(ƬFLÅQFLD HQHUJÄWLFD HP ÎOHRV GH HQJUHQDJHQV H KLGU¼XOLFRV
M 123
0XLWDV YH]HV QD DWLYLGDGH HPSUHVDULDO HP JHUDO H QD PDQXWHQ¾R HP SDUWLFXODU DSHQDV VH YÅ D SRQWD GR LFHEHUJ $OJXQV GRV IDWRUHV GH FXVWR PDLV ÎEYLRV SRGHP DSDUHFHU SULPHLUR PDV PXLWRV PDLV SHUPDQHFHP HVFRQGLGRV DEDL[R GD VXSHUIÈFLH FRPHÂDQGR SHOD RWLPL]D¾R GRV SURFHVVRV H SHOD HFRQRPLD HQHUJÄWLFD
1D OXEULƬFD¾R HO¼VWRKLGURGLQ½PLFD D SULQFLSDO GLIHUHQÂD UH ODWLYDPHQWH » OXEULƬFD¾R KLGURGLQ½PLFD Ä D SUHVV¾R QR FRQ WDFWR (VWH WLSR GH UHJLPH GH OXEULƬFD¾R HVW¼ DVVRFLDGR D FRPSRQHQWHV RQGH D FDUJD Ä VXSRUWDGD QXPD SHTXHQD ¼UHD &RPR H[HPSORV GH HTXLSDPHQWRV RQGH HVWH WLSR GH OXEUL ƬFD¾R DFRQWHFH WHPRV WRGRV RV WLSRV GH URODPHQWRV H[ FÅQWULFRV FRPR RV GRV YHLRV GH H[FÅQWULFRV GRV PRWRUHV DX WRPÎYHLV H HQJUHQDJHQV 1HVWHV FRQWDFWRV D FDUJD Ä W¾R JUDQGH TXH D VXSHUIÈFLH GHIRUPD VH HODVWLFDPHQWH SDUD IRU
3DUD LQLFLDUPRV D DSUR[LPD¾R TXH D ([[RQ0RELO SUHFRQL]D HP
PDU XPD SHTXHQD ¼UHD GH FRQWDFWR $ SHOÈFXOD OXEULƬFDQWH
WHUPRV GH HƬFLÅQFLD HQHUJÄWLFD WHUHPRV GH WHU HP OLQKD GH FRQ
Ä SX[DGD SDUD GHQWUR GHVVD ¼UHD VHSDUDQGR DV VXSHUIÈFLHV
WD TXH SDUD VH DYDOLDU TXDOTXHU PHOKRULD Ä QHFHVV¼ULR SULPHL
2 OXEULƬFDQWH Ä pFRUWDGRq QHVWDV FRQGLÂÐHV GH DOWD SUHVV¾R
UR WHUPRV XPD UHIHUÅQFLD HP FRQMXQ¾R FRP D SRVVLELOLGDGH
$V SHUGDV HQHUJÄWLFDV V¾R GHWHUPLQDGDV SHOD IRUPD FRPR R
GH HIHWXDU PHGLÂÐHV SUHFLVDV &RP EDVH QHVWH SULQFÈSLR Ä QH
ÎOHR VH FRPSRUWD QHVWDV FRQGLÂÐHV H[WUHPDV
(QJ R 3HGUR 9LHLUD 'LUHWRU 7ÄFQLFR /XEULJUXSR 7HO ZZZ OXEULJUXSR SW
CASE STUDY
FHVV¼ULR SURFHGHU D WHVWHV ULJRURVRV DSRLDGRV QR WUDWDPHQWR HVWDWÈVWLFR GRV GDGRV VHP XVDU H[WUDSRODÂÐHV SDUD DYDOLDU RV EHQHIÈFLRV HQHUJÄWLFRV REWLGRV FRP FHUFD GH GH FRQƬDQÂD
/XEULƬFD¾R (O¼VWRKLGURGLQ½PLFD (+/
(VWHV EHQHIÈFLRV SRGHP VHU REWLGRV DWUDYÄV GD PHOKRULD GRV SURFHVVRV GH IDEULFR DR QÈYHO HQHUJÄWLFR DWUDYÄV GH PH OKRULDV PHF½QLFDV H WÄUPLFDV 1HVWH HVWXGR V¾R DERUGDGRV WUÅV FDVRV UHOHYDQWHV R 0R
54
ELO 6+&70 R 0RELO 6+&70 *HDU H R 0RELO '7( (;&(/70 1HVWD DERUGDJHP YDPRV GHEUXÂDU QRV VREUH RV GLIHUHQWHV UH JLPHV GH OXEULƬFD¾R KLGURGLQ½PLFD HO¼VWRKLGURGLQ½PLFD (+' PLVWD RX OLPLWH H RV IXQGDPHQWRV GD WUD¾R H D VXD PHGL¾R &RPHÂDQGR SHORV UHJLPHV GH OXEULƬFD¾R H[LVWHQWHV D OX EULƬFD¾R KLGURGLQ½PLFD H[LVWH HP VLVWHPDV RQGH R FRQWDFWR RFRUUH QXPD ¼UHD UHODWLYDPHQWH JUDQGH $V FKXPDFHLUDV TXH RSHUDP VREUH HVWH UHJLPH GH OXEULƬFD¾R SRGHP VHU HQFRQ
)LJXUD
WUDGDV QXPD ODUJD JDPD GH DSOLFDÂÐHV FRPR FKXPDFHLUDV GH DSRLR FKXPDFHLUDV GH LPSXOVR H PRHQWHV GH FDPERWDV 1HV
3RU ƬP WHPRV D OXEULƬFD¾R OLPLWH TXH DFRQWHFH TXDQGR HV
WHV FDVRV DV SHÂDV HVW¾R SHUPDQHQWHPHQWH SURWHJLGDV SRU
WDPRV HP FRQGLÂÐHV HP TXH H[LVWH DOJXPD IULF¾R HQWUH SDU
XP ƬOPH GH ÎOHR 8PD SDUWH VLJQLƬFDWLYD GDV SHUGDV HQHU
WHV GRV HOHPHQWRV HP MRJR 1HVWH FDVR SRGHPRV HVWDU SH
JÄWLFDV TXH RFRUUHP QHVWHV VLVWHPDV HVW¼ UHODFLRQDGD FRP D
UDQWH D VLWXD¾R REVHUYDGD QD )LJXUD
YLVFRVLGDGH GR ÎOHR QDV FRQGLÂÐHV GH WUDEDOKR
6H DV VXSHUIÈFLHV PHW¼OLFDV VH WRFDP FRPR VH SRGH YHU QR 'LDJUDPD GD )LJXUD HP $ HQW¾R Ä ÎEYLR TXH Q¾R H[LVWH QHQKXP ƬOPH OXEULƬFDQWH HQWUH DV VXSHUIÈFLHV
/XEULƬFD¾R +LGURGLQ½PLFD
3RU RXWUR ODGR PHVPR QD DXVÅQFLD GH OXEULƬFDQWHV D FD PDGD GH Î[LGR IRUPDGD QD VXSHUIÈFLH GH PXLWRV PHWDLV WDO FRPR VH SRGH YHU HP % FRQIHUH SURSULHGDGHV IÈVLFDV GLIHUHQWHV TXH LU¾R DOWHUDU DV FDUDWHUÈVWLFDV GH IULF¾R H GH GHVJDVWH GHVVDV PHVPDV VXSHUIÈFLHV 3DUD OLGDU FRP HVWDV VLWXDÂÐHV PXLWRV OXEULƬFDQWHV WÅP QD VXD IRUPXOD¾R DGLWLYRV DQWLGHVJDVWH RX DGLWLYRV GH H[WUHPD SUHVV¾R H SRU YH]HV WDPEÄP PRGLƬFDGRUHV GH IULF¾R FRPR VH SRGH YHU HP & (VWHV WLSRV GH DGLWLYRV HYLWDP TXH H[LVWD FRQWDFWR GLUHWR GH PHWDO FRP PHWDO ,VWR G¼ VH DWUDYÄV GD IRUPD¾R GH XP ƬOPH TXÈPLFR TXH SUHYLQH R FRQWDFWR GLUHWR PHWDO FRP PHWDO (VWD VLWXD¾R
)LJXUD
Ä PXLWDV YH]HV FKDPDGD GH OXEULƬFD¾R OLPLWH
$WUDYร V GDV LPDJHQV Wร UPLFDV SRGHPRV YHULฦฌFDU DV GLIHUHQ
7HVWHV IHLWRV
ร DV GH WHPSHUDWXUD GD PHVPD ERPED IXQFLRQDQGR FRP RV GRLV WLSRV GH ฦฎXLGRV SHUPLWLQGR XPD PHOKRU SHUFHร ยพR GD
s (FRQRPLD GH FRPEXVWร YHO s &KDVVLV '\QR /DE 6DUQLD &DQDGD
HฦฌFLร QFLD GRV PHVPRV IDFH ยป WHPSHUDWXUD TXH JHUDP
วก
2 EHQHIร FLR GH XVDU R 0RELO '7( ([FHO70 ,9
&RPR VH SRGH REVHUYDU QR FDVR GR 0RELO '7( ([FHO
IDFH DR 0RELO '7( 0 ,9 QXPD FDUUHJDGRUD GH UR
D WHPSHUDWXUD ฦฌFRX EDVWDQWH DEDL[R GRV UHVWDQWHV ร OHRV LQ
GDV %REFDW VDOGRX VH QR DXPHQWR GH QD VXD HฦฌFLร Q
GLFDQGR XP DFUร VFLPR GD HฦฌFLร QFLD HQHUJร WLFD
FLD WUDGX]LGD QD UHGXร ยพR GR FRQVXPR GH FRPEXVWร YHO
70
&LUFXLWR +LGUยผXOLFR 6LPSOHV VHP DUUHIHFHGRU
s (FRQRPLD GH FRPEXVWร YHO HP &LFOR GH WUDEDOKR GH (VFDYDGRUD &DWHUSLOODU ' &DUROLQD GR 1RUWH 86$ วก
0RELO '7( ([FHO70 YHUVXV ร OHR KLGUยผXOLFR :
วก
(VFDYDGRUD H[HFXWDQGR XPD Vร ULH SUHVFULWD GH PRYLPHQWRV
วก
$SHQDV XP 2SHUDWRU
วก
/RWH ร QLFR GH FRPEXVWร YHO
วก
)OXVKLQJ HQWUH RV ร OHRV GH WHVWH
วก
7HVWH DOWHUQDGR GRV SURGXWRV SDUD HYLWDU GHVYLRV $ % $
วก
&RQVXPR GH FRPEXVWร YHO SRU FLFOR H WHPSR SDUD FRPSOH WDU R FLFOR
5HVXOWDGRV )LJXUD
วก
วก
CASE STUDY
วก
5HGXร ยพR QR WHPSR GR FLFOR ยฎOHR +LGUยผXOLFR : V 0RELO '7( ([FHO70 V
SUH VHJXLU XPD PHWRGRORJLD TXH SHUPLWLVVH UHWLUDU FRQ FOXVร HV YยผOLGDV H UHDOPHQWH FRPSDUยผYHLV GDV YDULยผYHLV
0ร GLD GD PHOKRULD QR WHPSR GR FLFOR s YHUVXV &DW +<'2 YHUVXV &DW +<'2 $GYDQFHG
3DUD FRUURERUDU HVWDV SULPHLUDV FRQFOXVร HV WDPEร P IR UDP IHLWRV WHVWHV GH FDPSR 1HVWHV WHVWHV WHQWRX VH VHP
0ร GLD QR GHFUร VFLPR QR FRQVXPR GH FRPEXVWร YHO s
วก
3RXSDQร D QR FXVWR GR FRPEXVWร YHO EDVHDGD QR FRQVXPR
PRQLWRUL]DGDV
GH OW K K GLD GLDV DQR b OW H GH UHGX
วก
ร ยพR GH FRPEXVWร YHO s b
)D]HU RV WHVWHV QR PHVPR HTXLSDPHQWR FRP R PHVPR RSHUDGRU PHVPD RSHUDร ยพR QDV PHVPDV FRQGLร ร HV GH WHPSHUDWXUD DPELHQWH WHPSHUDWXUD GR HTXLSDPHQWR H
58
GR ร OHR SUHVVยพR GR ร OHR FDXGDO GR ร OHR FDUJD H WD[D GH
([WUXVRUD 9DQ 'RUQ &DOLEHU s &LFOR (QHUJร WLFR
SURGXร ยพR FRQVWDQWHV วก
)RUDP IHLWRV RV SURFHGLPHQWRV GH IOXVKLQJ H GH HQFKL PHQWR FXLGDGRVRV SDUD QยพR KDYHU FRQWDPLQDร ร HV FUX ]DGDV QRPHDGDPHQWH IRUDP IHLWDV DQยผOLVHV DR ร OHR GR IOXVKLQJ
วก
3URMHWR HVWDWร VWLFR GRV WHVWHV H GD DQยผOLVH GRV VHXV GDGRV
วก
6HTXร QFLD GH WHVWHV ยฎOHR $ ยฎOHR % ยฎOHR $ ยฎOHR % SDUD
วก
5HFROKD H UHJLVWR GH GDGRV GH DOWD TXDOLGDGH
PLQLPL]DU D YDULDELOLGDGH GR HQVDLR H RX R VHX GHVYLR วก
'DGRV UHFROKLGRV GH PHGLGRUHV GH HQHUJLD H GH PHGLGR
)LJXUD
UHV GH ฦฎX[R GH FRPEXVWร YHO GH JUDQGH SUHFLVยพR วก
$QยผOLVH HVWDWร VWLFD GRV UHVXOWDGRV REWLGRV FRP LQWHUYDORV GH FRQฦฌDQร D GH
0RELO '7( ([FHO70 9HUVXV 0RELO '7( 0
s (FRQRPLD GH FRPEXVWร YHO HP )ยผEULFD GH LQMHร ยพR GH SOยผVWLFR HP ,OOLQRLV 86$ วก
([WUXVRUD 9DQ 'RUQ &DOLEHU 0RGHOR
วก
0RWRUHV (Oร WULFRV +3 s +3
วก
%RPEDV KLGUยผXOLFDV ERPEDV GH SDOKHWDV GH YROXPH ฦฌ[R ERPED D[LDO GH SLVWร HV GH YROXPH YDULยผYHO
วก
5HVHUYDWร ULR GH OLWURV
วก
$QDOLVDGRU GH SRWร QFLD )OXNH DOLPHQWDร ยพR
วก
7HVWH DOWHUQDGR GRV SURGXWRV SDUD HYLWDU GHVYLRV $ % $
$PS 9$& x 7HVWH IHLWR FRPSDUDQGR R 0RELO '7( ([FHO70 FRP ร OHR KLGUยผXOLFR PLQHUDO 0RELO '7( 5HVXOWDGRV วก
3RXSDQร D GH HQHUJLD HP RSHUDร ยพR FRQWร QXD s DWร
3RXSDQร D HP SLFR
x
3RXSDQร D GH b DQR HP HOHWULFLGDGH M
)LJXUD