

Most popular music festivals in Spain 371,8 M 276,3 M 242,2 M

192,2 M

FIB 107.041

137,4 M

ORTIGUEIRA 100.000 W. CACERES 57.000

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

SONAR 53.968 W. L.PALMAS 50.000

Spanish music chart - March 2016 Musical Genres

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Nationality

Electronic / Dance (13%)

Usa (28%)

Sweden (2%)

Pop (59%)

UK (18%)

Denmark (2%)

Reggaeton (7%)

Spain (24%)

Australia (4%)

Latino (9%)

Cuba (4%)

France (2%)

Rock (5%)

Panama (2%)

Belgium (1%)

Rap (7%)

Canada (10%)

Colombia (1%)

SPACES FOR MUSIC

Locals

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LIVE CLUB

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MUSIC CLUBS NEAR AZCA

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Mostly Mostly attended by Spa nish Mostly attended by Spanish Mostly attende d by Latinos Mostly Mostly attended by Latinos

attended by Spanish attended by Latinos

DISCOTEQUES IN AZCA VANILLA - Spanish Disco

TOKYO LATINO - Latin Disco

Flyer

Flyer

Inside

Inside

Outside

Outside

Is it possible to underline how AZCA seems to be a huge container with different activities

is no clear corrispondance between the kind of disco and its position. Spanish disco are

in it, sometimes without a connection to one another. Clubs are an example of this trend.

As analysed before, both Spanish and Latinos

located in the underground sometimes, and Latino ones are on the street level. This reveal

Near AZCA more than 15 clubs are presents.

Some of them are in the main streets, like Calle Orense, while the others are close to the underground parkings. Even if they can resemble to one another from the outside (except from the underground one), they have completely opposite target of users. Spanish discos like Vanilla Castellana 118 are exclusively for Spanish people from the middle class. On the contrary, because of the high percentage of foreigners in TetĂšan, other discoteques are attendend only by Latinos, for instance Tokyo Latino.

Also the interiors of the two clubs are completely different. In the Spanish disco lot of attention is payed to the interior design, to the light system of the place, to the creation of different ambients inside. Tokyo Latino interiors lack of this attention. It looks like a huge empty room, with just a console, a bar and some chairs.

From the outside, the two clubs are really different because of the position (one is on the street level, the other is undergound. Despite this difference, is it not true that all of the underground clubs are latinos: most of them are attend by rich Spanish adolescents.

places are present. They are attended from different kind of people, from the low class foreigners, to the rich Spanish adolescents. There

the randomness of the functions in Azca, with places that follow one another without a clear and apparent reason.

173

CULTURE AROUND AZCA

Palacio de Congresos de Madrid

Parroquia Santa María Micaela

Estadio Santiago Bernabeu

Teatro Bodevil

Colegio San Agustin Catholic Eductation Centre

Parroquia HispanoAmericana

Parroquia de los Sagrados Corazones

Aneca

Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales Archivo Histórico Nacional Scuola Italiana Madrid

Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano

Calle de Bravo Murillo

north

Calle de Bravo Murillo

The people of Tetuan call the Calle de Bravo Murillo the line between the rich part (East, next to AZCA) and the poor part (West) of Tetuan. Tetuan has one of the highest percentages of South American immigrants (especially in Bellas Vistas) and at the same time the most dense populated district of Madrid. It is somethimes called El Pequeño Caribe (the small Caribean).

The Calle de Bravo Murillo is the main street trough Tetuan. This is the street that is the most crowded and where most stores can be found.

To the right of this street, bigger buildingblocks rise up, while on the ‘bad’-side, the typical small houses and the seemingly unorganized streets of Tetuan remain.

174

Estadio Santiago Bernabéu is the stadion of Real Madrid, the most succesful football team of Madrid. It was built in 1947. The stadium has a capacity of 81.044 seats. For more information see the section Sports.

Palacio de Congresos de Madrid, built in 1970, is a congress center for a wide range of events.

The biggest auditorum has 995 seats. During the worldcup of 1982 the congress center was used as presscenter, and therefore connected to the Santiago Bernabeu with a pedestrian bridge.

Aneca is short for La Agencia Nacional de Evaluación de la Calidad y Acreditación. It is the quality assesment of education, culture and sports and works for the government.

The Teatro Bodevil is a venue for burlesque, acrobatic and cabaret shows.

Scuola Italiana Madrid

Colegio San Agustin is a catholic eductation center right behind the Estadio Santiago Bernabéu.

Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales was founded in 1772 by Carlos III of Spain. It has a hugh collection of natural historic artefacts.

Archivo Histórico Nacional was founded in 1866. It serves as a archive for administration of the state, institutional archive, private archive and collections.

Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano was established in 1946. It is an institute of the counsil for scientific research.

Parroquia de los Sagrados Corazones, next to the Estadio Santiago Bernabéu.

Parroquia HispanoAmericana in the disctrict Tetouan.

Parroquia Santa María Micaela in the disctrict Tetouan.

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PEOPLE OF TETUAN

A ella le gusta la gasolina dame mas gasolina Como le encanta la gasolina

dame mas gasolina

A ella le gusta la gasolina dame mas gasolina Como le encanta la gasolina

dame mas gasolina

Latin American immigrants have a hard time integrating into the Spanish culture. They face an unexpected language barrier, since the Spanish they speak is different to the Spanish the Madrilean speak. Above that, children of the Latin American immigrants have difficulty at school. Their previous education does not live up to the one in Spain, and the Spanish teachers do not know how to deal with these children. The educational lag and the language barrier make it nearly impossible to integrate in to the Madrilean life. “They live in a world that is separate from the mainstream of Spanish society”.

The reality of the Spanish life does not live up to the expectations. There is no work, which makes integration even more difficult. A report of the lives of few Ecuadorion women showes that they start missing their own land and their culture.

Whitin the Latin American population, women who migrate to Europe are seen as deserters

176

of their country, whereas men are seen as pioneers, that leave in order to provide for their family, which makes it even harder to find a place in society.

AZCA used to provide a small piece of culture, in the form of nightlife. The underground scene of reggaetón clubs in los Bajos de AZCA was in 2005 at its peak. It was the biggest reggaetón scene in Europe, with 10 clubs and 10.000 visitors each weekend.

These dicotecas latinas started in 1998 and gave the Latin America population of Madrid a part of their own culture back. The underground of AZCA was, admittedly, not the nicest place to be, but at least it was something they could relate to, says a Ecuadorian woman in “Ecuadorians in Madrid: Migrants’ Place in Urban History”.

In 2006, the discotecas latinas were gradually shut down, due to organized crime and violence that was linked to Latino gangs like

The Latin Kings, Los Ñetas and Domenicans Don’t Play (DDP). They were said to have a big presence in the underground of AZCA and there have been shootings in and arround Calle Orense. These gangs are relatively small and do not represent the whole Latin American community in Madrid. Nevertheless, the Madrilean police and the city counsil shut down almost all the discotecas latinas in order to revitalize AZCA. In texts about the “revitalization of AZCA” one thing always comes up: the closing of the discotecas latinas.

INVISIBLES DE TETUAN This document has been spreaded on the internet by an association called ‘Invisibles de Tetùan’. It summarises the basic needs and defects affecting the inhabitants of the district. A statement inside their webpage expresses pretty well their concearns: “The idea is to obtain an approximation to the precarious conditions of life and work of one of the neighborhood in terms of income, employment , housing and health.” It is organized in six points, illustrating the six main issues of the

inhabitants.

Here are listed the topics of each of them.

1. Rent and poverty A third of the households in Tetùan is suffering economic hardship, the fifth is at risk of exclusion and about 7% in extreme poverty (10,600 people in 4,400 households, approximately).

2. Minimum benefits of subsistence The Minimum Insertion Income (RMI)

only reaches the eighth of those in extreme poverty. Three out of four RMI requests are denied, so they have to find other outlets: Caritas aid, begging, searching the garbage, etc.

The redistribution of the 1% of the income inside the district would be sufficient to resolve these cases.

3. Unemployment, wages, unemployment benefits The fifth of the working population is unemployed Tetùan. In half the cases they take more than a year looking for work and receive no financial benefits whatsoever.

Youth is the most affected, with an unemployment rate of 49% and most temporary contracts when they find employment.

4. Housing 10% of households in the district can not pay the rent or mortgage payment on your home.

This leads to frequent foreclosures, evictions and releases, plus cuts supply of water and electricity. Bellas Vistas and Valdeacederas neighbourhoods are the most depressed.

5. Pensions, dependency aid, health The fifth of the residents are elderly and more than 8,000 live alone, often with very low pensions.

Disease and disability affect more than 80% of the population but less than 2% receive dependency aid.

From RDL 16/2012, more than 3,000 people in the district have been excluded from the health card.

6. Immigrant population: a half-blooded district Tetùan is a half-blooded district with a high portion immigrants and mixed families. However, in 2012 it started the process of people (immigrant and native) leaving the Spanish country, as a result of the economic crisis and unemployment.

The campaign “Invisibles de Tetùan” is trying to give awareness of the district’s problems to the government of the city and to other citizens. They are trying to give a face to all the people in disease; this takes place through their website as well as affixing posters of people and their stories.

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HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING OFFICE OFFICE

HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING

HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING

SMALL BUSINESSES IN AZCA AND PANENKAPROFESSIONAL ENTREPRENEURIAL

UNKNOWN VACANT

RESTAURANT CENTRE

BMV CAFE/

RESTAURANT

CLINIC

ENSALADAS Y + GLASS ALL M & M RESTAURANT DISCO

AGES CLUB UNKNOWNVITRAVELVAC AGENCY

UNKNOWN VIPS CAFEVACANT

DENTAL ROSVAL BARBER SHOP

CFC MJM DESIGN STUDIO ADVISORY

HOUS HOUS HOUS HOUS HOUS HOUS HOUS HOUS HOUS HOUS

HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING

SPA PRODUCTIONS

STUDIO 12 AFTER

WORK 80’S & 90’S DISCO

CALLE ORENSE

HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING

UNKNOWNVACANT

ENTRANCE TO BUILDING

BARCLAYS

HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSINGINLENTESGRUPO CONSTANT VIRTUAL PYME WEB SERVICES

FAMISA COMMERCIAL INVESTMENT

VACANT

CONTACT LENS HUMAN RESOURCES

TECHNOMASTER ENGINEERING CAJA

GENERAL TO BUILDING MADRID OPTICS BANKIAENTRANCE

VACANT

HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING

VACANTOFFICEVACANT OFFICE

TO BUILDING VIPS CAFE MASSIMO DUTTI ZARAENTRANCE

HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING

H H H H H H H

VACANTUNKNOWNEURO ESTETICAO El Cobrador del Frac SVS DESIGN STUDIO LEGAL ADVISINGAESTHETIC CENTRE O

CALZEDONIAKIKOENTRANCE TO

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MARIONNAUD

PHONE HOUSE

VIANDAS DE SALOIO EN SALAMANNCAFASHION BU

CALLE DE AGUSTÍN DE BETANCOURT

HOUSING

HOUSING

HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING OFFICE OFFICE

HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING

ROCOCO GLASS VACANT CLUB DISCO ORENSE ENSALADAS Y +

CAFE/ RESTAURANT

ALL SPA

Calle Orense = Consumerism

HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING

GOLF RESTAURANT

VUNKNOWN ACANT

ENTRANCE TO BUILDING

UNKNOWN AEROSOLES CALZEDONIA YVES ROCHER

ENTRANCE TO DENTAL BUILDING CLINIC

KIKO

PHONE HOUSE

MARIONNAUD

178

ROSVAL BARBER SHOP

UNKNOWN

BARCLAYS

COMUNIDAD DE MADRID EMPLOYMENT AGENCY

UNKNOWN UNKNOWN

King's Training GYM

Services Store Well-being Health Food Disco

UNKNOWN

SPA PRODUCTIONS

STUDIO 12 AFTER

WORK 80’S & 90’S DISCO

CROSS SECTION

UNKNOWNVACANT

Calle de Agustín de Betancourt = Leisure

AGES CLUB A UNKNOWNVITRAVELVAC AGENCY A

UNKNOWN VIPS CAFEVACANT

CLINIC

ENSALADAS Y + GLASS ALL M & M RESTAURANT DISCO

HOUS HOUS HOUS HOUS HOUS HOUS HOUS HOUS HOUS HOUS HOUS HOUS HOUS HOUS

HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING

DENTAL ROSVAL BARBER SHOP

CFC MJM DESIGN STUDIO ADVISORY

HOUS

HOUSING

HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING

EL CAPATUNKNOWN AZ VACANT TAVERN

AND PANENKAPROFESSIONAL ENTREPRENEURIAL

CENTRE M &RESTAURANT M BMV PRODUCTIONS

ZARA HOME

HOUSING HOUSING

HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSINGINLENTESGRUPO CONSTANT VIRTUAL PYME WEB SERVICES

FAMISA COMMERCIAL INVESTMENT

VACANT

CONTACT LENS HUMAN RESOURCES

TECHNOMASTER ENGINEERING CAJA

GENERAL TO BUILDING MADRID OPTICS BANKIAENTRANCE

VACANT

HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING

HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSINGHOUSING HOUSING HOUSINGHOUSING

HOUSING

HOUSING HOUSING VACANTOFFICEVACANT HOUSING OFFICE

TO BUILDING VIPS CAFE MASSIMO DUTTI ZARAENTRANCE

VACANTUNKNOWNEURO ESTETICAO El Cobrador del Frac SVS DESIGN STUDIO LEGAL ADVISINGAESTHETIC CENTRE O

CALZEDONIAKIKOENTRANCE TO

YVES ROCHERAEROSOLES BUILDING

HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING

COMUNIDAD DE MADRID EMPLOYMENT AGENCY

EL CAPATAZ

TAVERN

EL CORTE INGLÉS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

PARKING

PARKING

H H H H H H H

VACANT

DENTAL VACANT CLINIC KIKO M & M

ROCOCO

PRODUCTIONSDISCOTECA

MARIONNAUD

PHONE HOUSE

VIANDAS DE SALOIO EN SALAMANNCAFASHION BU

SING SING SING SING SING SING SING SING SING SING

HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING ALTA GESTIÓN RITA CHOP & CHOP HOUSING EMPLOYMENT AGENCY ADVISORY CAFE/RESTAURANT MEDITERRANEAN RESTAURANT GOVERNMENT’S

CANT PRO-AZCA

TOKYO LATINO PANAMERICANA DISCO

FANTASIAS EROTIC STORE

STEREOTYPES AND DIVERSITY (based on the number of same functions facing the streets) CALLE ORENSE

HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING

The average citizen going to the bloc in AZCA, facing Calle Orense, will most likely go to an office or shopping. Despite being the main street of the bloc, the number of spaces in a precarious situation (either vacant or unknown), is considerably higher. The passerby is not invited to stay for a long time in most of the establishments, that are open mostly during day.

HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING

UNKNOWN

OFFICEUNKNOWNOFFICE

OFFICEVACANTOFFICE

NTRANCE TO WOMEN UILDING SECRET

VACANT

H & MBCBG MAXAZRIA FASHION STRABUCKS

SING

UNKNOWN

HOUSING

SING SING SING SING SING SING SING SING SING SING SING SING SING SING

VACANT VELACAPATCANTAZ

HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING ALTA GESTIÓN RITA CHOP & CHOP HOUSING EMPLOYMENT AGENCY ADVISORY CAFE/RESTAURANT MEDITERRANEAN RESTAURANT GOVERNMENT’S

CANT PRO-AZCA

HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING

TOKYO LATINO PANAMERICANA DISCO

FANTASIAS EROTIC STORE

PLAN AT LEVEL OF CALLE DE A. DE BETANCOURT

UNKNOWN

VACANT VELACAPATCANTAZ

HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING

ENSALADAS Y + ORENSE RESTAURANT GOLF OFFICEVACANTOFFICEUNKNOWN

OFFICEUNKNOWNOFFICE

NTRANCE TO WOMEN UILDING SECRET

VACANT

GLASS DISCO

H & MBCBG MAXAZRIA FASHION STRABUCKS

TAVERN

UNKNOWN

King's

ALL SPA

M &M PRODUCTIONS

UNKNOWN

ROCOCO CLUB MARIONNAUD

CALLE DE AGUSTÍN DE BETANCOURT

ENSALADAS Y + ORENSE RESTAURANT GOLF

Comparable to the main street, mainly services and anonymous spaces are facing Calle A. de Betancourt. On the other hand, a surprisingly higher number of discos and cafes/restaurants engage in a direct relation with the back street, despite a lower amount of people circulating there. The passerby is prone to stay longer in establishment in this street, and bigger groups of people will most likely be spotted at night.

GLASS DISCO ALL SPA

M &M PRODUCTIONS

ROCOCO CLUB

TAVERN

PLAN AT THE NEVEL OF CALLE ORENSE

UNKNOWN

UNKNOWN

King's Training GYM

UNKNOWN UNKNOWN COMUNIDAD DE MADRID EMPLOYMENT AGENCY

ROSVAL

BARBER SHOP

MARIONNAUD

PHONE HOUSE

TO DENTAL ENTRANCE BUILDING CLINIC HOUSING

UNKNOWN

PA

KIKO AEROSOLES

PA

YVES ROCHER CALZEDONIA HOUSING

ZARA HOUSING HOUSING HOME HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING

179

FASHION DESIGNERS TODAY

Adolfo Dominguez Based in Galicia, it is probably the most ubiquitous designer label in Spain.

Loewe Established in 1846, this brand is known for its luxurious leather. Mainly focused on bags, shoes and ready-towear clothing.

Manolo Blahnik This half-Spanish and half-Czech became famous for his sleek, sexy stiletto creation, that made his fortune during the 70â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s.

Jesus del Pozo Madrid-based fashion designer, he is mainly famous for his obsession with texture, often with an architectural flare.

Traditional clothes

Peineta

Gilet

Mantilla

Fashion world in Spain is characterized by the relationship with two economic sectors: the textile and the footwear fields. These two industries, recently, have faced a period of transformation. The main consequence has been a greater turnover and a strong presence of Spanish brands both in national and international markets. So today Spanish fashion design enjoys a period of recognised prestige. This is also because of the main Fashion showcases: for instance, the Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week in Madrid, the 080 Barcelona Fashion or the Valencia Fashion Week are comparable to the main European Fashion events such as Milan, London or Paris Fashion weeks.

Some of the recurrent topics in Spanish Fashion Design is the remind to architectural or sculptural shapes. This is evident especially in the works of Amaya Arzuaga or Adolfo Dominguez.

180

Amaya Arzuaga One of the first female Spanish designer to be invited at several Fashion Weeks (Milan, London, Paris). Her clothing can be compared to a sculpture.

ARCHITECTURE FIRMS

Mansilla & Tunon Royal Connection Museum

Alberto Campo Baeza Infinite House

Paredes Pedrosas Arquitectos Archaelogy Museum

Sancho Madridejos Teaching Pavilion

Abalos Herreros Casa en la Rozas

Langarita-Navarros Arquitectos

Spanish is currently experiencing a revolution in the architecture field. Several offices based in Madrid are gaining worldwide recognition.

The Prizker Prize Rafael Moneoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s buildings and writings have huge influence on the new generations of architects. Firms like Alberto Campo Baeza and Mansilla & Tunon are contributing to the worldwide diffusion of the Spanish architecture. A kind of architecture characterized by the attention to the genius loci, the soul of the place.

The main tendence today is a sort of recover of this vernacular tradition. This leads to the creation of monolythic forms, realised in clear stone, concrete or white plaster, that create a strong relationship with the context.

Rafael Moneo Prado Museum Extension 181

TOWER

182

183

Functional period 1880 - 1900 The first sckyscrapers where built after a structural revolution. Instead of heavy brickwork slender steel frames were being used to construct facade and loadbrearing elements.

Eclectic period 1900 - 1920 At the beginning of the 20th century designs became more flamboyant. European Gothic and Renaissance elements were applied to the New York rises of capitalism.

Art Deco period 1920 - 1940 The decorations of the eclectic period became more pronounced. There was an emphasis on rich colours, bold geometric shapes and lavish ornamentation. One of its major attributes is an embrace of technology.

International style 1950 - 1970 At the beginning of the 20th century designs became more flamboyant. European Gothic and Renaissance elements were applied to the New York rises of capitalism.

184

1995

1980

1970

1960

1950

1920

1900

1880

EVOLUTION OF THE SKYSCRAPER

Superhigh period 1965- 1975 In the 60â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the skyscraper was rediscoverd as a symbol of economical power. This return to the individualism of the 20â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s was inspired by the technological innovation and the aversion of the glass box towers.

Social skyscraper 1970 - 1980 After a period of experimenting skyscraper architects were focussing on the precense and interaction with the environment. They searched for a way to make the tall structures realtable to human size and structure.

Postmodern period 1980 - ...

In postmoderism color, shape and decoration became important again. It evolved into a modern version of the eclectic style.

Neo-Futurism 1990 - ....

The newest super structures reach for the sky in diverse forms. Primarily popular big cities in asian and middle eastern regios. Focus is on building impressive and iconic skyscrapers.

Architectural Style timeline

18

90

10

20

- uses a range of conventional forms: roots - orders or types of columns with fixed proportions such as Doric, Ionic and Corinthian - buildings tend to be symmetrical on facade and on plan

188 0

2020

classical

20

00

gothic revival

- ode to ornaments and medieval construction - predominant use of: arch elements decorative windows and doors ornamentation and detailing

0

190

1990 1910

beaux-arts

- approach to classical design associated with Ecole des Beaux-Arts - characteristics include: strong axial planning grandiose but rigorous use of the orders

0

198

192

0

70

19

neo-barroque

1950

0

194

196

0

30

19

- architecture displaying the most important aspects of Baroque period - emphasis placed on bold massing colonnades domes

art-nouveaux

- European decorative style - art as a way of life - include swirling ornamentation derived from nature

art deco

- ecelectic style combining traditional motifs with machine-age imagery and materials - flambouyant style geometric shapes lavish ornamentation

spanish colonial revival

- prodigous use of smooth plaster cast-concrete ornamentation iron trims low pitched/flat roofs

international style

- emphasis on style, form + aesthetics - characteristics include rectilinear forms no ornamentation visually weightless quality

modernism

- most important style of the 20th centuray - associated with elimination of ornament rational use of materials structural innovation analytical approach to function

hight-tech

- development of modernist architecture - preferences display of construction lightweight materials sheer surfaces technological synergy

brutalism

- descendant of modernist architecture - characterized by modules showing functional zones exposure of building functions rawness of materials

postmodernism

- collision of style & aesthetics - neo ecelectisism - recognized by sculptural forms ornamentation optical illusions mixing of non traditional materials

neo-futurism

styles vs typology The architectural movements that was happening through time informed the building typology of a certain country or city.

The manifestation of these styles in local context was a response to local conditions in addition to the advaces that were was going on in the rest of the world.

The aesthetics of these styles were in some regard used to inform the status of a country or region at that particular time.

Thus building typology is linked to the architectural styles and movements that began with time.

- driven by eco-sustainability, implentiing new materials and new technology - preferences unconventional forms streamlines and seamlessness new materials and technology 185

SKYSCRAPERS IN MADRID

28 If we look at the important towers that are built over the last 100 year in Madrid we can divide

23 25 24 26

the towers in specific groups. Pre-war, afterwar, AZCA, symbolic and the Cuatro towers.

19

Characteristic for pre- and after-war towers is the use of stone and the majestic look. From

22

the 1970s the development of AZCA starts and more steel and glass is being used. The position of the towers is more north in the city instead of the centre where the pre- and afterwar towers are located. Three towers in this

10-12 14-18 20-21 27

timeline are designed with a symbolic look, the Torres Colón, Puerta de Europa and the new BBVA headquarters (13, 22, 28).

9

The Puerta de Europa means ‘the gateway

6

to Europe’, they open the way to the new financial district in where the Cuatro Torres are located. With these skyscrapers Madrid has a new financial district that makes Madrid the European Metropool it wants to be. These four towers were planned in 2004, before economic crisis hit. This also contribute to the height of

8 7 4 1 2

the towers. Nowadays this new district is more

186

3 5

a replacement than an extension of AZCA.

1. Palacio de la Prensa 2. Telefónica de España - 103m 3. Alcala Torre 4. Carrion Cine Capitol 5. Ministerio de Trabajo 6. Torre de Ibiza 7. Edificio España - 117m 8. Torre de Madrid - 142m 9. 140 Castellana Dr 10. Edificio Trieste - 60m

13

11. Entrerrios Apartments 12. Orense 18-20 - 65m 13. Torres Colón - 116m 14. Orense 6 - 64m 15. Banco Guipuzcoano -68m 16. Edificio Windsor - 106m 17. BBVA - 108m 18. Torre Europa - 121m 19. Mapfre Building 20. Torre Picasso - 157m

21. Torre Maho - 105m 22. Puerta de Europa - 114m 23. Espacio - 224m 24. PWC - 236m 25. Cristal - 249m 26. Cespa - 248m 27. Torre Titania - 104m 28. New BBVA Headquarters - 107m

7 2

6

4

5

13 12

10

23

24

1978

1977

1976

AZCA

1974

1971

SYMBOLIC

1961

1957

AZCA

19

15

14

1973

9

17

150m

18

1985

11

16

1981

8

1953

1949

AFTER-WAR

1933

1928 1929 1930

PRE-WAR

1979

3

1

100m

26

25

250m 200m 150m

20

28

22

100m

27

21

SYMBOLIC

2015

AZCA

2011

CUATRO TOWERS

2007 2008

SYMBOLIC

1986

1989

1988

AZCA

187

TORRE PICASSO

Figures:

6.000 foreseen population 1.500 daily visitors 157 m above ground 51 floors

Torre Picasso was part of a plan to build a

of Portland Valderrivas. FCC owned the tower

large block of modern buildings in AZCA. In

until December 2011 when Pontegadea

1975, the developer, Unión de Explosivos Río

Inmobiliaria, a division of Industria de Diseño

Tinto, S.A., awarded the design of the tower

Textil, S.A. purchased the structure for €400

to the American architect Minoru Yamasaki, in

million.

collaboration with Jorge Mir Valls and Rafael Coll Pujol. In 1980, Yamasaki received a

The tower has a rectangular footprint with

license to build the complex.

a two-storey base. A wide round arch,

121.000 m2 total area 71.700 m2 office space 26 elevators

resting on an underground steel structure for Construction began in late 1982, and the

support, serves as the entrance and supports

building opened in December 1988. During

the façade above. The façade is covered

this period, construction stalled for a period

in white aluminum and the corners of the

837 parking space

until new owners, Portland Valderrivas S.A.

structure are chamfered. The vacant space in

10.000 telephone lines

and Inmobiliaria Asón S.A., purchased the

the middle of the floor plan is the “chimney”

incomplete structure and relaunched work

of AZCA. The tower was designed to ventilate

in 1985 under the direction of architect

spaces beneath the entire AZCA complex.

200 security cameras 150.000 m of optical fiber

Fernando Alas. In 2002, Fomento de Construcciones y Contratas (FCC) regained control of the building through a purchase

188

Torre Picasso- situation - Site plan Torre Picasso 1:1000 Plan 1:1000

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TorrePicasso Picasso - Detail facade Torre - facade structure 1:100

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TORRE MAHOU

Figures:

85 m above ground 29 floors 29.000 m2 total area 20.000 m2 office space

Torre Mahou was designed in the 1980’s

The tower is characterized by the curved

for the Spanish insurance company Mutua

façade on the east and west side of the

Madrileña by the relatively unknown

building and the tripartition of the four edges.

architectural company AMS Arquitectos

The building is further identified by its façade

Asociados S.A. The building was named after

which is mainly covered by blue and ocher

the founder of the company: Alfredo Mahou.

colored reflective glass which divides the

He was the second director of the Spanish

façade in a grid pattern. A peculiar part of

beer brewery Mahou.

the design of the floorplans is the giant shaft

7 elevators 243 parking space

in the center of the building which is used The construction started in 1987 after the

for ventilation of the underground spaces of

design of Arce, Mailbrán and Salata was

AZCA.

finished. The design consists of a high- and lowrise part with mainly a program of office space. The tower was built on a rectangular plot of 42 by 24 meters. In a period of three years the building was completely realized which meant that Mutua Madrileña could use the offices by 1990.

196

Torre Mahou - Site plan 1:1000

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20th to 29th floor

1st floor

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Torre Mahou - Axonometric view

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TORRE EUROPA

Figures:

29 m above ground 35 floors 53.400 m2 total area

The Torre Europa was desiged as part of the

The tower has a rounded footprint, with

AZCA complex and can be seen as the gate

three crescents, one large, two smaller. The

to the complex on the northern side.

base of the building is lower ground, the

Construction began in 1975 and finished in

main entrance is on ground level. The main

1985. The design is from Miguel Oriol e Y

entrance gives access to a glass rounded

barra and built by Necso.

lobby. The structure of the building consists of walls in the centre of the big crescent,

37.100 m2 office space The owner of the building was the oldest

three columns in the rectangular part and the

savings bank from Spain Caja Madrid, which

concrete facade. The concrete facade flows

has now fused into Bankia. Bankia currently

outward and inward again at the bottom and

owns the building. The largest company

top.

residing in the building is KPGM.

In 2005 the spanish film El MĂŠtodo shot outdoor scenes at the Torre Europa. The first of May 2002 the buidling was threatened to be destroyed by terrorist organization ETA with 20 kilograms of high explosives.

204

Torre Europa - Site plan 1:1000

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TORRE PICASSO, MAHOU and EUROPA

Torre Picasso, Torre Mahou and Torre Europa differ on both structural and programatic aspects. Because of itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s central position within the complex, Torre Picasso is greatly affected by the underground organisation, mainly the roads and the ventilation system. The core of Picasso is hollow to allow for air circulation in the underground. It is composed of a concrete core with a load-bearing metal facade, similar to the other projects of Minoru Yamasaki, like the World Trade Center.

Torre Mahou also serves as a chimney for the underground. However, it has a curtain facade, which is supported by the concrete floor and columns. The core segments the tower in two identical parts. Torre Europa does not serve as a chimney, and therefore the core is more compact than the previous two. Despite its curved beams, the facade is load bearing.

color scheme diagrams

offices technical space parking lobby helipad shaft elevators stairs

210

TORRE MAHOU

TORRE PICASSO

TORRE EUROPA

211

212

Anatomy of a Landmark Chair of Complex Projects MSc1 Studio

213