Celebrating 125 years of City
www.city.ac.uk
The pioneering Principal Welcome Professor Sir Paul Curran looks at how City’s 125 year history has shaped its presence and reputation in the world today.
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Dr Walmsley was the first Principal of the Northampton Institute and led the organisation from 1896 until 1924.
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Professor Tokaty: Bringing the great beyond to the Great Hall Professor Tokaty, a Russian rocket scientist who defected to Britain during the Stalinist regime, went on to lead Aeronautical Engineering at City.
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Celebrating City’s leading women in STEM
City, clock-making and Clerkenwell
The first woman in Britain to be awarded a Diploma in Technology graduated from City, paving the way for more women to enter careers in STEM.
Clerkenwell, the home of City, was once the epicentre of clockmaking. It is no surprise that one of the world’s greatest horologists studied at City.
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Back to our roots: 125 years with an international outlook From taking part in the Olympic Games to hosting NASA’s Apollo 15 crew, City has always prided itself in its international outlook.
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Through the years: the Lord Mayor’s Show Thanks to our links with the City of London, staff and students from City have always participated in the annual Lord Mayor’s Show.
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Our local history Changing spaces: Estate developments over City’s 125 year history In the 19th century, City’s estate was a one-and-a-quarter acre site on Northampton Square. It is now a 21st century multimillion pound campus.
City’s central London location means it is surrounded by places of historic importance, some places are not as obvious as others.
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Life through a lens These 125 photographs captured moments in City’s125 year history from 1894 to 2019.
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Welcome It is with great pleasure that I welcome you to our City 125 commemorative publication. Since its establishment in 1894, City has been an integral part of London’s success story. We have grown, diversified, survived two world wars, gained university title and in 2016, joined the University of London, a measure of just how far we have improved our academic standing since our Victorian forefathers established an institute of advanced education in an impoverished Islington square. City has made remarkable progress over recent years. Our students are among the most satisfied in London and the majority of our academic staff are now producing research of world-leading or internationally excellent quality. As well as focusing on quality, City has grown consistently since 2010 and we now have around 20,000 students in five Schools, 46 per cent of whom are postgraduates. Over half are from the UK, around 11 per cent are from the EU, with the remainder from over 160 countries around the globe. More than 140,000 former students from over 170 countries are members of the City Alumni Network. City is the only university in London to be both committed to academic excellence and focused on business and the professions. We are very proud of the progress we have made as we continue to pursue our ambition to be a leading global university. Much has changed in 125 years but we remain constant in our dedication to research, education, innovation, enterprise and our partnerships. I hope you enjoy the City 125 commemorative publication and our celebrations today.
Professor Sir Paul Curran President
Celebrating 125 years of City
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The pioneering Principal Dr Robert Mullineux Walmsley was the first Principal of the Northampton Institute, which thrives today as City, University of London. His is the story of a brilliant man whose vision is still keenly felt throughout UK higher education.
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he rain is beating down on 8½ Dowgate Hill, the Hall of the Worshipful Company of Skinners. The year is 1896 and a large man cuts a bustling figure as he strides purposefully through the City of London and into the building. Mullineux Walmsley, although not tall, is broad and portly. He is, as ever, distinctively dressed in a grey frock-coat, putty-coloured spats and a distinguished top hat. He has recently been appointed as the first Principal of the Northampton Institute and there is a great deal of work to be done. His task is made harder by the fact that the budding Institute’s impressive new building on St John Street is not yet finished. This temporary office, a mile and a half to the south at Skinners’ Hall, will have to suffice.
But – in a selfless manner typical of the man – Dr Walmsley is still happy to grant a journalist a few minutes for a brief interview. The reporter asks him whether instructors at the Institute are experts in their respective fields. “Oh yes,” replies Walmsley, “for the constant aim of the instruction is to bring the students into actual touch with the subjects dealt with. The object is not to prepare the student to pass examination tests but to fit them to become a competent worker and thinker in the career that they have chosen.” And it was ever thus. The Institute that we know today as City, University of London continues to have “academic excellence for business and the professions” as its mantra, having been set on this path
Far left: A bookplate print of Dr Walmsley.
by the formidable Walmsley, arguably the most remarkable individual in City’s long and proud history. Following the Institute’s 1894 formation, Walmsley was appointed in September 1895 at the age of 41. Former City librarian S John Teague, in his 1980 book The City University: A History, noted that there were 94 applicants for the role and that Walmsley was considered to be “of outstanding ability”. It would be another two years before the Institute’s elegant home would open its doors but Walmsley was industrious from the outset. Born the eldest of nine children in 1854, the premature death of Walmsley’s father left him with eight younger siblings to bring up, which perhaps goes some way to
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explain the level of self-sacrifice evident throughout his career. He undertook his early education in his birth city of Liverpool, before moving to London to complete a Bachelor of Science degree in 1882. He remained in the capital and went on to become a Doctor of Science in 1886.
The governors agreed to try the system experimentally, provided Walmsley could demonstrate that manufacturers would be willing to take students on placement free of charge. He did so with great success, not only obtaining free placements but, in some cases, with small wages being paid to the students.
He started his career as a technical teacher at both Finsbury Technical College and the City & Guilds Institute, South Kensington. After a brief spell as Principal of Sindh Arts College (affiliated to the University of Bombay, India but based in Karachi, which is today the capital of Pakistan), he joined HeriotWatt College, Edinburgh, where he became the first Professor of Electrical Engineering and Applied Physics prior to his appointment at the Northampton Institute. His publications include The Electric Current (1894) and Electricity in the Service of Man (1904). Having formed with a remit to take on students aged 16-25, Walmsley gradually steered the Institute away from secondary teaching, fostering the university-level work. He oversaw the foundation of an Engineering Day College, established links with industry that survive to this day and, perhaps most importantly of all, pioneered the notion of ‘sandwich’ courses; one of his greatest innovations and a project to which he devoted much time. In 1903, Walmsley visited technical educational institutes in the United States. Impressed by what he saw, he proposed to his employer’s Governing Body that mechanical and electrical engineering courses be extended to four years’ duration, with students spending five to six months of their second and third years on placements at commercial workshops.
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Each year, Walmsley personally visited the students during their placements across the UK and also abroad. One student went to Austria in 1905/06, with another heading to Genoa, Italy to work for Italian State Railways during 1908/09. Both were found passage to their respective host countries in the engine rooms of passenger ships. Placement numbers continued to swell and by 1910/11 the Principal reported that he was unable to find students for all the places being offered by industry. And thus Walmsley’s innovative and successful scheme, inspired by US ‘cooperative colleges’, became the model for sandwich degrees in the UK. It was even mentioned in the 1911 edition of Encyclopedia Britannica. Great grandchildren of Dr Walmsley presenting his academic robes to the University, 19th April 2016.
Walmsley would carry out his visits during his holidays for nothing more than out-of-pocket expenses. And when an industry-wide lockout of engineers in 1922 threatened to make it almost impossible to find domestic placements for students, Teague notes that Walmsley “sent the Head of the Mechanical Engineering Department to Belgium and Switzerland and industrial experience was thus arranged for 13 students”. Walmsley died at the age of 70 after a tragic road traffic accident close to his home in Islington. News of his passing came as a devastating blow to governors, staff and students at the Institute where he was so fondly revered. One obituary noted that “the aim of the Governing Body is to keep [the Institute] a living memorial to the ability and devotion of its first Principal”. A bronze medallion portrait was later set on Hopton Wood stone and erected on the main staircase landing, while a Walmsley Memorial Fund was established to provide scholarships. More recently, his great-grandchildren, Andrew and Kate, visited City in 2016 and donated his academic gowns.
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Islington and Holloway Press, 16th June 1924.
Dr Walmsley was Principal of the Northampton Institute from 1896 until 1924.
Walmsley was a true pioneer of UK higher education for many reasons and remained hugely influential and popular until his untimely death. The programme for a memorial organ recital held at the Institute the day after his passing was notable partly for its inclusion of Mendelssohn’s He That Shall Endure to the End. He had given everything to the Institute; it was his lifework and he would never be forgotten. But his greatest legacy is surely the sandwich course system that survives at City and many other universities nationwide today, across a broad range of disciplines. Walmsley’s funeral was held on 19th June 1924. The Institute closed for the day as staff and students
grieved. Shortly after his passing, the Institution of Electrical Engineers published its own heartfelt obituary. It noted that, following his appointment as the Northampton Institute’s first Principal, “with characteristic energy and enthusiasm [Walmsley] began the immense task of building up from small beginnings one of London’s greatest technical institutes”. “Students and others who hold him in affectionate remembrance must feel, as they stand within the walls of the ‘Northampton’, the applicability of [Sir Christopher] Wren’s epitaph in St Paul’s Cathedral: ‘si monumentum requiris circumspice’.” If you seek his monument, look around you. Celebrating 125 years of City
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Grigori Tokaty with James Irwin, one of the three Apollo 15 astronauts who visited City in 1971.
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The Russian rocket scientist who defected and taught at City. Cold war spies, secret service agents and rocket science are usually reserved for Hollywood blockbusters. However, in 1967 they were very much a reality for City’s Head of Aeronautical Engineering, Professor Grigori Tokaty. After defecting from the Stalinist regime in 1948, Professor Grigori Tokaty sought refuge in Britain where he received a new identity and was appointed as Head of the Department of Aeronautics and Space Technology at the Northampton College of Advanced Technology, which later became City, University of London. Working on both sides of the Space Race, Tokaty’s experience in aeronautical engineering saw him live a life not too dissimilar from the stories which populate our cinemas and television screens.
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Professor Tokaty: Bringing the great beyond to the Great Hall.
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Apollo 15 launched on 26th July, 1971, powered by five Rocketdyne F-1 engines in the first stage of the Saturn V rocket. It was the first Apollo mission to place a lunar rover on the moon.
Early life and Soviet career Born to a family of farmers in Ossetia, Russia in October 1909, Grigori Aleksandrovich Tokaev as he was known back then, lived through the end of the last Russian Tsar, Nicholas II.
especially those who had spent time in foreign countries. Tokaev was recalled home, however before he responded, he accidentally found out that military counterintelligence SMERSH was about to arrest him, his wife and their young daughter. Fearful for his life, Tokaev crossed the border to Britishoccupied West Berlin and defected.
Restricted by his humble origins, it was not until the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 that he was able to access education.
Life in
Tokaev joined the Communist Youth Movement and in 1927 entered higher education by enrolling in a college for workers and peasants, called the Rabfak. His mathematical talents attracted the attention of his teachers and Tokaev progressed through higher education eventually enrolling in the Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy, where he studied for six years before becoming head of the academy’s laboratory.
Upon resettling in Britain, Tokaev was given a new identity, the Ossetian version of his surname, Tokaty. Fears of assassination plagued his early years in Britain as he was the only soviet official to defect to the UK between 1945 and 1963.
The outbreak of the Second World War halted his work at the academy and upon the siege of Leningrad, St Petersburg in 1941, he was sent to Moscow. At the end of the war, Tokaev was a highly regarded member of the Communist Party and the USSR’s Chief Rocket Scientist. He was sent to USSR-occupied East Berlin and he advised the Kremlin on aeronautical weaponry including a rocket powered bomber that had the capacity to attack the United States. The Cold War between the USSR and the West started to intensify and the Soviet Union began to suspect and arrest its own citizens, City 125
Technology, which later became City, University of London. During his successful career at City, Tokaty was invited to the United States to assist with its lunar programmes. This experience made him instrumental in securing the visit of Apollo 15 astronauts James Irwin, David Scott and Alfred Worden to City in 1971. Two months prior to their visit, the three astronauts had been part of Apollo 15, NASA’s fourth successful mission to the lunar surface. The crew had brought back the largest and most varied samples of lunar rock which were distributed to 201 investigators.
Britain and at City
Despite bringing much of his work in Russian space programmes, it was not until 1953 that he began lecturing at London universities, which he continued until 1967, when he was appointed as Head of the Department of Aeronautics and Space Technology at the Northampton College of Advanced
To mark the occasion, City’s Vice-Chancellor, Professor Sir James Tait was presented with a piece of heat shield from Apollo 15, after he had presented each astronaut with commemorative diplomas.
A ticket from 1971 to attend an event with the Apollo 15 Astronauts.
Speaking about the visit of Apollo 15, Sadi Ridah a former student of Tokaty’s class of 1972, who became a Professor in Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics at The University of Applied Science in Western Switzerland, Geneva, said: “As aeronautical students we received a personal invitation to the visit, however many of us could not get in as the Great Hall was packed with around 1,000 people within a minute of the announcement. “Two things stand out in my mind about Professor Tokaty. We never had lectures with him but he would often tell us about Soviet missile programmes in seminars. He was also a lover of chess and would play with the aeronautical engineering class.”
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Later career and influence Working with NASA during the sixties meant that Professor Tokaty’s career included developing aeronautical technology for both the USSR and the United States. With this knowledge, Tokaty began lending his expertise to the media, where he commented in World at War documentaries and would feature regularly in publications including The New Scientist. In one article in 1975, Tokaty detailed the USSR’s planned development of Salyut 1 – the first orbiting space station. With a career in rocket science and knowledge of USSR secret services it is not difficult to find parallels between Tokaty’s life and the films, novels and television shows which surround us. Author and historian Ben Macintyre wrote that Tokaty’s knowledge may have been an inspiration for certain villains in Ian Fleming’s James Bond series. The Cold War period saw many propagated claims from both
the West and the USSR, however as Tokaty detailed upon his defection to Britain, a Soviet secret service reporting directly to Stalin was a reality. The counter intelligence operation known as SMERSH was formed in 1942 with the sole aim of scrutinising Nazi movement in Europe. However, by the end of the Second World War the service turned its eyes to the West. SMERSH played starring roles in Fleming’s spy novel series, for example where agents were sent to assassinate protagonist Bond in Casino Royale. However SMERSH’s main inclusion came in From Russia with Love, where the entire first section of the book is written from its point of view, planning for Bond’s elimination. Auric Goldfinger, one of Fleming’s most notable antagonists is also revealed as a SMERSH treasurer. SMERSH takes a different form in the cinematic adaptations, where it is renamed as SPECTRE, the very name that titled the 2015 film. Tokaty also influenced American author Upton Sinclair who included a fictional version of the academic in his historical fiction series, Lanny
Aeronautical Engineering cohort from 1972 including Professor Tokaty (centre).
Budd. In the final book of Sinclair’s work, the American protagonist Budd is saved from a Russian-owned prison in East Berlin by Tokaev himself. Both characters trade information with Tokaev detailing Stalin’s plans for attacking the United States and Budd assisting in his defection to Britain.
Legacy Professor Grigori Tokaty retired from City in 1975 but acted as a visiting professor to institutions across the globe. He passed away aged 94 in Surrey in 2003. His focus in space programme research balanced a technical yet philosophical mind questioning mankind’s placement in the universe. In City’s 125 year history there are few with lives like Grigori Tokaty. Living and working through some of the world’s darkest and most important events made Tokaty a unique individual, who at first glance would appear like any other academic engineer. However, a closer look would reveal an extraordinary man.
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Celebrating City’s leading women in STEM
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In Victorian Britain when City first opened its doors, it was a rare sight to see women studying at university, much less undertaking courses in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM). It was then a widely held belief that women were better suited for domestic courses and their primary roles were seen to be homemakers and looking after their husbands and children. As well as the famous fight for the right to vote, women were also fighting for their education to be taken seriously and to have opportunities to enter the workforce in professions other than the customary teacher, nurse and dress-maker. 151 years since women were first admitted to British universities, here are the stories of women at City, University of London who pioneered in STEM subjects. In doing so, they paved the way for many more women to enter similar courses and careers. Since 1992, the number of female university students has consistently exceeded the number of male students but the UK still has a long way to go to close the gender gap in STEM subjects. In 2017, only 24 per cent of STEM graduates were women, an indication that men continue to dominate the field. The difference is even more apparent in STEM careers, where women make up only 13 per cent of the workforce.
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Since its early days City, University of London has undergone many changes; in its ethos and vision, in the courses it offers and in its student cohort. At one point, it was not uncommon to find lecture theatres packed with men but today, 55 per cent of City’s students are women.
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Shirley Wallis Shirley Wallis was featured in The Woman Engineer journal in Spring 1960.
In January 1956, Shirley Wallis was admitted to the Northampton College of Applied Technology to study Physics on a Ministry Supply Grant. A few years later, in 1960, she became the first woman in Britain to be awarded a Diploma in Technology. In spring of the same year, her accomplishment landed Shirley a feature in The Woman Engineer, the journal of the Women’s Engineering Society. Shortly after, she was employed by the Royal Aircraft Establishment where she joined its radio team in Farnborough.
Marion Salmon Marion Salmon was one of the first women to study at City when it was still known as the Northampton College of Advanced Technology. She graduated in Industrial Chemistry in 1968.
hands-on approach of his teaching and feels the experiments went some way towards developing her practical and problem-solving skills. She describes chemistry as akin to cooking and believes “it’s all in the detail.”
As one of only three women on her course, Marion knew first-hand what it felt like to be in a male-dominated environment but she was not perturbed and feels it boosted her confidence. She says: “I’m not afraid to question someone if I think they’re wrong” and she attributes this confidence to her time at City.
Even as recently as the 1960s, it was unusual for women to study courses in STEM. On remembering the reactions of her male colleagues, Marion says: “when they [the men] got over the shock, we were treated equally and with respect.” She adds that it was just as easy to be friends with them as it was to be friends with the other two women.
Marion’s interest in chemistry was first sparked while at grammar school, where her teacher passionately relayed the subject to his students. She mostly enjoyed the
One of Marion’s fondest memories from City was learning judo in her first year. Above she is pictured training with one of her colleagues.
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Upon graduating, Marion was employed at the Tropical Products Institute where her role involved analysing the quantity of pesticides residing in food. She then moved to the Edwards High Vacuum Company in Crawley where she used gas liquid chromatography to test the oil of vacuum pumps. Since then, Marion worked for pharmaceutical companies before embarking on a thirty-year career in teaching. Today, Marion still has the aptitude to learn and take on new challenges. She thrives in manual work, from gardening to mechanics and advocates that: “We should be free to be interested in anything without our gender coming into question.”
Meha was glad to return to research because she feels it is where she can make the most difference. “It is not about the money,” she explains, referring to engineering companies and adds “I wanted to develop medical devices that would help to improve people’s health”. And this is exactly what Meha went on to do. The findings of her PhD research, which investigated the use of light in healthcare, are now widely used by colleagues to create medical devices. Meha feels her PhD greatly helped set the mark for her career and since then, she’s been working with light for the purposes of better health. Her most recent research, funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, involves manipulating light and artificial intelligence to measure the levels of lactate in blood. This is particularly important when caring for patients in intensive care who are often at risk from sepsis. Meha explains that lactate is a reliable bio-marker for sepsis and that all current techniques to measure its levels are invasive. But her research could be the answer. Meha hopes that light can one day be used to measure continuously the levels of lactate in patients in intensive care. For patients who are already unwell, Meha’s research can go far to sustain their health.
Meha Qassem Dr Meha Qassem is a lecturer in Biomedical Engineering and has been at City since 2005 when she started a Bachelor of Engineering in Biomedical Engineering. Following the successful completion of her undergraduate degree, Meha accepted an internship at Royal College Hospital where she worked as a Clinical Technologist before moving on to positions at BCAS Biomedical Services and TBS GB, both leading specialists in healthcare engineering. In 2010, she returned to City to enquire about a masters degree and bumped into
her former lecturer, Professor Panayiotis (Panicos) Kyriacou, at Northampton Square who encouraged her to enrol for a PhD. Meha followed his advice and was thrilled when she was accepted onto a PhD programme. “I don’t know how I did it,” she remembers and explains that it was not always easy: “When I started my A-levels, there were 29 of us studying engineering and I was the only woman.” Meha now lectures in the subject and notices a stark difference between how some men and women approach engineering. She explains that men are often more hands-on whereas women sometimes prefer to take a step back and
Many would find Meha’s career audacious which is why it is surprising to hear that at one point she was dissuaded from studying Physics at A-level. “I was told it is a guy’s subject and that I should not study it” she explains. Meha does not want younger women to make the same mistake and advises they ignore any negative comments. “It is easy to allow negative comments to dictate your life” she says but encourages women to focus instead on the career that lies ahead. She adds: “It is important for women to study STEM subjects because the output of these subjects, for example the buildings we live in, the roads we walk on, the cars we drive are all equally used by everyone, so the contribution of women is crucial to ensure we achieve our best.”
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evaluate an experiment before attempting it. “Both approaches are fine,” she says and stresses that academic staff play an important role in encouraging diversity of thought. When her colleagues downplayed her technique, it was her lecturers that reminded her that there are many ways to become an engineer.
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City, clock-making and
The Huguenots were welcomed for their craftsmanship. They were multi-skilled in weaving, book-binding and wig-making among other trades and mostly settled in Clerkenwell, which was then just outside London’s city walls and afforded them a comfortable living. They helped transform Clerkenwell into the home of the clock-making industry; streets became lined with subdivisions of the trade from escapement making to engine turning and finishing. With the emerging watch-making market in Switzerland, the trade in Clerkenwell began to dwindle. The Swiss revolutionised the trade and benefited from the use of new technology to mass produce watches. The English resisted adopting the new approach because they did not want to compromise on quality or craftsmanship. One of their strongest critics was John Bennett, a horological retailer in the City of London. He found the Swiss model of manufacturing favourable and established the Horological Institute with other clock-makers, who sought to raise the standards of British horology.
George Daniels CBE, inventor of the co-axial escapement.
The Horology Institute was based in Northampton Square opposite City, University of London, which then offered evening classes in horology. One of the students who benefited from the classes was the late George Daniels CBE, inventor of the co-axial escapement and one of the greatest horologists of his time. Prior to his invention, there was only one other escapement available in the market: the ‘lever escapement’, the brainchild of another British clock-maker, Thomas Mudge. The escapement in a clock connects the spring to the pendulum or balance wheel and controls the speed at which energy is transferred to move the hands. The co-axial escapement was one of the most significant advancements in clock-making in the last 250 years. It is licensed to Omega, who adopted the design in the manufacturing of its premium line. George Daniels’ appreciation for City carries through to this day with a generous financial endowment which funds the annual George Daniels Lecture, a Professorship and Lectureship in Scientific Instrumentation and scholarships in that field of study. In turn, City continues to honour his innovative contribution to horology and named the clock on College Building after him. It was built by Messrs Dent & Co, the same family of clock-makers behind the construction of the clock on the Elizabeth Tower (popularly known as Big Ben). During World War II, the George Daniels clock was taken out of service to protect it from air raids. Today, it hangs proudly in an area that was once renowned for its clock-making.
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Since the beginning of the 18th century, Clerkenwell was the centre of clockand watch-making thanks mostly to the influx of Huguenots to the capital.
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Back to our roots: 125 years with an international outlook City 125
While many universities today proclaim to have strong international outlooks, City can say its international roots date back to its very foundation. Dr Robert Mullineux Walmsley, the first Principal of the Northampton Institute, as City was then known, brought a pioneering international perspective, which has been a constant theme in the City story. This international view was no doubt formed by one of his earlier appointments – a brief spell as Principal of Sindh Arts College, based in Karachi, Pakistan.
Welcoming the world to the Northampton Institute for the 1908 Olympics In 1908, also during Walmsley’s leadership, the University Great Hall in College Building played host to the boxing competition of the first London Olympic Games, hosting boxers and supporters from England, Wales, Scotland, France, Denmark and Australia. The University swimming pool, also in College Building and now a study area, was also used for the Olympic Games. In the same year, the Northampton Institute, was awarded the Diploma of Honour for its exhibit at the Franco-British Exhibition, held in London to celebrate the signing of the Entente Cordiale between the UK and France.
“The University swimming pool... was also used for the Olympic Games.”
Early international staff
Today, 28 per cent of City staff are from outside the UK but international staff are not new to City. The world-famous German gymnast, Rudolf Oberholzer (pictured third from right) was appointed as Director of Exercises in 1896, a position he held until his retirement in 1929 at the age of 67. A commemorative plaque of polished granite was erected in the gymnasium in 1932 in recognition of his work. The plaque is still on display today, at the entrance to CitySport. Through the work of Oberholzer, the Northampton Institute was recognised as laying the foundations of British Olympic Gymnastics, with Oberholzer often referred to as the father of British gymnastics.
Walmsley also travelled extensively. Following a three-month tour of technical education institutions in the United States in 1903, he introduced the concept of sandwich courses to the UK. He returned from his trip so impressed by what he saw that he proposed that mechanical and electrical engineering courses be extended to four years’ duration, with students spending five to six months of their second and third years on placements at commercial organisations and workshops. Each year, Walmsley personally visited students during their placements across the UK and abroad. He visited one student who spent their placement in Austria during 1905/06 and another who headed to Genoa, to work for Italian State Railways during 1908/09. Both students travelled to their respective host countries in the engine room of passenger ships.
A long history of international visitors to City Each year City hosts numerous visits from international institutions. Recent discussions with current and prospective partners have included colleagues from Switzerland, Morocco, Canada and China. There are examples of similar visits throughout City’s history, including a 1913 visit by a member of the US Navy, J.G. Hunsaker. He was sent by the President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to study the aeronautics courses founded by Frederick Handley Page, with a view to establishing courses and a research laboratory in Boston. In a letter to Dr Walmsley, Hunsaker wrote “I was much pleased and surprised to find the work at your Institute so complete. I believe it is the only complete course in theory and design that is available.” This suggests that Handley Page and the Northampton Institute may have inspired and informed aeronautical engineering education at MIT, where the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics traces its roots to 1914, the oldest programme of its kind in the US. Celebrating 125 years of City
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First Principal’s pioneering international perspective
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NASA astronauts visit City
Nearly sixty years later, in 1971, City hosted more visitors from the United States when the three-man crew of Apollo 15, recently back from the fourth landing on the Moon, visited during a scientific tour of Britain. The crew gave a lecture, presented Vice-Chancellor Sir James Tait with a piece of heat shield from the command module and brought with them a sample of moon rock.
Sending students out into the world City students have travelled abroad during their course throughout City’s history. For nearly fifty years, beginning in the early 1950s, annual trips were supported by a travel bursary founded by alumni known as the ‘old Northamptonions’ to commemorate former students who lost their lives during the Second World War. The trips included investigating the French aircraft industry, marine life in the Red Sea, ancient dance in Bali and the role of women engineers in the USA. In 1967, Anthony Eden received a grant to travel to Japan to investigate the relatively new field of satellite telecommunications. While based in a research laboratory in Tokyo, he travelled extensively during the course of his five-week stay. He spent a day in Kyoto visiting classical temples and shrines, visited the northern island of Hokkaido and hiked in the mountainous region of Karuisawa. He also visited the companies Sony, Toshiba and Hitachi, as well as a satellite communications centre on the east coast. During his visit, Anthony enjoyed tempura and sukiyaki and found that “Western people were still a comparative rarity in this dynamic new country.”
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Two years later, £200 from the bursary contributed to the costs of four students to travel to the Guma Valley in Sierra Leone to survey a hydro-electric generating and water supply scheme in Freetown. It was hoped that the scheme would solve the drought problem in the country. A report of the eventful trip details an arduous road trip through the desert from Morocco, witnessing illegal diamond mining and being held up by bandits. The first record of a student exchange at City took place with Worcester Polytechnic Institute in the USA in 1971/72.
City students spent six months there, with each institution waiving course fees. The scheme provided “valuable educational and social experience and soon extended to staff visits and exchanges” as well as links with other institutions abroad. Today City has mobility agreements for staff and students with over 120 international partners. As these insights from the archive show, City’s international outlook is not a new phenomenon but a central part of its proud heritage.
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Through the years: the Lord Mayor’s Show The Lord Mayor’s Show is a celebration that takes place annually in London and dates back to 1215. For over 50 years, City has played a proud part in the event, flying the flag for its role in the City of London.
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City is linked to the office of the Lord Mayor as the holder of the role serves as the University’s Rector, or in years gone by the University’s Chancellor. The Lord Mayor is one of the oldest elected civic offices in the world, with the holder representing, supporting and promoting the businesses and residents of the City of London.
years. King John’s Charter of 1215 ensured that it would become a democratically elected role. Whoever was elected would be presented to the King for his approval, to whom he must swear loyalty. Dick Whittington held the post of Lord Mayor three times – in 1397, 1406 and 1419.
It began when King John persuaded the City of London to support him in his struggle with his brother Richard’s Chancellor, Longchamps. In return for that support, John granted a commune to the citizens, with the Chief Officer given the title of Mayor.
During the medieval period, there were different ceremonies and processions. Pagan traditions were important in the early years of the show, with the inclusion of wicker giants Gog and Magog, who were guardians of the City, placed in the Guildhall after being used in the parade.
Henry Fitz Alwyn was the first post holder in 1189 and was Mayor for 24
The Lord Mayor’s Show evolved from this ritual and would see the Lord
2019 Lord Mayor Show celebrations.
Mayor escorted from his residence at Mansion House to the Royal Courts of Justice, where the oath to the monarch had been sworn since 1883. In 1928, Edward I decided that the Mayor could present himself to the Constable of the Tower rather than the monarch. Today, the judges of the Queen’s Bench Division hear the oath. During the early days, there were two different routes for the procession. One was then a country road called Strand, which was flanked by the houses of the Dukes of Somerset and Savoy, now Somerset House and the Savoy Hotel. The other route was by river, with a barge transporting the Lord Mayor along the Thames. The final time that a City barge was built to transport a Lord Mayor to
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THROUGH THE YEARS | 26 The University celebrated its 100th anniversary at the 1994 Show. Westminster was in 1807, with the final river procession taking place in 1856. By land, the important members of the parade rode on horseback. The Lord Mayor travelled by coach after 1711, when Sir Gilbert Heathcote fell from his horse and broke his leg. The New Grand State Coach was designed by Sir Robert Taylor in 1757 and it is still used today. It is a Berlin style rather than a Grand Carosse style coach. Painted panels on the coach depict allegorical figures of Truth, Temperance, Justice and Fortitude. In 1761, Prime Minister William Pitt took part, drawing huge crowds, with some even rushing up to kiss his horses. A notable occasion during the Lord Mayor’s Show was in 1876, when 13 elephants were part of the event to celebrate the Empire. Senior ceremonial units of the British Army are given permission by the Queen to participate in the event, City 125
including the King’s Troop and Royal Horse Artillery. The Mounted Band of the Household Cavalry Regiment ride in their Gold Sate Coats, the only time that they do so when they are not in the presence of royalty. In recent years the Lord Mayor’s Show has started with a fly-past, with RAF ‘planes trailing coloured smoke flying 1,500 feet above Mansion House. While its formal role may have become less important, a re-imagining of the event ensured it remained relevant in the 20th century. More organisations became involved in the proceedings in the period following World War II. Modern themes for the Show see the Lord Mayor seeking to create a visual representation of intentions for the year ahead. As a key part of the City of London community, students from City have participated in the Lord Mayor’s Show for decades, designing floats and ornate costumes.
Staff and students at the 1996 Show with a float to signify City’s new courses in STEM.
In 1966, a float that would acknowledge the new scientific departments was constructed, featuring an oversized computer – that was perhaps only slightly bigger than the real computers of the era. In 1969, Brian Burns designed City’s float, which led the procession that was themed to encourage tourists to visit Britain. “The elements that made up the design were supposed to represent Britain. So behind the arched sign
The 1996 float encouraged tourists to visit Britain.
students dressed as a centipede for the occasion and in 1996, they dressed as carrots to represent the Students’ Union mascot. In recent years, City has been represented by a classic London open top bus, with City students and staff taking up the top deck or walking alongside it, continuing the tradition of City’s participation in the Lord Mayor’s Show.
“On the left side was a terrible Welsh reference, fishing for whale/Wales, while London was represented by the corner of a double decker bus. I also remember a British businessman with an umbrella standing under a rain shower.”
The peculiarly British mix of ceremony, pageantry and tradition, combined with a forward looking, modern outlook makes the Lord Mayor’s Show a one-of-a-kind event, which will no doubt continue to evolve in the years ahead.
He explained that students put the floats together: “There were always engineering students keen to make it all work... very practical people and the Students’ Union was very positive. I think the time frame was a matter of four or five weeks.” Later floats lacked the complication of those from the 1960s, focusing more on costumes and allowing more students to get involved and walk the parade route. In 1993,
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that said 'Welcome to Britain' was a Scottish reference, which was the Loch Ness Monster, also Industrial Midlands – as it was then – represented by chimneys,” Brian recalled.
Students dressed as a centipede for the 1993 Show.
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Changing spaces: Estate developments over City’s 125 year history What began with a generous donation of a one-and-a-quarter acre site in Northampton Square by the Marquess of Northampton at the end of the 19th century has grown into a 21st century multi-million pound, multi-site campus. Creating world-class facilities which respect the historic and now densely populated surroundings of the local area is the task facing City’s Estates Development Team. With the construction of a flagship new Law School building taking shape, City looks back over 125 years of changing spaces. City 125
Construction of the Northampton Institute began with the College Building in 1894; a Grade II listed building designed by EW Mountford, The Old Bailey’s architect. The original style of this building has been referred to as ‘free French Renaissance’ but it incorporates other movements, such as Arts and Crafts and the Queen Anne revival style, as well as classical influences which can be seen in the impressive frieze above the main entrance. Incredible footage from 1952 to 1956 of the rebuilding of the old gymnasium and the Great Hall following damage during World War II has been preserved and digitised from the University archives. While the construction methods and site set-up appear quite rudimentary and even unsafe by today’s Health and Safety standards, the methodology used would have been considered innovative for the period and the works formed part of the first major expansion of the campus.
The period 2012 to 2017 saw unprecedented change around the estate and a considerable investment of almost £120 million. The biggest changes in modernisation and physical appearance took place during this period, culminating in the opening of the transformed Northampton Square main reception and Pavilion, As the Institution grew in student numbers after it was granted a university status by Royal Charter in 1966, the estate grew too. During this time, City began offering a wider range of programmes to evolve into an institution dedicated to engineering, science, business, computing and management studies. The additional programmes and the growing number of students required a new and much larger space that would continue to enrich the experience of staff and students alike. Celebrating 125 years of City
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Overlooking the Georgian Northampton Square, the new University Building was added in 1970, shortly after completion of the Drysdale and Centenary Buildings. In stark contrast to the more classical design seen around campus in earlier years, the new buildings boast a Brutalist façade, an architectural style quite common of the local area at the time, such as City’s close neighbour, the Barbican.
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Her Royal Highness the Princess Royal opened City’s pavilion (the main reception area) in 2017.
which were opened by the University of London’s Chancellor, Her Royal Highness the Princess Royal in 2017. This area became a much-needed designated open space for students, staff and visitors to meet, share ideas and collaborate; representing the enhanced physical and figurative hub of the University.
Included in this development period was the renovation of the CitySight Clinic which is part of the Optometry Department. The refurbished clinic, located on the corner of Ashby Street and Goswell Road provides free eye testing and other services for members of the local community. The works preceded another crucial estate investment; the new Law School building on Sebastian Street.
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The new Sebastian Street building for The City Law School will welcome students in 2020.
CitySight Clinic received a face-lift in 2017.
The new Sebastian Street building will bring all Law students under one roof.
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A stark contrast between a 1970s building (Drysdale) and 1894 building (College).
The frieze, on top of the College Building entrance, forms part of City’s long history
Approaching the final stages of construction, the new building will bring together all programmes and functions of The City Law School under one roof for the first time. A large part of the striking seven story structure will be encased in glazing and will provide 7,200 square metres of world class educational facilities for City students and staff. It will also be home to the new
Law Clinic, providing a welcoming space to offer free legal advice to the local community. Taking into consideration existing buildings which contribute to the Northampton Square Conservation Area, such as the 1923 Myddelton Building, the new site will see a complementary pairing of old and modern architectural designs unified
around a central atrium. From free French Renaissance, through Arts and Crafts, to Brutalist and expressive, City’s buildings tell a story on the changing trends in architecture over 125 years. You can come and see these trends for yourself, when City participates in Open House London on Saturday 21st September.
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Our local history New River The first major industry in Clerkenwell was water. As the rivers Thames and Fleet became polluted in the 16th century, plans were drawn up redirecting water from country rivers. Under the financing of Sir Hugh Myddelton, a 38 mile canal flowed from the Rivers Amwell and Chigwell in Hertfordshire in 1613 to bring fresh water to London.
Northampton Square In 1500, Northampton Square comprised fields owned by St John’s Priory and the Charterhouse monasteries. After the Reformation, the land was sold in 1599 to John “Rich” Spencer, clothmaker and Mayor of London. His son-in-law Edmund Spencer, became the first Earl of Northampton and his great grandson built his home on the site. Today’s Northampton Square was its garden. The house was sold in the 18th century and became occupied by a ‘lunatic asylum’, two schools and a church. The garden was crossed with wooden pipes taking water from the New River to the City. In 1800, the pipes were replaced with subterranean iron pipes and the Square was developed. Completed by 1810, it was occupied by merchants and Master Craftsmen. By the end of the 19th century, variable leases and inadequate freeholder controls saw the Square deteriorate into multi-occupation housing and commercial and industrial use. The bandstand was added by Finsbury Council in the 1930s.
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The canal flowed into a reservoir called the New River Head, south of Islington. The area of the original reservoir can still be seen from the intersection of Rosebery Avenue and Arlington Way. Water was pumped to wealthy homes and standpipes in the City using pipes of hollowed-out elm tree trunks perched on trestles. In the 1800s, the pipes were replaced by subterranean iron pipes and the area was developed for residential and industrial use. Today the New River still provides 8% of London’s water but finishes at Finsbury Park.
Sadler’s Wells The first theatre on the Sadler’s Wells site was built in 1683 by Richard Sadler to provide entertainment for the customers of his well. Sadler’s Well was one of several fresh water wells in the area. In 1765 the theatre was rebuilt under Thomas Rosoman. He introduced opera and through his wealthier audience, Sadler’s Well prospered while other wells closed. In 1790 an aquatic stage was introduced and shows were staged on the New River reservoir including a re-enactment of the Siege of Gibraltar with 117 ships. Sadler’s Wells developed pantomime. Stars emerged including the father of clowns, Joey Grimaldi, who made his first appearance at Sadler’s Wells as a clown in 1800. In 1925 it was managed by Lillian Baylis as a drama and opera venue. In 1931, Ninette De Valois ran a dancing school and choreographed performances at the theatre. Her legacy was to establish Sadler’s Wells as a renowned dance and ballet venue.
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Clerkenwell Green Until the 1530s, Clerkenwell Green was the herb garden of the Nunnery of St Mary. In the 16th century it was a recreation space for the nobility who lived in the area. Issac Walton wrote The Compleat Angler here in 1650. The houses became occupied by manufacturers, mainly highly-skilled Huguenot refugees who came to London after 1685. Industries included watchmaking, printing, cabinet making and brewing.
St James, Clerkenwell St James was originally the church of St Mary’s Nunnery founded in ~1140, the first development in Clerkenwell and was rededicated to St James the Less in 1500. The current church was built in 1790. Designed by James Carr, memorials include victims of the 1887 Fennian Outrage, who are buried here. They were killed by The Irish Republican Brotherhood who blew a hole in a prison wall to free their imprisoned brethren, damaging houses and killing 12 people. Michael Barrett was found guilty and hanged — the last public execution in London. William Woods, Mary II’s archer, was buried here in 1797. His was the first recorded salvo at a funeral, now a feature of military burials with honour. It is also the burial ground of the family of Ellen Lefevre, murdered by her husband Henry Steinberg. He committed suicide and was buried “according to the law”, upside down with his skull smashed and a stake through his heart.
The area became associated with political agitation and crime; John Wilkes, radical Whig supporter of the American Revolution, lived here in the 18th century. Charles Dickens located Fagin’s den in the rookeries in Oliver Twist and set Oliver’s theft of Mr Brownlow’s handkerchief outside a bookshop on the Green. In 1902, The Spark, the journal of the Russian Social Democratic Party, was edited by Vladimir Lenin in a room within what is now the Marx Memorial Library. In 1905 Lenin is alleged to have bought Stalin a pint in the Crown public house on the Green.
Clerk’s Well Back in 1000 to 1500 the Clerks of the City of London would give thanks to God by performing a series of Mystery Plays, re-enacting incidents from the Bible and Moralities. They took place outside the City on the banks of the River Fleet by St Mary’s Nunnery. Allegedly, the Nuns gave the players access to the well. The site of this “Clerk’s Well” was a public water source and then a brewery but was lost for many years until 1924 when it was rediscovered by workmen digging the foundations of a new office for the New Statesman magazine. The location of the well is marked by a plaque and can be seen today on Farringdon Street. It is the origin of the name for the area, Clerkenwell. Celebrating 125 years of City
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Farringdon Station Farringdon Station opened in 1863 as the eastern terminus of the world’s first underground railway. It was built over the River Fleet which now drains 60 metres below the station entrance. The original trains used steam, operating under a series of tunnels under the New Road, now Marylebone and Euston Roads. On the opening day an open-top carriage filled with dignitaries including Prime Minister Gladstone were transported the entire length of the line to a feast held in the station.
Nicholson’s, Booth’s and Gordon’s distilleries Gin distilling and brewing were major industries in Clerkenwell due to the purity of the water. Often distilled illegally, it has been suggested that one in four houses in Clerkenwell made and sold gin, usually of poor, even poisonous quality leading to the truism: “Drunk for penny, dead drunk for tuppence.” There were four gin distillers in Clerkenwell: Langdale’s (Farringdon Road), Nicholson’s (St John Street), Gordon’s (Goswell Road) and Booth’s (originally on Britton Street and then Turnmill Street). Of the distilleries, now only E W Mountford’s 1903 frieze at No. 24 Britton Street remains. It shows the gin-making process from reaping to bottling. This was originally the front of Booth’s new office building on Turnmill Street; it was moved here in the 1970s. There were two major breweries in the area, Whitbread on Chiswell Street, the largest brewery in London in 1800 and Cannon Brewery on St John Street. City 125
Towards Turnmill Street is the Castle public house. In 1805, after losing his money gambling, the Prince of Wales (later George IV) asked the landlord for a loan, offering his watch as security. The landlord refused as he wasn’t a pawnbroker but the Prince was insistent. The following day, the loan was repaid along with a Royal warrant authorising the landlord to trade as a pawnbroker. The three brass pawnbroker balls still hang outside the pub.
Smithfield Smithfield was the location of Royal interventions and executions. In 1381 Richard II met Wat Tyler leader of the “Great Rebellion” here. Allegedly Tyler turned his back on the King and the Mayor of London, William Walworth, was so incensed he stabbed him and Wat Tyler was later beheaded by the mob. In 1304, Edward I ordered the hanging, drawing and quartering of William Wallace. The plaque commemorating him has become a homage for Scottish nationalists. Between 1535 and 1600, nearly 300 heretics were burnt at the stake. The first were in 1555, “The Three Johns”, Rogers, Bradford and Philpott, now commemorated by a plaque. There is a ring of paving stones in front of the plaque, the centre marking where one of the stakes was located. Uncounted ‘witches’ were executed in Smithfield, by being burnt if they confessed or by being roasted or boiled in water if they didn’t. The meat market was originally a Roman horse trading site, later expanded to include cattle and other animals. By 1800, the expansion of the market’s output led to pollution, disease and crime and by 1855 slaughtering was moved to the Metropolitan Meat Market with only carcasses sold at Smithfield.
The Hospital was originally founded in 1123 by Rahere, jester to William II and Henry I. He fell ill with malaria in Rome in the 1110s and had a vision of St Bartholomew who instructed him to build a hospital near London in exchange for his health. Henry I gave him Smithfield land to build a hospital and Priory to service it. It was the first building in the area outside the City Wall and is the oldest hospital in London.
Words and images by Jiff Bayliss, Islington Museum. He can be contacted for local walking tours at jib01@hotmail.co.uk
In the 1530s the priory and hospital were dissolved by Henry VIII but later refounded. A gateway was named after the King and a statue was added in 1702. It is the only statue of Henry VIII in London and was put here as Protestant propaganda to show the Anglican church was capable of good works. St Bartholomew’s Church was the Priory church for the Augustine monks who ran the hospital.
Charterhouse Square and the Charterhouse In 1349, this area was a Plague Pit for victims of the Black Death, one of several in London. Bodies were buried respectfully, facing east and some holding hands. On the Square is the Charterhouse, a Carthusian monastery of 25 monks dating back to 1371. The building was initially called the “Chartreuse House” but this became corrupted to “the Charterhouse”.
After the Reformation, the church became the site of the Anglican Parish church and the surrounding land and buildings were sold for commercial use; Benjamin Franklin worked in a printer’s office here. Today, it remains a parish church, one of the oldest continuing religious houses in London.
St John’s Gate and Square St John’s Gate was the entrance to the inner precinct of St John’s Priory, the English Commandary of the “Knights of the Hospital of the Order of St Johns of Jerusalem”, known as the Knights Hospitalers. They were a Catholic Order of WarriorMonks founded in Jerusalem in the mid-12th century who also provided a Hospital for sick pilgrims. A series of subsidiaries was established in the Middle Ages including this one in 1130.
The Carthusian monks resisted the dissolution of the monastery in 1536 and consequently 11 monks were hanged by their arms in the Tower of London and starved to death. Three Priors were accused of treason and were hanged, drawn and quartered. The arm of the Prior here, John Houghton, was nailed to the monastery’s entrance arch as a warning to others.
The Priory was dissolved in 1540 and all that remains is the Gatehouse and crypt of the 12th century church.
The land became a Tudor mansion in 1545 then in 1611 became a school for “poor boys with aptitude” and an alms-house for 80 “poor brothers”, gentlemen who had fallen on hard times.
In the 19th century, the Venerable Order of St John was formed to provide first aid and care and was granted a Royal Charter in 1888. This Order now owns the Gate and surrounding buildings as its headquarters.
After Dissolution, the buildings were occupied by Edmund Tyndal, the Master of the Revels who previewed productions for a public licence. Up to 30 of Shakespeare’s plays were first performed here.
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St Bartholomew’s
Life through a lens From our early days as the Northampton Institute in 1894 through to the acquisition of our first computer in 1955 and joining the University of London in 2016, these 125 moments capture City’s history through archive and alumni photography.
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City Icons To commemorate our anniversary, we are casting a spotlight, through a special awards ceremony, City Icons, on members of staff who have made a notable contribution to City’s 125 year journey. The City Icons Awards is a celebration of staff, both past and present, who inspire us through their passion, vision and commitment and have helped shape the University we know today. NOMINEES Research Past staff Stephen Chalmers Professor Ludwik Finkelstein Dr Alfred Tseung
Present staff Professor Jane Marshall Professor Ian Smith Professor Tong Sun OBE
Education Past staff Dora Opoku OBE Professor Sir Robert Birley KCMG Harry Butler
Present staff Julie Attenborough Dr Celia Harding Professor Pam Parker
Enterprise Past staff Professor Leslie T G Clarke Professor Michael Cooper FRICS Sir Frederick Handley Page CBE
Present staff CityVentures Sean Rowlands Professor Ian Smith and Professor Nikola Stosic
Innovation & Vision Past staff Dr Mary Coghill-Hawkes Dr Charles Vickery Drysdale FRSE CB OBE Dr Robert Mullineux Walmsley FRSE
Present staff Professor Debra Salmon Professor Caroline Wiertz, Dr Aneesh Banerjee and Professor Andre Spicer Keith Wood
Community Past staff Rudolph Oberholzer Sydney John Teague Miss A M Tuck
Present staff City Cleaning team Marion O’Hara Revd Ian Worsfold
Partnerships Past staff Professor Raoul Franklin CBE FREng Ehsan Razavideh Professor Grigori Tokaty
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Present staff Professor Costas Grammenos CBE Professor Laudan Nooshin Professor Elena Novelli
Celebrating 125 years of City
City, University of London Northampton Square London EC1V 0HB United Kingdom
City, University of London is an independent member institution of the University of London. Established by Royal Charter in 1836, the University of London consists of 18 independent member institutions with outstanding global reputations and several prestigious central academic bodies and activities.
www.city.ac.uk City 125