C programming from problem analysis to program design 8th edition malik solutions manual

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C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Eighth Edition

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Chapter 9 Records (structs) A Guide to this Instructor’s Manual: We have designed this Instructor’s Manual to supplement and enhance your teaching experience through classroom activities and a cohesive chapter summary.

This document is organized chronologically, using the same headings that you see in the textbook. Under the headings, you will find lecture notes that summarize the section, Teacher Tips, Classroom Activities, and Lab Activities. Pay special attention to teaching tips and activities geared towards quizzing your students and enhancing their critical thinking skills.

In addition to this Instructor’s Manual, our Instructor’s Resources also contain PowerPoint Presentations, Test Banks, and other supplements to aid in your teaching experience.

At a Glance

Instructor’s Manual Table of Contents •

Overview

•

Objectives

•

Teaching Tips

•

Quick Quizzes

•

Class Discussion Topics

•

Additional Projects

•

Additional Resources

•

Key Terms

© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

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Lecture Notes

Overview In Chapter 9, students will be introduced to a data type that can be heterogeneous. They will learn how to group together related values that are of differing types using records, which are also known as structs in C++. First, they will explore how to create structs, perform operations on structs, and manipulate data using a struct.

Next, they will examine the relationship between structs and functions and learn how to use structs as arguments to functions. Finally, students will explore ways to create and use an array of structs in an application.

Objectives In this chapter, the student will: • Learn about records (structs) • Examine various operations on a struct • Explore ways to manipulate data using a struct • Learn about the relationship between a struct and functions • Examine the difference between arrays and structs • Discover how arrays are used in a struct • Learn how to create an array of struct items • Learn how to create structs within a struct

Teaching Tips Records (structs) 1. Define the C++ struct data type and describe why it is useful in programming.

Teaching Tip

Discuss how previous programming examples and projects that used parallel arrays or vectors might be simplified by using a struct to hold related information.

2. Examine the syntax of a C++ struct.

3. Using the examples in this section, explain how to define a struct type and then declare variables of that type.

© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

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Accessing struct Members 1. Explain how to access the members of a struct using the C++ member access operator.

2. Use the code snippets in this section to illustrate how to assign values to struct members.

Teaching Tip

Mention that the struct and class data types both use the member access operator. Spend a few minutes discussing the history of the struct data type and how it relates to C++ classes and object-oriented programming. Note that the struct is a precursor to the class data type. Explain that the struct was introduced in C to provide the ability to group heterogeneous data members together and, for the purposes of this chapter, is used in that manner as well.

However, in C++, a struct has the same ability as a class to group data and operations into one data type. In fact, a struct in C++ is interchangeable with a class, with a couple of exceptions. By default, access to a struct from outside the struct is public, whereas access to a class from outside the class is private by default. The importance of this will be discussed later in the text. Memory management is also handled differently for structs and classes.

Quick Quiz 1 1. True or False: A struct is typically a homogenous data structure.

Answer: False 2. The components of a struct are called the ____________________ of the struct.

Answer: members 3. A struct statement ends with a(n) ____________________.

Answer: semicolon 4. True or False: A struct is typically defined before the definitions of all the functions in a program.

Answer: True Assignment 1. Explain that the values of one struct variable are copied into another struct variable of the same type using one assignment statement. Note that this is equivalent to assigning each member variable individually. © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Eighth Edition

Teaching Tip

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Note how memory is handled in assignment operations involving struct variables of the same type; namely, that the values of the members of one struct are copied into the member variables of the other struct.

Comparison (Relational Operators) 1. Emphasize that no relational aggregate operations are allowed on structs. Instead, comparisons must be made member-wise, similar to an array.

Teaching Tip

Ask your students why they think assignment operations are permitted on struct types, but not relational operations. Discuss the issue of determining how to compare a data type that consists of other varying data types.

Input/Output 1. Note that unlike an array, aggregate input and output operations are not allowed on structs.

Teaching Tip

Mention that the stream and the relational operators can be overloaded to provide the proper functionality for a struct type and, in fact, that this is a standard technique used by C++ programmers.

struct Variables and Functions 1. Emphasize that a C++ struct may be passed as a parameter by value or by reference, and it can also be returned from a function.

2. Illustrate parameter passing with structs using the code snippets in this section.

Arrays versus structs 1. Using Table 9-1, discuss the similarities and differences between structs and arrays.

Teaching Tip

Spend a few minutes comparing the aggregate operations that are allowed on structs and arrays. What might account for the differences? Use your previous exposition on the history of structs and memory management to facilitate this discussion.

© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

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Arrays in structs 1. Explain how to include an array as a member of a struct.

2. Using Figure 9-5, discuss situations in which creating a struct type with an array as a member might be useful. In particular, discuss its usefulness in applications such as the sequential search algorithm.

Teaching Tip

Ask your students to think of other applications in which using an array as a member of a struct might be useful. For example, are there applications in which parameter passing might be reduced by using struct members in conjunction with arrays? Also, are there other data members that would be useful to include in the listType struct presented in this section?

3. Discuss situations in which a struct should be passed by reference rather than by value. Use the sequential search function presented in this section as an example. structs in Arrays 1. Discuss how structs can be used as array elements to organize and process data efficiently.

2. Examine the employee record in this section as an example of using an array of structs. Discuss the code for the struct as well as the array processing code. Use Figure 9-7 to clarify the code.

Teaching Tip

Emphasize that using a structured data type, such as a struct or class, as the element type of an array is a common technique. Using the vector class as an example, reiterate that object-oriented languages typically have containers such as list or array types that in turn store objects of any type.

structs within a struct 1. Discuss how structs can be nested within other structs as a means of organizing related data.

2. Using the employee record in Figure 9-8, illustrate how to reorganize a large amount of related information with nested structs.

3. Encourage your students to step through the “Sales Data Analysis” Programming Example at the end of the chapter to consolidate the concepts discussed in this chapter. © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

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Quick Quiz 2 1. What types of aggregate operations are allowed on structs?

Answer: assignment 2. Can struct variables be passed as parameters to functions? If so, how?

Answer: struct variables can be passed as parameters either by value or by reference.

3. True or False: A variable of type struct may not contain another struct.

Answer: False 4. True or False: A variable of type struct may contain an array.

Answer: True

Class Discussion Topics 1. With the advent of object-oriented programming, is it ever necessary to use C-type structs rather than classes? If so, when? What are the advantages or disadvantages of each approach?

2. Discuss how the object-oriented concept of reusability relates to structs, structs within arrays, arrays within structs, and structs within structs. Ask students to think of some applications in which defining these data types for later use would be beneficial.

Additional Projects 1. Write a program that reads students’ names followed by their test scores. The program should output each student’s name followed by the test scores and the relevant grade. It should also find and print the lowest, highest, and average test score. Output the name of the students having the highest test score.

Student data should be stored in a struct variable of type studentType, which has four components: studentFName and studentLName of type string, testScore of type int (testScore is between 0 and 100), and grade of type char. Suppose that the class has 20 students. Use an array of 20 components of type studentType.

2. Write a program that lists all the capitals for countries in a specific region of the world.

Use an array of structs to store this information. The struct should include the capital, the country, the continent, and the population. You might include additional information as well, such as the languages spoken in each capital. Output the countries with the smallest and largest populations. © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

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Additional Resources 1. Data Structures: http://www.cplusplus.com/doc/tutorial/structures/ 2. struct (C++): https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/64973255.aspx 3. Classes, Structures, and Unions: https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/4a1hcx0y.aspx

Key Terms  Member access operator: the dot (.) placed between the struct and the name of one of its members; used to access members of a struct  struct: a collection of heterogeneous components in which the components are accessed by the variable name of the struct, the member access operator, and the variable name of the component

© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.