Master's Thesis ClimaDesign 2017

Postgraduate Master‘s Program ClimaDesign Department of Architecture Technical University of Munich

ClimaDesign - Master‘s Thesis 2017

Table of Contents

Master‘s Thesis 2017 - Postgraduate Master‘s Course ClimaDesign Avik Bal Passive Climate Responsive Design Strategies for Single Family Houses in Kolkata ......................................................................................................................

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Luana Cortis Holistic Sustainable Project Management Leitfaden zur Integration der Nachhaltigkeit in den Projektsteuerungsprozess .......

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Volkan Doda Occupants mind the performance gap ......................................................................

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Mark Ehmann Ressourcenschonende Lösungsstrategien für ein Lager-Gebäude am Beispiel eines Depots für das Deutsche Museum ....................................................................

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Bomching Maio Vertical-Greening as an outdoor thermal comfort feature for hot summer days Investigating effectiveness in Munich .......................................................................

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Barbara Pataki Life-cycle analysis and energetic optimization of residential buildings in Rapperswil-Jona (CH) for CO2-neutral building development - a case study .........

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Sven Rippberger Thermal Comfort and Energy Consumption on the Example of Grüne Halle Fürth ..........................................................................................................................

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Juan David Romero Amaya Setup of a Measuring Methodology to Evaluate Glare and its Comparison against User Assessment ........................................................................................................

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Shipra Singh Analysing and Optimizing Indoor Thermal Comfort, Daylighting, and Energy Efficiency of Rural Tropical Classrooms in India, using Indigenous Passive concepts .....................................................................................................................

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Daksh Talwar Visual Comfort Analysis of Adaptive Solar Facade A case study of House of Natural Resources at ETH Zürich ....................................

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Imprint

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PASSIVE CLIMATE RESPONSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR SINGLE FAMILY HOUSES IN KOLKATA Avik Bal M.Sc. ClimaDesign

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1 Design strategies

ABSTRACT The city of Kolkata is the seventh most populous metropolitan city of India [1]. According to the 2011 census data, the population of Kolkata was 4.5 million, and including its suburbs was 14.1 million [1][2]. The population growth rate was 3.93% in 2001, and -1.67% in 2011 [3]. As of 2011, It has a population density of 24306 people per square kilometer [3].

The project takes in ambit the standalone one family residential house typology, and suggests passive design strategies to improve the comfort conditions inside the building. The number of occupants are taken as four as a boundary condition. Four member families constitute 22.9% of the total households in the Urban areas of West Bengal, of which Kolkata is the capital [4].

With IDA-ICE, the effects of various materials and combination of materials for the construction of walls and the roofs on the Indoor mean temperatures and absolute humidity are analyzed.

In Kolkata, buildings of such typology are mostly made of brick and mortar, and sometimes concrete blocks [5]. It is observed that rammed earth construction can be a viable alternative to the traditional materials of construction as it significantly reduces the operative temperature inside.

Design strategies in terms of form of the building, shading, and orientation are explored. A building with shorter sides on the east and the west reduces the heat gain of the building through solar radia-tion. Heat transmission through the roof can be effectively reduced through roof greening. The build-ing should be shaped to effectively catch the breeze from the dominant wind direction. An internal courtyard can act as an in-built thermal regulator bringing in cool air during the day and taking the heat from the surrounding warmer surfaces during the night and emitting it to the sky.

Flexible openings and division of the house into warm and cool zones brings into play user based adaptive comfort.

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Keywords: Passive design, operative temperature, absolute humidity, thermal regulator, adaptive comfort Refernces: [1] Census2011.co.in. (2011). List of Most populated cities of India. [online] Available at: http:// www.census2011.co.in/city.php.

[2] PRIA (2013), Kolkata study report 2014: Government led exclusion of the urban poor- A greater contributor through a lesser recipient.

[3] Census2011.co.in. (2011). Kolkata District Population Census 2011, West Bengal literacy sex ratio and density. [online] Available at: http:// www.census2011.co.in/census/district/16-kolkata. html.

[4] Census2011.co.in, (2003). [online] Available at: http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/ States_at_glance/State_Links/19_wb.pdf .

[5] Census2011.co.in. (2011). Households By Predominant Material of Wall of Census Houses Occupied By Them.

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HOLISTIC SUSTAINABLE PROJECT MANAGEMENT Luana Cortis M.Sc. ClimaDesign

CURRENT SET OF PROBLEMS

CERTIFICATION SYSTEMS

LEGAL SITUATION

BUILDING STANDARDS

RECOMMANDATIONS DUE TO GENERALLY ACCEPTED ENGINEERING STANDARDS

RESPONSIBILITY

CURRENT STATUS DETECTION;

LAWS

PLANNING PROCESS

TIME

WRONG PROJECT MEMBERS

HOAI

NO LONG-TERM TRACKING; CERTIFICATION OF BUILDINGS, „WHICH ARE NEVER SUSTAINABLE“

NONDEFINED AIMS

FLEXIBILITY

SERIAL PLANNING

WRONG INTERPRETATION TECHNICAL OVERLOADING OF BUILDINGS

NO RELEASE OF REGULATIONS

QUALITY & DURABILITY IS NEGLECTED

TIME EXPECTATION ONLY SHORT-TERM

≠ SUSTAINABILITY 1

GUIDELINE TO INTEGRATE SUSTAINABILITY INTO THE PM PROCESS This Master Thesis with the title “Holistic Sustainable Project Management – Guideline to integrate sustainability into the project management process” investigates the current handling of sustainability in large building projects as well as its possible improvement by project management implementing holistic planning according to ClimaDesign’s guidelines.

Currently, Germany’s share of energy produced by renewable resources comes to approximately 25 %.

The goal of the “Energiewende” (“energy transition“) as postulated by the German government is to extend this share up to 55 – 60 % in 2035. This goal can only be reached by reducing the overall energy use and increasing the production of renewable energy at the same time. Here the building industry plays a decisive role. On the one hand the quality of refurbished and newly built houses has a strong influence on consumption; on the other hand the production of renewable energy can be integrated into the buildings in order to gain energy self-sufficiency. The bigger the building, the more energy is needed and the bigger is the influence on the “Energiewende” as well. Because of this and the fact that most private clients already strive for sustainability in their buildings, this thesis concentrates on sustainability of large-scale constructions.

After a theoretical analysis of the existing interfaces between sustainability, project management and ClimaDesign, the problems this master thesis wants

to solve are defined by an expert’s discussion. Accompanying that, the group discussion as a scientific tool is illustrated in detail. Afterwards, four large-scale constructions are examined on their sustainability certificate as well as assessed. Finally, the scope of work of project management is adapted according to the results of the theoretical and empirical investigations. The purpose of this work is to create – by implementing holistic planning into the project management process - a guideline which leads to sustainable large-scale constructions.

1 Current set of problems 2 Distinction between private homes and large scale projects regarding parties and aims

MODEL 1 „PRIVATE HOME“

MODEL 2 „LARGE SCALE PROJECT“

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OCCUPANTS MIND THE PERFORMANCE GAP Volkan Doda M.Sc. ClimaDesign

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Over three interlinked studies, this thesis explores solutions for bridging the difference between the predicted and the operational energy use of buildings, also known as the Performance Gap. After identifying its numerous causes in an extensive literature review, the first study relates common causes of the Performance Gap to their agents on a mind map (1). It then highlights building occupants as the main contributors to, and the principal agents of change for closing this Gap.

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To corroborate this focus on building occupants, the second study evaluates the range of influence their behaviour can have on operational energy use through parametrically run annual energy use simulations for office and residential building types in three climate zones (2).

CHANGE IN MEASURED EUI COMPARED TO PREDICTED EUI (PG-VALUE)

NEITHER IEQc6.1 NOR IEQc6.2 EARNED

The final study processes predicted and measured energy use data from 91 LEED-certified buildings and calculates the scale of the Performance Gap in this sample set (3). It then seeks correlations between this Performance Gap and different design measures that affect occupant wellbeing and engagement in these buildings.

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The reviewed literature, and the original studies in this thesis agree that building occupants have a major impact on operational energy use. This indicates that the Performance Gap can be closed successfully, should the building occupants mind it.

1 Map of Performance Gap

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OCCUPANT-CENTERED LEED INDOOR ENVRIONMENTAL QUALITY POINTS EARNED

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RESSOURCE SAVING STRATEGIES FOR A STORAGE BUILDING: A CASE STUDY OF A DEPOT FOR THE „DEUTSCHES MUSEUM“ Mark Ehmann M.Sc. ClimaDesign

solar chimney to create an airflow through the building

house-in-house principle using the interspaces as air ducts

pre-conditioning of the outside air in an underground space with moisture buffering materials

1 1 Conceptual section 2 House-in-house principle; segmentation of the volume 3 Temporary storage space Deutsches Museum

The objective of this work is to establish the necessary principles required to develop an architectural design for a depository and demonstrate possible concepts and potentials for passive building operation.

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Among others, stringent compliance with predefined regulations for indoor climate is essential for the proper functionality of such a depository.

In order to achieve a resource efficient building it is intended to minimize the technical means to accomplish the desired climate. Therefore potentials of constructional measures need to be tapped at an early stage of planning. This ensures the combination of climatic, functional, and structural aspects in the design.

In a principal investigation possible measures are identified and conceptually implemented on the specific example of a depository for the „Deutsches Museum“. This concept will then be verified using a hygrothermal simulation.

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[Drawing [Drawing Title] Title] 1 Scale: Scale: 1:10001:1000

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VERTICAL GREENING AS OUTDOOR THERMAL COMFORT FEATURE FOR HOT SUMMERS DAYS Bomching Maio M.Sc. ClimaDesign

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INVESTIGATING EFFECTIVENESS IN MUNICH The use of vegetation in urban areas to check the effect of Urban Heat Island has been well studied and recommended. Increased vegetation cover by planting trees has been proposed by several researchers in order to improve thermal comfort in the outdoor environment. This research aims to study the potential of using vertical greening in existing courtyards and street canyons of densely-built Munich blocks to improve outdoor thermal comfort at the pedestrian level. The results of the study demonstrate the capabilities of ENVI-met in simulating built surface and plant interactions to determine outdoor comfort. It has been found that vertical greening in the traditional form (covering a building faรงade without additional underlying structure) offers marginal decrease in UTCI values especially in the shaded areas, but this can be enhanced by innovative vegetative shading. A combination of planting trees in areas with high sun exposition and vertical greening in narrow streets can significantly enhance outdoor thermal comfort levels in densely built urban areas.

1 Vertical Greening on Site 2 Courtyard model for Simulations 3 East-West aligned street canyon 4 North-South aligned street canyon

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LCA FOR CO2 - NEUTRAL BUILDING DEVELOPMENT Barbara Pataki M.Sc. ClimaDesign

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LIFE-CYCLE ANALYSIS AND ENERGETIC OPTIMIZATION OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN RAPPERSWILJONA (CH) FOR CO2-NEUTRAL BUILDING DEVELOPMENT - A CASE STUDY Architects bear a huge responsibility to promo-te sustainability. Buildings planned and built today are going to be used for the next 40-60 years. They have a considerable impact on world energy consumption and on man-made greenhouse gas emissions. This study focuses on the residential building segment and uses a case study from Swizerland to find a way to achieve a goal of a CO2-neutral residential buil-ding development.The study introduces the theoretical basics beginning with climate change and greenhouse gases.It is also crucial for the topic to know the Swiss regulations and stateof-the-art building standards. Thus, the research includes a summary of the latest energy law and the most common strategies for sustainable architecture in Switzerland. It is shown, how early decisions on construction methods and building standards influence the whole life-cycle-assessment of both renovation and new-built residential buildings.

For future projects it would be the best solution to extend embodied energy and operational energy calculations integrated into CAD programms for managing LCA efficiently. Life-cycle-assessment is namely one of the most important tools to support sustainable architec-ture and to slow down the climate change.

Variante 3

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4 CO2-emmission of House C for life-cycle 5 Diagramms for life-cycle assessment to compare different building standards

GRÜNE HALLE - FÜRTH Sven Rippberger M.Sc. ClimaDesign

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THERMAL COMFORT AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION 1 Grüne Halle, Fürth -

There is a great number of heritage-protected buildings in Germany. Many are unused over time due to strict regulations to those buildings and high operation costs for creating acceptable comfort levels.

Located in attractive urban areas they generate a demand to repurpose these buildings without major restraints.. Creating acceptable comfort levels in this type of buildings is a task that challenges architects and engineers especially with large, open space buildings and a changing usage.

The Thesis focuses specifically on the “Grüne Halle” in Fürth. An existing heritage site building that reaches back until 1945. Built as a sports hall and fit out in 2010 as an event location, the wider purpose has not changed until recently. It will be accommodate an open space office by the end of 2017. The Grüne Halle is a triple staged reinforced concrete building with glazed long sides and four round arch buttresses. With a height of nearly twelve meter and dimensions of 36 to 46 meters, the hall comprises almost 15.000 m³. Therefore, it characterizes a large surface area, high height and large overall volume. This paper emphasizes on modern methods for design, control and operation of heating systems concerning thermal comfort in accordance to EN 15251 and ASHRAE 55 for “Grüne Halle”. Furthermore it will illustrate how different parameters can effect thermal comfort.

Inside Perspective 2 Daylight Analysis - Asset 3 Validation of Measurments

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SETUP OF A MEASURING METHODOLOGY TO EVALUATE GLARE AND ITS COMPARISON AGAINST USER ASSESSMENT Juan David Romero Amaya M.Sc. ClimaDesign

imperceptible perceptible

Capturing the luminance information of a real scene is achievable by the use of High Dynamic Range Imaging. This technique has become the common practice to evaluate visual comfort conditions in existing daylit scenarios.

The main goal of this master thesis was to provide a clear methodology to produce reliable High Dynamic Range (HDR) images for glare evaluation.

Precise composition steps, suitable hardware and free software were established, based on existing literature as well as author’s studies. The proposed methodology was validated against highly accurate commercial equipment.

Studies modifying parameters in the composition process demonstrated that the number of pictures to compose the HDR image is a key factor to obtain accurate luminance values of the scene. Although this number is variable due to lighting conditions in each scene, a sequence that covers the entire luminous range is always advisable to avoid misleading results.

The validation study revealed that the resultant luminance values obtained after this methodology are highly comparable to the values reported by the reference equipment. The maximum and minimum errors per scene were 10% and 2%, respectively.

Therefore, the produced HDR images within this study are reliable for glare evaluation.

A comparison case was carried out in order to have a first impression of the relation between the glare results from composed HDR images and user assessments under the same lighting conditions.

Results of the comparison showed a degree of correlation of 72% between user assessment and glare evaluation results. However, this value is only a first impression and a larger dataset would be required to derive any statistical conclusion.

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ANALYSING AND OPTIMIZING INDOOR THERMAL COMFORT, DAYLIGHTING, AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF RURAL TROPICAL CLASSROOMS IN INDIA, USING INDIGENOUS PASSIVE CONCEPTS Shipra Singh M.Sc. ClimaDesign

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Rural schools in India are growing in number due to a higher demand for quality education, and because of rise in population and rural-urban migration.

An improved connectivity between cities and towns, has led to a higher number of students from rural areas attending schools in nearby towns. However, the quality of infrastructure of these schools is usually poor due to low budgets and unavailability of resources. An economical and sustainable solution for the fast paced growth of infrastructure of these villages and towns is required. Keeping this in mind, this thesis was aimed to optimise an existing rural school in a specific climatic setup, using traditional building methods and passive strategies with locally available materials, and subsequently analysing the indoor thermal comfort, daylighting, and energy consumption of the model.

RDF Matendla School, located in Siddipet rural district, in the state of Telangana, India, is 100 km north of Hyderabad, the capital city. It is designed by an architect with the help of the local community using locally sourced building materials. It is surrounded by open land and vegetation, and has sufficient power supply unlike most rural schools in India. Since the school was already planned according to certain guidelines, involving careful design considerations, examination of the effect of passive strategies and further improvements were possible.

The paper followed a specific methodology in terms of data collection and analysis, based on conducted surveys, and simulation results using IDA ICE. The existing building was compared with the optimised model, to assess the scope and potential of vernacular architecture when integrated with advanced building methods. Primary comfort indicators like, Operative temperature, Relative Humidity, CO2, and Daylighting were optimised through the development of various scenarios. Season based cases were formulated to study the effects of seasonal changes. The final model was analysed using Adaptive comfort models, and the potential for on-site generation was investigated.

The study has offered recommendations for passive optimisation of existing building stocks which do not have access to conventional building materials and technology. Economic and social dimensions were discussed with the help of suitable literature study.

1 RDF Matendla School Base Case Model, IDA ICE 2 Morning Assembly in the inner courtyard, RDF Matendla School 3 Possible Passive Design strategies for the summer months with the corresponding number of comfort hours (green markers), Climate Consultantbuilding typology

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VISUAL COMFORT ANALYSIS OF ADAPTIVE SOLAR FACADE Daksh Talwar M.Sc. ClimaDesign

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A CASE STUDY OF HOUSE OF NATURAL RESOURCES AT ETH Zร RICH The adaptive shading system methodology integrated with photovoltaic or Adaptive Solar Faรงade (ASF) is capable of generating energy and has great potential as an innovative technology in the field of high performance faรงade design. The orientation of PV modules can be controlled individually or in clusters using pneumatic actuators. Earlier researches proved that the ASF modules are adequate for energy generation.

The work within this thesis expands the parametric model towards visual comfort by adding analysis methods, which works to evaluate visual comfort for the ASF or dynamic facades. The aim is to further enhance the methodology to suit the unique requirements of individual projects. Validated engine like Radiance/Daysim integrated with GUI like Rhinoceros, grasshopper with Honeybee and Diva as plugins are used for simulations and parametric analyses. To investigate the behavior of the ASF in terms of visual comfort, a case study is conducted on the House of Natural Resources at the ETH Zurich as shown in Fig 1. A 3D geometry is built using Rhinoceros software and its parametric modelling plugin Grasshopper as shown in Fig 2. The simulation framework is successfully used to determine the visual comfort according to the different angle configurations over a year. Final visual comfort analysis results are described in Fig 3, which conclude that the proposed case 2 is the best because of the proper availability of visual comfort.

1 ASF modules at HoNR (Z.Nagy, 2016) 2 HoNR model with 49 dynamic ASF modules (self-produced).

3 chart showing the results for all the cases ran for the visual comfort analysis (self-produced).

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Imprint Concept, Design Andrea Kaiser Hanne Rung Editor Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design Technical University of Munich Arcisstrasse 21 80333 Munich www.klima.ar.tum.de © ClimaDesign 2017 Cover picture

by Andrea Kaiser, Centro de Creación Contemporánea de Andalucía (C3A) - Cordoba The individual contributions were made in consultation with the graduates.

The photo rights are held by the authors and the Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design.

Technical University of Munich Department of Architecture Chair of Building Technology and Climate Responsive Design Arcisstrasse 21 80333 Munich www.klima.ar.tum.de