HAVANA studio: the research book vol 1. 2016, Complex Projects, TU Delft

HAVANA C U B A

havana studio

volume 1

HAVANA C U B A

COMPLEX PROJECTS DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 2016

2016 March In order to know and to comprehend a foreign country, in order to be able to tranform our will for a better future into an intervention in the urban fabric of its capital, for knowledge, progress and the people, we gathered information about Cuba. Our modest work, touching on some interesting aspects of Cuban culture Department Chair: Professor Ir. Kees Kaan Coordinator: Tanner Merkeley Studio Leader: Paul Cournet Assistant: Rita L. Ă lvarez-TabĂ­o Togores Students / Editors: Bram van Klink, Liwen Zhang, Liviu Paicu, Michiel Schuurmans, Xiangting Meng, Erik Busger Op Vollenbroek, Peter Mudde, Sebastiaan Geerdink Publishers: Delft University of Technology Faculty of architecture Department, Complex Projects Printer: Komplot, Rotterdam

TABLE OF CONTENTS

POLITICS

1-CUBAN HISTORY 12 ARCHITECTURE

2-“CUBA” AN ARCHITECTURAL REVOLUTION 118 3-“CUBANO” 174 DEMOGRAPHICS CULTURE FIDEL GUANTANAMO MEDIA TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE ECONOMY HEALTHCARE WATER SPORT

176 190 218 224 236 248 268 294 338 358 366

4-EVENT POST--OFFICE 372

As part of the graduation design studio Complex Projects (CP) 2016/2017, we have been introduced to the extraordinary island of Cuba. At the present time Cuba is on the verge of its most major and important development since the Castro Revolution.

For five weeks we explored, analysed and gathered information in order to gain knowledge on the utmost politically charged and bespoken island of the Caribbean’s. This book is the result of collaboration and support, special thanks to : Post--Office, Panos Sakkas, Albert Takashi Richters, Hans Larsson, Design as Politics, Michelle Provoost, Wouter Vanstiphout, Mike Emmerik, Complex Projects, Kees Kaan, Manuela Triggianese, Sofia Koutsenko, EMU students, Han Meyer, Nico Tillie and José Antonio Echeverría Higher Polytechnic Institute, Havana, Cuba

The book before you contains a timeline including politics, architecture and arts, additional (non)timeline related topics are Demographics, Culture, Fidel Castro, Guantanamo Bay, Media, Tourism, Infrastructure, Economy, Healthcare, Water, Sport and the presentation of our research at the Post-Office Event.

This first research should support our search for a proper approach for the development of Havana, Cuba and it should help us to find an answer on the following questions: “This city needs to be upgraded, but the question is how? How to keep the rich layers of history and modernize at the same time?”

“How do you create planning policies that innovate and enrich the city and its inhabitants?”

“How to do you learn from the mistakes of other soulless commercial developments in the Caribbean?”

The result of this research was a well-organised event in the Post-Office in Rotterdam on the 11th of March 2016. With a Cuban theme, serving mojito’s, the movie Unfinished Spaces, all the products of our research pinned as a big wallpaper and last but not least the personal development on the knowledge of Cuba.

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Cuban History

P O L I T I C S Fourth Migration 600 BCE

Third Migration 1500 BCE Second Migration 4500 BCE

Second Migration 4500 BCE

Fifth Migration 500 BCE

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P O L I T I C S

8000B.C -1492 The Guanahatebeyes The Siboneyes The TaĂ­nos

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NDIGENOUS INHABITS: hree types of different cultures as for ethnic, linguistic, and of technological and social development features

P O L I T I C S

The prehispanic first migration toward Cuba happened 8000 BCE from Gulf of Mexico and North America. Paleolithic hunters that came from Missisippi, Florida and Bahamas behind “giant lazy” Megalognus rodens, the manatee, the almiquí, the jutía and others.

Second Migration 4500 BCE

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Second Migration 4500 BC

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Third Migration 1500 BCE

P O L I T I C S

Fourth Migration 600 BCE

CE

Fifth Migration 500 BCE

The Guanajatabeyes

The Siboneyes

P O L I T I C S

INDIGENOUS INHABITS: Three types of different cultures as for ethnic, linguistic, and of thechnological and social development features

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The Guanahatebeyes The Siboneyes The Taínos

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According to the Father de las Casas, they were the taĂ­nos, the previous ones were the siboneyes and the oldest residents in the island were the guanajatabeyes.

P O L I T I C S

The Tainos

El bohío, a typical type of Cuban vernacular architecture is the only form of indigenous housing that survived up till today.

A R C H I T E C T U R E

The bohío was preceded by the Caney, a building built by the Taníos, which consisted of a circular building with a roof in the shape of a cone. A rectangular version with a gabled roof was used by the chief of the tribe and his family.

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This larger rectangular version was later used on coffee plantations and still exist today; it evolved even further and can now be found with multiple rooms and kitchens.

Also the materialization has slightly been modernized; although most of the bohío is still made of plants and trees that are found in the Cuban nature, the floor is currently often made of polished cement instead of beaten down earth.

P O L I T I C S

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P O L I T I C S

1492-1802

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Havana Building history

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P O L I T I C S 26 Looking for a route to the New World in 1492, Colombus discovered Cuba. His first idea was that it was a peninsula of the Asian mainland. The first landing was on the east side of the island, most possibly Bahía de Bariay located in the Holguín Province.

The economic activity was sustained in the work of the natives, delivered them to the colonists for the kingdom by means of the system of “commands”, a kind of a granting personal, revocable and not transferable, through which the colonist committed to dress, to feed and to Christianize the aborigine in exchange for the right of making him work in benefit of the prevailing goverment.

P O L I T I C S 27

1510 Spanish Conquest

P O L I T I C S 1512 Hatuey burned alive by the Spaniards.

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The rebellion of Hatuey constitutes the first manifestation of fight of the aboriginal struggle of Cuba against the exploitation and for the men’s rights to be free.

1762 British Occupation

P O L I T I C S 29

1763 Peace of Paris, the treaty gave Britain Florida in exchange for cuba.

Since Cuba is almost in sight of our shores, it should become U.S. territory.

John Quincy Adams (1786)

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1763 Havana Map Farmland and building

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Colonial architecture

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With the arrival of Colonizers in 1511 by the conquest of Cuba by Velázquez, the vernacular architecture was no longer the only style used on the island. Colonial architecture like fortresses were used to protect the island, like the monumental Castilla de la real fuerz that was built in 1582. This fortress is believed to be the oldest of both Americas. Through colonialism the different styles that earlier influenced Spain are also brought to Cuba: Velasquez’s Santiago residence, Casa de Diego Velázquez built in 1516-1530 still stands and is an example of the Moorish-influenced Mudéjar style typified by ornamental plasterwork and tile, decorated wood ribbed ceilings, intricate grilled windows and airy courtyards. Later, the richly decorative Baroque style was introduced to Cuba and became very popular, and resulted in buildings like Havana’s famous cathedral.

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P O L I T I C S

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P O L I T I C S

1802-1900

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Havana Building history

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A R T 38 Landscape Philippe Chartrand Dubois (1800)

Costumbrismo and Rural Life Victor Patricio Landaluze (1800)

A R T 39 Landscape Antonio Rodriquez Morey (1900)

Realistic and landscape Eduardo Morales (1900)

1868-1878 Ten Years war.

On 10 October 1868, landowner Carlos Manuel de Céspedes made the “Grito de Yara”, the “Cry of Yara”, declaring Cuban independence and freedom for his slaves.

P O L I T I C S 40 1879-1880 The Smallest War

P O L I T I C S The explosion of the maine was a precipitating cause of the Spanish-American War. Advocates of the war used the rallying cry, “Remember the Maine! To hell with Spain!�

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1898 Hispanic American War.

The U.S. should to purchase Cuba from Spain.

P O L I T I C S 42

Franklin Pierce (1854)

Cuba’s addition to our confederacy is exactly what is wanting to round our power.

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P O L I T I C S

.

Whilist the possession of the islands would be of vast importance to the United States, its value to Spain is comparatively unimportant.

James Buchanan (1858)

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1898 Havana Map Public buidlings

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During the 19th century, baroque was still popular.

However, also neoclassicism made its entrance and offered an counterpoint to the decorative extravagance of the baroque period. El palacia de Almada, theteatro Sauto Manzena and Palacia de los capitanos generalos.

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Iconic architecture

P O L I T I C S

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P O L I T I C S

1900-1940

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Havana Building history

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A R T 52

Lo Cubano - Robert Diago ‘Pianista’ (1940)

Avant Garde - Carlos Enriquez (1901-1957)

Lo Cubano - Oscar Garcia Rivera ‘Comparsa’ (1940)

A R T 53

Cubism - Amelia Pelaez Pianist (1940)

P O L I T I C S 1902 Estrada Palma 1940 Fulgencio Batista

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Fulgencio Batista, a sergeant of the army, organized a suboficiales revolt in September 4 of 1933, he suppressed resistance in a bloody way and he took control of the army to be able in power behind wings until he was elected president in 1940.

1909 Jose Miguel Gomez

P O L I T I C S 1925 Gerardo Machado

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1913 Mario Garcia Menocal

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1921 Havana Map Electric road and public buildings

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The turn of the 20th century brought a period of architectural eclecticism, combining neo-gothic, baroque, and Moorish style to striking effect in buildings such as the former Presidential Palace in Havana or the famous el Capitolio building, based on the American capitol. Cuban art nouveau took a Spanish Catalan bent, incorporating the influence of renowned architect Antoni GaudĂ­. By the 1920s, the elegant, eclectic and modern influence of art deco was felt in Cuba. Today some of the finest examples of surviving art deco architecture can be found in Havana. In particular, the award-winning Bacardi Building (1930) offers a spectacular example of symbolic images, repeating patterns and ziggurat form.

A R C H I T E C T U R E

Iconic architecture

P O L I T I C S

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P O L I T I C S

1940-1959

A R T 62 Wilfredo Lam ‘the jungle’ (1943)

A R T 63 Post Modernism Expressionism - Pedro Pablo Oliva (1949)

Pictoral Avant Garde - Victor Manuel Garcia (18971969)

Cubism - Amelia Pelaez del Casal (1940) Post Impresionism Florenia Gelabert (19041995)

Pictural Avant Garde Cundo BermĂşdez (19142008)

P O L I T I C S 1944 Ramon Grau San Martin

64 1927 US eet at Guantanamo Bay

P O L I T I C S 65 1952 Fulgencio Batista In 1952, when he ran in the presidential elections again, Batista took the power in a coup d’etat, three months before the elections.

P O L I T I C S 66 1953, revolutionaries led

by Fidel Castro attacked the Moncada military barracks in Santiago de Cuba. The attack failed and Castro was imprisoned until 1955

P O L I T I C S 67 Fidel exiled in Mexico.

From there, he organized and directed the 26 Julio Movement with the objective of overthrowing to Batista.

Fidel Castro took over in 1959.

Cuba appears an independent country, is it not dependent on the United States?

P O L I T I C S 68

Joseph Stalin (1942)

You should thank [General RubĂŠn Fulgencio] Batista [y ZaldĂ­var], in the same way we thank Jiang

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P O L I T I C S

us lessons by killing people.

Mao Ze-dong (1960)

The period from 1940 till the end of the revolution with the fall of dictator Batista in 1959 can be seen as the heydays of Cuban architecture. During those two decades, three main architecture movements were flourishing in Cuba.

Firstly, there was the architecture carried out in name of the former dictator Fulgencio Batista. These were mostly monumental prestige projects, like the Habana Hilton hotel showed in the picture below. At the time of construction, the hotel was the largest hotel in Latin America. Right after the revolution, the Habana Hilton served as Fidel Castro’s and was renamed into Habana Libre two years after.

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In the mean while, influence of the international modern movement was growing. Cuba started to grow into a paradise for international architects, resulting in projects like the US Embassy by Harrisson & Abramovitz. The embassy building was the architectural embodiment of how the US represented itself to the world: the modern society of the future. Another project is the Bacardi head quarters by Mies van der Rohe. Due to the revolution, this project was never realized and ended in a drawer, to be used for the famous Neue Nationalgalerie in Berlin ten years later.

Cubanidad The third and most interesting movement is the Cubanidad movement. Cubanidad is a Spanish word that represents s typical Cuban culture in art and architecture, and it has been around since the other revolutionary period in Cuba’s history, the last decades of the 19th century when Cuba fought for independence from Spain. Revolutionary philosopher JosÊ Martí mentioned Cubanidad in that era to emphasize the Cuban identity despite its racial diversity.

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The forties was the start of Cubanidad as a type of architecture. A group of young architects, lead by Frank Marinez, Ricardo Porro and Nicolas Quintana took books from the library of the architecture school and burned them publicy. This was the birth of Cubanidad architecture, a local architecture style based on international Modernism principles.

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Architects like NicolĂĄs Quintana, Max Borges, Ricardo Porro, Eugenio Batista and Carlos RaĂşl Villanueva put their stamp on the face of Cubanidad architecture in for the early forties till the late sixties. The depicted images on these pages show examples of their most revolutionary works.

P O L I T I C S

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P O L I T I C S

1959-1991

A R T

Propaganda

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Cuban Revolutionary Propaganda included Castro’s use of personal interviews with journalists, radio broadcasts and publicity seeking operations that contributed significantly to the victory of the rebels over Fulgencio Batista’s and provided insight into the successful propaganda campaign established

by Castro after gaining power. The limited yet successful revolutionary propaganda apparatus transitioned into what Castro has called “one of the most potent weapons in his foreign policy arsenal.”

Today the Cuban government maintains an intricate propaganda machine that includes a global news agency, magazines, newspapers, broadcasting facilities, publishing houses, front groups, and other miscellaneous organizations that all stem from the modest beginnings of Castro’s revolutionary propaganda machine.

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A R T

A R T

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A R T

A R T

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Since its first edition in 1984, the Biennial event has had central themes, among them tradition and contemporary times, challenges, art, society and reflection, man and his memory, life with art and urban life. The works submitted by the artists include mainly paintings and two-dimensional work, using a wide variety of techniques and trends.

A R T

The Havana Biennial Art Exhibition takes place in Havana (Cuba) every two years and principally aims at promoting the developing world in contemporary art. The biennial is considered as an important forum for underrepresented voices, and Latin American and Caribbean artists still have priority even though artists from all over the world are authorized to submit their works.

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Havana Biennial

P O L I T I C S 1960 Fidel Castro with Russian president Khrushchev

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P O L I T I C S 85

We have proceeded to assist Cuba with millitary and economic aid only for reasons of humanitarianism.

1960 Fidel Castro playing gof with Che Guevara

1962 The Cuban Missile Crisis.

Nikita Krushchev (1962)

Cubanidad The revolution was the start for a project that would be both the peak moment and turning point in the Cubanidad architecture: the art schools. These schools were a huge building project located on the site of a former golf club West of Havana, and where initiated

by Fidel Castro’s government as part of an educational program.

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The art schools turned out to be one of the most characteristic example of the search after Cuban identity; the architects tried to incorporate all elements that define Cuba’s identity, like African heritage, the revolution and the Cuban landscape. The architecture of the schools beautifully demonstrates the positivism after the revolution. However, with economic drawback, the criticism grew. The extravagant buildings were considered not to be in line with the philosophy of the revolution, and eventually the projects were stopped before they were even finished. With the stop of the construction of the art schools Cuba’s revolutionary architecture period came to an end. Sovjet style based social housing becae mainstream and the government ordered Cuban architects to start experimenting with industrialized building, modular architecture and community housing.

Social housing The new type of Cuban architecture that arose after the revolution was one that focused on experimenting with all types of social housing. The new Cuban government focused on getting rid of the different neighborhoods between rich and impoverished that existed in Havana and started with new, large scale housing projects in the rural territories. In order to do so, the government established a special institute for town and country development that aimed on creating new communities to house the poor groups that inhabited Havana.

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The first big project was Ciudad Camilio Cienfuegos, an idealistic neighborhood in the east of Havana that was built in the period 1959-61. Later, as the economic situation worsened and the housing demand grew, the philosophy changed from an idealist into a more rational philosophy of mass housing production, where the seventies Alamar project is a good example of. Later on in the eighties, during the more positive period of ‘correction of mistakes’, more environmental friendly projects where constructed, like the Arboles project.

P O L I T I C S A R C H I T E C T U R E

China supports the to safeguard the state sovereignity... and reject foreign intervention and threats .

ming (2001)

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The voices of the Cuban people have been suppressed, and their votes have been meaningless

P O L I T I C S

1991-2008

A R T

Havana Biennial

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A R T

P O L I T I C S

The voices of the Cuban people have been suppressed, and their votes have been meaningless

George Bush (2002)

Chavez sits with former Cuban president Fidel Castro at a hospital in Cuba after stomach surgery in 2006.

China supports the to safeguard the state sovereignity... and reject foreign intervention and threats .

Jiang Ze-ming (2001)

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2006 RaĂşl Castro 95

P O L I T I C S

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Barbaqoas

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The lack of financial possibilities due to the fall o the Sovjet union cause a lot of social housing projects to be stopped during the early nineties. Although the government found financial leeway to start completing the half constructed projects, this was not enough to house everyone. That’s why during the last decades, Cubanidad changed its face again into typical Cuban barbacoas. Barbacoas (barbeques, referring to the unbearable heat in the buildings) are slums inside existing buildings, created by putting extra floors in between the high spaces in the colonial buildings.

2008-2016 P O L I T I C S

China and Cuba, as fellow socialist countries, are closely linked by the same visions, ideals and goals.

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P O L I T I C S

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Havana Building history

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A R T

Havana Biennial

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Streetart

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P O L I T I C S

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Cuban authorities continue to respond to the aspirations of the Cuban people with a clenched

Barack Obama (2010)

Vladimir Putin (2014)

P O L I T I C S

China and Cuba, as fellow socialist countries, are closely linked by the same visions, ideals and goals.

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We (Cuba and Russia) are disposed to recover lost possibilities.

Xi Jin-ping (2014)

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2015 Havana Map Road system

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New policies Since 2011, a new type of Cubanidad starts to arise. Raul Castro eased the laws on architecture; new policies allow Cubans to be interior designers or start new businesses. This results in designs where architects seeking the line between architecture interior design A R C H I T E C T U R E 112

Public realm The import restrictions that Cuba has been facing for decades has had large impact on the public space in the Cuban cities. The most characteristic public spaces are its streets; shortage on both cars and fuel have caused the streets to be really pedestrian friendly. Although designed as broad traffic lanes with narrow sidewalks, the streets are used as enormous pedestrian areas.

A second typical Cuban public space is the market.

Markets form a major part of Cubans retail, and play an important role in supporting the food system and creating jobs. Consequently the markets are often the center of the neighborhood and evolved to important community hubs.

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A third typical Cuban public space is relatively new and is related to the easing on the restrictions on internet. Some parks are being turned into wifi hotspots, and are the often the only nearby sources for internet.

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Unesco world heitage has currenly seven unique architectural sites that assigned that represent the rich history of Cuba. These sites are the historic center of Camag端ey (1528), Old Havana and its fortification system (1519), the South East Cuban archeological landscape of 171 coffee plantations, the San Pedro de la Roca castle in Santiago de Cuba (1683), the Vinales 19th centure Vinales Vale, the Trinidad and the valley de los Ingenios landscape from the 16th century and the urban historic center of Cienfuegos (1819). All seven sites are in fairly good condition, although perservation organisations fear for potentioal damage due to the increase of tourism and/or climate change. A eight site is pending to be assigned as official Unesco site, which is the Cuban art school that represent the haydays of Cuban modern architecture.

A R C H I T E C T U R E

Unesco heritage sites

A R C H I T E C T U R E

Potential heritage sites The ‘La rampa’ district in the city of Havana is often referred to as a beautiful ensemble of Cuba’s best modern architecture pieces. However, the buildings are not officially recognized as heritage yet. Docomomo, international organisation focussing on perserving modernist structures and landmarks

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A al r CUB u t c e chit tion

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“Today I would like to set sail for the island of Cuba which I think ought to be Cipango [Japan].”

cuba cc 15’th ct

cuba cc 15’th ct

“The disposition of the river and the port named San Salvador has its mountains as beautifull and as high as the Pena de los Enamorados, and one of them has on it another small hill like a beautiful mosque”

Columbus 29 October 1492 Possible Description of Bay of bariay Cuba Columbus and the Tainos

“looking like tents in a camp. All were of palm branches, beautifully constructed”

Taino architecture [Modern reconstruction cuba]

Basilica Menor De San Francisco De Asis [1580]

Papal Bull of 1493 conquer, colonize and convert the pagans of the New World to Catholicism

Church of Santo ﾃ］gel Custodio [1695]

Piazza Havana [1559]

Catedral de San Crist贸bal [1748]

The architecture of Cuba was mostly inFluenced by the Spanish roots of the conquistadors.

Nevertheless, the geographic location and the climate also played an important role in the shaping of the built environment

Cuban Houses, some dating back to the 17th century

We need to defend ourselves we need fortifcations

A Plan of the Havana and its Environs with the several Posts and Atttacks made by British Forces under the Command of the Earl of Albermarle and Sr. Geo: Pocock [1762]

Fort San Felipe del Morro [1589]

We need to protect the key to the americas

Castillo San Salvador de la Punta [1590]

Castle del PrĂ­ncipe [1779]

Castillo de la Real Fuerza [1577]

Now the pirates do not stand a chance

Castillo de Jagua [1742]

Fortaleza de San Carlos de la CabaĂąa [1774]

Castillo de San Pedro de la Roca [1700]

the 19’th century represented a milestone in the economy of cuba. sugar export became the most important economic resource

As trade between Caribbean and North American states increased in the early 19th century, Havana became a Flourishing and fashionable city

the First railroad, a 51 km stretch between Havana and Bejucal [1837]

Gran Teatro de La Habana [1838]

Hotel Inglaterra [1875]

Acueducto de Albear [1858]

to be continued...

A l a r CUB u t c chite tion

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Previously in cuba...

1868-78 - Ten Years War of independence ends in a truce with Spain promising reforms and greater autonomy - promises that were mostly never met

1886 - Slavery abolished.

The spanish never held their word, I shall lead another war

1895-98 - Jose Marti leads a second war of independence US declares war on Spain 1898 - US defeats Spain, which gives up all claims to Cuba and cedes it to the US

Under American InFluence “During the First decades of the 20th century, Havana expanded more rapidly than any other time throughout its history. Havana became – along with %XHQRV $LUHV Ê WKH ç QHVW FLW\ LQ /DWLQ $PHULFDÐ

The suburbs of havana “eveloped to what we see today as Miramar, Marianao, Vedado and Playa. The lush and wealthy Miramar was set out on the American street grid pattern and became a home to diplomats and foreigners”

This was once home to home to so much banking construction that it was nicknamed “little Wall Street”

Paseo del Prado, Havana designed by Jean-Claude Nicolas Forestier

1924 - Gerado Machado institutes vigorous measures, forwarding mining, agriculture and public works, but subsequently establishing a brutal dictatorship

I want to make cuba the “Switzerland of the Americas” Palacio del Centro Asturiano [1927] Designed by Rodriguez Pichardo

Carretera Central [1927]

Hotel Nacional de Cuba [1930] Designed by McKim, Mead and White

Bacardi Building [1930] Designed by R.F.Ruenes, E.R.Castell and J.Menéndez

El Capitolio [1926] -Purdy and Hardson -Raúl Otero and Eugenio Rayneri Piedra -Félix Cabarrocas and Govantes Fuertes

in the Havana district of Lugardita we projected the fIrst working-class neighbourhood in Latin America

Govantes fuertes

Hospital General Freyre de Andrade [1916]

Juan Pedro Baró house [1928]

I moved to havana in 1925 in order to create a harmonious balance between the existing classical built environment and the tropical landscape.

unfortunatelly, the great depression of 1929 limited my ideas and design Jean-Claude Nicolas Forestier

Forestier plan for havana

1929 - The great Depression Hits the world

by 1932, cuban sugar production was less than half, and pricess a little more than one-third, of their levels of 1925

The value of the total sugar exports fell from US $298 millions in 1925 to US$ 58 millions in 1932.

The value of the total sugar exports fell from US $298 millions in 1925 to US$ 58 millions in 1932.

Cuba is on the verge of a revolution

the Revolt of the Sergeants

1933 - Machado is overthrown in a coup led by US-backed Sergeant Fulgencio Batista

Batista was not a member, but controlled Cuba’s armed forces.

Within days, the representative for the students and professors of the University of Havana, Ramón Grau San Martín, was made president—and Batista became the Army Chief of Staff, with the rank of colonel, effectively putting him in control of the presidency

The “Pentarchy of 1933� was a fIve-man Presidency of Cuba

Grau remained president for just over 100 days before Batista, conspiring with the U.S. envoy Sumner Welles, forced him to resign in January 1934. Grau was replaced by Carlos Mendieta, DQG ZLWKLQ ç YH GD\V WKH 8 6 UHFRJQL]HG &XED�V QHZ JRYHUQPHQW which lasted eleven months. Batista then became the strongman behind a succession of puppet presidents until he was himself elected president in 1940

1940 Consitution of cuba

we need to underlie and encompass the actualization of the civic sphere within a concept of constitutionalism

we shall encompas this in a constitution

The Constitution will included articles concerning urban and regional planning, industrial zones, and low-cost public and private housing

Inclan plan for havana

i continued on the plans of forestier and designed the masterplan of havana in 1942 i started the academic and policy forum who turned its attention to the preservation of historical heritage and promoted the creation of national monuments , which contributed to safeguarding the values of colonial architecture

Concept of the Avenida San Loranzo

I want to make Havana the “Nice of America” even if it means First becoming the “Perverse Pompeii of the Caribbean”

Pedro Martinez Inclan , the First Cuban urbanist

Vista of the Avenida San Loranzo

Colegio de Belén [1950]

“In our city of Havana, buildings that conform to the modern ideas of architects from France and Northern Europe have already been built. But in our architecture do we need to follow the creations of foreigners or use the fundamental principles that guided them? They solved their problems from the point of view of their climatic, economic and social conditions…We should not use as a basis for ourselves what they created for Germany and Scandinavia…We should not plagiarize, but create something appropriate to our conditions…The solution should owe more to the requirements of the Tropic of Cancer and our social Latin American context than to those of the temperate zone, of which we have already wrongly adopted prototypes valid for their climate and for their characteristics – so different from ours – but not for us.”

Frank Martinez

La Mansión de Mark Pollack [1931]

I would have brought Vedado and Playa to a modern time; I planned for an artiFicial island with hotels, casinos and shopping malls. But then history happened ...

Nicolás Arroyo

Teatro Nacional [1951] I was Cuba’s minister of public works and afterwards one of the last Cuban Ambassador to the United States before the revolution

Hotel Habana Libre [1958]

Puente de Bacunayagua[1956]

Túnel de la bahía de La Habana [1955]

I designed the tallest building in Cuba

Ernesto G贸mez Sampera

FOCSA Building [1956]

Tropicana Night Club [1952]

The san lazaro apartments

Club Nautico [1950]

Max Borges jr.

The petrargas Building

‘‘His works opened new horizons in Cuban architecture.

His work is completely and absolutely modern, without losing its identity and the Cuban essence that is its most important part,’’ -Nicolas Quintana

Banco Nuñez [1957)]

Cabañas del Sol [1957]

Alicia Blanco House [1953]

Mardonio Santiago House [1956]

The exploration of the idea of Cubans or lo cuban was the driving force behind my work.

“For many architects of that generation, there was a similar examination of Cuban colonial and vernacular architecture for its functional, esthetic, and social elements.”

Nicolas Quintana

-Josef Asteinza

Frank Martinez

Frank Martinéz „successfully combined Corbusian syntax with Cuban architecture” as louvers and glass were incorporated into the reinforced concrete structure on pilotis, to create a soaring central space encouraging cross ventilation. A powerfull example of cuban architecture

Wax House [1958]

Casa de Eloisa Lezama Lima and Orlando Alvarez [1959]

When we designed the monument of jose marti I was Batista’s Minister of Works and his personal friend.

We unfortunately lost the competition. Nevertheless, our design was chosen to be built!

E. Luis Varela

In order to construct the monument, inhabitants had to be relocated. The right to compensation for local inhabitants caused social revolts; their case was taken up by a young Fidel Castro.

Memorial Jose Marti [1958]

to be continued...

l a r on u i t t A t e c lu B i evo U ch r C r a e h t

Previously in cuba...

1953 - Fidel Castro leads an unsuccessful revolt against the Batista regime

1958 - The US withdraws military aid to Batista

“a revolution is a struggle to the death between the future and the past”

1956 - Castro lands in eastern Cuba from Mexico and takes to the Sierra Maestra mountains where, aided by Ernesto “Che” Guevara, he wages a guerrilla war 1959 - Castro leads a 9,000-strong guerrilla army into Havana, forcing Batista to fLee. Castro becomes prime minister, his brother, Raul, becomes his deputy and Guevara becomes third in command.

“Within the revolution, everything. Against the revolution, no rights at all�

Fidel Castro - 1961 about the rights of writers and artists

meanwhile in europe, at the the 1959 Lisbon UIA Executive Committee meeting...

We will hold the fIrst UIA congress, in the Americas, in CUBA

1961 - Washington breaks off all diplomatic relations with Havana The US sponsors an abortive invasion by Cuban exiles at the Bay of Pigs; Castro proclaims Cuba a communist state and begins to ally it with the USSR.

We do not like cuba anymore

“Cuba is impossible ‘for holding the congress’ for these reasons: one, no American will be permitted to go; two, those delegates who come from even friendly foreign countries might have unpleasant experiences if they went through the US either way; three, the other American countries who also have embargoes will probably put hurdles in the way of their delegates. . . “

Harlan Clevland

“and fInally, I believe most of the good architects have left Cuba’.”

‘I do agree that a trip by me to Cuba would not at the present time be desirable...’

...I do not want to ‘jeopardise my passport or antagonise the US government....’

Buckminster Fuller’s response to the U.S. UIA congress boycot

To commemorate the bay of pigs we would like to hold a international competition for a monument And we would like UIA to supervise it

AS UIA President I will assure a just competition and we will assess it through a balance of emollience and toughness

robert matthew

You are giving your‘professional support to an objective which appears to be based wholly on partisan politics’.

-J Roy Carroll AIA Presiden

I consider you the most perfect [sic] example of an ‘hijo de puta’ [son of a whore] that has disgraced Britain for a long time’ -Thomas Lismore

Monument Competition 27th September– 1st October (1963)

Second prize

Mention

Winning Project (Poland)

‘the Cuban people, who are valiantly carrying on the real struggle, the Cuban people, who know how to receive their guests, the Cuban people, who know how to destroy their enemies, welcome you!’

-Welcoming speech at UIA congress

Osmani Cienfuegos Minister of Construction

UIA Congress 26th – 28th September (1963)

“I promised Sir Robert Matthew,” he said, “that I would keep well away from political matters such as the fallacy of American capitalistic reliance on per-capita analyses of consumption.”‘

Instead, Castro argued more obliquely against doctrinaire importation of ‘industrialised’ techniques to the ‘developing’ countries.

UIA Congress 26th – 28th September (1963)

‘responsibilities of architectural education based on the realities of the social, political and economic problems created by imperialism’, argued that ‘we have to be scientists and revolutionaries at the same time’ and rejected any reactionary attempt to ‘apply narrow professional ideas while others are wearing themselves out in the struggle’ -Closing speech UIA Congress

Meanwhile in cuba...

From 1961, the architects had to fInd alternative materials owing to the lack of reinforced concrete that had driven the architecture of the Republic; brick and tiles were chosen

„I was in love with the Revolution and it was this emotional response that prompted a new direction in my architecture”

“You realize that you’ve been accused of something.

And then you realize that you have been judged. And then you realize you are guilty. And nobody tells you” Ricardo Porro, head of design for Havana’s National Art Schools

The architecture of the Schools represents the best of Revolutionary architecture.

The search for Cubanidad that had started during the Republic was given new validity National School of Plastic Arts [1961]

I STAYED

the only one of the National Art Schools’ three primary architects to remain in the country following the mid-1960s Roberto Gottardi

School of Dramatic Arts [1961]

PY!!!

S A T O N M IA

Garatti transitioned into city planning, but after being accused of espionage he was expelled from Cuba in 1974

vittorio garatti

School of music [1961]

School of music [1961]

School of music [1961]

School of ballet [1961]

And so the „Tikal of Cuba” begins

this missile chrisis and the ensuing embargo will make construction harder as i have to divert labour to defend the country The constructions are becoming the embodiment of what we try to avoid. we need to focus more on the collective

Meanwhile Relations with the USSR strengthen further

Nikita Khrushchev encouraged Cuba to develop mass production and standardisation in the second half of the 1960s and through the 1970s. The prefabrication movement in Cuba received its major kick-start in the wake of the destructive Hurricane Flora in 1963 when the USSR gave Santiago de Cuba a „Gran Panel” prefabrication plant

Mario Girona

Coppelia (ice cream parlor) [1965]

IN 1963, FIDEL STARTED TO PLAY basketball again “She asked a well-known architect, Joaquin Galvan, to design a multistoried gymnasium with a basketball court and a bowling alley, and the huge, poured-concrete building was constructed near Once�

-Nancy Stout : Celia Sanchez and the Cuban Revolution

CNIC [1965]

Joaquin Galvan

Las Ruinas (restaurant) [1970]

Palace of Conventions A. Quintana [1979]

The biggest focus of the Cuban government in the 60’s was on the construction of public buildings, especially hospitals and schools. It is also a period in which the public buildings became the new Cuban monuments of socialism

Cujae Hunberto Alonso, Afterwards Fernando Salinas [1961]

Escuela vocacional “Lenin” Andrés Garrudo [1972]

1970 Castro visits one of teh steel factories in havana it is very hard in our days to fInd a house.

If i provide you with the means, will you be able to build your own house?

7KH ZRUNHUV ZKHUH H[FLWHG DERXW WKH SODQ IRXU ZHHNV ODWHU WKH รง UVW PLFUREULJDGH ZDV IRUPHG the MIcrobrigades (group of 33 workers of which 22% women) would consist of people which share the same workplace, would be supplied with materials from the government and be supervised by a project leader from the Ministry of Construction who dictated locations for developments

Microbrigades at work

Alamar Microbrigade constructed neighborhood

Nevertheless,...

Lack of skills and poor craftsmanship meant that the fInal quality often fell far below expected levels. At architectural level There is a severe aesthetic problem, while construction wise there are areas of high humidity, thermal bridging and material deterioration due to inaccurate detailing

-1980 With the help of material meant for refurbishing or new constructions the amount of parasitic architecture increases

1991 Fall of the USSR

The energy costs are too high, we have to close all the prefab material factories. We need to fInd an alternative way of sustaining our life within the limits of the socioeconomic constraints of this period.

1992 “movimiento de viviendas de bajo consumo material y energetico�

Out of necessity we need to fInd a sustainable way of using our materials and energy

The decentralisation of power CUBA

Havana Province

Havana City

This institutes operate on a collective/ community based authority form Central Havana Municipality under the same idea of this community based form of governance in the same year as the Consejo Popular the TTIB’s are formed. TTIB is a collective of interdisciplinary professionals IURP WKH ç HOGV RI XUEDQLVP SHGDJRJ\ DUW architecture, sociology which works together with the consejo popular in order to improve the social and urban environment District Cayo Hueso

Example of forms of “dirrecion� supervision

We work together towards a better community

TTIB atelier for improvement of the urban environment

After the 80’s cuba is witness to a high increase in social NGO’s out of social duty a group of 24 architects form in 1994 the architectural NGO PAC (program of architects of the community)

Exactly as the TTIB’s we wanted to help the community, but, we did not wanted to be restricted by the SROLWLFDO LQè XHQFH RI WKH ORFDO government. Thus we set up the PAC in order to educate the local communities in microbrigade like FRQVWUXFWLRQV DQG KHOS WKHP ç QG new techniques and materials based on their local supply.

Livingstone [1994], Argentinian Architect that set the base of the model of the PAC

Unfortunately in 2000 the PAC (by then counting 550 architects) was integrated in to the governmental INV

Meanwhile, in present time Habana[Re]generation A group of architects that come together in order to think about the city and its future

Continuing the legacy of all the architectural concepts and ideologies the architectural youth of Havana is opting for a sustainable Havana. By collecting inspiration from the architectural examples that withstood the sands of time they are developing further on the culture of cubanidad.

A culture of tradition, political discourse, environmental and social awareness, reinvention and recondition

We Cubans “ start learning how to recycle at an early age, we grow up knowing how to re-use…”

“Havana is growing inside, Havana is consolidating inwards, Over the last decades havana has not grown , it is reinventing itself , it is recycling itself including its buildings”

Claudia Castillo & Orlando Inclán

2008 February - Raul Castro takes over as president, days after Fidel announces his retirement

2015 July - Cuba and US reopen embassies and exchange charges d’affaires

to be continued...

3

‘Cubano’

D E M O G R A P H I C S

Demograhics

172

173

D E M O G R A P H I C S

D E M O G R A P H I C S

Population The population density is 100.7 inhabitants per square kilometer, and the overall life expectancy in Cuba is 78.0 years. Cuba is in the fourth stage of demographic transition. In terms of age structure, the population is dominated (71.1%) by the 15- to 64-year-old segment. The median age of the population is 39.5, and the gender ratio of the total population is 0.99 males per female.

latin

black

white females males

Age groups

Ethnicity

174

D E M O G R A P H I C S

1980

2000

Population growth

2016

1960

1980

2000

2016

Child birth

175

1960

D E M O G R A P H I C S

Immigration

176

D E M O G R A P H I C S

5008 | Spain 2101 | Russian 966 | Haiti 639 | Ukraine 554 | USA

Destination in 2013 1201164 | USA 115078 | Spain 31930 | Italy 17392 | Puerto Rico 13920 | Mexico

177

Origin in 2013

D E M O G R A P H I C S

Immigration Various

emmigrate emmigrate

emmigrate

emmigrate

emmigrate

emmigrate

Origin The socio-economic crisis of the 90s and lack of confidence in the reforms undertaken by the Cuban government has led to increased external migration. This period, which the Cuban government has called special period is not yet over and the Cuban government has not made public any documents with plans to finish it.

178

Mexico

Spain

Destinations

179

2015

2010

Ecuador

D E M O G R A P H I C S

Panama

2005

America

D E M O G R A P H I C S

Immigrate to America Cuban emigration to the United States, for the most part, occurred in two periods: the first series of immigration of Cuban Americans from Cuba to the United States resulted from establishment of Cuban cigar factories in Tampa and from attempts to overthrow Spanish colonial rule by the movement led by JosĂŠ MartĂ­, the second from dissatisfaction with communist rule by Fidel Castro following the Cuban Revolution. Massive Cuban migration to Miami during the second series led to major demographic and cultural changes in Miami. There was also economic emigration, particularly during the Great Depression in the 1930s.

1960

1980

2000

Immigration

+65

0-5

Age ground immigrants

1990

2000

2010

Migration from and towards Cuba

180

D E M O G R A P H I C S

1850

1890

1930

1970

2010

181

Migration from Cuba to United States of America

D E M O G R A P H I C S

National immigration Cuba’s authorities have relaxed an internal migration ban that prohibited Cubans from outside Havana from going to live in the capital. From now on, the immediate relatives of the city’s residents will not have to ask for permission to come in. The measure is part of efforts by the government to update the socialist model and to improve the lives of Cubans.

< 3% > 3% > 5% > 8% > 10%

Emmigrant towards la Habana

One of the greatest challenges in the current environment is to develop a social housing which will guarantee the permanence of the local population, as a right of its citizens, and because they add their own values to the territory, without which Old Havana would lose a major part of its charm.

182

D E M O G R A P H I C S

<-50%

<-20% <-1%

>20%

>50%

Native migration balance la Habana

>2000 >1000

>600

>300

>60%

>45%

>32%

>20%

<20%

Not native population la Habana

<300

183

Foreign residents by province

D E M O G R A P H I C S

Employment In 2008 200,000 people had already registered as selfemployed since changes were announced last October, doubling the number of Cubans working for themselves. But he insisted the socialist character of Cuba would be â&#x20AC;&#x153;irreversibleâ&#x20AC;? and accumulation of property would not be allowed.

225 Cuban pesos ($9) per month; supplemented by the government with free education, subsidized medical care (daily pay is reduced by 40 percent after the third day of a hospital stay), housing, and some subsidized food.

2006

2008

2010

Entrepreneurs

Private sector

Public sector

2012

Unemployment

2014

2006

2008

2010

2012

People working for themselves

184

185

D E M O G R A P H I C S

C U L T U R E

Cultural Heritage

Culture 24% Non-religious/ Atheist

Other/African

5%

Pr ot es ta nt

ism

11% spirituality

60%

Roman catholicism

Religion

186

C U L T U R E

Casino

Music

Dance

187

LGBT

C U L T U R E

Cultural Herritage

188

Work in Agriculture

Also work in urban context

C U L T U R E

Cuban inhabitants consist of Spanish decendants from the colonial era, People of West-African origin, brought to Cuba as black slaves. Only a small part are decendants from the Taino and Sibony, inhabitants before Europeans discovered America.

About 1 percent consists of Asians of which the majority are the children of import laborers from 1847 till end 19th century.

I the 1810â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, slaves could buy their freedom In m through working t

In 1886, total abolition of slavery

189

In 1876 slave trade was banned

C U L T U R E

Religions in Cuba

24% Non-religious/ Atheist

60% 5%

Pr ot es ta nt ism

11%

Other/African spirituality

Roman catholicism

190

191

C U L T U R E

C U L T U R E

Will casinos return to Cuba?

By Nick Sortal December, 19, 2014 ...

Pollock says casinos won't appear in Cuba anytime soon.

"It's so far off chronologically," he says. "So many steps would need to be taken before it becomes a realistic pursuit. It would require a stable, open government, a relatively transparent regulatory system, a lot of capital investment for the fading, crumbling tourism infrastructure. A lot has changed since Cuba was a gambling destination, not the least of which a lot of other islands offer [gambling], and it's so prevalent in the United States. But it's a beautiful island, and there's an enormous curiosity factor."

192

193

C U L T U R E

C U L T U R E

Casinos of the 1950s, pre-Castro Tropicana San Souci Wilbur Clark's Casino Centro de la Colonia Espanol Comodoro Hotel Nacional The Habana Hilton The Capri Artistica Gallistica Hotel Plaza Casino Circulo Militar Club Union Club Union Casino Silvestre Casino Espanol Casino Del Rio Casino Guillermo Badell Casino Habana-Madrid Casino Jesus Rey Casino Montmartre Casino Oriental Park Casino St. John's Casino Parisien

194

195

C U L T U R E

C U L T U R E

Cuba: Son and Afro-Cuban Music Cuba is the most important source of music in Latin America. The island has produced dance music that has traveled all over the world. At home music is inseparable from Cubaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s daily life and history. ...

The mid-1990s brought welcomed change. Musicians could work freely inside and outside the country.

Successful musicians are among the best-paid professionals on the island.

196

197

C U L T U R E

C U L T U R E

198

C U L T U R E 199

Directed by: Guy Ferland Produced by: Lawrence Bender, Sarah Green Screenplay by: Victoria Arch, Boaz Yakin Story by: Kate Gunzinger, Peter Sagal Starring: Romola Garai Diego Luna Sela Ward John Slattery Mika Boorem Jonathan Jackson Music by: Heitor Pereira

C U L T U R E

Buena Vista Social Club

The Buena Vista Social Club was a members' club in Havana, Cuba, that closed in the 1940s, as well as a 1990s band, a 1997 album, a 1999 film, and an unofficial brand name representing the musical spirit of the original Havana club.

The original Buena Vista Social Club held dances and musical activities, becoming a popular location for musicians to meet and play during the 1940s. In the 1990s, nearly 50 years after the club was closed, it inspired a recording made by Cuban musician Juan de Marcos González and American guitarist Ry Cooder with traditional Cuban musicians, some of whom were veterans who had performed at the club during the height of its popularity.

200

201

C U L T U R E

C U L T U R E

202

203

C U L T U R E

C U L T U R E

Five questions with LGBT activist Mariela Castro By: Linda Barnard S, Published on Wed Nov 25 2015

...

Why do you call Havanaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s annual LGBT parade Cuba Conga and not Pride?

Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s an appropriate name for what we want to do, and I wanted to find something that was originally Cuban. I wanted to do an artistic demonstration so that the public would be educated to bring attention to the bad effects of homophobia. The problem is not being gay, the problem is being homophobic. In 2007 I began organizing an education and communication strategy toward promoting respect for sexual orientation and gender identity. This is the main objective of our work.

Sexuality should be a natural, positive and integral aspect of our lives.

----Mariela Castro Espin

204

205

C U L T U R E

C U L T U R E

Norge Espinosa Mendoza

People are afraid to speak openly about discrimination. Not only is marriage equality a distant dream, but there are still public places that don't want us there.

206

----Norge Espinosa Mendoza, an award-winning Cuban author and LGBT activist

C U L T U R E The reality for the LGBT community in Cuba is very different from that described by the international media... We live under constant government surveillance and harassment, while at the same time being manipulated for their political purposes.

----Ignacio Estrada,first wedding between a transsexual woman and a gay man Mariela is a chameleon; she can change her character very easily... She is very sociable with the people who work for her, but never does anything for anyone without expecting something back in return.

207

--Ignacio Estrada,first wedding between a transsexual woman and a gay man

C U L T U R E This month Adela Hernandez made history by becoming the ďŹ rst known transgender person to hold public oďŹ&#x192;ce in Cuba, winning election as a delegate to the municipal government of Caibarien in the central province of Villa Clara.

208

C U L T U R E

Controversial gay soap opera grips Cuba

By Fernando Ravsberg, BBC Mundo, Havana

209

A TV soap opera is generating controversy on the streets of Cuba and attracting a record number of viewers. The reason? It is about what until now has been a taboo for Cuban TV: homosexuality. ...

Yaser, the bisexual character, says: "Everything I sacrificed myself for, I have lost." ...

"It is good for the people to be informed, so that youngsters are not tricked or trapped into that kind of thing, that homosexual thing," she says.

C U L T U R E

CENESEX’s mission is to contribute to “the development of a culture of sexuality that is full, pleasurable and responsible, as well as to promote the full exercise of sexual rights.”

The center plays a primary role in education concerning contraception and AIDS.

210

211

C U L T U R E

C U L T U R E

212

C U L T U R E 213

Production: Fernando Pérez O'Reilly Script: Senel Paz Music: Jose Maria Vitier Photograph: Mario García Joya Mounting: Osvaldo Donatién Rolando Martinez Miriam Talavera Protagonists: Jorge Perugorría Vladimir Cruz Mirtha Ibarra

FIDEL CASTRO

214

215

FIDEL CASTRO

FIDEL CASTRO

216

217

FIDEL CASTRO

FIDEL CASTRO

218

219

FIDEL CASTRO

GUANTANAMO BAY

Guantanamo Bay

220

221

GUANTANAMO BAY

GUANTANAMO BAY

1898 During the Spanish-American war overtook the American and Cuban forces the strategically and commercially important harbor of Guantanamo bay.

1916 Tents at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

1962 Cuban workers leaving Guantanamo bay after a day work

222

GUANTANAMO BAY

On march 2, 1901, the Platt amendment was passed as part of the 1901 Army Appropriations Bill.

It stipulated seven conditions for the withdrawal of United States troops remaining in Cuba at the end of the Spanish-American War, and an eight condition that Cuba signs a treaty accepting these seven conditions. It deďŹ ned the terms of Cuban-US relations to essentially be an unequal one of US dominance over Cuba.

When Cuba got formally independent on 20 May 1902, had Cuba to followup the Platt Amendement.

The Platt amendement gave the Americans the right to maintain a military base on Cuban grounds, which became Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, and is currently still in use.

120km2 of water and land

223

1903

GUANTANAMO BAY

1986 In 1986 Mcdonalds opened a firm at Guantanamo Bay. Guantanamo Bay became therefore the first and, still, only place with a McDonalds in Cuba.

In the beginning of the 2000s other firms opened at Guantanamo bay, such as the Starbucks, KFC, Pizza Hut, Taco Bell and a Subway. These fast food restaurants are on the base and not accessible to Cubans.

All proceeds from these restaurants are used to support morale, welfare, and recreational activities for service personnel and their families.

It has been reported that prisoners cooperating with interrogations have been rewarded with Happy Meals from the McDonaldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s located on the main section of the base.

224

GUANTANAMO BAY

2002

225

In 2002 opened the Guantanamo bay detention camp.

The military prison was established to detain extraordinarily dangerous people, to interrogate detainees in an optimal setting, and to prosecute detainees for war crimes.

GUANTANAMO BAY

226

227

GUANTANAMO BAY

GUANTANAMO BAY

228

229

GUANTANAMO BAY

GUANTANAMO BAY

In 2003 reached the prison with 697 the highest amount of detainees at the military prison .

In 2006 was the ďŹ rst death of a prisoner. In total 9 detainees died during the years out of a total group of 790 prisoners.

230

GUANTANAMO BAY

In 2008 mentioned Barack Obama for the ďŹ rst time that the prison needed to be closed.

231

In 2015 in a conversation between the Cuban president Raul Castro and American president Barack Obama, demanded Raul Castro that the US gives Guantanamo Bay back to Cuba to improve relations since the embargo will be lifted.

M E D I A RUSSIA NETHERLANDS

UNITED STATES 43,5 %

158 %

97,1 %

76,8 %

41,9 %

81,2 %

116 %

88,1 %

MOBILE USERS

INTERNET HOSTS

10,4 %

184 %

28,7 %

CHINA CUBA

TELEPHONE USERS

30,1 %

11,5 %

0,02 %

15,2 %

25,8 %

20,6 %

1,52 %

81,2 %

28,7 %

NIGERIA 0,24 %

0,000 ... ... 0006 %

63,6 %

24,8 %

BRAZIL 21,8 %

13,1 %

123 %

37,5 %

AUSTRALIA 46,5 %

75,9 %

108 %

70,2 %

INTERNET USERS

Internet

Media

232

M E D I A

Radio

Press

233

Television

M E D I A

All types of media in Cuba are tightly censored and closely controlled by the state. While this means that the range of information and opinion is severely restricted and biased, it has also produced media geared to producing (what the government deems to be) socially valuable content, refreshingly free of any significant concern for high ratings and commercial success.

CUBA TELECOMMUNICATION USERS

UNITED STATES TELECOMMUNICATION USERS

UNITED STATES 43,5 %

158 %

97,1 %

76,8 %

CUBA TELEPHONE USERS

MOBILE USERS

INTERNET HOSTS

234

INTERNET USERS

11,5 %

0,02 %

15,2 %

25,8 %

BRAZIL 21,8 %

13,1 %

123 %

37,5 %

M E D I A

THE NETHERLANDS TELECOMMUNICATION USERS

NIGERIA TELECOMMUNICATION USERS

RUSSIA NETHERLANDS 41,9 %

81,2 %

116 %

88,1 %

30,1 %

10,4 %

184 %

28,7 %

CHINA 20,6 %

1,52 %

81,2 %

28,7 %

NIGERIA

0,000 ... ... 0006 %

63,6 %

24,8 %

AUSTRALIA 46,5 %

75,9 %

108 %

70,2 %

235

0,24 %

Internet increase in cuba

M E D I A

White House encourages US telecommunications to enter Cuban market updated 09:45 pm EST, Thu December 18, 2014 Telecom providers will be allowed to extend services to Cuba if they desire -- this includes building infrastructure that will expand the potential market there. There is also a point about exporting items such as "consumer communications devices, related software, applications, hardware, and services, and items for the establishment and update of communicationsrelated systems" that could be used to many US companies' advantage, including Apple and Google. ...

Broad proposal gains specifics; Internet penetration in Cuba about five percent.

236

M E D I A 237

Internet cables

M E D I A Cubans wait to go online at an Internet cafe in Havana earlier this year.

The Cuban government announced months ago that a new ďŹ ber-optic cable to Venezuela would improve Internet access and speeds, but that still hasn't happened.

238

M E D I A

Open cartography platform seeks to put Cuba on the map FEBRUARY 9, 2016 12:57 PM

239

...

In Cuba, where geospatial data has always been in the hands of the military and the use of GPS by civilians is restricted, a community of contributors to Open Street Map collects information useful for cartography, OnCuba reports. For Cuban engineer Jorge Luis Batista, more than cartography, the maps have taught him how Internet democracy works. ...

M E D I A

The press Granma - Communist Party newspaper, website in five languages including English Juventud Rebelde - Union of Young Communists newspaper, web pages in English

240

Portal de la TV Cubana - state T V portal

M E D I A

Cubavision - state-run

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Television

M E D I A

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M E D I A

Radio

Radio Rebelde - news, music, sport Radio Reloj - news Radio Habana Cuba - external, languages include Spanish, English, French, Portuguese

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Radio Progreso - entertainment

T O U R I S M

Tourism

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T O U R I S M

Sexual Tourism

Airport

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Accommodation

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Tourism Is Surging in Cuba

By Ezra Fieser, Rafael Gayol July 13, 2015 â&#x20AC;&#x201D; 9:34 PM EEST Havana is hot. With Presidents Barack Obama and Raul Castro making global headlines for restarting diplomatic relations between their countries after five decades, 2015 is shaping up to be a record year for the Cuban tourism industry.

Some 1.7 million people visited the Communist island in the first five months of the year, a 15 percent increase from the same period last year, which ended with 3 million visitors.

...

While Cuba is already the second-most visited island in the Caribbean behind the Dominican Republic, U.S. tourists are expected to begin arriving in droves as trade restrictions that were first put in 1960s ease. Already, Carnival Corp. has won approval to begin cruising to the island next year. JetBlue Airways on July 3 said it added a weekly direct New York-to-Havana charter flight (which is still prohibited to most travelers).

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U.S. tourists are roaming the streets of Old Havana, listening to lectures on Art Deco architecture and meeting with jazz musicians.

T O U R I S M

LAS TERRAZAS COMMUNITY

MORRO CASTLE SANTA CLARA CITY

TRINIDAD TOWER

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T O U R I S M

CAYO GUILLERRMO PINVK FLAMINGOS

CAMAGÜEY CITY PLAZA MARTIANA

GLORIETA DE MANZANILLO

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SANTIAGO DE CUBA

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Best Beaches In Cuba: Where To Find Paradise On The Caribbean Island Nation Sandwiched between the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, Cuba is renowned for its postcard-worthy, sundrenched coastlines, rife with white sand beaches, turquoise waters and lush greenery.

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Surge of Americans tests limits of Cuba's tourism industry

By Jaime Hamre martes 26 de enero de 2016 02:00 GYT

...

"It was too much to handle, too many other tourists. We stood in line and were sent back and forth to different counters," she said from an Old Havana cafe with her large backpack parked on the floor. "I don't think Cuba is prepared."

The opening has benefited Cuba's small private sector, which offers restaurants and rooms for rent in family homes.

But the tourism infrastructure, with just 63,000 hotel rooms nationwide, is still largely a function of the state and has languished under decades of U.S. economic sanctions and underdevelopment.

"From offloading at the airport to restaurant availability, infrastructure is maxed out," said Collin Laverty, founder of Cuba Educational Travel, which organizes tours for legally permitted travel for Americans. ...

306 2611 391 1797 528 0 254

0

average salery one person/per month

â&#x201A;Ź45

$22

T O U R I S M

average price one person/per night

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Airbnb in Cuba

Hotel in Cuba

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Visit or stay in tourist hotels, restaurants, and resorts (these are off-limits to Cubans).

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Havana Map 52 hotels 256

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Cuba sex tourism and Cuban prostitutes

By James C. McKinley Jr. | The New York Times

...

“Most of the tourists come to look for girls, tobacco, you know, the things they cannot get in their country,” she said. “They say the Cuban girls are very hot.” ...

Cuba has the lowest infection rate in the Western Hemisphere, less than 0.1 percent of the population, according to the World Health Organization. The infection rate in the United States is six times that in Cuba, and Cuba’s rate is far below that in many neighboring countries in the Caribbean and Central America. ...

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Infrastructure

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Railroads 1837

Bejucal Train station is one of the stations of the ďŹ rst railroad in Cuba and Latin America.

The railroad opened in 1837 and runs from Havana to Bejucal. The railway stretches over 27,5 km.

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I N F R A S T R U C T U R E

Railroads 1900

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Railroads 1920

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Railroads 2010

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Highways

Cuba has a total length of 60.585 km on highways.

29.820 km of paved road and 31.038 km of unpaved road

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I N F R A S T R U C T U R E 275

Bacunayagua Bridge which connects Havana with Matanzas was built in 1959 and is the highest bridge of Cuba at 110 m above the valley floor.

I N F R A S T R U C T U R E

Public Transport El Camello, the Cuban â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;camelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; bus is a famous transportation system that is part of the public transport system of Havana called the MetroBus de la Habana and can be seen as a surface subway.

The hybrid combination of a truck with a bus trailer is designed to carry as many people as possible with a minimum comfort. They are slowly replaced with standard buses imported from China.

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Public Transport

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Private Transport

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Hitchhiking Hitchhiking is a common way to get across the country. Due to the lack of a good transportation system owners of private cars are eventually required to pick up hitchhikers.

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I N F R A S T R U C T U R E

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Roads

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Walking distance in time

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Driving distance in time

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I N F R A S T R U C T U R E

E C O N O M Y

Import Export

18%

Economy

23%

44%

World 10000

Cuban merchandise

Import Countries (2013)

8000

Cuba

For the import from Venezuela and China, indications are made based on data from 2006.

6000

4.7%

EU Machinery and electronics Food products

2000

Machinery and transport equipment

12.1% mostly machines and electronics

mostly metals

Venezuela ezuela

China C

Fall of Sovjet Union ended Cubanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s stable sugar export

2012

2010

2008

2006

2004

2002

2000

1998

1996

1994

1992

1990

1988

1986

1984

1982

1980

1978

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1970 Food products

1974

0

20.7%

37.1%

4000

1972

Brasil

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Currency E C O N O M Y

E C O N O M Y

GDP Growth in U.S. Dolars

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

1990

1988

1986

1984

1982

1980

1978

1976

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1972

1970

0

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Fall of Sovjet Union ended Cubanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s stable sugar export

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2012

2010

2008

2006

2004

2002

2000

1998

1996

1994

1992

World

Cuba

E C O N O M Y

E C O N O M Y

Cuban Merchandise Expor

16.0% Canada

Miscella

14.1% Chemicals

Venezuela

Machines and elec

294

Countries (2013)

E C O N O M Y

rt

untries (2013)

EU

neous

26.7% Food products Fuels

15.1%

ctronics

China 295

Metals Food products

E C O N O M Y

Cuban Export Per Sector (2011)

18% 23%

44%

Tourism Other Services (consisting of medical aid) Other Merchandise Sugar Alcoholic Beverages Tobacco Fish Nickel Pharmaceutical Other Manufactures 296

Machinery and Equipment

297

E C O N O M Y

E C O N O M Y

298

E C O N O M Y 299

Cohiba is a brand for two kinds of premium cigar, one produced in Cuba for Habanos S.A., the Cuban state-owned tobacco company, and the other produced in the Dominican Republic for US-based General Cigar Company. The name cohíba derives from the Taíno word for “tobacco.”

E C O N O M Y

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E C O N O M Y 301

Havana Club is a brand of rum created in Cuba in 1934, and now one of the best-selling rum brands in the world. Originally produced in Cardenas, Cuba by family-owned Jose Arechabala S.A., the brand was nationalized after the Cuban Revolution of 1959.

E C O N O M Y

Cuban Merchandise Import (2013) For the import from Venezuela and China, indications are made based

on data from 2006

4.7%

Brasil

Machinery a electronics Food produc

37.1% mostly metals

Venezuela ezuela

302

E C O N O M Y

untries (2013)

m 2006.

EU

and

cts

20.7% Food products Machinery and transport equipment

12.1% mostly machines and electronics

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China

E C O N O M Y

Fulgencio Batistaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s share in casinos gives 1.26 million/month 304

Banks

Utilities

Railways

E C O N O M Y

Cuban economy under control of U.S. citizens & entrepreneurship in 1958

Mine

25% 50%

90%

85%

Cattles ranches

Sugar

40% 100%

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90%

E C O N O M Y

‘A communist menace that has been permitted to arise under our very noses, only 90 miles off our shores’ President John F. Kennedy, 1960

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Under pressure of the elections, J. F. Kennedy introduced economic

sanctions against Cuba. Bay of Pigs invation, organized by CIA of U.S. to overthrow Castroâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s government failed, which led to worsening of the situation. Cuba continued to purchase weapons from the Sovjet Union. The Missile Crisis in 1962 pushed the embargo to its toppoint 307

In 1959, Fidel Castro seized assets valued at 9 Billion American dollars.

The current value of the assets seized would be approximately 1.89 trillion dollars at the 11.42% rate of growth that the average US company experienced from 1959 to 2014.

E C O N O M Y

U.S. Embargo against Cuba

E C O N O M Y

Import and Export Growth

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E C O N O M Y > Picture: Trade relationship between Cuba and the Sovjet Union was reinforced by the same political ideology. The Sovjet Union paid max. 11 times for Cuban sugar as the market price

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v Picture: Emigration to U.S. caused by economic decay as result of the embargo

E C O N O M Y

Sugar production > Picture: Sugar production in 19th century

> Picture Hershey Sugar factory in the 19th century > Hershey Sugar Factory in 2014 After the revolution it was taken over by Cuban government, since 2011 it was abandoned

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Production Exports

E C O N O M Y

9000

311

1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

Cuba’s Sugar Production and Export 8000

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

Fall of Sovjet Union ended Cuban’s stable sugar export

E C O N O M Y

1986 Sugar-for-oil trade agreement In February, Cuba and the Soviet Union sign a trade agreement in which the Soviet Union agrees to buy sugar and other items from Cuba and to supply Cuba with crude oil. On advice of US State Department, US oil firms in Cuba stop refining oil purchased from USSR; Cuba nationalizes refineries; President Dwight D. Eisenhower cancels most of Cuban sugar quota (prior to 1960, sales to US were 3 million tons annually, half of Cuban crop). Cuba then expropriates all US property, valued at about $1 billion, discriminates against imports of US products.

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Sugarcane reaches the highest production in the Cuban history during the 10 million ton sugarcane harvest production strategy. Due to historically low sugarcane market prices many sugar farmers were being ruined.

To safe the Cuban sugarcane industry the Cuban government issued a crash goal to harvest 10 million tons of sugarcane in 1970. Although the 7.56 million tons of sugar harvested in 1970 set a Cuban record, it was not sufficient in sustaining the Cuban economy at the level of success that had been expected by the islandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s citizenry. The disappointing outcome permanently affected the sociopolitics of Cuba.

E C O N O M Y

1970 Sugar Peak

1985 Cuba tricks Russia

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Report prepared by Cuban National Bank for its Paris Club creditors reveals that Cuba has been buying cheap sugar on world market, reselling it to Soviets at several times world price, using profits to purchase cheap Soviet oil, which it then resells for hard currency. (For example, in 1984 the Cubans used $1.3 billion in sugar profits to buy 6.7 million tons of subsidized oil, 4.9 million tons of which was later resold.) Unidentified State Department official confirms authenticity of document, obtained from a European bank and made public by the anti-Castro Cuban-American National Foundation.

E C O N O M Y

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Cuban sugar production is predicted to grow because of a sustainable energy aim to produce 14 percent of the energy in 2030 by sugarcane biomass.

E C O N O M Y

> Picture Hershey Chocolate factory

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E C O N O M Y

> Picture: Sugar production nowadays >Pictures: Tobaco Factory in Havana in the 19th century and now

< Picture: Sugar production nowadays >Pictures: 1. Oil rig by Chinese investment 2. Cuba government owned oil rig <v Left corner picture: Cuban industry v Pictures Cuban tabaco production

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E C O N O M Y

Hugo Chavez promises Fidel Castro sealed on 30 October 2000, a de facto economic and political alliance, signing an agreement for Venezuela to supply one-third of Cubaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s oil needs at cut-rate prices.

Venezuela sells Cuba low-priced oil

Venezuela agreed to provide oil with a market value of $3 billion, delivering 53,000 barrels a day for five years. A barrel of crude has 42 gallons.

Venezuela also agreed to grant Cuba cheap long-term credits and to accept a barter arrangement for repayment, greatly reducing the cost.

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E C O N O M Y Petroleum consumption per capita

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Energy use kg of oil equivalent per capita

E C O N O M Y

Two of the four mines are formerly US-owned

$2 billion in export

Geologists from the US documented Cubaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s resources of minerals

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Nickel E C O N O M Y

E C O N O M Y

>picture: Lead miners

Mining productions Cuba

Zeolites Ammonia Lead Sand Steel Cement

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E C O N O M Y Hydraullic cement production

325

Ammonia production

E C O N O M Y

Urban Farming Urban farming started in the early 1990s out of nesseccity because of the end of supplies of vegetables and agricultural equipment from the Soviet Union. Futhermore the US embargo created a petrol shortage which resulted in difficuties in transporting goods to the city. This emerged in a big foodshortage in the Cuban cities. Consequently the citizens of Havana started to grow their own crops.

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E C O N O M Y The Cuban Ministry of Agriculture and Havana’s city government supported the new movement and formed the Urban Agriculture Department in 1994. Today more than 50% of Havana’s food is organically produced within city limits. The gardens are ranging from private gardens to state-owned research gardens. Havana’s “popular gardens” are the most widespread. In 1995 was estimated that there were over 26.600 “popular gardens” in Havana.

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Havana’s farms and gardens are still steadily increasing, both in size as in number, but most importantly in quality.

They have had a visible impact on the food security of the city and in improving the Cuban diet. The gardens have also environmental benefits. Many empty lots, which earlier were informal garbage dumps, are now beautiful gardens that provide food to local communities and improve neighborhood aesthetics and health.

E C O N O M Y

Greenery

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E C O N O M Y

Relationship Between U.S.A. and Cuba is Moving towards Normalization U.S.-Cuba Relations Authors: Danielle Renwick, Copy Editor/Writer, and Brianna Lee Updated: March 16, 2016 become national heroes in Cuba. ...

Following Fidel Castro’s ascent to power, U.S.-Cuba ties have endured a nuclear crisis, a long U.S. economic embargo, and political hostilities. The diplomatic relationship remained frozen well beyond the end of the Cold War but moved toward normalization in 2015.

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Both countries appeared open to further engagement (PDF) until Cuban authorities arrested Alan Gross, a U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) subcontractor, in Havana in 2009. Gross had traveled to the country to deliver communications equipment and arrange Internet access for its Jewish community. Cuban authorities alleged he was attempting to destabilize the Cuban regime and sentenced him to fifteen years in prison. At the same time, Raul Castro wanted to secure the release of the Cuban Five, Cuban intelligence officers arrested in Miami in 1998 and convicted in 2001, who had

...

Another contentious issue between the two countries was Cuba’s designation by the U.S. State Department as a state sponsor of terrorism, a status first assigned in 1982 in light of Fidel Castro’s training of rebels in Central America.

Castro announced in 1992 that Cuba would no longer support insurgents abroad, and the State Department’s annual report for 2013 stated there was no evidence that the country provided training or weapons to terrorist groups.

Cuba’s continued inclusion on the list was a major obstacle to talks about restoring diplomatic relations following the 2014 rapprochement. In May 2015, Cuba was removed from the list. ...

<^ Upper left picture: Government grocery with posted ration amounts and prices

^> Upper right picture: China and Cuba have increased trading relationship after the fall of the Sovjet Union China is pushing Cuba to open up more

> Picture: United States and Cuba recovered diplomatic relationship in 2014

E C O N O M Y 331

^ Picture: Cuban government owned bakery only sells one sort of bread

E C O N O M Y

CUBA POLL

by Fusion

Historic poll : 94% of Cubans who receive money use it to cover everyday expenses

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E C O N O M Y 333

from friends and family abroad

E C O N O M Y

Cuba: A Tale of Two Currencies April 30, 2015 - 12:30pm | admin

By Dylan Heyden

Dealing with security guards wasn’t exactly what we had in mind when we decided to go on an ice cream run. It was a mild March day in Havana, by Cuban standards. Yet, having just flown in from New York days prior, we hoped a scoop could ease the transition from the blustery weather back home. ...

The dual currency system has fractured the Cuban society. It can only be dealt with by uniting the two currencies—which the Cuban government announced it would do back in 2013. But even then there is potential for crisis. If the Cuban government were to announce overnight that one currency was no longer relevant, inflation would skyrocket—precipitating a serious economic crisis.

Not to mention this would discourage foreign investment, which the island is so desperate for. Unfortunately, there is no easy solution, these are some of the growing pains that Cuba must endure in order to successfully transition to a fullfledged member of the global economy. Cuba cannot continue to have its ice cream and eat it too.

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E C O N O M Y

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E C O N O M Y

Cost of living in Cuba

CUBA

RESTAURANTS

MARKET

TRANSPORTATION

THE NETHERLANDS

Meal, Inexpensive Restaurant Meal for 2 People, Mid-range Restaurant, Three-course McMeal at McDonalds (or Equivalent Combo Meal) Domestic Beer (0.5 liter draught) Imported Beer (0.33 liter bottle) Cappuccino (regular) Coke/Pepsi (0.33 liter bottle) Water (0.33 liter bottle)

€ € € € € € € €

4,57 13,72 5,26 0,91 1,37 1,11 1,11 0,49

€ € € € € € € €

15,00 55,00 7,00 4,00 3,50 2,58 2,12 1,75

Milk (regular), (1 liter) Loaf of Fresh White Bread (500g) Rice (white), (1kg) Eggs (12) Local Cheese (1kg) Chicken Breasts (Boneless, Skinless), (1kg) Apples (1kg) Banana (1kg) Oranges (1kg) Tomato (1kg) Potato (1kg) Onion (1kg) Lettuce (1 head) Water (1.5 liter bottle) Bottle of Wine (Mid-Range) Domestic Beer (0.5 liter bottle) Imported Beer (0.33 liter bottle) Pack of Cigarettes (Marlboro)

€ € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € €

1,21 0,41 0,75 0,87 3,36 3,48 4,23 0,18 0,72 1,06 1,33 1,83 0,55 0,76 3,66 0,96 1,49 1,46

€ € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € €

0,90 1,28 1,54 2,09 8,75 6,77 2,00 1,30 2,01 2,03 1,20 1,06 0,95 0,92 5,00 0,95 1,20 6,20

€ 0,04 € 98,09 € 0,91 € 0,82 € 7,04 € 1,17 € 91.460

€ € € € € € €

2,75 77,75 4,00 2,10 25,00 1,56 22.647,-

Electricity, Heating, Water, Garbage for Apartment 1 min. of Prepaid Mobile Tariff Local Internet (10 Mbps, Unlimited Data, Cable/ADSL)

€ € €

5,73 0,56 50,3

€ € €

158,16 0,16 24,89

Fitness Club, Monthly Fee for 1 Adult Tennis Court Rent (1 Hour on Weekend) Cinema, International Release, 1 Seat

€ € €

8,23 2,74 0,27

€ € €

28,20 17,62 10,00

1 Pair of Jeans (Levis 501 Or Similar) 1 Summer Dress in a Chain Store (Zara, H&M, ...)

1 Pair of Nike Running Shoes (Mid-Range) 1 Pair of Men Leather Business Shoes

€ € € €

30,18 31,24 67,85 44,59

€ € € €

82,52 35,46 88,03 118,66

Apartment (1 bedroom) in City Centre Apartment (1 bedroom) Outside of Centre Apartment (3 bedrooms) in City Centre Apartment (3 bedrooms) Outside of Centre Price per m2 to Buy Apartment in City Centre Price per m2 to Buy Apartment Outside of Centre

€ € € € € €

426,89 265,23 685,95 366,31 306,51 450,16

€ € € € € €

913,96 665,95 1.563,48 1.142,84 3.191,94 2.185,93

Average Monthly Disposable Salary (After Tax) Mortgage Interest Rate in Percentages (%), Yearly

€

22,77 4,38

€

2232,97 3,46

One-way Ticket (Local Transport) Monthly Pass (Regular Price) Taxi Start (Normal Tariff) Taxi 1km (Normal Tariff) Taxi 1hour Waiting (Normal Tariff) Gasoline (1 liter) Volkswagen Golf 1.4 90 KW Trendline

UTILITIES

CLOTHING

APPARTMENT

FINANCING

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LEISURE

H E A L T H C A R E

Primary Human Right

Healthcare & Wellbeing

338

H E A L T H C A R E

Doctors in Exchange for Foreign investment

339

Free for the People

H E A L T H C A R E

World Health Organization Ranking: The World Health System (2000) 1. France 2. Itally 3. San Marino 4. Andorra . .

17. the Netherlands . .

30. Canada . .

37. U.S.A .

39. Cuba

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H E A L T H C A R E 341

Everyone has the right to health protection and care!

H E A L T H C A R E

Countries to which Cuba has sent medical help Information based on diverse articles and varied sources

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H E A L T H C A R E

H E A L T H C A R E

Docter Che Guevara in Congo

Medical Care in Exchange for Foreign Investments Kevin Riley, Health Care in Venezuela and the Cuban Doctors 2006 Based on each country’s core competences and external needs, Chaves and Castro signed the Integral Cooperation Accord in 2000. In its original state Cuba was to receive petroleum at a subsidized rate and in return “approximately 12,000 Cubans in Venezuela would provide an array of free medical and social services in marginalized urban and rural areas.”2

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In particular Cuba was granted the right to receive access from PDSVA to 53,000 barrels per day (bpd) of petroleum in addition to the right to use of oil derivatives such as diesel and jet fuel. The oil Cuba

received from Venezuela accounted for roughly a third of Cuba’s total oil supply and cut Cuba’s purchase of oil in the spot market in half. Furthermore, Chavez and Castro agreed the bartering of oil would operate smoothly through the integration of CUPET, PDSVA’s counterpart and Cuba’s own state owned oil company. In return for the bpd contract, Cuba agreed to send doctors and other healthcare workers to the barrios of Venezuela under the terms that the Venezuelan government would provide room and board to the doctors at no additional costs. In addition to these professional services, the Cuban government agreed to send Venezuela vaccinations.

H E A L T H C A R E

Cuban docters sent to help fighting Ebola in West Africa

In a recent effort to dismiss the program the Venezuelan Medical Federation filed an effort to have the Cuban doctors disbarred. Cuban doctors and Venezuelan patients are also being affected on lower levels. For example, one Venezuelan citizen states “when someone goes to a hospital with a referral from a Cuban doctor, they are turned away or have to wait all day.”13 Furthermore, Venezuelan doctors have made allegations stating Barrio Adentro has caused over 8,000 Venezuelan doctors to lose their jobs as the Cuban doctors earn a lower salary.

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In addition to the Cuban doctors, Barrio Adentro has also brought over 5,000 professional coaches from Cuba to Venezuela. Like the Cuban doctors, the professional trainers are required to live and work in the barrios on one and a half year contracts. Through this program, Venezuela has adopted the saying, “sports means health” in which the government views sports as an effective means of keeping Venezuelans healthy and out of trouble.

H E A L T H C A R E

< v Cuba was the first country to send medical help to Haiti after the earthquake in 2010

> American Students completed their medical education in Cuba. > > Cuban docters receiving praise in Indonesia

Cuba’s Medical Internationalism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Edited on 22 december 2015

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Cuba provides more medical personnel to the developing world than all the G8 countries combined. In the 1970s, the Cuban state initiated bilateral service contracts and various moneymaking strategies. Cuba has entered into agreements with United Nations agencies specializing in health: PAHO/ WHO, UNICEF, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the United Nations Population

Fund (UNFPA) and the United Nations Development Fund (UNDP). Since 1989, this collaboration has played a very important role in that Cuba, in addition to obtaining the benefits of being a member country, has strengthened its relations with institutions of excellence and has been able to disseminate some of its own advances and technologies[44] In the 1980s, Cuba’s decision to withdrawal military assistance from the Marxist–

H E A L T H C A R E Leninist regimes in Ethiopia and Angola was partly rooted in their inability to meet payments. In 1986, Cuba had 219 doctors per 100,000 people (compared with 423.7 doctors in the Soviet Union, which had the most doctors among industrialized countries). As of 2005, Cuba became the world leader in the ratio of doctors to population with 67 doctors per 10,000 population as compared with 43 in the Russian Federation and 24 in the United States.

The supply of physicians came to exceed the domestic market. Moreover, Cuban doctors work on much lower salaries than local doctors. A Guatemalan doctor noted, “No one’s going to work in the mountains for a salary of $400,” the salary for which Cuban doctors work.[47] The $400 is 16 times the doctor’s salary in Cuba - allowing Cuban doctors to buy refrigerators, stereos and other items that they couldn’t afford in Cuba.

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> Cuba corperates with Guyana and exchanges medical employees.

H E A L T H C A R E

< Jamaican students receiving medical education in Cuba

> Cuban docters at work in Solomon Island

[47] Cuba’s missions in 68 countries are manned by 25,000 Cuban doctors, and medical teams have worked in crisis such as the South Asian Tsunami and the 2005 Kashmir earthquake.[48] Nearly 2,000 Cuban doctors are currently working in Africa in countries including South Africa, Gambia, Guinea Bissau and Mali.[49] Since the Chernobyl nuclear plant exploded in 1986, more

than 20,000 children from Ukraine, Belarus and Russia have traveled to Cuba for treatment of radiation sickness and psychologically based problems associated with the radiation disaster.

[50] In response to the 2005 Hurricane Katrina disaster, Castro offered to send a “brigade” of 1,500 doctors to the U.S. to provide humanitarian aid, but was never accepted.

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H E A L T H C A R E 349

Pharmaceutical products forms the second largest merchandise export product tupe of Cuba

H E A L T H C A R E

Cuba Has a Long Cancer Vaccine, and It Could be Coming to the USA May 12, 2015 | by Caroline Reid ...

While Cimavax is not a cure for cancer— and further testing will have to be done to truly understand the vaccine—the current results are promising. For example, a trial found a trend towards improved survival in all vaccinated patients, and a further two found the same in those whose immune systems responded well. And you have to admit, there’s a sort of delicious irony that a country famous for its cigars are the world pioneers in an innovative lung cancer vaccine.

The vaccine contains a protein called epidermal growth factor (EGF). EGF, which stimulates the growth of cells, is found naturally in the body, but cancerous tumors can stimulate the body into producing too much of this protein. This causes the tumor to multiply and grow uncontrollably.

When vaccinated, EGF, among other compounds, enters the bloodstream of the patient and encourages the immune system to produce antibodies that suppress the effects of EGF. This prevents tumors from getting bigger, but doesn’t directly attack them. ...

The current embargo between the U.S. and Cuba has been modified to make research collaborations such as this one possible. But for collaborative research to take off, Congress will need to make considerable changes to it. It would be an inspiring event to see the embargo dropped in the name of scientific research.

< Picture: Biomedical researchers working at BioCubaPharma

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< Pictures: Large Cuban pharmaceutical research institutes

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< Picture: Cuban medical school

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Prevention Better than Cure in Cuban Healthcare System

By Fiona Hill Health Check, BBC World Service 13 December 2015 ...

In terms of having healthy people, the Cuban health service outperforms other low and medium income countries and in some cases, outperforms much richer ones too.

Despite spending a fraction of what the United States spends on healthcare (the World Bank reports Cuba spends $431 per head per year compared with $8,553 in the US) Cuba has a lower infant mortality rate than the US and a similar life expectancy. ...

Healthcare in Cuba is free and universal, enshrined in the Cuban constitution as a fundamental human right, guaranteed by the state.

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And the foundation of their preventative health care model is at primary care level, the family doctors who oversee the health of those who live around the clinic. ...

To serve its population of 11 million, the country has 90,000 of them. That’s eight for every 1,000 citizens - more than double the rate in the US and in the UK (the US has 2.5 doctors per 1,000, the UK 2.7 per 1,000 according to the World Bank).

And many of these doctors are based in neighbourhood medical centres and, along with a nurse and support from visiting specialists, they monitor closely the health and wellbeing of every single Cuban.

Tanya Rosa de la Cuevas Hill is a specialist in comprehensive medicine and she runs a neighbourhood clinic in Old Havana. Along with her nurse, she looks after 334 families who live in the surrounding streets.

“Being a family doctor, I love it,” she says. “The first mission we have is to prevent illness. That’s the wonderful thing about my job. Prevention of diseases, prevention of accidents, that’s what I like best”.

H E A L T H C A R E Key to the prevention model is the annual health assessment, a full health check-up which every single one of their 1,287 patients will undergo, often at their homes.

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The life of a human being is more worth than all the gold of the richest man in the world.

-- Che

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Decline!

The state-run system has been praised, but many specialists now fear they are falling behind international standards.

Lucia Newman | 18 Jun 2012 08:30 GMT | Health, US & Canada, Latin America, Cuba, United States ...

By the time I moved to Cuba in 1997, there were serious shortages of medicine - from simple aspirin to more badly needed drugs.

Ironically, many medicines that cannot be found at a pharmacy are easily bought on the black market.

Some doctors, nurses and cleaning staff smuggle the medicine out of the hospitals in a bid to make extra cash.

Although medical attention remains free, many patients did and still do bring their doctors food, money or other gifts to get to the front of the queue or to guarantee an appointment for an X-ray, blood test or operation.

If you do not have a contact or money to pay under the table, the waiting time for all but emergency procedures can be ridiculously long.

Many Cubans complain that top-level government and Communist Party officials have access to VIP health treatment, while ordinary people must queue from dawn for a routine test, with no guarantee that the allotted numbers will not run out before it is their turn.

And while the preventative healthcare system works well for children, women over the age of 40 are being shortchanged because yearly mammograms are not offered to the population at large.

I saw many hospitals where there was often no running water, the toilets did not flush, and the risk of infections - by the hospitalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own admission - was extremely high. ...

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Pictures: Current state of Cuban hospitals

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Water sources The waterproblems with highest impact on society and economy, faced by the hydraulic resource sector in Cuba are: lack of credit facilities from international financial agencies obsolescence of water distribution systems in the urban zones irregular spatial and temporal rain distribution, with long drought periods,mainly at the eastern region of the country.

19% of the population Havana City, 400.000 inhabitantsis are supplied by an aqueduct constructed in 1893, foreseen for 200,000 inhabitants. The remaining 81% is supplied by 8 sources. The most recent was constructed in 1970

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House connections Public service Easy access

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surface water treatment plants and 44 are working

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Drinking water Water supply problems in households caused by structural problems in the water grid and severe drought have complicated the lives of people in Havana, and especially those of women.

Household tasks take longer, and the women arrive late at work, which generates problems due to incomprehension. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a chain of things that are affected in their personal lives, with a heavy impact on their physical and mental health.

Nigeria access to disinfected water

Cuba access to disinfected water

The Netherlands access to disinfected water

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Irrigation of crops Supply to the population, industries and local services Industry Other users

Population Sewerage

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Septic tanks and Latrines

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Flooding Out of a total of 245 coastal settlements, 87 will be partially or completely affected.

34 settlements will be completely inundated and 18 479 persons will be displaced. A total of 6% of the surface area of the main Island will be completely submerged. A total of 291 beaches will be affected a total of 84% of the beaches.

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Partially destroyed coastal town Flooded area after sea level rise

S P O R T IN 1869 A BAN ON BASEBALL

1989 SPORT AFTER THE

SPORTS IN CUBA

CUBAN REVOLUTION

BULLFIGHT

BASEBALL

ATHLETE

BOXING

BASEBALL

ILLEGAL

AMATEUR LEAGUE

AMATEUR LEAGUE Fighting for: Money or Love of the Cubans

AMATEUR LEAGUE Symbolize: Excellence & Nationalism

LEGAL Homage to Spain

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Symbolize Freedom

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Sports Baseball is one of the most popular sports in Cuba. It was popularized in Cuba by Nemesio Guillot, who founded the first major baseball club in the country. It became the most played sport in the country in the 1870s, before the period of American intervention.

Despite its American origin, baseball is strongly associated with Cuban nationalism, as it effectively replaced colonial Spanish sports such as bullfighting.

BullďŹ ghting LEGAL hommage to spain

Baseball ILLEGAL sport for the people symbolizes freedom

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Also, the Cuban League admitted black players beginning in 1900.

Soon many of the best players from the Northern American Negro Leagues were playing on integrated teams in Cuba

S P O R T

Sports For Cuban baseball players, getting into Major League Baseball can be a dangerous process that involves paying smugglers to shuttle them into different countries before entering the United States. Despite the risks, there are more than three times as many Cubans in the majors than there were three decades ago To avoid the amateur draft, Cuban players often establish residency in a third country â&#x20AC;&#x201D; a process that can take months.Many Caribbean countries are notorious for easily obtainable paperwork. Cuban players often flee to Mexico, Haiti or the Dominican Republic.Once established in the country, the player then submits documents to the U.S. Treasury Department Office of Foreign Assets Control.

Baseball then can declare the player a free agent, allowing him to negotiate directly with all 30 teams.

Boxing

Baseball

Amateur League Symbolize: Excellence & Nationalism

Amateur League Fighting for: Money or Love of the Cubans

1990

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2014

Cuban born players in the Major League baseball Proffesional league is replaced by the amateur league, pro sporter either emigrated or earn less money, but people are more healthy, it exhibits the succes of the system

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“Cuba will count as having the most beautiful academy of arts in the world.”

—Fidel Castro (1961)

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In 1961, three young, visionary architects were commissioned by Fidel Castro and Che Guevara to create Cuba's National Art Schools on the grounds of a former golf course in Havana, Cuba. Construction of their radical designs began immediately and the school's first classes soon followed. Dancers, musicians and artists from all over the country reveled in the beauty of the schools, but as the dream of the Revolution quickly became a reality, construction was abruptly halted and the architects and their designs were deemed irrelevant in the prevailing political climate. Forty years later the schools are in use, but remain unfinished and decaying. Castro has invited the exiled architects back to finish their unrealized dream. Unfinished Spaces features intimate footage of Fidel Castro, showing his devotion to creating a worldwide showcase for art, and it also documents the struggle and passion of three revolutionary artists.

Directed by Alysa Nahmias and Benjamin Murray, 2011

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“...quality of life lies in knowledge, in culture.

Values are what constitute true quality of life, the supreme quality of life, even above food, shelter and clothing.”

-Fidel Castro

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