Construction Economist Journal - Winter 2014

CONSTRUCTION ECONOMIST WINTER 2014

The Journal of the Canadian Institute of Quantity Surveyors Le Journal de l’Institut canadien des économistes en construction

CIQS – Ontario holiday dinner and

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A farewell to ISHRAT ALIDINA

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CONSTRUCTION ECONOMIST WINTER 2014

The mission of CIQS is to promote and advance professional quantity surveying and construction estimating; to establish and maintain national standards; to recruit, educate and support our members.

The Journal of the Canadian Institute of Quantity Surveyors Le Journal de l’Institut canadien des économistes en construction

Canadian Institute of Quantity Surveyors 90 Nolan Court, Unit 19, Markham, ON L3R 4L9 t. 905/477.0008 f. 905/477.6774 toll free. +1 866/345.1168 e. info@ciqs.org www.ciqs.org

Executive Director Lois Metcalfe. ........................... . . . . . . execdir@ciqs.org Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................. . . conecon@ciqs.org Translation André Bernard, ECA Send Change of Address to: Canadian Institute of Quantity Surveyors 90 Nolan Court, Unit 19, Markham, Ontario L3R 4L9

CIQS Board Chair: Dave Burns, PQS Vice Chair: Craig Bye, PQS Past Chair: Mark Gardin, PQS(F) Secretary/Treasurer and CIQS – British Columbia Rep: Matt Weber, PQS

Features Cold weather concreting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 CIQS-Ontario holiday dinner and Ishrat Alidina’s retirement party. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 CIQS 2015 Congress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 The power of web analytics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Board meeting recap. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Approaches to calculating loss of production – entitlement and pursuit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Registrar and CIQS – Prairies and NWT Rep: Michael Bernier, PQS CIQS - Maritimes Rep: David Dooks, PQS CIQS - Newfoundland and Labrador Rep: Roy Lewis, PQS(F) CIQS - Ontario Rep: Patrick Cantin, PQS Education Administrator: David Lai, PQS(F)

22 Statements of fact and opinion expressed are those of the authors and CIQS assumes no responsibility for the content, nor do they represent official policy of CIQS.

Departments

Published four times a year on behalf of the Canadian Institute of Quantity Surveyors by

Chair’s Message. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Executive Director’s Message. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Third Floor - 2020 Portage Avenue Winnipeg, Manitoba R3J 0K4 Tel: 866-985-9780 Fax: 866-985-9799 info@kelman.ca www.kelman.ca Managing Editor. ........................ . . . Chris Kelman Art Design/Production. ............. . . . . Jackie Magat Advertising Coordinator...... Stefanie Hagidiakow Marketing Manager. .................. . . . . . . . . . Jeff Kutny jeff@kelman.ca 866-985-9789 Publication Mails Agreement #40065075 Send undeliverable addresses to: lauren@kelman.ca

Editor’s Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 CPD Corner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Congratulations.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30

Cover photos: 1- CIQS Chair, Dave Burns, presenting Ishrat Alidina with flowers CIQS on her retirement; 2 - CIQS – Ontario President, Chair Bye, congratulating Ishrat on her retirement.

OUR CONCERN FOR THE ENVIRONMENT IS MORE THAN JUST TALK This document is printed on paper certified to the standards of the Forest Stewardship Council® (FSC®).

Chair’s Message

Change is upon us

A

las…change is upon us!

As many of our membership have come to realize lately, due to the uncertainty of oil prices dropping, most have had to rethink budgets and business cases due to the new realities being observed in the market place. For many, this has resulted in taking a more conservative approach to their decisions relating to future planning.

Similar to market indicators, the general membership, inclusive of our own CIQS Designation Holders, act as the primary influence for most CIQS Board decisions.

The ideas, opinions and concerns of our Designation Holder are of utmost importance to CIQS National Council, and this input often translates into positive directional change for our governance.

Within the past few years, CIQS National has experienced notable change as we endeavoured to employ the structural changes to our Governance model as based on the directives of the Canada Not For Profit Corporations Act. These changes have led us to a place where the updated By-Laws were accepted (during the 2013 AGM in Montreal) and updated

National Standards with the revised Affiliate Agreements will be adopted to correspond with the revised structuring.

CIQS is now in the process of finalizing these documents and some operational changes were contemplated during the process.

One such change the Board had considered during the restructuring process was to employ ideas from our Long-Range Plan which included the creation of a new Staffing Plan.

Under this concept, a full-time Education Director, Marketing Director and Membership Person would be introduced at head office to bolster membership and streamline a number of the operational processes within CIQS. As a compromise, many of the roles and responsibilities of the CIQS Affiliate Associations would be reduced and substantial fee increases would need to be charged to the designation members to offset these future costs.

As part of the review process, CIQS National had surveyed the Affiliates for budget projections and input towards executing the contemplated staffing plans which were planned for the 2015-2016 fiscal year. From this feedback decisions

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4 | CONSTRUCTION ECONOMIST | www.ciqs.org | Winter 2014

Dave Burns, PQS

could be made. In response, many of the Affiliates raised concern that too many processes would be compromised through this proposal, to the detriment of the regional board, as marketing communications and educational lobbying would be better served by each regional Affiliate than by National. Similarly, the proposed fee revisions presented a number of risks which were difficult for us to rationalize.

During our most recent Board meeting in Markham, Ontario, CIQS National Council reviewed the feedback received from our membership and decided that some aspects needed to be rethought and ‘dialed-back’ to best address the interests of our Institute. Accordingly, the idea of CIQS main office hiring a centrally employed Education Director, Marketing Director and Membership Person was deferred for the interim, with focus redirected towards the Institute’s immediate needs.

In compromise, the National board decided that replacement of our recently retired administrator and developing a succession plan for our Executive Director (who will retire within the next few years) was of primary importance.

The secondary goal would be the further pursuit of streamlining dues collection and application processing. It was decided that an administrative team would be developed over the coming months to assist with these objectives, with only moderate fee increases realized for inflationary adjustments over 2015-2016, rather than have a completely revised administrative group.

Alternatively, the regional marketing functions and educational lobbying Continued on page 30.

Message du Président du Conseil

Du changement nous arrive

E

nfin… du changement nous arrive! Alors que plusieurs de nos membres l’ont réalisé récemment, à cause de l’incertitude provoquée par la chute des prix du pétrole, la plupart ont dû repenser les budgets et les plans d’affaires en fonction des réalités nouvelles du marché. Pour beaucoup, cela a provoqué une approche décisionnelle plus conservatrice en regard de la planification du futur.

De même que les indicateurs du marché, les membres de notre Institut sont les premiers facteurs d’influence de la plupart des décisions du Conseil de l’ICÉC. Effectivement, les idées, les opinions et les préoccupations de nos membres sont de la plus haute importance au Conseil national de l’ICÉC, et cet apport se traduit en des changements de direction positifs pour notre gouvernance.

Au cours des dernières années l’ICÉC a vécu, au plan national, des changements notables alors que nous nous aventurons à utiliser des changements structurels à notre modèle de gouvernance sur la base des directives de la Loi canadienne sur les organisations à but non lucratif.

Ces changements nous ont amenés à une situation où nos règlements modifiés ont été accepté (à l›AGA 2013 à Montréal) et les Standards nationaux mis à jour ainsi que les Ententes d’Affiliées révisées seront adoptés pour correspondre à la structure révisée. L’ICÉC est maintenant dans un processus de finalisation de ces documents et des changements opérationnels ont été considérés durant ce processus.

L’un de ces changements considérés par le Conseil durant le processus de restructuration fut d’utiliser les idées de notre Plan à long terme qui comportait la création d’un nouveau Plan d’embauche.

Selon ce concept seraient recrutés à plein

temps au bureau chef un Directeur de l’éducation, un Directeur du marketing et un responsable du membership aux fins d’augmenter le membership et d’améliorer le processus administratif à l’ICÉC. Comme compromis, plusieurs des rôles et responsabilités des Associations affiliées à l’ICÉC seraient réduites et une augmentation substantielle de cotisation devrait être chargée aux membres pour faire face à la croissance future des coûts.

Dans le cadre du processus de revue, le Conseil national a consulté les Affiliées pour des projections budgétaires et leur avis concernant le projet de recrutement planifié pour l’année fiscale 2015-2016.

En réponse, plusieurs des Affiliées ont soulevé leurs craintes que trop de processus seraient compromis par cette proposition au détriment des conseils régionaux; tel que les communications de marketing et le lobbying en éducation qui resteraient mieux servis par chaque Affiliée que par le Conseil national. De même, les augmentations de cotisation proposées entraineraient des risques qui seraient difficilement rationnalisés, puis nombre de ces risques perçus n’étaient pas encore prouvés.

Lors de notre récente réunion du Conseil à Markham, Ontario, le Conseil national de l’ICÉC a passé en revue le feedback reçu de nos membres et a décidé que certains aspects avaient besoin d’être repensés et repositionnés pour mieux servir les intérêts de notre Institut. Dans cet ordre d’esprit, l’idée que le bureau principal de l’ICÉC engage un Directeur à l’éducation, un Directeur du marketing et un responsable du membership a été mis en veilleuse pour l’instant, avec les priorités ciblant les besoins immédiats de l’Institut.

Comme compromis, le Conseil national a décidé que le remplacement de notre

administrateur ayant pris récemment sa retraite, le plan de remplacement de notre Directeure exécutive (qui prendra sa retraite au cours des prochaines années) étaient de première importance, de même que l’amélioration de la collecte des cotisations et du traitement des demandes d’adhésion étant la seconde priorité. Ainsi, il a été décidé qu’une équipe administrative serait mise en place au cours des prochains mois afin d’assister à la réalisation de ces objectifs, avec seulement une petite et modérée augmentation des cotisations pour faire face aux ajustements inflationnistes en 2015-2016, plutôt que d’opter pour un groupe administratif entièrement révisé. Alternativement, les responsabilités relatives aux événements régionaux de marketing et au lobbying en éducation demeureront entretemps avec chaque Affiliée.

Sachez que servir les titulaires de notre désignation est la première fonction du Conseil national de l’ICÉC. Ce sont les individus membres de l’ICÉC qui ont décidé du chemin que l’ICÉC suivra et nous désirons remercier tous ceux et celles qui contribuent via leurs représentants élus pour leur précieux apport jusqu’à ce jour.

Au niveau du Conseil national de l’ICÉC, chacun des directeurs s’est engagé à supporter et améliorer nos communications et notre transparence avec nos membres.

Nous allons de l’avant avec l’intention de continuer à procurer à nos membres l’information à jour sur les activités du Conseil national dans le but d’améliorer notre organisation et de mieux planifier pour le futur. J’encourage chacun au sein de l’ICÉC de continuer à contribuer à travers leur Affiliée régionale et à nous offrir leurs suggestions. C’est à travers ces moyens qu’une structure démocratique fonctionne – pour le bénéfice de tous.

Winter 2014 | www.ciqs.org | CONSTRUCTION ECONOMIST | 5

Executive Director’s Message

Important changes regarding Designation Holders membership

E

ffective the 2015/16 membership year, the administration of Designation Holders membership fees will be re-structured in that CIQS (national) will now be administering the collection of Designation Holder membership fees.

CIQS will collect all payments from the Designation Holders and pay the Affiliates their portions of the total fees collected from the Designation Holder (as determined by the Affiliate).

The national portion of the membership fees will be standard across the country

This operational change will streamline your membership renewal and benefit not only the Designation Holders but also the affiliates.

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6 | CONSTRUCTION ECONOMIST | www.ciqs.org | Winter 2014

Lois Metcalfe

and each Affiliate will decide on its portion of the membership fee thereby determining what the total membership fee will be. Some Affiliates may need more funds to operate than other Affiliates. This will also give the Affiliates the ability to control the total fee for the Designation Holders.

Here is how it will work: • CIQS (national) will invoice all Designation Holders by email (as in previous years) in early March • Membership fees are due April 1 • Designation Holders will remit their membership fees to CIQS (national) rather than their Affiliate • We encourage all Designation Holders to pay online in the members’ only section • Payments made by cheque should be mailed to CIQS’s Markham office • Designated CIQS staff will be available Monday to Friday between 8:30 to 5:00 EST for credit card payments by telephone, at 905-477-0008 or toll free 1-866-345-1168 • Wire transfers are also available As stated in our Chair’s message, ‘serving our Designation Holders is National Council’s primary function.’

This operational change will streamline membership renewal and benefit not only the Designation Holders but also the Affiliates.

By the time you receive this issue of the Construction Economist, holidays will be over and the New Year will be on the horizon. On behalf of the Chair and all members of the CIQS Board, we wish all our Designation Holders and their families all the very best for 2015.

Editor’s Message

Editor’s seat still available CIQS is seeking a new Editor to fill the shoes of retired Editor, Joshua Mutize. If you are interested please contact our Executive Director at execdir@ciqs.org. This volunteer position will earn you mega valuable CPD points!

See the employment section on our website for more details!

May 29 – June 1, 2015

Yokohama, Japan

The 19th Pacific Association of Quantity Surveyors Congress EARLY BIRD REGISTRATION ON OR BEFORE MARCH 15, 2015 For more details please visit http://paqs2015.com/ CIQS will subsidize up to five Designation Holders (in good standing) for their registration fees for this Congress. To apply for this subsidy, Designation Holders are required to submit a copy of their paid registration to execdir@ciqs.org no later than March 1, 2015.

Winter 2014 | www.ciqs.org | CONSTRUCTION ECONOMIST | 7

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CPD Corner

David Dooks, PQS

T

The search for an Editor

his year, our past editor of the Construction Economist, Joshua Mutize, PQS announced he was stepping down. His work as editor is sincerely missed. To date, no member has stepped forward to volunteer for the role of editor. If this is an opportunity that you would be interested in, please visit the CIQS website. Under employment, you will find the career opportunities page and you can submit a resume for the CIQS - Editor, The Construction Economist (Volunteer Position).

The career opportunities page states CIQS is currently seeking to fill a volunteer position for an editor of our quarterly journal, The Construction Economist. We have over 2,000 members and no one jumped at the job.

Joshua, our previous editor, volunteered his time for several consecutive years.

He adapted to the role and become the backbone and driver to the Construction Economist. No doubt we would love to find someone just as keen.

So let’s first start by dissecting the duties of the editor. The editor would conduct research for reprints by reading industry related magazines, articles, or newspapers to find articles that they wish to share with the members of CIQS. Correspondence with writers or publishers to ask if they are willing to share their article

would be required. With so many online forums and new estimating and business products available, there is an unlimited resource of materials to tap into. The editor will proofread, check for factual accuracy, suggest changes or corrections to articles – being an outstanding writer with strong communications skills would be an asset. It is also essential that the editor be detail oriented and deadline focused, both characteristics that are inherent to Quantity Surveyors.

The ad for editor expresses that a PQS designation and bilingualism are assets. These two aspects should be considered a must for this job as the editor is a representative of the CIQS. Similarly, the request for bilingual candidates is necessary as CIQS represents members from across Canada. However, if you do not possess these two assets but are still interested in applying for the role of editor then please feel free to step forward. The key to the role of editor is all summed up in one line, “Must think like a journalist and love finding creative ways to secure meaningful coverage that’s interesting, inspiring and informative.” The editor should consider himself/herself the voice of the Designation Holders. The editor is not alone in this role. All of CIQS is there to back this individual and we need someone to wear the hat and guide the

magazine to new heights of excellence.

The backbone is already there as established by our last editor. We just need someone to take on this mantel.

The editorship is a volunteer role and while I have been discussing the duties of the editor there are also benefits of the role. As editor you are invited to attend all CIQS directors meetings to keep current and up to date on CIQS matters. This involves travelling to the quarterly meetings and the national Congress which are typically four meetings each year.

The costs of travel and lodging are covered by CIQS. The editor will earn more than enough CPD points each year to cover the required quota.

Keep in mind that for a junior career CEC or PQS, this is a great way to see how the organization works and be involved as an observer to Council.

You will meet members from across Canada and from these experiences, will gain a unique perspective of how CIQS operates. As editor you are welcome to write a letter to the Designation Holders to discuss topics related to our profession. Also remember CIQS is traveling to the Bahamas this year for Congress in July 2015. Time is of the essence.

So, if you are interested in being an Editor for the Construction Economist, please do not hesitate to call us.

We welcome all potential candidates.

The editor is not alone in this role. All of CIQS is there to back this individual and we need someone to wear the hat and guide the magazine to new heights of excellence.

Winter 2014 | www.ciqs.org | CONSTRUCTION ECONOMIST | 9

Cold weather concreting

Cold weather concreting

By Pat Cantin, PQS

AUTHOR’S NOTE: The following article has been assembled in the hopes of summarizing a plethora of winter concrete placement ‘do’s and don’ts’ as a result of my personal experiences from across Northern Ontario in the past 20 years. Some projects went really well, while others were not so well. In the end, the contents of this article are designed to educate and enlighten the reader from my experiences.

What is cold weather concreting?

All the reports and articles I have come across essentially provide the following definition of cold weather concreting: A period when, for more than three consecutive days, the following conditions exist: 1. The average daily air temperature is less than 5°C; and 2. The air temperature is not greater than 10°C for more than one-half of any 24-hr period.

EDITOR’S NOTE: The photograph shown to the right was actually taken from the author of this article, while driving to a construction jobsite in lovely Northern Ontario. The noted outside air temperature (-39°C) does not take into consideration the dreaded wind chill factor, which probably ended up feeling more like -212°C!!!

10 | CONSTRUCTION ECONOMIST | www.ciqs.org | Winter 2014

Main objectives to attain during cold weather concreting If you are a contractor, the last thing you want to hear during the early days of any project are the dreaded words of your Site Supervisor saying to you on a Monday morning that the heaters ran out of fuel over the weekend, or that the site lost power and that the heaters were off-line!

What you are essentially trying to avoid are situations such as: 1. Preventing damage to concrete due to freezing at early ages (within the first 48-72 hours after pouring); 2. Assuring that the concrete develops the required strength for safe removal of forms, for safe removal of shores and re-shores and for safe loading of the structure during and after construction; 3. Maintaining curing conditions that promote normal strength development without using excessive heat and without causing critical saturation of the concrete at the end of the protection period;

Cold weather concreting 4. Limiting rapid temperature changes, particularly before the concrete has developed sufficient strength to withstand induced thermal stresses.

Do not forget that rapid cooling of concrete surfaces or large temperature differences between exterior and interior members of the structure can cause cracking, which can be detrimental to strength and durability. At the end of the required period, insulation or other means of protection should be removed gradually so that the surface temperature decreases gradually.

Interesting fact The first two days of concrete curing are critical. Should the concrete be overhydrated, you exponentially increase the risk of freezing your concrete. Too little water and you run the risk of accelerating the hydration period, thus potentially exposing your concrete to dry out too quickly. Too much hydration could cool your concrete too quickly. Too many external sources of heat could dry out your concrete too quickly, should you have mass cross-sectional profiles of concrete to pour and place.

Economy scale Experience has shown and taught us all who have been there that the overall costs of adequate protection for cold weather concreting are not excessive is taken into consideration the costs required to repair frozen or damaged concrete.

The contractor must decide whether the extra costs involved in cold weather concreting operations are a profitable investment, or if it is more cost effective to wait for mild weather. My personal experience has shown that one could easily spend up to 20% of the concreting budget on heating/hoarding expenses.

Such expenses are proportional to factors such as duration of exposure, degree days, area of hoarding, etc. Consult with your local rental shop for rental rates and fuel consumption ratings of rented equipment. Also consult with your local fuel distributors for their experiences so that you may make an informed decision versus just guessing what you think your jobsite will require.

An interesting note to remember for all you new contractors and QS members: Short-term construction economy should not be obtained at the expense of longterm durability. In other words, when assembling your estimates for winter concrete, heating and hoarding, spend the necessary time and effort to educate yourself about using the right materials in the right locations and for the right durations. Too often (and I am guilty of this also), we attempt to limit the amount of time or materials for winter concrete protection in order to save a buck. There is a saying in French that says: “si ça vaut le temps d’être fait, ça vaut le temps d’être bien fait.” Translation: “If that is worth the time (weather) to be made, that is worth the time (weather) to be done well.”

Planning and scheduling It is recommended that the General Contractor, concrete contractor, concrete supplier and owner (or architect/engineer) meet to define in clear terms how cold weather concreting methods will be used.

This meeting will hopefully provide the group with a basis for the contractor to select specific methods to satisfy the minimum requirements during cold weather concreting. Discuss a plan, agree to that plan and stick to it. Should you need to adjust or re-focus, do the team a favour and keep them ALL informed.

Trust me on this. As an owner, I much prefer being informed and consulted as it shows to me that you care about the project and that you have equally expressed an overall interest in the project.

Contractors, consultants and owners alike are almost always faced with the ever-troubling dilemma of whether or not to continue on-site activities during the winter months. For some, this means easily up to six months of the year while for others, this period may be a little as three months.

Plans to protect fresh concrete from freezing and to maintain temperatures above the recommended minimum values should be made well before freezing temperatures are expected to occur. Necessary equipment and materials should be at the work site before cold weather is likely to occur,

not after concrete has been placed and its temperature begins to approach the freezing point. If you are attempting to rent or purchase any type of heating or hoarding equipment in the peak of the winter construction season, you will end up spending endless hours you do not have attempting to find materials.

What little materials or equipment you do find will likely cost you more than the average. Consult your local rental supplier and discuss your winter needs well in advance.

Protection during fall and spring During periods not defined as cold weather, all concrete surfaces should be protected from freezing for at least the first 24-hours before and after placement.

Concrete protected in this manner will be safe from damage by freezing at an early age. If the concrete is air-entrained and properly cured, the ultimate strength and durability of the concrete will be unimpaired. Protection from freezing during the first 24-hours does not assure a satisfactory rate of strength development, particularly when followed by considerably colder weather. Protection and curing should continue long enough and at a temperature sufficiently above freezing to produce the strength required

Winter 2014 | www.ciqs.org | CONSTRUCTION ECONOMIST | 11

Cold weather concreting for form removal or structural safety.

Avoid leaving forms unprotected as per the following photograph. Attempting to schedule a pour when you have a situation such as this only compounds the issue and your relationship with your local concrete supplier.

Temperature records Here is a little bit of interesting information.

The actual temperature at the concrete surface determines the effectiveness of protection, regardless of air temperature.

Temperature recording and monitoring must consider the following: a) The corners and edges of concrete as they are more vulnerable to freezing and usually are more difficult to maintain at the required temperature; b) Inspection personnel should keep a record of the date, time, outside air temperature, temperature of concrete as placed and weather conditions.

Temperatures of concrete and the outdoor air should be recorded at regular time intervals, but not less than twice per 24-hour period.

The record should include temperatures at several points within the enclosure and on the concrete surface, corners and edges. There should be a sufficient number of temperature measurement locations to show the range of concrete temperatures. Temperature measuring devices embedded in the concrete surface are ideal, but satisfactory accuracy and greater flexibility of observation can be obtained by placing thermometers against the concrete

under temporary covers of heavy insulating material until constant temperatures are indicated; c) Maximum and minimum temperature readings in each 24-hour period should be recorded. Data recorded should clearly show the temperature history of each section of concrete cast. A copy of the temperature readings should be included in the permanent job records. It is preferable to measure the temperature of concrete at more than one location in the section cast and use the lowest reading to represent the temperature of that section. Internal temperature of concrete should be monitored to ensure that excessive heating does not occur.

Such information will go a long way on any jobsite regardless of its size or complexity.

destroy the protective enclosures as well as damage the concrete. Does the shelter illustrated in the image below look familiar? Regular inspections (including on weekends) are essential in order to avoid a similar situation from happening on your jobsite.

One other thing to remember when heating and hoarding concrete is that all fuel sources freeze. Propane will turn from a gas to a liquid at around -42°C, diesel fuel will wax or gel at approximately -8°C without the use of winter diesel or diesel conditioners.

There are strict regulations as listed within the Ontario Health and Safety Act when it comes to storage of such fuels on any construction site and as such, it would be wise to consult with your local Ministry of Labour representative or the Act should you not be familiar with your limitations.

Heated enclosures Heated enclosures must be strong enough to be windproof and weatherproof, otherwise, proper temperatures at corners, edges and in thin sections may not be maintained despite high energy consumption. Combustion heaters should be vented to the exterior and they should not be permitted to heat or to dry the concrete locally. Fresh concrete surfaces exposed to carbon dioxide, resulting from the use of salamanders or other combustion heaters that exhaust flue gases into an enclosed area, may be damaged by carbonation of the concrete.

In addition, strict fire prevention measures should be enforced. Fire can

12 | CONSTRUCTION ECONOMIST | www.ciqs.org | Winter 2014

Exposure to freezing and thawing If, during construction, it is likely that the concrete will be exposed to cycles of freezing and thawing while it is in a saturated condition, it should be properly air-entrained even though it will not be exposed to freezing and thawing in its final service. The concrete should not be allowed to freeze and thaw in a saturated condition before developing a compressive strength of 24 MPa. Therefore, new sidewalks and other flatwork exposed to melting snow during daytime and freezing during night-time should be air-entrained and protected from freezing.

Cold weather concreting TABLE 1 – Minimum length of protection period for concrete placed during cold weather Service Category

Type I or II cement

Type III cement, or accelerating, admixture added

1 - no load, not exposed

2 days

1 day

2 - no load, exposed

3 days

2 days

3 - partial load, exposed

6 days

4 days

4 - full load

Placement temperature During cold weather, the concrete mixing temperature should be controlled so that when the concrete is placed, its temperature is not below the values identified with CAN CSA 23.1.

The placement temperature of concrete should be determined according to the above-noted standards. The more massive the concrete section, the less rapidly it loses heat; therefore, lower minimum placement temperatures are recommended as concrete sections become larger. For massive structures, it is especially beneficial to have low placement temperatures. In addition, higher temperatures require more mixing water, increase the rate of slump loss, may cause quick setting and increase thermal contraction. Rapid moisture loss from exposed surfaces of flatwork may cause plastic shrinkage cracks.

Rapid moisture loss can occur from surfaces exposed to cold weather because the warm concrete heats the surrounding cold air and reduces its relative humidity.

Condition of subgrade Concrete should not be placed on frozen subgrade material. The subgrade sometimes can be thawed acceptably by covering it with insulating material for a few days before the concrete placement, but in most cases external heat must be applied. Experimenting at the site will show what combinations of insulation and time causes subsurface heat to thaw the subgrade material. If necessary, the thawed material should be re-compacted.

Far too often have we seen sites prepared to receive concrete during acceptable weather all week long only to see an overnight temperature drop or snow storm arrive just prior to pouring. It is essential to any great team to prepare and be ready for the worst. There is no excuse

with today’s technology to get caught in an unexpected storm. From experience, consult more than one weather website on a 24-hour basis at least 48 hours prior to each pour. Review forecasts and radar maps in order to better understand what weather is heading your way.

Subgrades can freeze quickly and require considerable efforts to thaw once frozen.

Spending the time and effort to keep subgrades from freezing is well worth its weight in gold.

Length of protection period The length of the required protection period depends on the type and amount of cement, whether an accelerating admixture is used and the service category (Sturrup and Clendening 1962).

Table 1 has been provided to illustrate the minimum length of time concrete placed during cold weather requires protection. The table is only a guideline and as a result, must be used with caution.

For structural concrete, where a considerable level of design strength must be attained before safe removal of forms and shores is permitted, additional protection time must be provided beyond the minimums given.

to freezing and weatherings in service but have no early strength requirements.

Interior portions of these structures are self-curing. Exterior surfaces will continue to cure when natural conditions are favourable. To provide initial curing and insure durability of surfaces and edges, the concrete should receive at least the length of protection recommended for Category 2.

Category 3: Partial load, exposed - The third category includes structures exposed to the weather that may be subjected to small, early-age loads compared with their design strengths and will have an opportunity for additional strength development prior to the application of design loads.

Stripping of forms I have witnessed projects where forms were stripped as early as 12 hours after a winter pour while others were left in place for up to three days. During cold weather, protection afforded by forms, except those made of steel, is often of great significance. In heated enclosures, forms serve to evenly distribute the heat.

In many cases, if suitable insulation or insulated forms are used, the forms,

Category 1: No load, not exposed - This category includes foundations and substructures that are not subject to early load, and, because they are buried deep within the ground or are backfilled, will undergo little or no freezing and thawing in service. For concrete in this service category, conditions are favourable for continued natural curing.

This concrete requires only the protection time recommended for Category 1.

Category 2: No load exposed - This category includes massive piers and dams that have surfaces exposed Winter 2014 | www.ciqs.org | CONSTRUCTION ECONOMIST | 13

Cold weather concreting including those made of steel, would provide adequate protection without supplemental heating. As a result, it is often advantageous to keep forms in place for at least the required minimum period of protection. However, an economical construction schedule often governs their removal at the earliest practicable time.

In such cases, forms can be removed at the earliest age that will not cause damage or danger to the concrete. I realize this is a loose statement; however, onsite judgement is always best. There is no such rule one can follow that will apply to all circumstances.

After removal of forms, concrete should be covered with insulating blankets or protected by heated enclosures for the time recommended as stated above. In the case of retaining walls, basement walls, or other structures where one side could be subjected to hydrostatic pressure, if one attempts to remove the forms to soon while the concrete is still relatively young, they may dislodge the form ties and create channels through which water can flow.

Insulating materials Since most of the heat of hydration of the cement is generated during the first three days, heating from external sources may not be required to prevent freezing of the concrete if the generated heat is retained.

Heat of hydration may be retained by using insulating blankets on unformed surfaces and by using insulating forms (Tuthill, et al. 1951; Wallace 1954; Mustard and Ghosh 1979). Insulation must be kept in close contact with the concrete or the form surface to be effective. Some commonly used insulating materials include: Urethane foam - This foam may be sprayed onto the surface of forms making a continuous insulating layer.

Good weather-resistant enamel should be sprayed over urethane foam to reduce water absorption and protect it from the deteriorating effect of ultraviolet rays. Urethane foam should be used with caution because it generates highly noxious fumes when exposed to fire.

Foamed vinyl blankets - These materials are pliable blankets of foamed vinyl with an extruded vinyl backing. They also may have electric wires embedded in the

foam to provide additional heat. Blankets without embedded wires are available in rolls of standard widths. Heated blankets must be custom ordered.

Mineral wool or cellulose fibers – Generally mineral wool or cellulose fibers are encased in heavy polyethylene liners and formed into large mats or rolls. The plastic liners are sometimes given a rough surface finish to reduce the risk of slipping. They may be laid flat to cover slabs or they may be draped over other structural elements.

Straw - Straw is still popular although it is not as effective as blankets or mats.

Disadvantages of straw are its bulk, its flammability, and the need to protect it from moisture. Tarpaulins, polyethylene sheets, or waterproof paper must be used as a protective cover to inhibit wind convection and to keep the straw dry and in place.

Blanket or batt insulation Commercial blanket or batt insulation must be adequately protected from wind, rain, snow, or other moisture by means of tough, moisture-proof cover material because wetting will impair its insulating value. Closed-cell material is particularly advantageous because of its resistance to wetting.

In Northern Ontario, the common footing and foundation wall insulating materials would be a combination of straw and foamed vinyl blankets. For those of you who have not used straw, then you are in for a real treat. Straw is cheap (usually around $3-$5 a bale) and is locally and readily available in large quantities.

Its insulating properties are great.

increasing the cement content, or adding an accelerating admixture will help you better understand how to prepare on site. b) Order air-entrainment if the concrete is exposed to freeze-thaw conditions during or after construction. c) Plan ahead. Have insulation and heaters ready and inform your ready-mix producer of what concrete temperature you’ll need for your project. d) Do not place concrete on a frozen subgrade; thaw the subgrade with steam or protect it with insulation.

Ground thaw units have become the norm for subgrade thawing and are amazingly efficient and productive at completing this task. e) Provide triple insulation thickness at the corners and edges of walls and slabs. f) Protect fresh concrete against the disruptive effects of freezing until the concrete attains a compressive strength of about 3.5 MPa. Concrete gains very little strength at low temperatures. g) Do not expose concrete surfaces to a sudden temperature drop; gradually reduce the insulation or enclosure temperature to control concrete cooling (no more than a 10°C drop in 24 hours). h) Avoid using unvented heaters. i) Keep heaters attended at all times; they are a fire hazard when burning and are of no value when out of fuel. j) It is good practice in cold weather to leave forms in place as long as possible. Even within heated enclosures, forms serve to distribute heat more evenly and help prevent drying and local overheating.

Another interesting fact In its plastic state, concrete will freeze if its temperature falls below about -4°C. If plastic concrete freezes, its potential strength can be reduced by more than 50% and its durability will be adversely affected.

(NRMCA CIP 27 Cold Weather Concreting).

In closing, I share with you the following common sense tips for concreting in cold weather: a) Discuss with your ready-mix producer their procedures and limitations for cold weather concreting. The use of hot water, heating the aggregates,

14 | CONSTRUCTION ECONOMIST | www.ciqs.org | Winter 2014

ABOUT THE AUTHOR: Patrick Cantin, PQS, is the Plant and Property Manager for Le Conseil scolaire public du Nord-Est de l’Ontario as well as the sole proprietor of Cantin Construction Cost Consulting located in North Bay, Ontario. In addition, Patrick is the current CIQS-Ontario National Board representative and the CIQS-Ontario Northern Chapter representative.

We are seeking a PROJECT MONITOR Candidates should have a minimum of three (3) years related experience in the Project Monitoring field and possess (or be working towards) an appropriate professional accreditation.

The successful candidate will be offered a full-time position with a competitive salary that recognizes your professional experience and unique skill sets.

To pursue this opportunity, please forward your resume in confidence to: Mary Fujs PELICAN WOODCLIFF INC. 100 York Blvd., Suite 608 Richmond Hill, Ontario L4B 1J8 Tel: (905) 889-9996 Fax: (905) 889-9950 Email: mary@pelicanwoodcliff.com

100 York Blvd., Suite 608, Richmond Hill, ON L4B 1J8 Tel 905.889.9996 www.pelicanwoodcliff.com

Winter 2014 | www.ciqs.org | CONSTRUCTION ECONOMIST | 15

Take full advantage of your benefits.

Your benefits also include home and auto insurance...

We have worked with your organization to make it possible for you to save on both your home and auto insurance. That’s why, as a Canadian Institute of Quantity Surveyors member, you have privileged access to the TD Insurance Meloche Monnex program, which offers you preferred insurance rates and various additional discounts. Make the most of your benefits — get a quote today and find out how much you could save!

with preferred insurance rates and personalized service.

On average, members who have home and auto insurance with us save $400.*

Home insurance program recommended by

HOME | AUTO

Ask for your quote today at 1-866-296-0888 or visit ciqs.tdinsurance.com The TD Insurance Meloche Monnex program is underwritten by PRIMMUM INSURANCE COMPANY. It is distributed by Meloche Monnex Insurance and Financial Services Inc. in Quebec and by TD Insurance Direct Agency Inc. in the rest of Canada. Our address: 50 Place Crémazie, Montreal (Quebec) H2P 1B6.

Due to provincial legislation, our auto and recreational vehicle insurance program is not offered in British Columbia, Manitoba or Saskatchewan. *Average based on the home and auto premiums for active policies on July 31, 2014 of all of our clients who belong to an employer group that has an agreement with us when compared to the premiums they would have paid with the same insurer without the preferred insurance rate for groups and the multi-product discount. Savings are not guaranteed and may vary based on the client’s profile. ® The TD logo and other TD trade-marks are the property of The Toronto-Dominion Bank.

Projet : Annonce TDI 2015 Client : TD Assurance

Province : Ontario Publication : Construction Economist Format : 7x4.625

Épreuve # : 1 Date de tombée : 12/08/2014

Couleur : Quad # : 09-MM9486-14_TDI.EM1.EN•ciqs(7x4.625) Graphiste : Marie-Josée Proulx CB Ross Partners is aDossier consulting firm located in Toronto, Ontario providing a full range of servicesATTENTION to the development/real estate industry including:: MERCI DE VÉRIFIER ATTENTIVEMENT CETTE ÉPREUVE AFIN D’ÉVITER TOUTE ERREUR/PLEASE CHECK THIS PROOF FOR ERRORS Project Monitoring Project Management Cost Planning Development Management We have job opportunities in our Project Monitoring and Cost Planning/Estimating departments.

Hamelin-Martineau Inc. • 505, boul. de Maisonneuve O, Bureau 300 • Montréal (Québec) H3A 3C2 • T : 514 842-4416 C : mariejosee.proulx@hamelin-martineau.ca

Candidates must have:Relevant Experience in the construction industry Strong communications skills Time management skills Be working towards (or have interest in) RICS and CIQS memberships In return, we offer an extensive employee package commensurate with expertise, qualifications and skills.

If you are interested, please submit your resume:By email: mail@cbross.ca By fax: 416-487-3017 Only select candidates whose resumes best match our requirements will be contacted.

16 | CONSTRUCTION ECONOMIST | www.ciqs.org | Winter 2014

CIQS – Ontario holiday dinner and

ISHRAT ALIDINA’S

retirement party

A dinner to celebrate the holidays and Ishrat Alidina’s retirement was held at Dragon Legend in Markham on Friday, December 5, 2014.

The Alidina Family

and Newfoundland berta Roy Lewis from r Ward from Al ge Ro d an all Yvonne Marsh

Ar thur Hooker an

d Ishrat

I Colin and Audre y Randall-Smith who also celebrated their th 55 anniversary on December

i brina Simonell , Lenny and Sa Marco Alescio ter ap Ch A GT from

Northern boys – Dave Burns (who originally hails from North ern Ontario) an Pat Cantin from d Northern Ontar io

m Randall Graham and Pa ter from GTA Chap

Photos by Sheri Thompson, PQS

5th!

shrat has been with the Institute for the last eight years as our Administrative Assistant and this was a great opportunity to wish her well in her retirement. In attendance were Ishrat’s family, the CIQS Board of Directors, Directors of the CIQS – Ontario Board and the GTA Chapter Executive as well as many Designation Holders. It was a pleasure to welcome Roger Ward from Edmonton and his guest to this event.

We wish Ishrat all the very best in her retirement!

She will be missed.

Winter 2014 | www.ciqs.org | CONSTRUCTION ECONOMIST | 17

CANADIAN INSTITUTE OF QUANTITY SURVEYORS

2015 CONGRESS JULY 8, 2015 LOCATION:

Meliá Nassau Beach, Bahamas Nassau West Bay Street Bahamas Phone: (242) 3276000

For information and pricing options please contact Janna Guay, CTC ACC Phone: 416-998-0539 Email: jguay@tpi.ca or visit our website http://www.ciqs.org/english/congress www.greatlatitudes.com

HOTEL AMENITIES: • Located on Cable beach • Modern and bright rooms with views of the Atlantic Ocean or the resort • All inclusive resort • Families welcome • 3 pools, 2 whirlpool • 4 restaurants • Complimentary water sports (Jet Skis $) and fitness centre • Complimentary Kids Club (age 5-12) • Complimentary ADSL cable internet in all rooms; Free WiFi internet in the lobby • Strategically located on the upper floors, the Premium rooms offer stunning views of the sea and the beach, a king size bed or two double beds, 32 inch LCD TV and luxurious amenities.

• The Level at the Meliá Nassau Beach is the exclusive Meliá range of superior services and facilities, such as private reception and check-in area, exclusive access to The Level area of the beach and pool, exclusive access to the best restaurants, preferential bookings at the restaurants, the spa and for activities, special welcome gift, turn-down service, pillow menu, in-room aromatherapy experience, The Level bathrobe and slippers and luxurious bathroom amenities. If you would like to upgrade to The Level, please contact Janna for pricing.

RESERVATIONS: Group Space is being held through TPI Travel Professionals International.

To reserve, please contact Janna Guay CTC ACC. Phone: 416-998-0539 Email: jguay@tpi.ca Located in the north of the island, on the stunning Cable Beach, with its fine, white sand and turquoise waters, close to the centre, shops, restaurants and night spots, the Meliá Nassau Beach Hotel is the ideal base for discovering an authentic tropical paradise and one of the top tourist destinations in the world.

A NON-REFUNDABLE $400.00 deposit per person is required for reservations and final payment is due 15 April 2015. Please note that the pricing shown is valid for the first 25 rooms. Reservations made after the first 25 rooms may result in increased costs, so please make your reservations early.

18 | CONSTRUCTION ECONOMIST | www.ciqs.org | Winter 2014

SCHEDULE OF EVENTS DATE

MORNING

LUNCH

AFTERNOON

Wed. July 8, 2015

Travel day for 4 nighters and 7 nighters

Thurs. July 9, 2015

CIQS Board meeting (Directors only) Information Session for Designation Holders

Friday, July 10, 2015

Opening - Keynote Speaker – Philip Brave Davis, Deputy Minister of Works and Public Development

Lunch

CPD Seminar

EVENING

Reception

Free time

CPD Seminar Saturday, July 11, 2015

Golf - TBA

Sunday, July 12, 2015

President’s Dinner Travel day for 4 nighters

Monday, July 13, 2015 Tuesday, July 14, 2015 Wednesday, July 15, 2015

Travel day for 7 nights CPD SEMINAR INFORMATION TO FOLLOW

OPENING CEREMONY KEYNOTE SPEAKER Philip Brave Davis, M.P., Cat Island, Rum Cay and San Salvador, Deputy Minister, Bahamas Minister of Works and Urban Development

Sponsorship Opportunities Available for this Event Please contact Lois Metcalfe at execdir@ciqs.org Telephone: 905-477-0008; toll free 1-866-345-1168

To register for the event please visit www.ciqs.org/english/congress Winter 2014 | www.ciqs.org | CONSTRUCTION ECONOMIST | 19

The

POWER of web analytics

By Patrick Cantin, PQS

As Quantity Surveyors, we are all about the numbers. Such numbers are used to make informed decisions in order to minimize exposure and risk. Back in June of 2011, a decision was made at the Annual General Meeting to move forward with the Rebranding Strategy which included a marketing plan aimed at increasing our Canadian as well as worldwide exposure.

The risks were high yet calculated and the numbers were budgeted to reflect a vision: a vision and path laid before us by our predecessors using 21st century technology to take us there.

Such technologies have given end users, such as the Institute, the powers to advertise and grow our business like never before. It is with such technologies that the following statistics or ‘web analytics’ illustrate the facts of what three long years of countless hours, as well as success and failure stories, hold true for the Canadian Institute of Quantity Surveyors.

As advertised during our 2012 Spring issue of the Construction Economist (p.15) (www.kelmanonline.com/httpdocs/files/ CIQS/constructioneconomistspring2012/),

20 | CONSTRUCTION ECONOMIST | www.ciqs.org | Winter 2014

the devil was in the details. We are extremely happy to share with you the following Web Analytics; the numbers speak for themselves.

We all know that the cheapest form of advertising is word-of-mouth but, when websites and videos reach out to over 82,980 visitors in 186 countries within a single year of being launched, one has to tip one’s hat to those who made it all possible.

The following analytics have been made possible by our web administrator Mr. Patrice Beaulieu.

TOTAL WEBSITE VISITS In 2012, 796 visits (averaging 144 visits per month) were recorded. With the launch of our new national website the numbers exploded to 77,678 (averaging 6,473 visits per month) followed by an even more impressive count of 106,373 visits to date for 2014.

2 400

2012 TOTAL VISITS

1 800

1 200

600

0 From 01-Ja...

Feb, 2012

Mar, 2012

Apr, 2012

May, 2012

June, 2012 Visits

Jul, 2012

Aug, 2012

Sep, 2012

Oct, 2012

Nov, 2012

Dec, 2012

31-Jan, 2...

Sep, 2013

Oct, 2013

Nov, 2013

Dec, 2013

31-Jan, 2...

Page Views

40 000

2013 TOTAL VISITS

30 000

20 000

10 000

0

From 01-Ja...

Feb, 2013

Mar, 2013

Apr, 2013

May, 2013

June, 2013 Visits

Jul, 2013

Aug, 2013

Page Views

40 000

2014 TOTAL VISITS

30 000

20 000

10 000

0

From 01-Ja...

Feb, 2013

Mar, 2013

Apr, 2013

May, 2013

June, 2013

Visits

Jul, 2013

Aug, 2013

Sep, 2013

Oct, 2013

Nov, 2013

09-Dec, 2...

Page Views

40 000

2012-14 TOTAL VISITS AND # PAGES VIEWED

30 000

20 000

10 000

0

From 01-Ja...

Jun, 2012

Nov, 2012

Apr, 2013 Visits

Sep, 2013

Feb, 2014

Jul, 2014

Dec, 2014

Page Views

Winter 2014 | www.ciqs.org | CONSTRUCTION ECONOMIST | 21

2012 GEOGRAPHIC LOCATIONS In 2012, our provincial websites for the Canadian Institute of Quantity Surveyors were viewed by only six countries. Since the release of the new national website of the Canadian Institute of Quantity Surveyors, the number of countries which accessed our website climbed to a total of 175 in less than a year. Subsequently, the numbers grew even higher to 186 countries!

2012 GEOGRAPHIC LOCATIONS

2013 GEOGRAPHIC LOCATIONS

2014 GEOGRAPHIC LOCATIONS

22 | CONSTRUCTION ECONOMIST | www.ciqs.org | Winter 2014

TOP 20 COUNTRIES

TOP 5 SEARCH PHRASES

It is to be expected that the majority of our online views came from viewers within Canada.

That being said, the demographics worldwide are truly impressive, per the list below.

Country

Visits

Page Views

CANADA

19,908

80,110

View View

UNITED STATES

9,644

14,143

View

GERMANY

4,480

4,551

View

(not set)

3,904

6,439

View

CHINA

2,551

3,121

View

UKRAINE

2,030

2,147

View

UNITED KINGDOM

1,489

2,510

View

INDIA

1,026

2,133

View View

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

981

3,352

MALAYSIA

969

1,301

View

FRANCE

816

1,721

View

QATAR

714

2,094

View

SRI LANKA

527

1,179

View

SAUDI ARABIA

522

1,956

View

HONG KONG

477

1,231

View

NIGERIA

468

1,300

View

PHILIPPINES

430

1,105

View

SOUTH AFRICA

429

845

View

ICELAND

405

635

View

AUSTRALIA

354

605

View

44.6%

33.2%

ciqs quantity surveyor http://www.ciqs.org/engli...

Canadian institute of qua... quantity surveyor

TOP 20 REFERRALS Host

Visits

Page Views

Host

Visits

Page Views

ciqs-ontario.org

567

2,183

m.facebook.com

261

415

bing.com

533

2,176

linkedin.com

233

406

bcit.ca

699

2,089

cicic.ca

86

385

coned.georgebrown.ca

539

1,742

baidu.com

211

290

icec-quebec.org

297

1,096

facebook.com

139

248

ciqs.worldsecuresystems.com

252

1,076

algonquincollege.com

61

194

ciqs-bc.org

355

1,055

smartbidnet.com

191

191

ciqs-prairies.org

225

688

occinfo.alis.alberta.ca

50

179

carrieresenconstruction.ca

164

450

lnkd.in

107

173

servicecanada.gc.ca

139

422

2 400

1 800

1 200

600

0

ciqs-ontar...

bcit.ca

icec-quebe...

ciqs-bc.org

carrierese...

Visits

m.facebook...

cicic.ca

facebook.com

smartbidne...

lnkd.in

Page Views

Winter 2014

| www.ciqs.org | CONSTRUCTION ECONOMIST | 23

Board meeting recap Following exhibiting at Construct Canada December 3 to 4 at the Metro Toronto Convention Centre, the CIQS Board of Directors met on Saturday, December 6 and Sunday, December 7 at the CIQS Head Office in Markham, Ontario.

The following reports were presented and discussed: • Financial report Secretary/Treasurer, Matt Weber, presented a financial report including a draft budget for next year. The national portion of the Designation Holders’ membership fee was increased; however, the Affiliates will decide and control the Affiliate portion of the membership fee.

• Restructuring CIQS will administer the collection of Designation Holder membership fees commencing April 1, 2015.

Membership assessments will also be taken over by National (date to be determined) under the auspices of a National membership committee.

Responsibilities of National and the Affiliates were realigned in keeping these restructuring decisions.

• Registrar’s report The Registrar reminded the Affiliates to ensure the database was updated for the official count, which will take place on December 31, 2014.

• Governance Draft National standards, Affiliate agreements and licensing agreements were reviewed. The new licensing agreements for PQS and CEC were approved.

• Staffing The Education/Membership Director position was not filled, nor was the Administrative Assistant position.

The PR/Marketing staff position, identified in the Long Range Plan report earlier, has been put on hold for the time being.

• Publications The volunteer position of Editor of the Construction Economist has yet to be filled. The Method of Measurement Review Committee is working on a revision to the Standard Method of Measurement which it hopes to complete by the fall of 2015. A revision to Canadian Building Law is nearing completion and should be printed in 2015.

• 2015 CIQS Congress The 2015 CIQS Congress will be held in the Bahamas July 8-11, 2015. Philip Brave Davis, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Public Works and Urban Development has been confirmed as our keynote speaker.

The Information Session for Designation Holders will be held on July 9, 2015.

• PR/Marketing The English videos have been launched. Edits to the French video script are currently underway.

A new brochure for career guidance counsellors and students was developed. PR strategy continues until the end of the year at which time the Board will discuss new marketing ideas.

24 | CONSTRUCTION ECONOMIST | www.ciqs.org | Winter 2014

• Education The Board is working on a MOU with the Philippines Institute of Quantity Surveyors.

The Education Committee hopes to develop a Civil Division in co-operation with a college.

David Lai agreed to continue as Education Administrator until the AGM and a replacement is found.

• PAQS 2017 Vancouver CIQS – BC will be hosting the 2017 Pacific Association of Quantity Surveyors Congress in Vancouver.

• International Relations PAQS 2017 will be held in Japan May 29 to June 1, 2015.

The Chair reported on meetings with CEEC and ICEC.

• Website/Association Management System/ Social Media Statistics from our webmaster on our website and social media were presented, and reviewed by the Board.

• 2016 CIQS Congress The 2016 CIQS Congress will be hosted by CIQS – Ontario.

• Diploma report Twelve CEC and fourteen PQS certificates were signed at this meeting.

• Affiliated Association reports Affiliated association representatives presented reports on behalf of their Affiliates.

Approaches to calculating loss of production

E NTITLEMENT AND PURSUIT

By Arif Ghaffur, B.Sc (Hons.), PQS, FRICS, MCIArb OVERVIEW This paper provides Contractors guidance on potential approaches to calculating and recovering loss of production (LoP) and to Owners on how to defend such claims being sought under the terms of the contract between the Owner and the Contractor (Prime Contract). Whilst there are inherent difficulties faced by Contractors in assessing LoP claims, this does not relieve Owners from reviewing and paying such claims where entitlement has been established under the Prime Contract.

The starting point is the Contractor’s estimate of the rate at which a work operation is expected to be performed i.e., the productivity allowed for in the bid. Productivity suffers a ‘loss’ when the actual rate at which a work operation is performed is less than that estimated, and can equally apply to labour and equipment.

The terms ‘loss of productivity’, ‘disruption’, ‘interruption’ and ‘inefficiency’ can generally be used interchangeably,

without distinction. Figure 1 shows, by simplistic example, a project where there is a variance between the planned work-hours in the contract and recovered through change orders versus the actual work-hours expended.

In the above example, the costs resulting from the increase in work-hours will come out of the Contractor’s profit unless there are grounds for recourse from others, including the possibility of recovery from the Owner by pursuing a LoP claim under the terms of the Prime Contract. Whilst compensable Owner caused delays often provide the contractual vehicle to pursue

such claims, there are many factors which potentially impact productivity including: stacking of trades, morale, attitude, reassignment of manpower, crew size inefficiency, concurrent operations, dilution of supervision, learning curve, errors and omissions, beneficial occupancy, joint occupancy, site access, logistics, fatigue, ripple, season and weather change, overtime and fatigue.

DISPUTES There continues debate in the industry, (mostly generated by claims consultants and other subject matter experts), as to

FIGURE 1: Man-Hour Variance Description

Man-Hours

Contract allowance

10,000

Change order recovery

1,500

Revised total hours

11,500

Actual work-hours expended

14,500

Increase in man-hours (4. – 3.)

3,000

Winter 2014 | www.ciqs.org | CONSTRUCTION ECONOMIST | 25

how to calculate and present LoP claims during the incremental stages of the dispute resolution process leading from negotiation, mediation and arbitration to litigation. The expectation remains that where there is a contractual entitlement to advance a LoP claim, the burden of proof is on the alleging party, i.e., the Contractor, to establish a link between the cause and the effect which resulted in the LoP. In seeking to advance a LoP claim and arguably any other contractual claim, the Contractor typically assesses what was expected versus what was actually encountered, and the extent to which the Owner is responsible for the LoP. This process of assessment, which typically includes a review of the contractual correspondence between the Contractor and the Owner, often confirms conflicting views on the interpretation of the risks that the Owner and the Contractor assumed under the terms of the Prime Contract.

In deciding whether or not to pursue a LoP claim, the Contractor benefits from knowing 1) the contractual basis of entitlement 2), the current and forecast losses, 3) the adequacy of substantiating records, 4) the cost of pursuing such a claim, 5) the likely recovery of damages and 6) the potential reputational/relationship implications. This cost benefit analysis is best done as early as possible in the dispute resolution process such that the Contractor can arrive at a claims pursuit strategy which confirms approaches, expectations and potential outcomes.

RECORDS The extent and reliability of project records are key considerations in the approach adopted in the pursuit of a LoP claim.

Such records include those documenting the timing of the work (e.g., schedules), the resources utilized (e.g., daily records) and the costs incurred (e.g., cost records).

The discipline in maintaining records unfortunately suffers on many projects and does not aid in the pursuit of LoP claims on projects which typically indicate unsatisfactory financial performance. Records that document ‘loss of productivity’, ‘disruption’, ‘interruption’ and ‘inefficiency’ are at the very heart of a LoP claim and directly impact the Contractor’s ability

to demonstrate the link between the cause and effect of the LoP, as reported in the case of Wharf Properties –v- Eric Cumine Associates (1991)52 BLR 1.

APPROACHES There is some debate as to the level to which damages need to be demonstrated.

Suffice it to say that there should be a sound contractual basis with a logical calculation, rather than a precise calculation that is devoid of a reasonable basis. There are various approaches to LoP and these can be summarized as follows: • Measured Mile This approach utilizes the Contractor’s actual productivity on a part of the work where there has been no Owner-caused impacts i.e., ‘unimpeded’ productivity. This productivity data is obtained from actual output and cost data and is then compared with the Contractor’s actual productivity on a part of the work where there have been Owner-caused delays i.e., ‘impeded’ productivity, thereby providing a basis for the LoP. This method relies on the Contractor’s records being sufficient, reliable and verifiable.

• Total Cost This approach (sometimes also known as, total cost less total recovery) compares the actual cost versus the payments received and is based on the Contractor asserting that the additional costs plus recoverable overheads and profit are as a direct consequence of Owner-caused delays. This approach relies on the Contractor’s ability to show that this is the only realistic method to prove actual losses and in particular that: i. The Contractor’s bid was reasonable and sufficient. ii. The actual costs are wholly and necessarily incurred. iii. The Contractor is not responsible for the events that give rise to the additional costs.

• Modified Cost This approach is the same as the Total Cost approach other than that the additional cost is further adjusted to account for those additional costs that are not to the account of the

26 | CONSTRUCTION ECONOMIST | www.ciqs.org | Winter 2014

Owner i.e., non compensable costs.

Such adjustments take account of insufficiencies in the bid and or LoP resulting from items that were due to the Contractor’s own conduct or performance. This method essentially takes the total additional costs and then distinguishes between compensable and non-compensable costs.

• Specific Cost This approach is the same as the Modified Cost approach, except that costs are summarized and presented at a more detailed level, and is reliant upon the Contractor’s detailed cost records. This approach requires a structured methodology that identifies the following specifics of the work from an elemental or functional viewpoint: i. Original bid inclusion. ii. Bid insufficiencies (errors). iii. Changes/Claims. iv. Self-inflicted Contactor Costs.

By nature of preparation, this approach establishes a causal link between a cause and the impact of the cause, i.e., causation where events are not interrelated. This allows the additional costs to be calculated by using the other approaches set out in this paper.

STUDIES 1. Specific Studies There has been much study in the area of LoP and in particular the assessment of the cumulative impact of changes including studies by Leonard (1988), Ibbs and Allen (1995), Hanna (1999) and Ibbs (2005) which reviewed productivity losses (and gains) resulting from a number of factors which were generally characterised as ‘changes’.

There has been and continues to be considerable debate and publication about the basis of the information provided in each of these studies relative to the case under consideration at any given time, i.e., the type of change, location of change, extent of change and the timing of change.

A general lack of endorsement in case law published to date seems to indicate that these studies have generally not been accepted as the authority on measuring and assessing LoP, albeit

that these studies have been focused on changes and the cumulative impact of such changes relative to specific industries and specific circumstances.

2. Industry Studies Studies and research have been conducted by various trade bodies which reviewed the causes and impacts of LoP. By way of example, the Toronto Construction Association and National Contractors Coalition of Canada listed a number of factors which potentially impact productivity. The impacts of these factors were then classified in three categories: 1) Minor, 2) Average and 3) Severe, and expressed by a percentile range of productivity loss for each factor.

The factors included: season and weather change, errors and omissions, reassignment of manpower, overtime, fatigue and logistics. These studies can be a compelling reference source particularly where there is a general acceptance that there has been a LoP and there remains a discussion on the additional costs attached to the LoP. ENTITLEMENT In pursuing a LoP claim, it is useful to carry out a structured assessment of entitlement and pursuit. Figure 2 shows a mind map of the process of identification, isolation and pursuit of a typical LoP claim. Each pursuit of a LoP claim is distinct and whatever approach is relied upon to demonstrate entitlement, it is important to ensure that the approach is relevant and relatable.

Therefore, reference to project specific information is increasingly important starting from a well-thought-out bid to solid contemporary records of resources, i.e., labour and equipment along with correspondingly accurate cost records.

As discussed earlier, there is an increasing requirement for the Contractor to 1) prove that notices to claim have been submitted in a timely manner, 2) to provide the connection between cause and effect and 3) to support this with verifiable costs. LoP studies and formulae are coming under increasing scrutiny, predominantly on the basis that they do not necessarily account for the specific circumstances on the particular job that has suffered LoP.

Some say, perhaps justifiably, that notwithstanding the level of detail provided by Contractors, Owners sometimes adopt a strategy to deny or prolong the resolution of such Contractor claims, and this is sometimes characterised by the Owner’s insatiable appetite for substantiation that proves such claims. Again, reliance on infinite

substantiation does not relieve Owners from reviewing and paying such claims where entitlement has been established under the Prime Contract.

Based on the writer’s experience, irrespective of the specific approach adopted, in establishing the connection between cause and effect, it is appropriate to isolate the additional resources (labour

FIGURE 2: Loss of Production – Recovery Mindmap

te a m i Est

Planned Production

Rec o

Actual Production

rds

Loss of Production

ct t mI pa ssmen e Ass

L Lea essons rne d

Reasons

Compensable Events

Time

Non Compensable Events

Cause

Bid Insufficiencies

Effect

Lack of Performance

Impact

Unrecoverable Loss Substantiation

Cost Notification

Delay

Acceleration

Resolution Negotiation

QS online Cost Consultants Inc. Halifax, Nova Scotia | p. 902 405-1504 | c. 902 488-1501 halifax@qsonlinecostconsultants.com www.qsonlineestimating.com

Winter 2014 | www.ciqs.org | CONSTRUCTION ECONOMIST | 27

allow the accurate evaluation of LoP claims and do not realize that they have incurred additional costs until the final job profit and loss financial statements indicate a sizeable loss.

Only upon detailed analysis, including the development of a recovery roadmap map (Figure 2 above), does it become apparent what the causes of the losses are and to what extent they can be recovered by pursuing a LoP claim.

Each LoP claim should be analysed on its own facts and in light of its own circumstances, giving just consideration to the magnitude of the matters that have led to the LoP. Due to an increasing requirement to prove the connection between cause and effect, it is becoming correspondingly important to ensure that LoP claims are not exclusively based on studies or loss of production formula, but rather a causation analysis augmented by studies.

FIGURE 3: Components of Final Construction Cost

Lack of Performance

ds

Ch

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s

e rh Ov B id

s

In s

aim

uf fi

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Base Cost Estimate

Profit

and equipment) that have resulted in LoP and identify the following specifics: 1. The event that caused loss of production.

2. Part or section of the work affected.

3. Manner in which the work is affected.

4. Correspondence relating to event causing LoP. 5. Additional hours of labour.

6. Hourly rate ($) for labour.

7. Total Cost of labour.

8. Additional hours of equipment.

9. Hourly rate ($) for equipment.

10. Total cost of equipment.

11. Total cost of loss of production.

In addition, where completed projects either entirely or partly achieved their planned production, they form excellent reference points when measured relative to similar impacted projects. This not only proves that planned production can in fact be achieved but also the impact of being impeded. Further, previous and current projects also tend to confirm that the final construction costs comprise various components that should, in theory, make up the whole of the project cost as conceptually shown in Figure 3.

Unfortunately, sometimes Contractors maintain inadequate job-site records to

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Check out the new CIQS Videos!

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CIQS announces the publication of Smart Economics in the Development of Real Estate

By Jim Cuthbert, PQS(F)

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“Smart Economics in the Development of Real Estate” has a unique question-and-answer format, which is both explicit and rational, and demonstrates how to “crunch the numbers” on Development Projects. Fifteen case studies, all based on actual developments, cover residential projects, both for sales and for scirent, monocommercial cE tramS projects, and residential tneBuild mpoleversus veD ehtLease ni sub-division site servicing. Also covered are Studies, and Life Cycle etatsfor E laboth eR foFeasibility and Market Studies.

Costing applications, as well as the methodology ni scimonocE tramS The case study on the Monitoring of Real Estate Loans explains valuation on a “cost to fo tnempoleveD eht complete” basis, insisted on by all lenders, very different from the valuation on a “work etplace” atsE basis laeRexpected by contractors. A simple Reserve Fund Study for done” or “work in a small Alberta condominium, rounds out the case studies. A comprehensive glossary of real estate terms is provided, in addition to time and money calculations from basic formulae, and mortgage, future value, and present value tables. Real estate students studying Development Economics will find this book an exceptional aid to their studies, and seasoned real estate professionals, and those associated with real estate development, will find this an excellent reference tool.

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MEMBER PRICE: $80.00 plus shipping and taxes NON-MEMBER PRICE: $120.00 plus shipping and taxes To order your copy, please visit the CIQS Online Store (members must log in to obtain member pricing) at www.ciqs.org.

To order by telephone, please call CIQS at 905.477.0008 or toll free at 1.866.345.1168.

Winter 2014 | www.ciqs.org | CONSTRUCTION ECONOMIST | 29

Continued from page 4. responsibilities will remain with each regional Affiliate for the time being.

I reiterate that serving our Designation Holders is the primary function of the National CIQS Board.

It is the individual Designation Holders who have decided the path CIQS is to follow and we wish to thank all

who contribute through their elected representatives for their valued input.

At the CIQS National Board level, each of the Directors has supported the resolve to improve our communications and transparency with our Designation Holders. Moving forward, we intend to continue to provide National Council

updates to our membership with the goal of improving our organization and to best plan for the future. I encourage all within the CIQS to continue to provide your contributions through your regional Affiliate and offer your suggestions. It is through this means that our truly democratic structure functions – for the benefit of all.

Congratulations to the following ‘Designation Holders’ who have qualified as a PQS or CEC (including reinstatements): CIQS – Ontario

CIQS – Members at Large

CIQS – Prairies and NWT

CIQS – Quebec

Manouchehr Adim, PQS Christian Catenacci, CEC Hanzel B. Jimenez, PQS Venkata Pasumarthi, PQS Chinthana Peiris, PQS Mykola Pulnyev, PQS Melissa Schwarz, PQS Nathan Thomas, PQS

Benjamin Basson, PQS Balwant Bhagwat, CEC Lok Ki Lam, PQS Joseph Magramo, PQS

Gillan Carruthers, PQS Kevin Magill, PQS Nareshkumar Patel, CEC Carolyn Ssebanakitta, CEC Andries van den Berg, CEC

Gregory Bouché, CEC Jean-Pierre Bouffard, CEC Nardjis Chanez Daouzli, CEC Jean-François Gosselin, CEC Michel Tremblay, CEC

CIQS – Newfoundland and Labrador Nolan Bernard Jenkins, PQS Mary Allison G. Vivian, CEC

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