Spermatophyta

Spermatophyta CHRISTY

IXORA

MARTIN

XB

What is spermatophyte?

Seed plants or Spermatophyta are a group of plants that have a characteristic, namely the existence of an organ in the form of a seed. the term “spermatophyte” is used to refer collectively to the angiosperms (flowering plants) and gymnosperms (conifers, cycads, and allies).

General Characteristics o The plant has roots, stems, leaves and seed bearing structures o They produce seeds o They have chlorophyll hence photosynthetic o They have vascular tissue is highly developed with xylem tissue consisting of both xylem tissue and tracheids.

Division of Spermatophyte

Gymnosperm

Angiosperm

Differences BETWEEN

GYMNOSPERM

Gymnosperm Gymnosperm

AND

ANGIOSPERM

Angiosperm Angiosperm

Seed-producing nonflowering plants whose seeds are unenclosed or “naked.”

Seed-producing flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed within an ovary.

The seeds are bare, not enclosed; found on scales, leaves or as cones.

Seeds are enclosed inside an ovary, usually in a fruit.

Class divided into Cycadinae, Ginkgoinae, Gnetinae, Coniferae Scalelike , needle-like leaves.

Softwood

Mostly rely on wind for pollination.

Class divided into Monocotyledonous and Dicotyledonous Flat Leaves

Hardwood Mostly rely on pollinators for pollination.

No double fertilization

Double fertilization happens

Sperms have flagella

Sperms do not have flagella

Life Cycle GYMNOSPERMATOPHYTA

It starts with the male and female sporophyll of the gymnosperm. The male sporophyll is known as the pollen cone while the female sporophyll is called as the ovulate cone.

Female cones, or ovulate cones, contain two ovules per scale. Each ovule has narrow passage that opens near the base of the sporophyll called the micropyle, through which a pollen tube will later grow.

In spring, the pollen grains are released when the microsporangium opens and are dispersed by air currents to the female gametophyte. This is called POLLINATION

In the male cones, or staminate cones, the microsporocytes undergo meiosis and the resultant haploid microspores give rise to male gametophytes or “pollen grains” by mitosis.

Upon fertilization, the diploid egg will give rise to the embryo, which is enclosed in a seed coat of tissue from the parent plant. The embryo will develop into seedling till mature sporophyte form of the gymnosperm

One megaspore mother cell, or megasporocyte, undergoes meiosis in each ovule to produce four haploid megaspores.

The generative cell in the pollen grain produces two haploid sperm or generative nuclei by mitosis. At fertilization, one of the haploid sperm nuclei will unite with the haploid nucleus of an egg cell.

Three of the four cells break down; only a single surviving cell will develop into a female multicellular gametophyte, which encloses archegonia . A pollen tube is formed and grows toward the developing gametophyte.

Life Cycle ANGIOSPERMATOPHYTA

Female Gametophyte The female gametophyte is called as the ovule. The ovule, sheltered within the ovary of the carpel, contains the megasporangium protected by two layers of integuments and the ovary wall.

male Gametophyte The male gametophyte is called as the anther. The anther consists of many microsporangium inside.

Inside the anthers’ microsporangia, male gametophytes divide by meiosis to generate haploid microspores

Within each megasporangium, a megasporocyte undergoes meiosis generating four megaspores: three small and one large.

The haploid microspores, undergo mitosis and give rise to pollen grains.

Each pollen grain contains two cells: one generative cell that will divide into two sperm and a second cell that will become the pollen tube cell.

Only the large megaspore survives; it produces the female gametophyte referred to as the embryo sac. The megaspore divides three times to form an eight-cell stage.

Four of these cells migrate to each pole of the embryo sac; two come to the equator and will eventually fuse to form a 2n polar nucleus. The three cells away from the egg form antipodals while the two cells closest to the egg become the synergids.

Life Cycle ANGIOSPERMATOPHYTA

:

When a pollen grain reaches the stigma, a pollen tube that carry 2 sperm cells extends from the grain, grows down the style, and enters through the micropyle, an opening in the integuments of the ovule.

c embryo sa e r u t a m The wo egg cell, t e n o s in a cont (“helper” synergids al ee antipod cells), thr i olar nucle p o w t d n cells, a al cell. in a centr

The two sperm cells are deposited in the embryo sac from the pollen tube.

One to the egg cell and the other one to the polar nuclei,

DOUBLE

FERTILIZATION

The zygote develops into an embryo with a radicle, or small root, and one ( monocot ) or two (dicot) leaf-like organs called cotyledons.

A double fertilization event then occurs. One sperm and the egg combine, forming a diploid zygote, the future embryo. The other sperm fuses with the 2n polar nuclei, forming a triploid cell that will develop into the endosperm, which is tissue that serves as a food reserve.

Welwitschia mirabilis GYMNOSPERMATOPHYTA

:

GNETINAE

General Description Scientific name : Welwitschia mirabilis Pronunciation : well-witch-ee-uh meer-ab-ih-liss Common name(s) : Tree Tumbo, Tumboa, Namibia's Living Fossil Family : WELWITSCHIACEAE Uses : The core, especially of the female plant, was used as food for peoplein earlier times Origin : Namibia and Angola Name Derivation: Named after Friedrich Welwitsch, who was the first European to describe the plant,

Botanical Description

Trunk : Short often pendulous and`unbranched.

Fruit : Normally, only one seed develops within each cone.

Seeds : 36 x 25 mm with a large papery wing.

Flowers : Dioecious, produces separate, scaly male and female `````````````````````````cones on separate male and female plants.

Leaves : Parallel-veined, leathery, fibrous and curled, strap````````````````````````shaped up to 1,3-2 mm thick and 2 or more meters Root : a long tap root that is elongate Size : The largest recorded specimen is in the Messum ```````````````````````Mountains and is 1.8 m high, and another on the ```````````````````````Welwitschia Flats is 1.2 m tall`and 8.7 m wide.

Flower (Cone) Description Male pollen cones, appearing in groups of 2-3 terminally on each branch. Salmon-red coloured , oblong, cone-like, 1-4 cm long, 5-7 mm wide. Female cones are larger than male strobili also arising from branched reproductive shoots.

Tolerances Seeds of Welwitschia mirabilis from the Namib Desert have been reported to tolerate 80 °C for 48h

Cycas Rumphii GYMNOSPERMATOPHYTA

:

CYCADINAE

General Description Scientific name : Cycas rumphii Pronunciation : Cy-cas-rum-pii/ Common name(s) : Cycas, Queen sago palm, Queen sago, False sago Family : CYCADACEAE Uses : Landscape as cultivated perennial in warm, coastal areas; House-plant or interior-scape, as container plant in cool areas, can be used as food plant and traditional medicine Origin : Indonesia Name Derivation: The epithet 'rumphii' honours the German-born Dutch naturalist Rumphius (Georg Eberhard Rumpf, 1628-1702).

Botanical Description Trunk : Arborescent, to 3 (-10) metres in height, and 40 cm ````````````````````````in diameter. The bark is grey and distinctively ````````````````````````fissured into rectangular, or diamond-shaped Seeds : Flattened-ovoid, about 45 mm long and 30 mm wide Flowers : Dioecious, not forming seed cones on female plants, ````````````````````````but pollen cones or strobilus on male individuals.

Form : A small palm tree Leaves : Pinnate, palm-like, 1.5–2.5 m long, grouped at the ````````````````````````top of the trunk, long, flat (not keeled) in section, ````````````````````````made up of 50-150 pairs of narrow leaflets Size : 20-33' tall (10 m)

Flower (Cone) Description Not forming seed cones on female plants, but rather a group of leaf-like structures called megasporophylls each with seeds on the lower margins, and pollen cones or strobilus on male individuals.

Tolerances Exposure : It prefers bright light exposure but colour bleaches `````````````````````````when in full sun Soil : Needs a well drained spot, with deep soil Maintenance: Minimal; removal of offsets if desired Tolerate : Drought

Abies Alba GYMNOSPERMATOPHYTA

:

CONIFERAE

General Description Scientific name : Abies Alba Pronunciation : A-bies alba/ AY-bees AL-ba Common name(s) : European or common silver fir Family : Pinaceae Growth form : Columnar, triangular Uses : medicinal uses, for essential oil; lacquer; paint; resin; tannin; and wood, it was popular as a Christmas tree Origin : Native to the mountains of Europe, from the Pyrenees north to Normandy, east to the Alps and the Carpathians, Slovenia,

Botanical Description Stem : Straight with gray bark and scaly texture. Older ````````````````````````stems are brown, rough and pubescent.

Seeds : measure 3.6 to 7.2 inches (9 - 17 cm) long and 1.2 to ````````````````````````1.6 inches (3 - 4 cm) broad, comprised of about 150 to ```````````````````````200 scale swith an exserted bract Flowers : Dioecious, not forming seed cones on female plants, ````````````````````````but pollen cones or strobilus on male individuals.

Leaves : needle-like and flattened, measuring 0.72 to 1.2 inches ````````````````````````(1.8 - 3 cm) long and .08 inch (2 mm) wide, colored glossy ````````````````````````dark-green above, and with two greenish-white stomatal ````````````````````````bands below.

Size

: 130 to 165 feet (40 - 50 m) tall

Flower (Cone) Description Flowers only appear after 30 to 40 years, generally in April or May, and the buds are red-brown and non-resinous The plants are monoecious, pollination takes place by allogamy through the wind. The trees carry brown cones.

Tolerances Silver fir tolerates a wide variety of soil types with different nutrient content and alkalinity conditions except compact and hydromorphic soils. Deep and moist but not too et soils are preferred with a pH from acid to neutral.

Ginkgo biloba GYMNOSPERMATOPHYTA

:

GINKGOINAE

General Description Scientific name : Ginkgo biloba Pronunciation : GINK-oh by-LOE-buh Common name(s) : maidenhair tree Family : Ginkgoaceae Growth form : Pyramidal Uses : Traditional Chinese medicine, herb used to treat altitude sickness (prevention), cerebral vascular insufficiency Origin : Southern China Name Derivation: Genus name is a misrendering of the Japanese gin meaning silver and kyo meaning apricot used in Japan

Botanical Description A ginkgo tree (50-80' tall) is pyramidal in shape, with a columnar, sparingly branched trunk up to 30 metres (100 feet) tall and 2.5 metres (8 feet) in diameter. The fissured bark is grayish, deeply furrowed on older trees, and has a corky texture. Fan-shaped ginkgo leaves resemble the leaflets of the maidenhair fern and are borne on short, spurlike but greatly thickened shoots. The leathery leaves are up to 8 cm (3 inches) long and are sometimes twice as broad. Most leaves are divided into two lobes by a central notch. Dull gray-green to yellow-green in summer, they turn golden yellow in autumn, remaining on the tree until late in the season, and then fall rapidly.

Flower (Cone) Description The flowers are rather inconspicuous and grow on short spurs. Trees flower after 20-35 years, females exhibiting an abundance of ovules in pairs on stalks each containing an egg cell, initially very green, but later turning greenish-yellow, then orange and brown. The male flowers are yellow catkin-like pollen cones (microsporangia), 3-6 on each short shoot in the spring.

Tolerances Prefers moist, sandy, well-drained soils. Tolerant of a wide range of soil conditions, including both alkaline and acidic soils and compacted soils.

Also tolerant of saline conditions, air pollution and heat. Adapts well to most urban environments.

Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis ANGIOSPERMATOPHYTA

:

DICOTYLEDONOUS

General Description Scientific name : Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Pronunciation : hye-BISS-kus roe-zuh-sye-NEN-sis Common name(s) : Tropical Hibiscus, Chinese Hibiscus Family : Malvaceae Plant type : tree Uses : Specimen, hedges, mass planting, parks, `````````````````````````````````pots and containers Origin : Chinese, and `East Indian, and East African Name Derivation : rosa derives its origin from the Spanish rosa, and sinensis comes from Ancient Greek ‘Σῖναι’

Botanical Description Leaf Persistence : Evergreen Form : Vase Shape Shrub Texture : Medium Growth Rate : Fast Leaves Shape : Ovate Fruit shape : Oval Flowering Period (Tropics) : Year Round Height : 3-5 m (9.8-16.4 ft) Diameter : 1.5-3 m (4.9-9.8 ft)

Flower Description Tropical Hibiscus has single, hermaphrodite, funnelshaped flowers. They are usually erect in the axillary of the leaves and are restrained by a pedicle of length 1 to 7 cm (0.4-2.75 in). The calyx has a bell-shaped morph and consists of 5 light green coloured sepals.

Tolerances Light requirement : plant grows in part shade/part sun Soil tolerances : clay; sand; acidic; slightly alkaline; loam Drought tolerance : moderate Soil salt tolerances : poor

Phalaenopsis amabilis ANGIOSPERMATOPHYTA

:

MONOCOTYLEDONOUS

General Description Scientific name : Phalaenopsis amabilis Pronunciation : Pha-laenop-sis am-a-bilis Common name(s) : Moth orchid, White Moon Orchid, Moon Orchid Family : Orchidaceae Plant type : Small-size vines flower Uses : Can be cultivated as a house plant or patio container filler, or under tropical shade trees.

Origin : Eastern and southeastern regions of Asia Name Derivation: The genus name is derived from the Greek phalaino (moth), and opsis (appearance)

Botanical Description Leaves size : 15 to 50 cm long and up 10 cm wide Leaves Shape : Elliptic at the base and `````````````````````````````````minutely obtuse at the tip Stem : Short often pendulous and`unbranched.

Roots : Thick fleshy, adventitious aerial roots Form : An epiphytic orchid Altitude : Up to 600 meters.

Flowering Period : Up to 3 times each year Height : 12-18 inch (30-45 cm)

Flower Description Showy, conspicuous, fragrant, 6-10 cm in diameter and more, pure white, membranous. Sepals 3-4 cm long, almost equal, free, spreading, white or pinkish on the back, the dorsal sepal is elliptic and blunt, whereas lateral sepals are ovate and pointed.

Petals, larger, up to 4,5 cm long, of the same colour of the sepals more or less circular, narrowat the base.

Tolerances Light Preference : Semi-Shade Water Tolerances : Moderate Water, Occasional Misting Ecology : Thrive in temperatures from 20° C at night to 30° C during the day