Towards a Local Climate Adaptation Plan - Hagonoy Philippines

Towards a Local Climate Change Action Plan Municipality of Hagonoy | Bulacan, Philippines

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Barisky T., Carter C. & Crego-Liz, E. Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

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Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

Prepared For: Hagonoy Municipal Planning and Development Office Bulacan Province, Philippines

Principal Authors: Tina Barisky | tinabarisky@gmail.com Christopher Carter | cj@cj-carter.com Eva Crego-Liz | eva.crego@geog.ubc.ca 3

Coordinators: Dr. Leonora Angeles and Marvin Reyes Copy Editor: Tina Barisky Geographic Information Systems and Mapping: Eva Crego-Liz Design and Layout: Christopher Carter | Ulteri Communications.

Cover Image: Christopher Carter Publication Date: September14, 2014

Faculty of Applied Science

Recommended Citation: Barisky T., Carter C. , Crego-Liz, E.. (2014). Towards a Local Climate Change Action Plan in Hagonoy Bulacan Philippines. Policy briefing to Municipality of Hagonoy and Department of Local Governments Philippines.

Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

Paghahanda sa Pagbabagong Klima TOWARDS A LOCAL CLIMATE CHANGE ACTION PLAN in HAGONOY, BULACAN, PHILIPPINES 4

Tina Barisky, Christopher Carter and Eva Crego-Liz

Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

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Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

Photo: Christopher J. Carter

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Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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PREFACE SECTION 4- PLANNING FOR AN LCCAP Executive summary............................................................. 9 A Note from the planning team......................................11 How can Hagonoy plan for an LCCAP?...........................27 Acronyms.............................................................................13 Stakeholders and participation...........................................27 Vulnerability assessment ....................................................30 SECTION 1- INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW Provincial assessment .........................................................30 What is climate change? .................................................15 Participatory assessment....................................................31 Why plan for climate change?.........................................17 Land-use planning................................................................33 Purpose and objectives ....................................................18 SOVI, infrastructure & physical hazard...........................34 Report structure ...............................................................19 Institutional vulnerability assessment..............................36 Summary of recommendations..........................................37 SECTION 2- METHODOLOGY Framework..........................................................................21 Approach...............................................................................21 SECTION 5- STRATEGIC AREAS OF ACTION Limitations...........................................................................22 In Perspective.........................................................................40

SECTION 3- CLIMATE CHANGE IN HAGONOY Demographic information................................................23 What is Hagonoy proud of ?...........................................24 What kind of future does Hagonoy envision?............24 How does climate change affect Hagonoy? .................24 How can Hagonoy respond to the effects of climate change?.................................................................................25

Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

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Food Security........................................................................41 What is food security?..........................................................41 Food security in Hagonoy....................................................41 Global changes, local consequences..................................43 Adaptation and mitigation strategies in Hagonoy.........45 Recommendations..................................................................46 Summary of recommendations..........................................48 Spotlight: aquaculture and climate change......................49

TABLE OF CONTENTS 2.

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Water Sufficiency................................................................51 SECTION 6- NEXT STEPS What is water sufficiency?...................................................51 In Perspective ........................................................................95 Water sufficiency in Hagonoy.............................................52 Mainstream LCCAP into planning processes.................96 Global changes, local consequences..................................55 Begin LCCAP plan creation................................................98 Adaptation and mitigation strategies in Hagonoy.........55 Finance.....................................................................................98 Recommendations ................................................................56 Ratify as ordinance/plan...................................................102 Summary of Recommendation..........................................64 Implementation & Institutionalization...........................102 Monitor, Evaluate and Adjust..........................................104 Environmental and Ecological Stability.....................66 Spotlight: Linking Coastal Green Infrastructure What is environmental and ecological stability?...........66 and Local Economic Development..................................105 Environmental and ecological stability in Hagonoy.....67 Global changes, local consequences..................................68 Adaptation and mitigation strategies in Hagonoy.........68 SECTION 7- APPENDICES Recommendations..................................................................70 Appendix A: Key Informants............................................108 Summary of Recommendation..........................................73 Appendix B: Additional Findings from SB Survey......109 Spotlight: Mangrove restoration, a brief overview.......74 Appendix C: Environmental Awareness and Values Assessment questions and methods .......110 Appendix D: Financing of Mangrove Projects............111 Human Security....................................................................79 Appendix E: Local Shelter Plan (LSP) Template.........112 What is human security?.....................................................79 Appendix F: Monitoring and Evaluation Template....117 Human security in Hagonoy................................................81 Global changes, local consequences..................................83 Adaptation and mitigation strategies in Hagonoy.........83 Recommendations..................................................................86 Summary of Recommendation...........................................87 Spotlight: Informal settlers and climate resilience........88 Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

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Photo: Christopher J. Carter

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

9 The fishing municipality of Hagonoy in Bulacan Province, Philippines, has already begun to experience the effects of climate change. Global changes in temperature, precipitation, and storm severity are acutely present at a local level, and these changes are impacting a variety of areas within the community.

Local government, industries and families are all seeking ways to respond to the uncertainty and instability that climate change brings.

In 2014, the Municipality of Hagonoy is poised to develop a Local Climate Change Action Plan (LCCAP), which will help them assess their vulnerability to current and projected climate changes, as well as identify and implement climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. As a starting point for this process, the Municipality has engaged planning support from the University of British Columbia’s (UBC) School of Community and Regional Planning (SCARP). Three students, Tina Barisky, Christopher Carter and Eva Crego-Liz, have undertaken preliminary research as part of an international servicelearning course with the dual aim of gaining practical experience from Hagonoy planning staff and supporting them in developing their LCCAP. Towards a Local Climate Change Action Plan in Hagonoy, Bulacan, Philippines is the sum of their findings.

The aim of this report is to introduce the challenge of and the basis for local climate change planning in the Municipality. Pursuant to the UN Habitat’s model for climate change planning, a preliminary stakeholder and vulnerability assessment is provided. Next, in conjunction with National Strategic Directions, actions are recommended in four priority areas: Food Security, Water Sufficiency, Environmental and Ecological Stability, and Human Security. The report also details next steps the Municipality can take in order to ensure implementation, secure financing, and facilitate monitoring and evaluation. This report is the first step in the Municipality of Hagonoy’s commitment to developing a formal LCCAP. Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

Photo: Christopher J. Carter

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Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

A NOTE FROM THE PLANNING TEAM

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Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

A NOTE FROM THE PLANNING TEAM

Tina Barisky (Left) is a second year Masters student in the School of Community and Regional Planning (SCARP) at UBC, specializing in Ecological and Natural Resource Planning. With a background in non-profit public engagement and an education in socio-environmental issues, she takes a special interest in the contributions of civil society to environmental stewardship and governance. Tina graduated from Wilfrid Laurier University’s Global Studies program with high distinction, where she studied multi-stakeholder natural resource conflicts in Chile and Peru. Tina has over 5 years of professional experience working in public outreach with non-profits, where she created and implemented engagement strategies and developed communications material. She is currently employed as a public engagement facilitator with the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives (CCPA) on The Climate Justice Project. Her forthcoming Master’s research is on preparing for collaborative governance in watershed partnerships with the new BC Water Sustainability Act. Christopher Carter (Center) is a second year Masters student in the School of Community and Regional Planning (SCARP) at UBC, specializing in natural resources planning. His background has been in agricultural labor and water resources policy, cultural preservation and Community Based Participatory Research for sexual health. Christopher’s holds an honors B.Sc. in interdisciplinary studies from Montana State University-Bozeman focusing on public 12 anthropology, geography and visual communications. His ethnographic thesis work was Understanding Emerging Stressors and Adaptations in Generational Ranching Operations through Participant Visual Ethnography (PVE). Abroad Christopher has worked for 5 years as a communications and planning consultant for local governments, researchers and NGOs in Mongolia, Greenland and Morocco. In Montana he was been involved with agricultural extension and indigenous communities where he was exposed to the effects of climate change on livelihoods, inter-generational knowledge and post-colonial development. His current research positions include community based planning for coastal hazards and social participation in environmental impact assessment in mineral resource development in British Columbia.

Eva Crego-Liz (Right) is a second year Masters student in the Department of Geography at UBC, specializing in Water Resources Management and Governance. Water has been always her special research and professional interest. She has a M.Sc. Degree in Civil Engineering by the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) in Barcelona, Spain, being her Master Thesis entitled Recommendations for Water Supply Projects in Developing. Countries: A Case Study in Amphoe Sattahip (Thailand). Eva has over 10 years of professional experience in flood risk assessment, management and planning working in the private and in the public sector. During the last 5 years, Eva has worked for the Catalan Water Agency (ACA) in the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive and the EU Directive on the Assessment and Management of Flood Risks. Her current Master’s research is focused on water management and land grabbing in the Nile Basin. Beyond water, Eva’s interests and background include Philosophy and Literature. In this field, Eva has collaborated in the translation from Russian to Spanish of the anthology of contemporary Russian poetry La hora de Rusia: Poesía Contemporánea, edited by Maria Ignatieva and published by Visor Libros.

Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

ACRONYMS AIP – Annual Investment Plan BENRO – Bulacan Environment and Natural Resource office BFAR – Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources

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CASS – Climate Adaptation Support Service CBD – Convention on Biological Diversity CBFMA – Community-Based Forest Management Agreement CBMS – Community-Based Monitoring System CCA – Climate Change Adaptation CCC – Climate Change Commission CDP – Comprehensive Development Plan CLUP – Comprehensive Land Use Plan CRMF – Community Resource Management Framework CSOs – Civil Society Organizations CWA – Clean Water Act DA – Department of Agriculture DENR – Department of Environment and Natural Resources DILG – Department of Interior and Local Government DPWH – Department of Public Works and Highways DRR – Disaster Risk Reduction DRRMC – Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council DRRMP – Disaster Risk Reduction Management Plan DSWD – Department of Social Welfare and Development Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

ELA – Executive and Legislative Agenda EPA – Environmental Protection Agency of the United States ES – Environmental Service FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization GDP – Gross Domestic Product GHG – Greenhouse Gases GOCC – Government-Owned and Controlled Corporation HPCPIP – Hagonoy Palapat Communal Pump Irrigation Project HUCs – Highly Urbanized Cities HWD – Hagonoy Water District IEC – Information, education, communication IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ISF – Informal Settler Family IWRM – Integrated Water Resources Management LCCAP – Local Climate Change Action Plan LDIP – Local Development Investment Program LGU – Local Government Unit

ACRONYMS MA – Millennium Ecosystem Assessment MAO – Municipal Agriculture Office MDG – Millennium Development goal MDRRMO – Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction Management Office

PHP – Philippine Peso PIA – Philippine Information Agency (National) PNSDW – Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water PO – People’s Organization PWDs – Persons With Disabilities

MENRO – Municipal Environment and Natural Resource office MPDO – Municipal Planning and Development Office MPN – Most Probable Number MRF – Material Recovery Facility MSWDO – Municipal Social Welfare and Development Office

RA – Republic Act REED – Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation RHU – Rural Health Unit RO – Reverse Osmosis

NAAQGV – National Ambient Air Quality Guideline Value NCCAP – National Climate Change Action Plan NHA – National Housing Association NSCB – National Statistical Coordination Board NSO – National Statistics Office NSSMP – National Sewerage and Septage Management Program NWRB – National Water Resources Board PBSP – Philippine Business for Social Progress PD – Presidential Decree PENRO – Provincial Environment and Natural Resource office PES – Payment for Environmental Services PESO – Public Employment Service Office

SB – Sangguniang Bayan SCARP – School of Community and Regional Planning SOVI – Social Vulnerability Indicators SWM – Solid Waste Management UBC – University of British Columbia UP – University of the Philippines UP-NIGS – University of the Philippines - National Institute of Geological Sciences USAID – United States Agency for International Development VI – Vulnerability Index WD – Water District Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

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SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION & OVERVIEW

1.1. What is climate change?

Climate change is a global phenomenon that has already begun to transform life on Earth. Shifting seasons, greater temperature variability, rising sea levels and stronger storms are now a reality in many parts of the world. Although there remains some uncertainty with regards to the extent and rate of climate transformations, it is clear that climate change is and will be a universal challenge for communities in the 21st century.

There is very high confidence among top scientists that climate change is human-induced. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), human activities such as fossil fuel burning, agriculture and deforestation have caused a buildup of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in earth’s atmosphere, heating the earth’s surface and leading to wide-ranging impacts such as more extreme weather patterns, fires and drought, and rising sea levels 1.

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Figure 1: Global anthropogenic GHG emissions Source: IPCC, 2007

Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

Figure 2: Projected seasonal temperature increase in the Philippines in 2020 and 2050.

Source: Climate Change Commission, 2011

Illustration 1:

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Source: ASN Bank and ECO SYS, 2013 Projections demonstrate that these trends will continue and in some cases accelerate, posing threats to natural resources and livelihoods all over the world (Figure 1).

The Philippines is no exception to these trends. Like many parts of the world, the Philippines has exhibited an overall increase in average temperatures (Figure 2) and the frequency

of climate-related cyclones, as well as a reduction in rainfall in the past half-century 2.

A recent study on climate change vulnerability identifies the Philippines as acutely vulnerable, ranking the nation sixth out of an assessment of 170 countries 3.

Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

Clearly, there is an urgent need to act on climate change both in the Philippines and all over the world. Without a concerted effort to change our patterns of living, further and more extreme conditions may be unavoidable, irreversibly altering our environment as we know it. While climate change poses a serious threat to human life on earth, it also presents an opportunity to transform our lifestyles towards a sustainable and resilient future.

1.2 Why plan for Climate Change?

Figure 4: Strategies for Climate Change Response Source: IPCC, 2007 Specifically, the purpose of an LCCAP is to:

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More than ever before, governments are noting the need for policies and actions to address climate change. Targets for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions as well as measures to meet those targets are now common parts of national and regional government agendas. It is widely recognized that tackling climate change requires a proactive approach that incorporates the adoption of climate-smart plans at all levels of government 4.

At the local level, planning for climate change takes the form of a Local Climate Change Action Plan (LCCAP). Local Climate Change Action Plans describe a series of policies enacted by the local government with the aim of reducing GHGs and increasing a community’s resilience to those unavoidable impacts of climate change.

Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

opportunities, and; adaptation for improving a municipality’s resilience to climate change (Figure 3).

As the most basic unit of government where the effects of climate change are experienced most acutely, Local Government Units (LGUs) are at the front lines of the response to climate change. Accordingly, the LCCAP is crucial to ensuring that local government activities are aligned with climate action strategies. An LCCAP is designed to be a living document that can be adapted to fit the uncertainties accompanying climate change.

1.3 Purpose and Objectives In 2009, the Philippines passed the Climate Change Act (Republic Act 9729), mandating the creation of LCCAPs in each LGU. Specifically, LGUs are tasked with formulating, planning and implementing LCCAPs that are consistent with the following pieces of legislation:

Change (NFSCC),

The NCCAP situates climate change action within the Philip pines by establishing strategic directions for mitigation and adaptation in the areas pictured in Figure 4.

In conjunction with the aforementioned legislative mandate, the following report has been designed to nest the policy options of the LGU within the strategic directions of the NCCAP. Furthermore, the objectives of this report are to: 1. Conduct a vulnerability assessment of the municipality of Hagonoy’s exposure and adaptive capacity to the effects of climate change;

(NCCAP).

2. Analyze the existing plans of the municipality of Hagonoy through a climate change adaptation lens;

Figure 4: Summary of NCCAP Strategic Directions 3. Offer practical suggestions for implementation and opportunities for further improvement of existing plans in order to fit the mitigation and adaptation efforts needed for climate change action.

Pursuant to values-based planning, which incorporates local community values and objectives into a plan, a successful LCCAP is created for and by the community to ensure that the plan reflects the community’s values and goals (UN Habitat, 2014). As such, this report is not intended to replace an LCCAP, but rather to provide a road map for the creation of a successful LCCAP by suggesting a framework and areas for possible further research.

Source: Climate Change Commission, 2011 Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

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Report Structure This report is organized into the following sections: 1. Introduction and Overview: describes climate change as a global phenomenon, outlines the context for an LCCAP, and lists the objectives of this report.

2. Methodology: offers a rationale for the analytical framework used in this report and explains the methods and research undertaken.

3. Climate Change in Hagonoy: describes the community profile and details the evidence of climate change in Hagonoy by area of impact.

4. Planning for an LCCAP: identifies a range of stakeholders with an interest in climate change, conducts a vulnerability assessment, discusses the LCCAP’s relation to other municipal plans, and introduces the recommended strategic areas of focus.

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5. Strategic Areas: defines each strategic area, identifies matching policy options in existing municipal plans, offers recommendations for local application of policy options and opportunities for improvement.

6. Next Steps: discusses tools for implementation of LCCAP, such as financing and governance, monitoring and evaluation.

7. Appendix: enumerates resources drawn upon for this report, such as hazard and flood maps, interviewees list, and further reference tools.

Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

REFERENCES 1 IPCC. (2007). Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report- 2. Causes of Change . Retrieved July 11, 2014, from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/ spms2.html 2 PAGASA. (2011). Climate Change in the Philippines. Pasig: NEDAMDGF1656 .

3 Maplecroft. (2010, October 21). Big Economies of the Future - Bangladesh, India, Philippines, Vietnam and Pakistan - Most At Risk from Climate Change.

Retrieved July 11, 2014, from Maplecroft: http://www. maplecroft.com/ about/news/ccvi.html 4 UN Habitat. (2014). Planning for Climate Change: A Strategic, Values, Based Approach for Urban Planners. Kenya: united nations human Settlements programme.

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Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

SECTION 2: METHODOLOGY 2.1 Framework The research process for this report was guided by a broader framework developed by UN Habitat entitled: Planning for Climate Change: A Strategic and Values-Based Approach for Urban Planners (figure 1). This framework is designed to be used for multiple purposes, and has also been suggested as a guiding outline for the planning process of the LCCAP itself (see section 4). The framework is built upon four modules that correspond to the four questions critical to any strategic planning process:

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What is happening?

What matters most?

What can we do about it?

Are we doing it? 1 Our efforts have been centered on assessing Module A: What is happening? Following this model, we conducted an analysis of stakeholders as well as an assessment of vulnerabilities (section 4) in order to understand the issues affecting Hagonoy. Relying upon the nationally mandated strategic directions of the NCCAP, we then analyzed Hagonoy’s current planning documents and provided options for improvement (section 5). Our research findings have been compiled in this report in order to outline strategies towards the successful creation and implementation of an effective LCCAP.

Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

Figure 1: The strategic, value based and iterative approach to climate change planning for human settlements Source: UN HABITAT, 2014

2.2. Approach The research for this report was carried out using a strategic and values-based approach.

The research is strategic in that it is based upon the recognition that effective plans are about making the best decision possible with the resources available. As outlined in the introduction, the NCCAP establishes seven strategic directions for

climate change mitigation and adaptation. In order to provide in-depth research to inform these strategic directions, we asked Hagonoy’s MPDO to identify their top 4 priorities. The selected 4 strategic areas of focus in this report are:

The research is values-based in that it seeks to incorporate local community values and objectives in the recommendations provided.

In the course of this research we visited 10 barangays and formally interviewed a total 60 of stakeholders such as schoolteachers, fishers, barangay captains, and mother leaders (Appendix A). Interviews with stakeholders reflect that there is already much being done to respond to the effects of climate change. Where possible, we sought to provide recommendations that reflect and support this local knowledge.

2.3 Limitations It is important to note that this research possesses several limitations. First, we faced time constraints, given just one month to complete fieldwork. Second, our cultural positioning as outside researchers meant that we faced a limited understanding of local values and challenges. As a response to these limitations, we employed a mixture of qualitative and quantitative data gathering and analysis methodologies to maximize our exposure to the current state of adaptation and in Hagonoy from a multitude of stakeholders and documents 2. A review of utilized methodologies is included in Table 1.

22 Table 1: Data gathering and analysis approaches used in creating this report practices in the Philippines was conducted using international journals, government grey literature and strategies from UN multilateral organizations to recognize and integrate best practices in local and regional contexts.

REFERENCES 1 UN Habitat. (2014). Planning for Climate Change: A Strategic, Values, Based Approach for Urban Planners. Kenya: united nations human Settlements programme.

2 Creswell, John W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and Mixed Method Approaches. Sage publications, 2nd ed.

Finally, extensive research on climate adaptation best Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

SECTION 3: CLIMATE CHANGE IN HAGONOY

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Photo: Christopher J. Carter

With a history rich in cultural tradition and an abundance of aquatic resources, the urbanizing coastal town of Hagonoy is easily considered one of the gems of the province of Bulacan. As one of the leading fishing and aquaculture industries in the region, the major commercial ports of the town are always bustling and lively with activity. Hagonoyenos are welcoming and hospitable people, especially during the festivals in which they honor their patron saints. Here, faith is deeply valued and actively celebrated. Like the medicinal plant from which it gets its name, Hagonoy is a thriving and productive community.

Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

Demographic Information Location: southwestern corner of province of Bulacan Total land area: 10,310 hectares No. of Barangays: 26 Total Population (2011): 107,141 Population Growth Rate: 1.57% Number of households: 25,329 Source: CLUP 2011

, with the opening of Bulacan State University – Hagonoy Campus in 2011. , whose town team has repeatedly won inter-town basketball tournaments. , or an outpouring of community spirit that ensures all are working towards a common good.

3.2 What kind of future does Hagonoy envision as a Municipality?

Given its rich aquatic resources and budding tertiary sector, Hagonoy aims to advance itself as a sustainable and profitable town that affords equal value to economic growth, social development and environment.

Hagonoy’s vision for 2020, as articulated in their CLUP, is:

“A progressive and happy Hagonoy,

3.1 What Hagonoy is proud of ? , each with internally elected representatives

With pro-God, environment-caring, physically and mentally healthy, Productive and law-abiding citizenry Served by model and responsive government.”1

and officials. y, producing more than 5,000 metric tons of species such as Milkfish, Tilapia and Mud Crab annually.

Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

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Temperature changes: average temperatures in the Philippines have increased by 0.64°C from 1951-2010 2. This trend is expected to continue, with a projected increase of 0.9-1.1 °C by 2020 and 1.8 °C- 2.2 °C by 2050 3. Figure 1 illustrates the projected national temperature increase. The increase in temperature is also evident in regional bodies of water. If CO2 doubles by this time, temperatures of the Angat River watershed are projected to climb by 2-3.1°C 4. In Hagonoy, the rise in water temperatures threatens fishing livelihoods, human health and other water-based activities.

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Precipitation pattern change: the province of Bulacan, the seasonal rainfall is projected to fluctuate by Figure 2: Projected Precipitation Increase (mm) in Bulacan, 2020 2020, making dry season drier and producing heavier Source: Provincial Planning and Development Office, Province of Bulacan rains during rainy season. Figure 2 reflects that precipitation will increase by 4.2% during the northeast monsoon season (Dec-Feb), and by 12.8% southwest Table 1: Development goals that align with Hagonoy’s monsoon season (Jun-Aug)5. For Hagonoy, the invision for 2020 creasing variability in seasonal precipitation poses greater Source: CLUP, 2011 uncertainty and challenges in managing water resources and agriculture and fisheries practices 6.

Extreme weather events: By the end of the 21st century, the frequency and occurrence of tropical storms is estimated to increase by 10-45% 7. Although the period between 20032012 shows no increase in number of typhoons hitting Bulacan, the last 3 years have shown considerably greater losses Hagonoy is not spared from the impacts of climate change. for families in terms of property damages 8.

In fact, as one of the coastal towns of Bulacan, it is especially vulnerable to climatic trends and transformations in marine Sea level rise: According to the IPCC, global estimates on the ecosystems. Given limited access to local climate change sea level rise indicate an average of 3.1mm increase/year in observations and trend data, this report bases evidence of cli- the last decade. This contrasts with data from the last century, mate change in Hagonoy on regional and national trend data which only indicated a 1.7-2.4mm increase/year. Data from and projections. Climate change is known to impact Hagonoy NOAA indicates that sea level in the Manila Bay area is rising and the surrounding region in the following ways: at a rate of 7mm/year. By 2050, it is estimated that the sea level in Manila Bay area will have risen by 25.9cm 9. As Hago-

3.3. How does Climate Change affect Hagonoy?

Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

REFERENCES 1 CLUP. (2011). Comprehensive Land Use Plan, 20112020. Hagonoy: Municipality of Hagonoy.

2 Climate Change Commission. (2011). National Climate Change Action Plan, 20112028. Manila: Republic of the Philippines.

3 PAGASA. (2011). Climate Change in the Philippines.

Pasig: NEDA- MDGF1656 .

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4 Allen, K. (2006). Community-Based Disaster Preparedness and Climate Adaptation: Local Capacity-Building in the Philippines. Disasters. Disasters , 30 (1), 81-101.

Drying Fish in Tibaguin

Photo: Christopher J. Carter

Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

SECTION 4: PLANNING FOR AN LCCAP 4.1 How can Hagonoy plan for an LCCAP? Good planning practices are inherently also climate-smart. UN Habitat’s model for climate change planning (Figure 1) was designed to support city climate change planning processes by prompting planners to answer critical questions with the help of the community. In doing so, planners can begin to understand the steps needed to integrate and mainstream climate change adaptation into existing 27 and future municipal plans. In this report, we follow UN Habitat’s model and provide preliminary observations and recommendations intended to be used as a starting point for the development of Hagonoy’s LCCAP. The first step of the framework, Sorting prawns at poblacion fish port Photo: Christopher J. Carter Getting Started, comprises this report itself. The following steps, Stakeholders and Participation as well as Vulnerability Assessment will be would be affected by a particular action or policy”. In planning for climate adaptation there has been a move away from rediscussed. search-driven agendas towards decision-making agendas and the participation of affected stakeholders. As such, identifying stakeholders, including the most vulnerable groups and those who have a role in influencing climate change adaptation Considering who needs to be involved and how is an strategies, must be a key objective. in Hagonoy. While the Loimportant part of planning for climate change. A ‘stakeholder’ cal Development Council is already slated to assist in creating is referred to by the IPCC (2007) as “a person or an organiHagonoy’s LCCAP, the inclusion of vulnerable populations zation that has a legitimate interest in a project or entity, or and industries is critical to the success of planning efforts.

4.2 Stakeholders and Participation

Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

An effective way to identify a core stakeholder group is as follows: 1. Conduct initial scoping of stakeholders and identify a core working group; 2. Ask this core group to suggest other stakeholders, and; 3. Ask this larger group to ask whom they consider to be relevant stakeholders until no new names are identified.

Our preliminary research identified a number of key stakeholders in the LCCAP planning process (figure 1).

Ideally, each of these groups should be involved in the successful creation of an LCCAP. Currently, the MPDO takes a participatory and multisectoral consultative approach to planning. However, in our fieldwork, we observed that few barangay leaders had heard or seen up-to-date CLUP maps and ordinances. Improvements can be made to engage a diversity of groups and strengthen the implementation of plans. A terms of reference document should also be developed in order to clearly describe, among other things, the stakeholders involved in the process and the substantive roles they will occupy.

The identification of stakeholders presents a challenge since the wide-ranging effects of climate change mean that all people have an interest in planning a response to it. A n initial mapping of current actors engaged or affected by climate change is illustrated in Figure 1. Given this, it is important to ensure that the core stakeholder group has representation from every interest and that communication lines are open to the groups that they represent and that the process

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Figure 1: Hagonoy Stakeholder Map Source: Christopher J. Carter Fieldnotes remains inclusive and adaptable as conditions and organizations change. . Communicating key concepts in climate change science and adaptation can help stakeholders understand the shared value in adaptation activities, policy making and vulnerability reduction. Education and information around climate change adaptation should be available to a multitude of stakeholders and the public at different levels of technicality and in multitude of formats.

Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

[PLANNING TOOLKIT 1. ] The following is a list of tools that can be used to improve the lines of communication about climate change with Hagonoy’s key stakeholders, such as the public.

Climate Change Explained in Tagalog https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=jKDAn0scxiA 29

2014 IPCC Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=jMIFBJYpSgM 2o05 IPCC Summary for Policy Makers http://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/images/uploads/ WG2AR5_SPM_FINAL.pdf

Source: Video “Climate Change Explained in Tagalog”

Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

SECTION 4: PLANNING FOR AN LCCAP 4.3 Vulnerability Assessment A vulnerability assessment is the baseline for the implementation of the NCCAP and also provides the initial framework for an LCCAP. Although climate change poses risks to entire populations, some individuals are more exposed to its effects than others. A vulnerability assessment helps to identify the sectors and individuals most impacted by climate change through a technical and socioeconomic analysis. In completing a vulnerability assessment, Hagonoy can make strides towards resilience by identifying how ecosystem services can be protected and poverty can be reduced.

Vulnerability = (Exposure + Sensitivity) –Adaptive Capacity 4

Vulnerability can be defined as a region’s total exposure to hazard (including people, economy and environment) and its existing sensitivities, while taking into consideration its ability to adapt 3.

vulnerability and the ability to recover will differ across the community. In this report we have conducted a spatial vulnerability analysis and a social vulnerability index, which accounts for socioeconomic, infrastructure and geohazard data.

4.4 Provincial Assessment A Provincial level Disaster Risk and Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment Report was composed in 2011 and its analyses is given at the municipal level. This assessment considers risk exposure based on known natural hazard and historical fatalities. This assessment was GIS-derived and was based on 2011 projections that assume an equal distribution of the population within administrative boundaries. It does 30 not address the interaction between disasters with socioeconomic or socio-cultural systems nor existing sensitivity, spatial allocations and adaptive capacity. Key findings are presented in tables 1 and 2.

In the course of this preliminary appraisal, we consider provincial assessments to municipal infrastructure, analyze CBMS data through a social vulnerability index, and consider hazard and social vulnerability through a series Table 1: Population Exposure to Floods and Storm Surge of maps we created for climate change action planning.

Interviews with municipal planning stakeholders revealed a recognition that coastal barangays are more at risk to hazards and calamities, but that all citizens all are affected the same way across the municipality. However, given the differing terrain of Hagonoy and the differing income levels, resources and lived experienced of its citizens,

Source: Prepared by the authors on the basis of data from provincial hazard assessment (2011)

Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

Table 2: Core Infrastructure Exposed to Flooding

Hagonoy’s MPDO administers a Barangay-level CBMS. This provides a multitude of indicators of socio-economic, water and health access and education and valuable observations of vulnerability over time. CBMS indicators are aggregated and calculated in relation to national averages of each indicator, which provides a composite indicator for each Barangay.

A simple plotting of these composite indicators offers insightful analyses of current social-economic in relation to known hazards. Currently, hazard maps depicting formal and informal evacuation centers were made through participatory processes at the Barangay level, but have not aggregated into a municipal level map for coordinated

31 Source: Prepared by the authors on the basis of data from provincial hazard assessment (2011)

Table 3: Participatory Assessment of Vulnerability By Purok

4.5 Participatory Assessment In research conducted at the Barangay level, stakeholders were prompted to describe especially vulnerable populations or areas. A summary of our findings of specific Puroks is found in Table 3. Many Barangays reported that all people and Puroks were “equally affected” by floods, storm surge and other climate-related hazards.

Currently, hazard maps depicting formal and informal evacuation centers were made through participatory processes at the Barangay level, but have not aggregated into a municipal level map for coordinated planning and response. Every 3 years Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

Source: Prepared by the authors in Purok interviewing

planning and response. Every 3 years Hagonoy’s MPDO administers a Barangay-level CBMS, the local application of a national standardized community census . This provides a multitude of indicators of socio-economic, water and health access and education

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Figure 2. CBMS MAP Source: Prepared by the authors on the basis of data from Hagonoy CBMS (2011)

cators are aggregated and calculated in relation to national averages of each indicator, which provides a composite indicator for each Barangay. A simple plotting of these composite indicators offers insightful analyses of current social-economic in relation to known hazards. In Figure 3, we included physical and natural hazards components of evacuation centers and geohazard assessment. We calculated the standard deviation

of each individual attribute of relevant indicators from data collected in the CBMS, geohazard maps and Barangay DRRM evacuation plans to construct an index of vulnerability weighting each attribute equally.

Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

SECTION 4: PLANNING FOR AN LCCAP Figure 3. 2011-2020 CLUP with Geohazard Overlay

4.6 Land Use Planning Simple spatial assessment of current and proposed land use in relation to known flood extent provides an initial and rapid assessment of sensitive areas and populations. GIS layers of the 2011-2020 CLUP were overlaid by geohazard assessment information to assess natural hazards in relation to future infrastructure and human settlement patterns in the proposed multi-nodal development.

This offered a rapid visual assessment of vulnerability as it is reflected in land use policy and zoning ordinances. Hagonoy’s latest CLUP appears to be responsive to flood, storm surge and sea level rise predictions, as new development is retreating North. However, it is important that resettlement plans be thoroughly considered for their social and livelihood impacts (see Spotlight on Informal Settlers and Climate Resilience in Section 5).

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Source: Prepared by the authors on the basis of data from Hagonoy CLUP and provincial hazard assessment (2011)

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SECTION 4: PLANNING FOR AN LCCAP 4.7 Social Vulnerability, Infrastructure and Physical Hazard Vulnerability can be understood as both a biophysical risk and a social risk.

This means that ‘vulnerability’ can be considered a geographical space where vulnerable people are located, or a social space that is vulnerable regardless of its location 1,3.

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Based on this ‘hazards-ofplace’ model we utilized CBMS data from all Figure 6. Social Vulnerability Analysis by Barangay Using CBMS and Geohazard Data barangays in the Source: Prepared by Authors Municipality to create a indicators in the vulnerability assessment. In Figure 6, we map of social vulnerability included physical and natural hazards components of evacu(SoVI). Social vulnerability is a multidimensional concept ation centers and geohazard assessment. We calculated the that helps to identify those characteristics and experiences of standard deviation of each individual attribute of relevant communities (and individuals) that enable them to respond indicators from data collected in the CBMS, geohazard maps to and recover from environmental hazards 2,4. Indicators and Barangay DRRM evacuation plans to construct an index were given equal weight and an average of each attributes of vulnerability. Using a priori weighting, all indicators were was used to create a composite standard deviation score. Table given equal weight and an average of each attributes was used 4 summarizes the selection of socio-economic and physical to create a composite standard deviation score.

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SECTION 4: PLANNING FOR AN LCCAP Table 4: Vulnerability Assessment Indicators

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Source: Prepared By Authors Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

SoVI Findings At the municipal level Hagonoy exhibited the geohazard assessment of Moderate High, which indicates an overall moderate level of vulnerability. However at the Barangay level, more intricate differences can be noticed. Barangays with SoVI scores of greater than +0.15 standard deviations and high geohazard assessments are labeled as most vulnerable and include Tibaguin, Pugad, and Mercado. Barangays with a SoVI scores of more than –0.15 standard deviations from the mean and low-moderate geohazard assessments are considered least vulnerable and include Iba-Ibayo, and Iba. These Barangays are all clustered in the Northeast of the along the Labongan Channel of the Angat River.

Not all factors are equal, and given that we are not in the decision-making role we assigned equal weight to all indicators, sorting only by physical risk evaluation. There is a need to develop a defensible weighting scheme relevant to the specific context of Hagonoy. Using this index provides a transparent methodology to make strategic mitigation and adaptation efforts targeted at the most vulnerable or similarly vulnerable barangays based on evidence based analyses instead of political will 5. An integrated SOVI can assist planners and local decision makers in pinpointing those factors that threaten the sustainability and stability of the municipality as a whole and engaging inter barangay collaboration and learning around vulnerability .

SECTION 4: PLANNING FOR AN LCCAP 4.8 Institutional Vulnerability Analysis Institutions have the ability to address or exacerbate present vulnerabilities in the policies, programs and infrastructures they pursue. For example, oftentimes, climate change adaptation (CCA) in the Philippines is misunderstood to be simply a matter of Disaster Risk Reduction Management (DRRM). While both of these measures aim to reduce the vulnerabilities of communities, DRRM is concerned with immediate risks and CCA seeks more long-term strategies. Therefore, a municipality’s pursuit of DRRM at the cost of CCA can be detrimental to its long-term survival.

Considering these types of challenges, an analysis of present structures and decision-making can allow for more reflective policy-making and capacity building. We conducted a rapid institutional analysis survey with key informants at the municipality of Hagonoy, which provides the following insights regarding current plans and institutional supports: Disaster Risk Reduction Management 1. Currently the LGU has an ad-hoc DRRM manager as part of implementation of RA 10121.This was established in 2013 and is funded by the LGU. 2. The MDRRMO is not a department but is rather a unit under the office of the Mayor.

3. Currently the MDRRMO has dual functions, DRM and emergency rescue unit. It is more emergency-focused, on disaster preparedness, rescue, response relief operations, and rehabilitation. No medium or long-term vision currently exists. A plan is in early stages of creation. There is currently only a contingency plan.

Climate Change Adaptation 1. The LGU does not have a climate change adaptation manager. While the LGU knows the risks, it has not defined explicit policy actions on CCA and has not prioritized these in the AIP. The institution sees that the creation of such a position could be added to the DRRM department to limit expenditures.

2. The LGU does not have a climate change adaptation department, but it does have a unit of MENRO focused on SWM under the office of mayor.

3. Barriers to the creation of a CCA new department include writing local legislation that legitimizes the position, council approval and adherence to LGU limits of 45% of expenses on staff salaries.

A survey of local policy makers of the Sangunniang Bayan and executive staff at the Mayors Office revealed some perceived vulnerabilities and offer a perspective on how the LGU assesses its own vulnerability to climate intensified natural hazards, clarity of climate change science, sustainable development and agendas for climate action planning. Climate induced hazards were asked to be ranked on a lickert scale of 1-7 where 1 was most well prepared, and 4 somewhat prepared and 7 was least prepared . The SB reported that the ing while water shortage was noted an area of least prepared for.

When asked the order of importance of policy actions as it relates to reducing vulnerability the SB ranked the following, in order of importance where 1 is the highest (8 responses) and 5+ being the lowest (1 response each).

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SECTION 4: PLANNING FOR AN LCCAP 1) Solid Waste Management 2) Burning of fossil fuels 3) Resettlement of vulnerable populations 4) Capacity building and skills training of government officials esp. at the Barangay level 5) Infrastructure upgrades 6.) Mangrove restoration 7) Environmentally Friendly Buildings 8)Coping Mechanism for Livelihoods 9) Human Security 10) Land Use and Management Further observations on institutions and survey results of the Sangguniang Bayan and CC planning can be found in Appendix B. One major observation is the conflation of concepts 37

Table 5: Summary of Recommendations

Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

of disaster risk reduction and management with climate change adaptation. This is understandable given the topics complexity and the confluence of the two activities can provide good strategic decision-making however their definitions and time frames for action must be better understood by the institution, something illustrated in Table 6.

A prerequisite for climate change adaptation is addressing the underlying causes of vulnerability, including the structural inequalities that create and sustain poverty and constrain access to resources. Further, institutions local and national play a key role in creating or addressing vulnerability. Integrating findings of socio-economic and institutional vulnerability into disaster risk management can begin with using this preliminary vulnerability assessment, which can be strengthened by monitoring the community in greater detail.

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Table 6: Differences and Areas of Convergence Between DRR and CCA Source: World Bank Guide to Climate Change Adaptation in Cities

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REFERENCES 1. Cutter, S. L., 2008. Vulnerability analysis, environmental hazards. In Encyclopedia of Quantitative Risk Assessment, edited.

2. Melnick and Brian Everitt. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., pp. 1845-1848.

3. Cutter, S. L., L. Barnes, M. Berry, C. Burton, E. Evans, E. Tate, and J. Webb. 2008. A placebased model for understandingcommunity resilience to natural disasters. Global Environmental Change 18 (4) 598-606.

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4. Cutter, S. L., Boruff, B. J. and Shirley, W. L. (2003), Social Vulnerability to Environmental Hazards. Social Science Quarterly, 84: 242–261 5. Schmidtlein, M. C., R. C. Deutsch, W. W. Piegorsch, and S. L. Cutter, 2008. Building indexes of vulnerability: a sensitivity analysis of the social vulnerability index, Risk Analysis 28 (4): 1099-1114.

Photo: Christopher J. Carter

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SECTION 5: STRATEGIC AREAS In Perspective

Figure 1: Interconnected Nature of Strategic Areas

In addition to the stakeholder and vulnerability assessment provided in the prior section, this report also sets out to analyze Hagonoy’s current activities through the lens of climate change and identify opportunities for improvement. This corresponds with the Issues and Objectives, Option Identification and Option Assessment phases of the UN Habitat’s planning model for climate change adaptation.

The climate change ‘lens’ utilized for this section is based broadly on the directions outlined in the NCCAP. The NCCAP, adopted in 2010, acts as the framework for climate change adaptation and mitigation in the Philippines from 2011 to 2028. As LGU’s are expected to create LCCAP’s that are consistent with this national plan, it makes sense to nest Hagonoy’s LCCAP within the wider NCCAP framework.

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In consultation with municipal staff, and in recognition of the limited timeframe of this report, the following 4 areas are offered as possible priorities for Hagonoy’s LCCAP and will be discussed in greater detail: 1.

2.

3.

4.

Food Security Water Sufficiency Environmental and Ecological Stability Human Security

To ensure consistency with the NCCAP, it is recommended that Hagonoy’s LCCAP address all seven strategic directions with related outcomes.

It is also important to recognize that these strategic directions are not static categories but rather interconnected dimensions which inform one another (Figure 1). Achieving a climate-resilient community in one of the following strategic areas requires attention to all of the others. Linkages are made between strategic areas where possible in the next section.

Source: Prepared by the authors

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5.1.1 What is Food Security?

Food security is the capacity of all people to obtain the food they need to live a healthy life. There are four dimensions to food security: food availability, food accessibility, food utilization and food systems stability. Food availability refers to the amount of food present in a community, which relates to production, distribution, and exchange. Food accessibility refers to whether or not food is affordable and equitably allocated. Food utilization means that food has both nutritional and social value. Finally, food systems stability means that food markets are steady and predictable. A thriving community that is resilient to climate change requires that food needs be met in each of these areas.

The NCCAP aims to address the four dimensions of food security. The central strategic priority in the area of food security is to, “ensure availability, stability, accessibility, and affordability of safe and healthy food amidst cliTowards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

Photo: Christopher J. Carter

Food Security

mate change”1. At the national level, this will be done by focusing on improving the resilience of the production, distribution and communities centered on agriculture and fisheries. Figure 1 is a full list of NCCAP outputs and activities to achieve food security.

5.1.2 Food Security in Hagonoy As Hagonoy is considered one of the major sources of fish in Manila Bay, fisheries are a key element of food security. From both fisheries and aquaculture, Hagonoy produces more than 5,000 metric tons of species such as Milkfish, Tilapia and Mudcrab annually2, that are consumed both locally and abroad. Fisheries and aquaculture is also the main economic driver of the municipality, as 1,423 people are employed as fishpond operators 2.

In contrast to fisheries, agricultural output is sparse in Hagonoy. 2011 records from the Municipal Agriculture Office (MAO) reflect that there is a total of 344.5 hectares of farmland, more than ½ of which is rainfed. These lands employ 284 people and produce approximately 4 metric tons per hec-

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Figure 1: NCCAP Strategic Actions on Food Security Source: Climate Change Commission, 2011 tare 3. It is believed that the scarcity of agricultural lands is attributed to saltwater intrusion as well as the absence of irrigation facilities. In 2004, the Hagonoy Palapat Communal Pump Irrigation Project (HPCPIP) was initiated with the purpose of improving irrigation fresh water supply. However, the project was not completed due to a limited capacity for management and oversight.

Malnutrition, particularly child malnutrition, has been identified as a problem in Hagonoy. According to the Municipal Nutrition Office, there has been a sharp increase between 2009-2011 in the rate of malnourished children,

Photo: Tina Barisky Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

Figure 3 reflects the degree of child malnutrition between 2007-2012.

The most severe type, 3rd degree malnutrition, remains steady at less than 50 cases annually, while 2nd degree or moderate malnutrition has declined since 2012. However, it is the mildest form of malnutrition, 1st degree, which continues to rise. No cases of this type of malnutrition were recorded between 2007 and 2009, but since then the Municipal Nutrition Office received reports on a combined 927 cases. Data regarding the reasons for malnutrition are unavailable, however qualitative interviews reflect that it may be related to poverty incidence in Hagonoy.

43 Source: Municipal Nutrition Office

5.1.3 Global Changes, Local Consequences Source: Municipal Nutrition Office

Climate change has a range of implications for Hagonoy’s fisheries and agriculture. Saltwater intrusion is increasingly impacting food productivity in Hagonoy. In recent years, saltwater intrusion has caused poor productivity in much of the agricultural land in Hagonoy, resulting in land conversion to fishponds. More than 75% of land use in Hagonoy is now devoted to aquaculture, mostly located in the southern stretch of the municipality3.

Figure 4 demonstrates the conversion of agricultural land to aquaculture from 2008 to 2010.

The loss of agricultural land in Hagonoy presents a number of problems for food security. A reduced crop yield results in meager vegetable and grain

Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

Source: Municipal Agriculture Office production for the community, forcing Hagonoy to rely on imported food sources. A reliance on food systems exterior to the community means that Hagonoy is vulnerable to the volatility of market fluctuations.

This is especially a challenge for those in low-income informal settlements Photo: Eva Crego-Liz who are most vulnerable to fluctuations in food prices. The proportion of little or no resources. According to the Local Development Investment ProHagonoy’s food source that is imported is unknown. Data on Hagonoy’s food gram (LDIP), small to medium sized fishpond operators have been seeing a exports are also unknown. decrease in aquaculture production in recent years. Numbers from the Bulacan Bureau of Agriculture Statistics also substantiate this trend, reflectMore frequent and severe flooding is also an impact of climate change that ing that milkfish and tilapia production have been in decline since 2000 (Figaffects food productivity, accessibility and affordability. Hagonoy is subject ure 5). More than 37% of fishpond areas from Bulacan’s records are located to frequent flooding from many sources. First, as it is located at the outfall in Hagonoy. of the Pampanga River Basin, it is vulnerable to upstream flooding. Second, its low elevation makes it vulnerable to repeated high tide flooding. Third, Flooding also impacts food accessibility as it makes farm-to-market roads like other parts of the Philippines, Hagonoy commonly experiences flooding impassable. When flooding occurs due to extreme weather events, food secufrom extreme weather-related events such as typhoons. rity is threatened because people are confined to their homes, sometimes for Qualitative research gathered for this report reflects that flooding reduces productivity because it makes already sparse agricultural land unusable. It also causes losses in aquaculture as fish escape from the fishponds. Small to medium fishpond owners are particularly vulnerable to these effects because the losses often mean that they must start their businesses over again with

days. This is particularly a concern in the more isolated barangays of Hagonoy such as Tibaguin and Pugad.

Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

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Source: Bulacan Bureau of Agriculture Statistics Where food is accessible, the climate-induced changes in production may cause food prices, particularly fish, to become unstable. Fish farmers 45 sometimes harvest their fish in anticipation of high tide flooding, causing a glut in the market and a drastic decline in income. While this may temporarily bring down the price of fish, it also results in dry seasons, increasing the unpredictably of the market. Each of these issues possess implications for food security.

5.1.4 Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies in Hagonoy Several of the policy options and programs set out in Hagonoy’s latest Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP), Local Development Investment Program (LDIP), and Executive Legislative Agenda (ELA) may be adapted to address the challenges of climate change in the area of food security.

Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

Sorting and Selling at Hagonoy Fishport Photo: Eva Crego-Liz

In the 2014-2016 ELA, an Aquaculture Enhancement Program has been proposed to increase the income of small fishpond operators and marginal fisherfolk through a fish farmer field school and the donation of resources such as fingerlings. The funding requirement of this program over the next two years is $3,000,000. There are also plans to link with Bulacan State University to establish a College of Fisheries School.

Looking further into the future, the CLUP 2011-2020 also proposes a multinodal development approach, which will develop the land in the southern part of the municipality as an Aquaculture Production Centre. This centre will act as a hub for aquaculture production, processing and distribution, as well as a source of fisheries research and technology development and education.

In response to climate change, the people of Hagonoy have adjusted their farming and fishing practices in a number of ways. To avoid major losses in aquaculture due to flooding, fish pond operators are adjusting their farming seasons by placing fingerlings in the water early in order to be able to harvest before flood season. Increasingly, they are also diversifying the species of fish they farm in order to avoid the volatility of the trading market. To keep fishing production costs down, they are mixing traditional fish feeds such as algae with commercial feeds and smaller fish of lower quality. Some fishpond operators are supplementing their incomes with diverse sources, such as poultry growing. Some barangays have also implemented infrastructural adjustments such as check gates at fishponds in order to control saltwater intrusion.

Agriculture

continue and complete the Irrigation Project at a cost of $6,000,000, which will address inadequate irrigation facilities by extending the coverage of irrigation in northern Hagonoy.

Nutrition In order to combat malnourishment in children under the age of 5, the ELA suggests a Supplemental Feeding Program at the cost $12,000,000 as well as the establishment of a Municipal Malward Facility to provide nutritional needs and services at the cost of $2,000,000. There is also a request for $1,500,000 in funding for a general Nutrition Program.

Currently, the MAO is trying to combat the problem of saltwater intrusion in rice fields by testing strains of saltwater-tolerant species, of which 7 varieties will be planted during planting season in August or September 2014.

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Municipal plans set out several policy options to preserve remaining agricultural lands and to maximize their productivity. An Agriculture Preservation Program has been proposed to provide assistance to farmers through an educational field school, with the funding requirement of $3,000,000.

Additionally, a proposed $1,000,000 will be devoted to a High Value Crops Production Program to provide season-long training and vegetable seeds to increase local vegetable production as an alternative source of income for farmers.

Food-Supporting Infrastructure A Farm-to-Market Roads Project has been proposed at a cost of $14,500,000, which focuses on concreting the passage between Carillo to Parung-Parong and Sitio Buga as well as Sta. Elena, located in the southern part of the Municipality. The goal of this project is to allow for expedited travel time, which will also increase food accessibility. There are also plans to

Example of a Bioswale Source: California Department of Transportation Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

5.1.5 Recommendations

47 The relationship between food accessibility and insecurity is less understood in Hagonoy. More monitoring and research is needed in order to understand the food supply chain (i.e. how much of Hagonoy’s food supply is grown locally and how much of their production is exported). It is also recommended that an assessment be undertaken to determine which parts of the population are food insecure and to better understand the reasons for malnutrition. In this manner, attention can be directed to the most vulnerable segments of Hagonoy’s population.

Regarding food-supporting infrastructure developments, there is some concern that projects such as the Farm-to-Market Concreting Roads Project may exacerbate the problems posed by climate change. For example, impermeable surfaces such as concrete roads may increase the effects of floods and the amount of runoff to nearby fishponds, thereby further reducing water quality.

It is therefore recommended that food-supporting developments such as these take into consideration green infrastructure to allow for inTowards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

Photo: Christopher J. Carter

In terms of supporting the productivity of food systems and the livelihoods of food systems workers, Hagonoy’s current plans are strong.

The proposed training and support programs in agriculture and aquaculture will ensure that food systems workers have the resources needed to adapt to the effects of climate change and to stabilize food production in Hagonoy. It is recommended that training seminars also include climate change mitigation strategies, such as integrated aquaculture and organic production where feasible. Since there can be no food security without water security, Hagonoy’s plans to expand and complete the Irrigation Project should remain a top priority. Studies from the FAO indicate that there is a relationship between the percentage of cultivated areas irrigated and the total percentage of population that is undernourished. As irrigation can increase crop yields of most crops by 100-400%4, the Irrigation Project will ensure that Hagonoy is maximizing the productivity of its agricultural land.

creased permeability of hard surfaces. An example of green infrastructure is a bioswale, or a vegetated channel that absorbs and filters flows of water.

Other examples are permeable pavement, planter boxes and trees, all of which may be woven into street design to decrease the threat of floods.

[PLANNING TOOLKIT 2. ] The World Food Programme has a guide to help conduct a food supply chain assessment.

Visit http://www.wfp.org/content/market-analysis-tool-howconduct-food-commodity-value-chain-analysis

Table 1: Summary of Recommendations

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Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

impacts on fish health, habitats and food webs, as well as impacts on aquaculture costs and productivity and fisher-folk livelihoods. There are numerous examples of actions and strategies to adapt to climate change and to mitigate its effects in aquaculture. These have been drawn from case studies in Bangladesh, India, Vietnam and China, as well as from general aquaculture best practice.

To find out further information about these case studies, an informative tool is the 2014 FAO Circular on Fisheries and Aquaculture, which can be found at http://www.fao.org/docrep/019/i3569e/i3569e.pdf.

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Hagonoys Growing Fishponds

Photo: Eva Crego-Liz

As one of the leading drivers of livelihoods and food security in Hagonoy, measures specifically geared to aquaculture are needed in order for the municipality to adapt to climate change. Figure 6 shows that the broader changes in climate affecting aquaculture are sea-level rise, precipitation, increased heat, increased storm severity and salinity changes. In turn, these have secondary Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

Source: FAO, 2014

Table 2: Climate-Resilient Hagonoy

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Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

Photo: Christopher J. Carter

Water Security

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5.2.1 What is Water Sufficiency?

The NCCAP 2011-2028 identifies all these issues, highlighting the existing weak institutional and water governance environment in the Philippines as the main drawback to effectively respond to all these challenges. Therefore, Water sufficiency refers not only to water availability, but to other the objective of the water sufficiency agenda, as defined in the NCCAP, is to water-related challenges such as pollution, vulnerability to disasters, or water and sanitation access. Although the Philippines is endowed with abundant wa- manage water resources in a sustainable way to ensure equitable access for all. ter resources, they are under severe pressure from growing populations, rapid It will focus on three immediate outcomes 1: urbanization and industrialization. Water availability in the Philippines has t8BUFS HPWFSOBODF SFTUSVDUVSFE UPXBSET B DMJNBUF BOE become also time and site-specific due to geographic and seasonal variations. gender-responsive water sector Access to basic drinking water supply and especially to basic sanitation is still precarious, and the lack of adequate wastewater management infrastructures t 4VTUBJOBCJMJUZ PG XBUFS TVQQMZ BOE BDDFTT UP TBGF BOE resulting in the pollution of water bodies has a negative impact on the availaffordable water ensured ability of water resources. The Philippines is prone to natural disasters such as typhoons and flooding, which also impact the water supply infrastructure t ,OPXMFEHF BOE DBQBDJUZ PG UIF XBUFS TFDUPS UP BEBQU UP negatively. climate change enhanced Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

5.2.2 Water Sufficiency in Hagonoy

Figure 1: Strategic Actions on Water Sufficiency for 2011-2028

Water supply in Hagonoy is provided by the Hagonoy Water District (HWD). HWD was created in 1976 in compliance with the Provincial Water Utilities Act of 1973, being the first local water district in the Province of Bulacan. HWD is an independent, autonomous, non-stock, self-supporting, non-profit, self-reliant government-owned and controlled corporation (GOCC) that does not receive regular subsidy, grant or budgetary allocation from any political government subdivision.

HWD manages and operates the district in a businesslike manner. The service area of HWD covers the whole town of Hagonoy, all of its 26 barangays and 3 barangays in the neighboring town of Paombong 2.

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Water Availability The source of water supply in Hagonoy is groundwater. The over-abstraction of water from the aquifer has caused problems of soil subsidence in Hagonoy and other coastal towns, with the consequent increase in tidal flooding and saltwater intrusion. According to the National Institute of Source: NCCAP, 2010

Geological Sciences of the University of the Philippines (UP-NIGS) several towns in Bulacan, Pampanga and Bataan have sunk 1 meter in the past 30 years or ten times the rate of the global sea level rise in the last century 9.

To address this problem, the LGU of Hagonoy plans to explore alternative sources of water supply such as rainwater harvesting, surface water treatment, desalinization of seawater, or external sources as Angat Dam.

Access to Drinking Water and Sanitation According to HWD8, in 2010 there were 24,366 residential and 561 commercial service connections, corresponding to 88% of the total number of households in HWD service area. Records from the community-based monitoring system (CBMS) of Hagonoy show that in 2011 the proportion of Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

households without access to safe water supply was 1% of the total. The observed discrepancy between HWD and CBMS data might be due to different factors as data accuracy, the fact that HWD data considers 3 barangays that are not part of the municipality of Hagonoy, or the fact that other sources of safe water supply might be considered in the CBMS (i.e. private wells, bottled water). Despite the disparity in the data, it shows that the rate of access to safe water supply in Hagonoy is quite high. However, an interesting point that emerged during our semi-structured interviews in Hagonoy is that people rely on bottled water and/or water from private wells for drinking, as they do not trust the quality of tap water.

Table 1: Access to Drinking Water and According to HWD, Sanitation in Hagonoy all samples taken from the deep wells of HWD pass the standards set by the Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water (PNS53 DW)8. The reason for distrust might be due to the poor condition of the pipe system where water might get polluted, or to an extended presumption of poor water quality that might not be based on evidences.

Measures to improve the quality of the water served, or to improve the perception people have about it, would Source: HWD and Hagonoy CBMS reduce vulnerability and enhance water Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

sufficiency in Hagonoy by providing a reliable, sustainable and cheap source of drinking water.

Regarding access to sanitation, Hagonoy does not have a sewerage system.

Most households either dispose of wastewater directly to water bodies, this being a major cause of water pollution, or use septic tanks, which only provide a partial treatment of sewage. The lack of maintenance of septic tanks constitutes an important problem as well, as the discharge or overflow of untreated septage into rivers or water courses is even more polluting than wastewater discharge. According to HWD, there are a number of private desludging firms operating in Hagonoy, although there are not appropriate septage treatment facilities. The common perception is that the collected septage is disposed of, without proper treatment, to drainage systems, water bodies or even in vacant lots1. In compliance with the Clean Water Act (CWA) and the National Sewerage and Septage Management Program (NSSMP), HWD has developed the feasibility study of the “Septage Management Project – Hagonoy, Bulacan” to evaluate different alternatives for the construction of a septage treatment facility that meets the DENR standards for effluent discharges. HWD is also promoting septage management awareness and undertaking education of the public about the correct way to design a septic tank. Nevertheless, the fact that sanitation measures rely exclusively on private individuals make very difficult to ensure proper implementation, not to mention the economic burden that these measures might represent for poor households.

Water Quality As previously mentioned, water courses in Hagonoy are highly polluted by domestic effluents and wastewater discharges. Other important sources of water pollution are the dumping of solid wastes, residues of fertilizers and pesticides from agricultural areas, and the intensive use of fish feeds in the aquaculture industry.

The water sampling conducted by HWD on August 2011 in major rivers in Hagonoy, clearly shows the level of pollution of Hagonoy’s water bodies.

The most probable number (MPN) of fecal coliform E. coli in all the samples exceeded 1,600, whereas the PNSDW standards require that samples should

Table 2: Water Sampling Test Results Table 3: Scale Classification, Ratings and Sources of Indicators used in Vulnerability Assessment of Water Supply Sector from Typhoons/Storms and Flooding Impact

Source: “Septage Management Project – Hagonoy, Bulacan”

Vulnerability of the Water Supply Sector In December 2013, the Provincial Government of Bulacan prepared the “Disaster Risk and Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment Report”9 for the whole Province. The report includes a vulnerability assessment of the water supply sector to typhoons, storms and flooding in the different municipalities of Bulacan. The different indicators used to determine the vulnerability index are presented in table 3.

54

Source: Disaster Risk and Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment Report. Province of Bulacan

The vulnerability of the water supply sector in Hagonoy regarding the considered indicators has been estimated as low, as it can be observed in Figure 2. However, several key informants have reported that during typhoons, storms and flooding episodes blackouts are usual. These blackouts may last for several days preventing the functioning of water pumps and leaving the households without water supply.

Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

Figure 2: Vulnerability Index (VI) for the Water Supply Sector in Hagonoy

Table 4: Climate Change Impacts on Water Sufficiency

Based on Abano, S.P.

4

5.2.3 Global Changes, Local Consequences 55 Adapted from: Disaster Risk and Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment Report. Province of Bulacan

Climate change is expected to make more acute all the aforementioned water-related challenges, at global but also at local level. The expected climate change scenario for the Philippines will involve:

frequency of storm (La Ni単a) and drought (El Ni単o) This fact should be taken into account in the vulnerability assessment of the water supply sector. In this sense, measures to guarantee the power supply to water pumps during typhoons or flooding episodes (e.g. solar panels or any other alternative source of energy) will help to reduce the vulnerability of the sector.

Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

The effects that these changes in climate will have on water resources availability and quality are summarized in table 4. In this climate change scenario, saltwater intrusion in Hagonoy groundwater resources is expected to increase, threatening, at present, the only source of water resources in the municipality. The increase of severe flooding episodes may also affect water security in Hagonoy, as disruptions of water supply due to power outage during floods have been reported to be common.

Figure 3: Interventions and Policy Options included in Hagonoy’s CLUP, ELA and LDIP: outcomes consistent with the goals of the Water Sufficiency Strategic Area defined in the NCCAP

Table 5: Planned land use evolution in Hagonoy

56 Source: CLUP, 2011-2020

Source: Authors Analysis of LGU activities

5.2.4 Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies in Hagonoy The CLUP, ELA and LDIP of Hagonoy include specific interventions and policy options that directly and indirectly relate with the objectives of the water sufficiency agenda defined in the NCCAP. Some of the proposed interventions can be classified into different strategic areas, but their outcomes are consistent with the goals of the water sufficiency agenda. It is very important to understand these strategic areas not as sealed and unconnected compartments but as a web of connections where interventions defined in one of the areas may and should contribute to the outcomes and goals de-

fined for some of the other areas. The CLUP of Hagonoy plans to increase the urbanized area in the municipality by 2.3% to a total of 833.70 hectares (769 Has residential, 24.2 Has commercial, 40.5 Has institutional).

Urbanization may have negative impacts on water sufficiency as it alters runoff patterns and inhibits natural recharge of the aquifer affecting both water quantity and quality. In response, the use of green architecture and engineering in the new urbanized areas may help to reduce these impacts.

Green infrastructure such as vegetated roofs, grassed swales, green parking areas, infiltration trenches or permeable pavement should be promoted in new developments 11.

Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

The planned expenditure on water sufficiency in the ELA and LDIP 20142016 amounts to 1 million PHP intended for the Distribution of Potable Water System and Sanitary Toilet Facilities.

Table 6: Key water-related legislation and its status of implementation

5.2.5 Recommendations: Strategic Actions on Water Sufficiency in Hagonoy In conjunction with the strategic actions on water sufficiency defined at the national level by the NCCAP, this section provides some insights on different actions the municipality of Hagonoy may consider in the development of its LCCAP regarding water sufficiency. This section addresses issues of:

57

Water Governance The NCCAP identifies the fragmented and weak institutional and water governance environment of the water sector in the Philippines, as one of the major problems regarding water sufficiency. As stated in the NCCAP, water management is lodged in over 30 government offices, with the National Water Resources Board (NWRB) limited to economic regulation, while the management of water sources (including watersheds), supply and distribution are done by different agencies. As a consequence, there is uncoordinated sector planning and monitoring in the absence of a national government agency responsible for translating policies and strategies into a comprehensive climate-smart water program1. This institutional weakness is also evident from the poor implementation and enforcement of key water-related legislation, as it can be observed in table 6.

Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

Source: Turning the Tide: Improving Water Resource Management in the Philippines

Table 6 (cont.): Key water-related legislation and its status of implementation

the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems10. Within the IWRM framework, the watershed is the most appropriate planning unit, since upstream land use and downstream water conditions are closely related. Upstream and downstream linkages can be clearly felt in Hagonoy, which is located at the outlet of the Pampanga and the Angat River basins. As watersheds transcend administrative boundaries, water resources planning and management at a watershed level should be undertaken not by a single LGU, but by an independent watershed authority or agency at a higher level 10.

However, there are other measures that LGUs could implement to enhance water governance.

To strengthen the collaboration between WDs and the municipal governments is crucial, as well as the implementation and proper enforcement of water-related legislation that is responsibility of municipalities. The CLUP of Hagonoy already includes some interventions along these same lines:

RA 9275 (see table 6 for references) An integrated management approach can also be adopted at a local level. As it has been mentioned above, linkages exist between land use and the condition of water bodies. Land conversion and urbanization alter runoff patterns affecting water quantity and quality. Agriculture and aquaculture have also important repercussions on water quality. In this sense, a cross-sectorial integration at the local level is needed to improve the ecological status of water courses and to enhance Hagonoy’s water sufficiency. Measures like the use of green architecture and engineering, or the promotion of organic agriculture and aquaculture, are consistent with this integrated management approach.

Source: Turning the Tide: Improving Water Resource Management in the Philippines

To address this problem, the NCCAP proposes the adoption of the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) approach. IWRM is defined as a process which promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources, in order to maximize

Sustainability of Water Resources Management The traditional water management approach, known as hard path, is based on supply-side solutions to meet the increasing water demand. This approach will no longer be sustainable in a future where pressure over water resources Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

58

will constantly increase due to population growth, changes in lifestyle and the effects of climate change. In opposition to this hard path, a more holistic and comprehensive approach to water sustainability planning, known as the soft path, is gaining ground in the past years.

Since the soft path aims to improve the overall productivity of water use rather than seek endless sources of new supply, the use of water efficient technologies and other measures to manage water demand are consistent with the soft path approach. It considers the supply of various qualities of water for different uses as well as the use of decentralized water infrastructure. In this regard, the implementation of rainwater harvesting systems for irrigation or other purposes is a measure of water supply management that agrees with the soft path principles. Other characteristics of the soft path are 15:

59

ment and human activity seeking to protect the critical ecological services that water and ecosystems provide.

In the following subsections some of the issues pertaining to water demand and supply management are further developed.

Water demand management A shift of paradigm from the strictly supply-side approach to a demand-side approach is needed to achieve the sustainability of water resources management. Managing the demand and increasing the productivity of existing water uses may postpone or even avoid the need to develop new resources. a) Assessing the water demand The first step to manage the water demand is to know how much water is being used by different water users (i.e. domestic, industrial, agricultural). We Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

have not had access to water use data in Hagonoy, and we do not know if it actually exists. The feasibility study of the “Septage Management Project – Hagonoy, Bulacan� developed by HWD states that the average consumption per service connection was recorded at 19.39 m3 per month or 0.65 m3 per day. This is the only data about water consumption in Hagonoy we have had access to. It is not relevant information to assess water demand in the municipality, as residential and commercial consumption are aggregated in a single value. In addition, this value only refers to the water consumed from the water supply system of HWD, not considering other sources of water supply as private wells or bottled water. Thus, a recommendation in this regard would be to set up a water resources database and an information system in the case it does not exist. Water resources and water use data gathering and monitoring is crucial to sustainable manage water supply. Identifying the major water users and their water consumption level will help to better design the most appropriate water conservation and water demand management strategies.

Along these lines, and important water use that should not be overlooked when assessing water demand is the amount of water needed to sustain ecosystems. b)

Demand management measures

Demand management measures include: : The use of incentives (e.g. discount in the water fee) may be a good measure to promote the installation and use of water-efficient technologies, not only in the industrial and agricultural sector but also at the household level. To make the installation of water-efficient devises a requirement for new buildings through a SB resolution or ordinance, might be another measure to be adopted in this regard.

In addition to the adoption of water-efficient irrigation technologies, the plantation of crop varieties that require less irrigation water to grow could be also a measure to manage water demand. Nevertheless, food security issues should be considered when exploring this possibility.

Water Supply Management To reduce the amount of water that is lost in the water distribution system is an effective measure for water conservation. In this sense, it is important to have a monitoring system to effectively detect leakages.

Water losses are not only due to leakages. Illegal connections to the system, non-registered wells or metering inaccuracies can be also considered as water losses. In this sense, the control, regulation and appropriate metering of all water users is key to effectively manage water demand.

A water tariff that reflects the real “value� of water may prevent the depletion of water resources and encourage water conservation.

Water conservation campaigns: To raise public awareness on the importance of water conservation and the measures that could be adopted to that effect is key to assure the success of water demand management strategies.

Explore alternative sources of water supply: The use of different sources of water for different purposes (e.g. rainwater, grey water, reclaimed water for irrigation or industrial uses) may reduce the need for fresh water supplies. This point is further developed in the next sub-section.

Diversification of water sources helps to reduce the pressure over fresh water resources and enhances the resiliency of the water supply sector reducing its vulnerability to variability in water availability due to climate change. It can therefore be considered a good measure to achieve water sufficiency. The CLUP of Hagonoy includes an intervention along those lines: to explore alternative sources of water supply as rain water harvesting, surface water treatment, or external sources such as Angat Dam and desalinization of sea water.

In this subsection, general considerations about the viability and suitability of the implementation of rainwater harvesting, wastewater reclamation and/ or desalinization systems in Hagonoy are provided. Surface water treatment and water transfers from Angat Dam are not addressed in this report, as the implementation of this kind of water supply systems is already well-stablished in everyday water management practice and in the literature. Moreover, these options do not constitute an alternative to fresh water resources.

60 Rainwater harvesting, wastewater reclamation and desalinization in addition to be real alternatives to fresh water resources have the advantage that can be generated within the municipal boundaries of Hagonoy, enhancing its water self-sufficiency. a) Wastewater reclamation Wastewater reclamation could be done for non-potable and potable uses.

Non-potable uses include irrigation, environmental flows (water flows required to sustain freshwater and estuarine ecosystems), toilet flushing, garden watering and industrial uses among others. There are two different types of potable reclamation: direct and indirect. In the direct potable wastewater reclamation, wastewater re-enter the water supply system after being treated by a series of processes (flocculation, sand filtration, ozonation, activated carbon filter, ultrafiltration). In the indirect potable wastewater reclamation, the treated wastewater is mixed with natural sources before re-entering the water supply system. A case of indirect potable wastewater reclamation would Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

be the artificial recharge of groundwater with treated wastewater. Examples of direct and indirect potable wastewater reclamation are found in Windhoek (Namibia) and in Orange County (California – USA) respectively. One of the advantages of wastewater reclamation as a source of water supply is that it is climate independent, not being affected by climate variations.

The treatment process to be applied will depend on the level of purification needed for the intended use of the reclaimed wastewater. Direct and indirect potable reclamation imply the use of membrane technologies which involve high energy consumption. In this sense, clean energy alternatives should be explored not to increase greenhouse gas emissions . For non-potable uses, traditional wastewater treatments, with a lower energy demand, could be used. Other challenges of potable wastewater reclamation are public trust and possible impacts on human health, as some trace pollutants are known to pass membranes.

good measure to alleviate the problems of groundwater depletion and soil subsidence experienced in Hagonoy. b) Desalinization As Hagonoy is a coastal municipality, desalinization of seawater is an alternative water source that might be explored. The desalinization process is based on membrane technologies like reverse osmosis (RO), which as stated before involve high energy consumption. Lower energy consumption is needed in the desalinization process of brackish water, because of its lower salinity compared to seawater. In this sense, it would be more cost-efficient to consider the desalinization of estuarine or brackish groundwater instead of seawater. Again, and as in the case of wastewater reclamation, the use of greenhouse-gas-neutral sources of energy in the implementation of these systems is crucial to consider them proper climate change adaptation measures.

Figure 4: Properties of resources for urban water supply

The main impediment for the implementation of wastewater reclamation in 61 Hagonoy is the lack of a sewage system that collects the wastewater and conveys it to a treatment plant. Nevertheless, wastewater collection systems could be implemented in new urban developments and subdivisions. The wastewater could be treated in decentralized on-site treatment plants and re-used for toilet flushing and for watering green spaces.

These measures might be enforced through a SB resolution or ordinance.

The artificial recharge of groundwater with wastewater is also an interesting measure for Hagonoy to explore.

Although it requires more costly technology and the construction of a more extensive sewage system, it could be a Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

Source: Rygaard et al. 2011

Desalinization of brackish water, as wastewater reclamation, constitutes a climate independent source of water supply, being able to provide a steady supply even during dry periods, enhancing in this way water self-sufficiency.

In addition to the high-energy demand, another challenge of desalinization is the environmental impact that desalinization effluent may cause. The effluent from the desalinization process has a salt concentration 2 – 15 times the feed water concentration, and it may also contain chemicals used in the pre-treatment 16 . Its discharge to water bodies may cause undesired environmental impacts on the aquatic ecosystems, if it is not done properly. c) Rainwater collection Rainwater harvesting is the most energy efficient alternative among the ones exposed in this subsection, being its energy consumption similar to conventional treatment of groundwater and surface water resources. Rainwater can be harvested both at household and at municipal level. It can be re-used for drinking purposes after treatment, or for toilet flushing, washing and/or irrigation with no need for treatment. The main limitations of rainwater to be considered as an alternative source of water supply is its climate dependency and the dimensions of the tank or reservoir needed to store it.

In this sense, rainwater does not contribute as much as wastewater reclamation and desalinization to self-sufficiency.

However, its low energy demand and low cost, and the fact that already exist legislation in the Philippines regarding rainwater harvesting, make it an appropriate alternative to be tested in Hagonoy before exploring more costly and energy intensive alternative water sources.

Figure 4 summarizes the properties of the different alternative water sources exposed in this subsection as well as the associated challenges to their implementation.

Besides the implementation of alternative water sources to diversify water supply, the improvement of the existing piped water supply system must not be neglected. Data shows that the number of households connected to HWD system is quite high. However, key informants have reported distrust in piped water for drinking. In this sense, it is important to determine if this distrust responds to real facts or to public perception. Some studies have shown that public perception of water quality may be related to trust in water agencies and personal perceptions rather than technical parameters of water quality16. If this is the case, information and education campaigns may help to reverse this situation. If the distrust responds to the actual quality of the water supplied, measures should be taken to improve the water treatment and the condition of the distribution system.

Other sources of drinking water, like bottle water, may be much more expensive than tap water and may have undesired environmental impacts like those associated to plastic consumption. Thus, to provide households with reliable, safe, affordable and sustainable drinking water supply is crucial to achieve 62 water sufficiency.

Water Quality Pollution of freshwater sources is also an important problem that threats the sustainability of the water supply. The improvement of surface and groundwater quality is one of the goals that the NCCAP pursue regarding water sufficiency. Two strategic actions are identified in this respect: 1) Implement the Clean Water Act (CWA) and the National Septage and Sewerage Program (NSSP) 2)Improve sanitation infrastructures

Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

Table 7: Clean Water act and National Septage and Sewerage Program

treatment options. However, it does not evaluate the feasibility of other type of wastewater treatment facilities, or the feasibility of more decentralized options. a) Decentralized wastewater treatment systems ćF i4FQUBHF .BOBHFNFOU 1SPKFDU o )BHPOPZ #VMBDBOw POMZ JODMVEF BO BOBMZsis of alternatives on treatment options. The feasibility of alternative options to the construction of a central septage treatment facility has not been evaluBUFE )PXFWFS JU XPVME CF JOUFSFTUJOH UP BOBMZ[F UIF DPTU FČFDUJWFOFTT PG NPSF decentralized solutions. In this sense, a cost-benefit analysis will be needed to EFUFSNJOF UIF NPTU BQQSPQSJBUF XBTUFXBUFS USFBUNFOU GBDJMJUZ GPS )BHPOPZ It is important to consider the entire life-cycle cost (i.e. design, construction, operation, maintenance, repair and replacement) of the facility in the analysis.

Operation and maintenance costs might be even more important than construction costs over the operational lifetime of a wastewater treatment facility.

63 The CLUP of Hagonoy also includes interventions along those same lines: 9275 (see table 6 for references)

HWD has also elaborated the feasibility study for the “Septage Management Project – Hagonoy, Bulacan� in compliance with the Clean Water Act and the National Septage and Sewerage Program.

The aforementioned project analyzes the feasibility to build a septage treatment plant and a sludge disposal facility in Hagonoy to provide septage desludging service to all customers of HWD. Septage treatment and disposal will reduce pollution of water bodies attributed to untreated septage discharge or overflow from septic tanks. The project considers three different Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

Decentralized wastewater treatment systems may be on-site (serving a single household or building) or a cluster system (serving a larger area). These systems have found to be more cost-effective than centralized systems in some specific contexts, such scattered low-density rural areas 17. In this sense, EFDFOUSBMJ[FE TZTUFNT NJHIU CF BQQSPQSJBUFE GPS )BHPOPZ HJWFO UIF TQBUJBM distribution of its population, disseminated in different urban areas within different barangays. A feasibility study that evaluates centralized and decentralized solutions would help to better identify the most appropriate wastewater USFBUNFOU GBDJMJUZ UP CF CVJMU JO )BHPOPZ 4FQUJD UBOLT DBO CF DPOTJEFSFE EFDFOUSBMJ[FE XBTUFXBUFS USFBUNFOU TZTUFNT BT XFMM )PXFWFS UIFZ POMZ QSPWJEF B QSJNBSZ USFBUNFOU GPS XBTUFXBUFS BOE UIF sludge they generate needs further treatment. There exist improved technologies that at a low cost provide better on-site treatment than septic tanks. The implementation of this kind of technologies in new buildings and households could be a good measure to improve wastewater treatment, to allow for wastewater reuse and to reduce the need for septage treatment. It may be promoted UISPVHI B 4# SFTPMVUJPO PS PSEJOBODF

"O FYBNQMF PG UIJT LJOE PG UFDIOPMPHJFT JT &DP4BO XIJDI IBT CFFO UFTUFE JO 4VSBCBZB *OEPOFTJB 18 &DP4BO BJNT UP GVMM SFVTF PG OVUSJFOUT BOE UP QSFWFOU mixing of pathogenic bacteria from human waste with the wastewater that is SFUVSOFE UP UIF FOWJSPONFOU ćF &DP4BO QMBOU TFQBSBUFT XBTUFXBUFS JOUP CMBDL water (human fecal plus flushing water), yellow water (human urine plus flushing water) and grey water (water from bathing and washing activities). The USFBUNFOU WBSJFT EFQFOEJOH PO UIF iDPMPSw PG UIF XBTUFXBUFS WFSNJDPNQPTUJOH for black water, hygienization for yellow water and constructed wetlands for grey water. This is only an example of the available decentralized wastewater treatment technologies that can be considered and evaluated to improve the TVSGBDF BOE HSPVOEXBUFS RVBMJUZ JO )BHPOPZ )PXFWFS UIF BEPQUJPO PG EFDFOUSBMJ[FE XBTUFXBUFS USFBUNFOU TZTUFNT EPFT OPU imply a decentralized management as well. Centralized management of decentralized systems is crucial to ensure their correct maintenance and functioning.

Awareness and education of household owners on the importance of on-site wastewater treatment systems maintenance for the environment and how to EP JU QSPQFSMZ NBZ IFMQ PO UIJT UBTL )PXFWFS NPOJUPSJOH BOE JOTQFDUJPO PG decentralized wastewater treatment facilities should be carried out by trained NVOJDJQBM PS )8% FNQMPZFFT

Knowledge and Capacity Building The adoption of new management approaches as well as the implementation of new technologies will require the training of professionals and employees working in the water sector.

Education and public awareness campaigns on water conservation and environmental protection are also crucial to attain the sustainable management of water supply. Public consultation and information campaigns might be needed as well when implementing new sources of water supply or new water and wastewater technologies. Some management decisions, as the reuse of wastewater, may generate controversy and public concern. In this sense, public awareness and participation programs to involve communities in deci-

sion making are necessary to reach a more acceptable decision to all parties involved. fore, a monitoring and data collection program to develop an accurate water resources and wastewater database and information system is essential. In this sense, some key water indicators might be included in the CBMS of Hagonoy.

Summary of Recommendations cal level, collaboration between the LGU of Hagonoy and HWD should be strengthened and a more integrated, cross-sectorial and holistic water management approach adopted. Measures like the use of green architecture and engineering, or the promotion of organic agriculture and aquaculture, are consistent with this integrated water management approach. water demand, water supply and wastewater management. ment strategies. In this sense, a water resources database and an information system for Hagonoy should be developed (if one does not already exists).

Relevant water indicators might be integrated in the CBMS. the service of the already existing water supply system. In this sense, possible improvements are: - To provide a reliable, sustainable and cheap source of drinking wa ter for households by improving water quality or by improving public perception about water quality - Clean energy alternatives that guarantee the power supply to water pumps during typhoons or flooding episodes Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

64

native water sources that may help to reduce the pressure over freshwater resources. They also enhance water self-sufficiency. feasibility of new water sources. In this sense, the solutions adopted should be greenhouse-gas-neutral (i.e. use of clean energy sources) not to contribute to global warming No. 6716), make rainwater harvesting a suitable alternative water source to be tested in Hagonoy. Other alternatives that might be considered are the implementation of wastewater reclamation for toilet flushing and/or garden watering in new developments and the artificial recharge of groundwater. ment systems in Hagonoy should be assessed and new wastewater treatment technologies considered. The implementation of this kind of solutions might 65 improve wastewater treatment and reduce the need for septage treatment. decision-making are necessary to reach acceptable decisions to all parties involved regarding water supply and wastewater management.

Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

Photo: Christopher J. Carter

5.3.1 What is Environmental and Ecological Stability?

Environmental and ecological stability can be understood as a synonymous to resilience. Resilience, as defined by the IPCC, is the ability of a social or ecological systems to absorb disturbances while retaining the same basic structure and ways of functioning, the capacity for self-organization, and the capacity to adapt to stress and change 1. Thus, the goal of the environmental and ecological stability agenda defined in the NCCAP 1 is:

t 5P FOIBODF SFTJMJFODF BOE TUBCJMJUZ PG OBUVSBM TZTUFNT BOE DPNNVOJ ties through the protection and rehabilitation of critical ecosystems, and the restoration of ecological services.

Photo: Christopher J. Carter

Environmental & Ecological Stability

The term ecological or ecosystem services refers to the benefits people obtain 66 from ecosystems. These include provisioning services such as food and water; regulating services such as flood and disease control; cultural services such as spiritual, recreational, and cultural benefits; and supporting services, such as nutrient cycling, that maintain the conditions for life on Earth 20. From this perspective, it becomes evident that ecosystem health is linked to human wellbeing, and stable and resilient ecosystems are critical mitigating the impacts of climate change on communities.

This fact is acknowledged by the NCCAP that establishes the environmental and ecological stability agenda as one of the two top priorities for the period 2011 to 2016, along with sustainable energy.

Consistent with the goals and outcomes defined in the NCCAP for this specific strategic area, this section will mainly focus on strategies to protect and SFIBCJMJUBUF NBOHSPWF FDPTZTUFNT BT UIFZ IBWF CFFO JEFOUJÄ•FE CZ )BHPOPZ T .%10 BT LFZ FDPTZTUFNT JO UIF NVOJDJQBMJUZ Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

Figure 1: Strategic Action on Ecosystem and Environmental Stability for 2011-2028 defined in the NCCAP

t ćF MPTT PG NBOHSPWF BSFBT XJUI UIF BTTPDJBUFE extinction of endemic fish species due to habitat destruction.

Pollution of Water Courses 5PEBZ )BHPOPZ EPFT OPU IBWF BOZ XBTUFXBUFS USFBUNFOU GBDJMJUZ 4PNF PG UIF IPVTFIPMET have their own septic tank whereas some others discharge their wastewaters directly to the water DPVSTFT 4FQUJD UBOLT DBO CF BMTP B TPVSDF PG QPMMVUJPO JG OPU NBOBHFE QSPQFSMZ "T TVDI )BHPOPZ T 8BUFS %JTUSJDU IBT DPOEVDUFE UIF GFBTJCJMJUZ TUVEZ GPS UIF i4FQUBHF .BOBHFNFOU 1SPKFDU o )BHPOPZ #VMBDBOw UP BOBMZ[F UIF CFTU BMUFSOBUJWF for building a septage treatment facility in the NVOJDJQBMJUZ .PSF EFUBJMT PO UIJT QSPKFDU BSF QSPWJEFE JO UIF 8BUFS 4VÄ?DJFODZ TFDUJPO

67

Source: NCCAP, 2010

5.3.2. Environmental and Ecological Stability in Hagonoy

Another important source of pollution is solid waste. Garbage is repeatedly washed out into the water courses by flooding and/or high tide. The municipal dumpsite, located by the river, constitutes also an important threat to water quality.

)BHPOPZ -(6 JT HSFBUMZ DPODFSOFE XJUI UIJT QSPCMFN 48. CFJOH POF PG JUT priority areas of action. In this sense, the municipality is currently developing 'SPN UIF JOUFSWJFXT BOE ĕFMEXPSL DBSSJFE PVU JO )BHPOPZ UXP NBKPS JUT ZFBS 4PMJE 8BTUF .BOBHFNFOU 1MBO environmental problems have been identified: The intensive use of commercial fish feed in the important aquaculture int ćF QPMMVUJPO PG XBUFS DPVSTFT GSPN XBTUFXBUFS JOBEFRVBUF TPMJE EVTUSZ PG )BHPOPZ JT BOPUIFS NBKPS TPVSDF PG XBUFS QPMMVUJPO 4USBUFHJFT UP waste management, and the excessive use of fish feeds in the enhance the aquaculture industry and to make it more sustainable have been aquaculture industry.

BEESFTTFE JO NPSF EFUBJM JO UIF 'PPE 4FDVSJUZ TFDUJPO

Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

Table 1: Effects of Climate Change on Mangrove Ecosystems

Source: Faridah-Hanum et al. 2014

5.3.3 Global Changes, Local Consequences

Photo: Eva Crego-Liz

Mangrove Degradation

.BOHSPWF BSFBT JO )BHPOPZ IBWF EFDMJOFE JO UIF MBTU UP ZFBST BT reported by some of the interviewed key informants. Fishermen in the coastal BSFBT PG )BHPOPZ IBWF BMTP OPUJDFE UIF FYUJODUJPO PG TPNF FOEFNJD Ä•TI TQFDJFT BT B SFTVMU PG UIF EFTUSVDUJPO PG NBOHSPWF IBCJUBUT 5XP NBKPS GBDUPST IBWF contributed to mangrove recession: the cutting of mangrove wood for fuel and the conversion of mangrove areas into fishponds. This trend is consistent with the general trend of mangrove decline in the Philippines. As reported by Primavera 4 PG 1IJMJQQJOF CSBDLJTI XBUFS QPOET JO o XFSF EFSJWFE from mangroves. According to the same source, the mangrove area in Central -V[PO EFDMJOFE GSPN JO UP JO

68 In addition to anthropogenic pressures, climate change poses new threats to the stability of the environment and ecosystems. Expected changes in temperature, rainfall and sea level rise may negatively impact mangrove sysUFNT JO )BHPOPZ XPSTFOJOH UIFJS BMSFBEZ EFHSBEFE TJUVBUJPO 5BCMF TVNNBrizes the effects of changing climate in mangrove ecosystems.

5.3.4 Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies in Hagonoy

ćF NVOJDJQBM QMBOT PG )BHPOPZ JODMVEF TQFDJĕD JOUFSWFOUJPOT BOE policy options that relate directly and indirectly with the protection of the environment. The actions that most directly relate to the enhancement of ecosysUFNT SFGFS UP UIF SFTUPSBUJPO BOE QSPUFDUJPO PG NBOHSPWFT JO )BHPOPZ T DPBTUBM BSFB )PXFWFS NPTU PG UIF QSPQPTFE JOUFSWFOUJPOT IBWF EJČFSFOU JNQMJDBUJPOT and outcomes that can be classified into different strategic areas.

In this sense, measures oriented to achieve water sufficiency, or to promote and Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

Source: CLUP 2011

in Table 2. The Multi-nodal development proposed for Hagonoy in the CLUP 2011-2020 envisions an area for aquaculture production and coastal resource development in the southern part of the municipality. This development of the coastal area entails, as specified in the CLUP, an intensive mangrove reforestation along the entire coastline of Hagonoy as well as its river deltas.

The mangrove area is intended to serve as a buffer area that protects coastal communities from flooding, as well as a biodiversity reserve. To engage landowners in the planting and cultivation of nipa palm, the CLUP proposes the implementation of a program to revive the nipa vinegar industry of the town.

69

Source: Prepared by the authors on the basis of data from Hagonoy CLUP

develop climate-smart industries can also contribute to the protection and the enhancement of environmental stability as it can be observed in Figure 2.

Currently, mangrove and nipa palm plantations account for the 0.8 % of the total area of the municipality of Hagonoy. The new CLUP plans to increase this area in more than 100% by 2020. The Manila Bay Pro tection Zone is planned to cover an area of 1,270.70 Ha. Values are provided Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

The total expenditure intended in the ELA 2014-2016 and in the LDIP 2014-2016 for the implementation of the mangrove and nipa reforestation amounts to 1.8 million of PHP, to be spent as three different items in 2014 (400,000 PHP), 2015 (600,000 PHP) and 2016 (800,000 PHP).

The restoration and protection of mangroves constitutes a key climate change adaptation action for coastal communities. Mangrove ecosystems provide a series of essential environmental services that enhance communities’ resiliency to climate change, including the provision of fisheries habitat, timber and wood products, storm protection, flood abatement, prevention of

shoreline erosion, and regulation of coastal water quality. Mangroves also contribute to climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration. Mangroves and marine ecosystems sequester carbon at significantly higher rates, per unit area, than terrestrial forests. Unlike most terrestrial ecosystems, mangroves store a significantly higher proportion of carbon in the soils below ground, where it can remain for very long time periods (up to millennia).

On the other hand, if mangroves are degraded, lost or converted to other uses, large stores of carbon are released into the atmosphere contributing to GHG emissions 22. Therefore, mangrove restoration and the protection of coastal areas should be one of the key actions to be integrated from the CLUP into the future LCCAP.

Identifying Ecosystem Services: The Value of Mangroves Figure 3: The analytical approach of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessmentand its main tasks

.

5.3.5 Recommendations The municipality of Hagonoy has already carried out mangrove plantations in the coastal areas without much success. Some deficiencies in the implementation of these kinds of projects have been already identified by the MAO officers, namely the plantation of not enough large seedlings as well as the plantation not in the right planting season. In this subsection, some key points to be considered in the development and implementation of mangrove restoration projects are exposed.

The Ecosystem Approach The ecosystem approach constitutes a valuable framework for analyzing and acting on the linkages between people and their environment. As defined by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CDB), the ecosystem approach is a strategy for the integrated management of land, water and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way. The analytical framework proposed in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) is shown in Figure 3.

Following the same rationale, a simplified framework will be used in the development of this sub-section highlighting some of the important steps and key issues to take into account in the planning and implementation of mangroves restoration and conservation projects.

Source: Alcamo et al. 2003

As mentioned in the introduction to this section, ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems. They can be classified in four different categories: From an economic perspective, the value of ecosystem services can be classified as follows: 1) (e.g. food)

: products obtained from ecosystems

2) Regulating services: benefits obtained from regulation of ecosystem processes (e.g. flood abatement) 3) Cultural services: Nonmaterial benefits obtained from ecosystems (e.g. spiritual and religious value of nature, aesthetic value of landscape) 4) Supporting services: services necessary for the production of all other ecosystem services (e.g. soil formation)

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Direct use values: Outputs than can be consumed directly (e.g. fuel-wood)

Figure 4: Total Economic Value of Mangroves (TEV)

Indirect use values: Societal or functional benefits (e.g. storm protection) (non-use values): Potential future direct or indirect values (non-use values): Value of saving for future generations Existence values (non-use values): Value from knowledge of continued existence The identification of the services ecosystems provide to the community, as well as the estimation of their value is a key step in the planning an implementation of an environmental restoration project. Although non-use values 71 might be difficult to assess, it is important to identify the existing values in the community in relation to the environment and its protection in order to guarantee the success of the project.

Source: Based on GIZ, 2012

By knowing the interests and values of the community, the restoration project may be designed and communicated in a more effective way. During our semi-structured interviews in the coastal barangay of Pugad, we have had the opportunity to assess that some of the fishermen are aware of the environmental value of mangroves and the importance of the services they provide to the community. They have also participated in the planting of mangroves promoted by the LGU of Hagonoy, and keep monitoring the evolution of the seedlings.

Adaptation to Climate Change

However, it would be interesting to conduct a larger survey within the two coastal barangays of Pugad and Tibaguin to assess the willingness of other sectors of the population to restore and protect the mangroves. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of the United States has edited the guide, Community Culture and the Environment 25 (see Appendix C) that

A climate adaptation strategy for environmental and ecological stability should include actions to reduce ecosystems vulnerability, as well as actions to enhance resilience. Some adaptive management approaches to help mangrove and associated human communities to deal with climate change impacts could be:

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could be a useful tool for planners to assess and better understand the values and interests of the community they are working with. However, some of the assessment questions might be context specific. Thus, their adaptation to the specific cultural and social context of the Philippines might be needed.

Reduction of Non-climate Stressors

Rehabilitation of Degraded Mangroves

The identification and reduction of non-climate stressors are of key importance, as any environmental restoration or rehabilitation project might fail if the causes of environmental degradation persist. The main non-climate stressors detected in Hagonoy with regard to mangrove ecosystems are water pollution, mangrove cutting and fishpond development. Some actions to address these impacts have been included in the new CLUP of Hagonoy.

as water pollution or unsustainable mangrove forest use

The Department of Environmental and Natural Resources of the 1IJMJQQJOFT %&/3 UISPVHI UIF $PBTUBM 3FTPVSDF .BOBHFNFOU 1SPKFDU BOE XJUI UIF TVQQPSU PG UIF 6OJUFE 4UBUFT "HFODZ GPS *OUFSOBUJPOBM %FWFMPQNFOU 64"*% IBT FEJUFE UIF i.BOHSPWF .BOBHFNFOU )BOECPPL w26 a complete guide to help in the planning and design of mangrove restoration and protection programs. A detailed list of recommendations drawn from this guide can CF GPVOE JO UIF 4QPUMJHIU .BOHSPWF 3FTUPSBUJPO " #SJFG 0WFSWJFX *NQPSUBOU areas to be considered in a mangrove restoration project are: Figure 6: Measures to address the non-climate stressors affecting mangrove ecosystems in Hagonoy included in the CLUP

s as a way to increase their climate change resilience Improved local management through the engagement of local communities

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of accretion in mangroves as a way to allow mangrove substrate to keep pace with sea level rise for changed conditions including zoning inland for future mangrove migration of climate change impacts on mangroves Source: Prepared by the authors on the basis of data from Hagonoy CLUP

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Summary of Recommendations

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t ćF FOWJSPONFOUBM BOE FDPMPHJDBM TUBCJMJUZ BHFOEB JT POF of the two top priorities for the period 2011 to 2016, along with sustainable energy, established in the NCCAP.

t *NQPSUBOU GBDUPST JO UIF QMBOOJOH EFWFMPQNFOU BOE JNQMFNFOtation of a mangrove restoration project are:

t ćF QPMMVUJPO PG XBUFS DPVSTFT BOE UIF MPTT PG NBOHSPWF areas are two major environmental and ecological probMFNT JO )BHPOPZ

- The management approach - The site and species identification - The engagement of the community .POJUPSJOH - The institutional framework

t ćF -(6 PG )BHPOPZ BEESFTTFT UIFTF UXP NBKPS QSPCMFNT JO JUT $-61 XIJDI JODMVEFT TPNF TQFDJĕD interventions and policy options that aim to enhance water quality as well as to restore and protect mangrove and coastal areas. t ćF FDPTZTUFN BOE FOWJSPONFOUBM TFSWJDFT BQQSPBDI constitutes a valuable framework for analyzing and acting on the linkages between people and their environment.

In this sense, it is very important to assess the value of the environmental services provided by mangroves as well as to be aware of existing values in the community in relation to mangroves, before planning and implementing a restoration or conservation project.

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t ćF OBUVSF PG NBOHSPWF SFTUPSBUJPO QSPKFDUT BMMPX GPS JOOPWBUJWF sources of financing, as payment for environmental services, their inclusion in the National REDD+ strategy or the establishment of eco-towns in protected areas (see Appendix D).

1. Management strategies and objectives The first step in the definition and design of a mangrove restoration project is to establish the management approach that would be implemented as well as the management objectives.

An effective management approach could be the designation of two differentiated areas: one to be protected so the ecosystem could expand and naturally recover its good environmental status and another one to be managed by the community in a sustainable way, so people could benefit from the services mangroves provide.

For the area to be sustainable managed, it is important to establish the mangrove plantation objectives or the benefits the community wants to obtain from the plantation, as they will inform the most suitable specie to plant (see Figure 8).

2. Site identification and species selection Proper site identification and species selection are two of the most critical factors when planning and designing a mangrove restoration project.

Some important factors to consider are:

1) Type of substrate 2) Current species present: planting species that are already. Planting species that are already thriving in the area is a good strategy to guarantee the success of the reforestation project. Local knowledge could be an excellent resource to identify current and historical species present in the area.

Seagrass beds are not good sites for mangrove plantation.

4) Tidal height. The average daily depth of the planting area is an important driver that affects mangrove growth and survival, as different species can tolerate different degrees of waterlogging.

5) Extent of wave action. Areas constantly battered by waves are not good for planting. , as they can damage the young planted plants . Engagement and participation in the mangrove restoration program through a Community-Based Forest Management Agreement (CBFMA) is another key factor in achieving the objectives of the program.

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Source: Mangrove Management Handbook

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Biodiversity enhances ecosystems resilience to external disturbances. Where possible, planting of various mangroves species is preferable to monospecific mangrove forests.The planting method also depends on the site and the species to be planted.

Species with large seeds that are suitable to be planted directly on the ground include bakauan, pototan, tangal, dungon-lati, tabigi, bungalon and nipa. Other species with small seeds may require to be grown in a nursery before planting, as the pagatpat group. Regarding the site, planting in open areas with unstable substrate may require the growing of the plant in a nursery before planting.

Source: Mangrove Management Handbook

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Photo: Christopher J. Carter Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

Photo: Christopher J. Carter

Photo: Christopher J. Carter 81

Human Security

5.4.1 What is Human Security?

Human security can have numerous meanings. Usually, it means that the rights of all individuals, especially the poor and vulnerable, are protected and promoted. In the context of climate change, a society with strong services for education, health, housing and social protection will have the necessary foundations to attain human security.

1. Climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction plans should be implemented in all sectors at the national and local levels.

As such, the NCCAP defines climate-resilient human security as a condition where all individuals have the resources- particularly in the areas of education, health, housing and social protection- to adapt to threats to their environmental and social rights 1. In keeping with this vision, the NCCAP’s three primary objectives are as follows:

3. Climate change- adaptive human settlements should be developed, promoted and adopted.

2. Health and social protection delivery systems must be responsive to climate change risks.

A full range of objectives and outcomes can be found in Figure 1.

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Figure 1: NCCAP Strategic Actions on Human Security

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Source: Climate Change Commission, 2011

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5.4.2 Human Security in Hagonoy In conjunction with the NCCAP’s definition of human security, the following section will assess human security in Hagonoy by providing a brief overview in the dimensions of education, health, housing and social protection.

Education Hagonoy has 40 elementary schools and 8 high schools. In 2011, it also opened its first technical/vocational school, Bulacan State University Hagonoy Campus 3. Public elementary education is accessible in every barangay. However, the low number of high schools creates a problem of education accessibility in Hagonoy. There is also a shortage in the number of high school teachers, as the teacher-student ratio in 2011 was 1:81 3.

Additionally, qualitative research suggests that low-income families feel the pressure of earning enough living wages, therefore children sometimes en83 ter the labour force upon completion of elementary school. Subsequently, as shown in Figure 2, enrollment rates in high school are much lower than those

in elementary school.

The Barangay Social Vulnerability (SoVi) Assessment reflects that the lowest high school enrollment numbers are in Tibaguin and Pugad. In Pugad, 55.4% of children between the ages of 13-16 are not attending high school, and in Tibaguin, this statistic rises to 63.5%. Qualitative research suggests that the low high school enrollment in island barangays is due to the distance and travel costs associated with attendance.

Health Hagonoy has 3 hospitals, 18 private medical clinics, 4 rural health units (RHUs), 22 barangay health centres, and 2 physical therapy and rehabilitation centres 4. However, these health facilities are in need of upgrading equipment and supplies. Access to health services is also an issue as the more isolated coastal barangays of Pugad and Tibaguin must travel by boat to receive healthcare.

Housing Inadequate housing continues to be a challenge in Hagonoy. According to numbers from the Community-Based Monitoring System (CBMS), there were 1,646 households living in makeshift housing and 904 households considered informal settlements in 2011. Informal settlements are most prevalent in Tibaguin and Pugad, of which the proportions of households who are informal settlements are 87% and 90%, respectively. It is not known whether the rate of inadequate housing has increased or decreased in recent years, as longitudinal data is currently unavailable.

Social Protection Hagonoy is considered to be a generally peaceful community, with a low incidence of crime. Statistics from 2011 reflect an average monthly crime rate of just 20.05. Peace and order is maintained with a total police force of 25 personnel, supplemented by Tanods at the Barangay level 3.

Source: CLUP, 2011

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84 Source: Municipal Social Welfare and Development Office

the majority of activities conducted in 2011 were identification procedures.

The 2011-2028 CLUP has identified that inadequate manpower and inaccurate data on indigency contribute to the MSDWO’s limited ability to provide services.

Figure 3: Hospitals and RHU's in Hagonoy Source: CLUP, 2011

There is a high incidence of poverty in Hagonoy. CBMS data from 2011 reflects that nearly 10,852 households, or approximately 44% of the population, have household incomes that are reportedly below the poverty threshold. The Municipal Social Welfare and Development Office (MSWDO) is tasked with delivering basic social welfare needs to the community. Figure 4 reflects that

The Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council (DRRMC) was formed in 2013 with the aim of mitigating flood hazard, with representation from each civil service department as well as each barangay. As it is still in its infancy, the Disaster Risk Reduction Management Plan (DRRMP) is yet to be created. Current work focuses on collecting information necessary for evacuation plans and hazard maps and on maintaining dialogue with Barangay councils to communicate early warning and forecasting events.

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care in the event of a medical emergency. There are also multiple health risks associated with standing water created by floods. Days of extensive flooding can lead to water-borne diseases such as diarrhea and skin infections 32. The Municipal Health Office in Hagonoy reported that in 2011, diarrhea and infected wounds were among the top ten causes of morbidity 3. While the causes of these diseases in Hagonoy remain unknown, there may be a linkage between the occurrence of extreme flood events and the incidence of morbidity.

Housing and shelter are also threatened by the increased floods and storms caused by climate change. Those makeshift homes and informal settlements located nearby rivers and coasts are at risk of being washed away during extreme weather events. Durable homes also face the risk of flooding and destruction, particularly nearby recently raised roads, which may not allow proper drainage southwards to Manila Bay. As a result, the trapped water adjacent to roads must remain until absorbed by the ground or dried by the sun, which increases the risk of damage and deterioration to homes lining such roads.

85 Figure 5: Example Barangay Hazard and Evactuation Map Source: MPDO

5.4.3 Global Changes, Local Consequences Climate change has a number of impacts on human security in Hagonoy. Concerning education, the rise in sea level means that classrooms are subject to regular tidal flooding. The increased frequency in floods lead to disruption of classes and the need for more frequent building repairs 3.

With regards to health, flooding further increases the vulnerability of those barangays furthest from health facilities. In the case of extreme weather events and calamities, it can sometimes take several days for flooding to subside and for roads to become passable once again, making it difficult to access healthcare. Coastal barangays also risk the dangers of travelling violent waters to seek Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

5.4.4 Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies in Hagonoy The municipal plans of Hagonoy already possess a number of projects that may be deployed for climate change adaptation. As one of the development thrusts listed by the CLUP is ‘Sustainable Settlements’, with a focus on shelter, education, health and protective services, there is already much attention being devoted to enhancing human security. The following are specific actions relevant to climate-resilient human security.

Health The CLUP proposes several health policy interventions that can respond to the effects of climate change. To reduce the vulnerability of remote barangays in accessing health services, a municipal hospital or RHU may be established in the coastal district, at a projected cost of $50,000,00033. Increased coordination among the Barangay Rescue Units and the MDRRMO as well as the purchase of speedboats to improve healthcare response rates are also options under consideration.

Housing In order to address housing-related vulnerability, several options are proposed. The CLUP states that community-based innovations such as environmentally sustainable building materials, design and site planning shall be explored to help minimize the impact of flooding.

Tidal Flooding at Tibaguin Elementary School Photo: Christopher J. Carter

Education Hagonoy’s CLUP proposes to address the problem of regular classroom flooding with school upgrades. This will include the repair and maintenance of facilities as well as elevating classrooms and climate proofing school buildings.

The ELA suggests a funding requirement of $6,000,000 for this project 33.

In recognition of the risks associated with living in makeshift housing on island and coastal barangays, the CLUP has proposed a relocation of populations living in low-lying and dangerous areas. As part of the CLUP’s multi-nodal development approach, a portion of Northern Hagonoy (Figure 6) has been suggested as an alternative area for housing these communities. The 2014-2016 ELA estimates that the construction and site development of socialized housing for informal settlers will cost approximately $20,000,000 33.

Another option to reduce the vulnerability of housing settlements on island In terms of addressing the problem of low enrollment for high school students, barangays in the more immediate future is the construction of a breakwater along Pugad and Tibaguin, at an estimated cost of $100,000,000 13. This prothe CLUP also sets out to construct additional classrooms and to provide scholarships and school supplies assistance in order to make it easier for youth ject would serve as an infrastructural defense against rising seawaters during to attend to school. There is also a specific plan to expand the Ramona Trillana extreme weather events.

High School in order to make greater room for enrolled students 33.

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Social Protection To address concerns in the area of social protection, the CLUP proposes to build capacity of police and fire personnel with police and fire substations in order to make these services accessible to faraway barangays. This project is estimated to cost $2,000,000 USD 14.

In recognition of the limited capacity of MSWDO, the CLUP sets out to improve and expand social welfare services, at a cost of $15,000,000 14. In conjunction with this, the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) has been formulated to address the high level of poverty by providing financial and social assistance to selected and qualified beneficiaries with a funding requirement of $10,000,000. Additionally, to increase demographic knowledge regarding those accessing social welfare services, the CLUP suggests ongoing attention be given towards collecting information via the Community-Based Monitoring System.

The people of Hagonoy have also responded to climate change in some informal ways. For example, qualitative evidence suggests that schools have adjusted teaching times with a makeup Saturday class if classes must be cancelled for two full days in a week due to high tide flooding.

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Households have also taken measures to protect their homes from floodwaters and/or pollutants entering their homes, depending on available resources. Examples pictured in the photos are from Tibaguin. These photos demonstrate measures such as screening and boarding of entrances to homes, as well as the more expensive concrete raising of doorways.

Figure 6: CLUP Proposed Land Use Map Source: Adapted by Authors from CLUP, 2011

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Examples of adaptations to flooding in Tibaguin Photos: Tina Barisky and Eva Crego-Liz

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5.4.5 Recommendations As human security is related to so many components of society, it can be a very difficult objective to attain. It is clear that Hagonoy continues to have many needs in order to achieve climate-resilient human security. Current plans suggest that much work is already being done to better identify and meet these needs.

The CLUP ensures that several measures are being taken to consider direct vulnerabilities to climate change, such as the need for infrastructural upgrades in schools and medical facilities. These hardscape measures will ensure greater protection against damages and interruptions to services caused by flooding.

It is recommended that upgrades to infrastructure be complemented by green infrastructure to allow for greater permeability, thereby decreasing the magnitude of floods and Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

human risk. It is also recommended that infrastructural development projects such as the coastal breakwater project be subjected to an environmental impact assessment to ensure that climate-mitigating ecosystem services (such as mangroves) are not negatively impacted.

There is also some attention given within the CLUP to indirect vulnerabilities of climate change. For example, low high school enrollment patterns are considered to be indirect vulnerabilities because a lack of education reduces employment choices and income levels, and, subsequently, alternatives available to families to combat climate change. As such, the proposed programs to increase high school enrollment and social welfare services are critical elements of achieving climate resilience over the long-term. It is recommended that the LCCAP explicitly link to these actions as part of the adaptation strategy. This will both integrate the LCCAP into existing plans and increase public understanding on the importance of addressing indirect social vulnerabilities.

Table 1: Summary of Recommendations

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With respect to housing and informal settlements, there is some concern regarding the CLUP’s suggested resettlement options. As most of the informal settlers who may be in need of relocation are located on the coast or along riverbanks, it is reasonable to assume that many of these families rely on fishing for their source of income. Qualitative research gathered for this report also indicates that these families derive a deep sense of identity attachment to fishing. Hence, a resettlement in what is planned to be an Agricultural Centre in Northern Hagonoy constitutes not only displacement from homes but also potentially the loss of livelihoods. Special recommendations regarding informal settlements can be found in the spotlight section.

SPOTLIGHT: Informal Settlers and Climate Resilience As climate change causes shifts in coastal shorelines and riverbanks, responding to the need for resettlement is becoming a key challenge for many cities across the world. Informal settlers are particularly vulnerable to these changes. In Hagonoy, there are 904 households that are considered informal settlements, and these are primarily located in the island barangays Tibaguin and Pugad . These barangays are acutely exposed to the dangers of sea level rise, tidal flooding and storm surges. In response to these challenges, the CLUP has made a preliminary proposal to relocate the most vulnerable settlements.

However, qualitative research conducted for this report suggests that some inhabitants of the island barangays are deeply tied to their fishing livelihoods and fear the threat of being relocated.

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The following forecasting exercise is designed to provide a preliminary assessment of alternatives and scenarios. Given the inherent limitations of this report (see Methodology), it is recommended that such a strategy be undertaken with a greater amount of detailed and partici- Coastal Informal Settlements of Tibaguin Photo: Tina Barisky patory research in order to establish a full range of options.

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SPOTLIGHT: Informal Settlers and Climate Resilience Table 2: Alternatives Assessment of Informal Settlement Relocation As is apparent in this forecasting exercise, oftentimes relocation is considered the most viable option for addressing the challenges posed by climate change in informal settlements over the long-term36. However, the success rate of relocation has been far from perfect. Since there are many ways in which to conduct a relocation plan, the strategies employed are critical to ensuring its success. The following case study on San Fernando provides insights on how a responsible and climate-resilient resettlement might be achieved in Hagonoy.

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SPOTLIGHT: Informal Settlers and Climate Resilience constructed with funding from the World Bank and construction assistance from the Philippine Business for Social Progress (PBSP). The City subsidized the remaining 63 units.

Although Fisherman’s Village was built in 2006, it was found that by the end of 2007 only 37 of the 87 housing units were occupied because many could not afford the cost of improving the basic housing constructed for them. Hence, the City secured more funding from the World Bank to 92 continue the development of the village. From 2008-2009, Project UPSURGE was implemented to assist with socio-economic developments in the community, to encourage collaboration between people and NGOs and to facilitate actual occupancy of the built homes. The Fisherman’s Village is now liveable and successfully occupied by those for which it was built.

Fisherman’s Village, Philippines Photo: MGDF

Case Study: Fishermen’s Village, San Fernando, Philippines 35 San Fernando is a coastal city that experiences frequent typhoons and storm surges. Informal settlers along the coast were most vulnerable to the impacts of these events, often having to rely on the LGU for relief and recovery services. In 2004, the LGU determined to build a relocation facility for these settlers called the Fisherman’s Village, a development in a safer location along the shoreline with more climate-resilient homes. 24 units were initially

Although Fisherman’s Village was built in 2006, it was found that by the end of 2007 only 37 of the 87 housing units were occupied because many could not afford the cost of improving the basic housing constructed for them. Hence, the City secured more funding from the World Bank to continue the development of the village. From 2008-2009, Project UPSURGE was implemented to assist with socio-economic developments in the community, to encourage collaboration between people and NGOs and to facilitate actual occupancy of the built homes. The Fisherman’s Village is now liveable and successfully occupied by those for which it was built.

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SPOTLIGHT: Informal Settlers and Climate Resilience The following are some valuable lessons and best practices that can be drawn from this case study: Conduct a survey of informal settlers: before determining if relocation is a suitable option, it is important first to learn more about the group in question. Collecting not only demographical data but also values-based data can help provide a better sense of the options to consider moving forward 35.

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Ensure livelihood sustainability: a successful resettlement project must make efforts not to deprive people of their livelihoods. Fishermen’s Village was strategically located along the shoreline so as to enable people continued access to their source of income, fishing 35.

Assess environmental sustainability of relocation site: prior to relocation, the San Fernando LGU conducted a study on coastal erosion to determine its trends, causes and possible mitigations. This will ensure that the resettlement will continue to be viable in the face of further climate changes 36.

Take a partnership approach: relocation must be viewed as a partnership between the municipality and the relocatees, and dialogue between these two parties must be open and continuous. In San Fernando, relocatees were given a direct communication channel to the City in addition to regular consultation 34.

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Empower beneficiaries both socially and economically: the Fishermen’s Village project was designed as a cost-recovery scheme, which encouraged the relocatees to take ownership of their new settlement. In order to ensure that payments were affordable, partners provided not only livelihood training but also opportunities.

Conduct monitoring and evaluation: a successful relocation project doesn’t end once the housing construction is completed. In the case of San Fernando, the City followed up after initial plans to see how they could be improved, and sought ways to develop not only the infrastructure but also the socio-economic fabric of the community.

SPOTLIGHT: Informal Settlers and Climate Resilience 1. Conduct a Participatory Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis: in order to determine whether or not a relocation plan might be feasible for vulnerable residents in Hagonoy, it will be important to identify and invite impacted stakeholders to participate in a process of identifying and weighting values and objectives. Once values are determined, an alternatives assessment can be made like the preliminary one above to choose a plan of action 34.

Makeshift walls in Tibaguin Photo: Christopher J. Carter

Next Steps Moving forward, it is recommended that the municipality of Hagonoy consider the following actions (in addition to the aforementioned best practices) in order to determine an appropriate decision regarding relocation of vulnerable informal settlements:

2. Incorporate decision into a Local Shelter Plan: a local shelter plan assesses the resources and current capacity of the LGU to deliver current and projected housing needs. Integrating this project into the local shelter plan ensures that the resources needed for the project are considered in future development. A template for the Local Shelter Plan can be found in Appendix E.

[PLANNING TOOLKIT 3. ] Best practice information on Participatory Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis can be found online.

Visit http://fp7hunt.net/Portals/HUNT/Reports/hunt%20best%20practice-4.pdf Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

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2 LDIP. (2014). Local Development Investment Plan 2014-2016. Hagonoy: Municipality of Hagonoy.

19 http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/annexessglossary-p-z.html

3 CLUP. (2011). Comprehensive Land Use Plan, 2011-2020. Hagonoy: Municipality of Hagonoy.

20 Alcamo, J., and Bennett, E.M. 2003. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: a Framework for Assessment. Washington, D.C., USA, Island Press. 245p. ISBN: 1-55963-403-0.

4 FAO. (2010). Building Resilience to Climate Change: Root Crop and Fishery Production. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization.

5 GRID Arrendal. (2014, July 17). Seven Options for Improving Food Security. Retrieved July 17, 2014, from GRID Arrendal: A Centre for Collaborating with UNEP. http://www.grida.no/publications/rr/food-crisis/page/3459.aspx

22 Faridah-Hanum, I., Latiff, A., Hakeem, K.R., Ozturk, M. (Eds.), 2014. Mangrove Ecosystems of Asia. Status, Challenges and Management Strategies. New York, Springer. 473 p. ISBN 978-1-4614-8582-7.

6 FAO. (2014). Climate Change Adaptation in Fisheries and Aquaculture. Rome: FAO.

23 The Blue Carbon Initiative. COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS. Why sound management of these key natural carbon sinks matter for greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Frequently asked questions

7 IFAD. (2009). Impact of climate change on fisheries and aquaculture in the developing world and opportunities for adaptation. Rome: International Fund for Agricultural Development. Climate Change Commission.

8 HWD, Development Alternatives, Inc. and USAID, 2011. Hagonoy, Bulacan. Septage Management Project. Feasibility Study.

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21 Primavera, J.H., 2000. Development and conservation of Philippine mangroves: institutional issues. Ecological Economics, 35, p. 91-106

24 GIZ, 2012. Economic Valuation of Ecosystem Services. Deutsche Gesellschaft fĂźr Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Bonn, Germany.

25 EPA, 2002. Community Culture and the Environment: A Guide to Understanding a Sense of Place. Office of Water, Washington, DC. 280 p.

9 Provincial Planning and Development Office, Provincial Government of Bulacan, 2013. Disaster Risk and Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment Report. Province of Bulacan. Integrating Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in Local Development Planning and Decision-making Processes.

26 Melana, D.M., Atchue III, J., Yao, C.E., Edwards, R., Melana, E.E. and Gonzales, H.I., 2000. Mangrove Management Handbook. Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Manila, Philippines through the Coastal Resource Management Project, Cebu City, Philippines. 96 p.

10 Abano, S.P. Integrated Water Resources Management (Presentation). National Water Resources Board, Policy and Program Division.

27 Agaloos, B.D. 1994. Reforestation of mangrove forests in the Republic of the Philippines. In Proceedings of the International Tropical Timber Organization: Development and Dissemination of Reforestation Technique of Mangrove Forest, Japan.

11 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Stormwater Management Best Practices. http://www.epa.gov/greeningepa/stormwater/best_practices.htm 12 Senate Economic Planning Office, August 2011. Policy Brief. Turning the Tide: Improving Water Resource Management in the Philippines (PB-11-03).

13 http://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/iwrm.shtml 14 Rola, A.C., Arocena-Francisco, H., and Liguton, J.P.T. (Eds.), 2004. Winning the water war: watersheds, water policies and water institutions. Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development, Makati City. P.278.15http://pacinst.org/issues/sustainable-water-management-local-to-global/soft-path-for-water/ 16 Rygaard, M., Binning, P.J., Albrechtsen, H.J, 2011. Increasing urban water self-sufficiency: New era, new challenges.

Journal of Environmental Management, Volume 92, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 185-194, ISSN 0301-4797, http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.09.009.

17 Massoud, M.A, Tarhini, A., Nasr, J.A., 2009. Decentralized approaches to wastewater treatment and management: Applicability in developing countries. Journal of Environmental Management, Volume 90, Issue 1, January 2009, Pages 652-659, ISSN 0301-4797, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.07.001. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/pii/S0301479708001618) 18 Prihandrijanti, M., Malisie, A., Otterpohl, R., 2008. Cost–Benefit Analysis for Centralized and Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System (Case Study in Surabaya-Indonesia). In book: Baz, Al Baz, I., Otterpohl, R., Wendland,

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28 Samson, M.S., Rollon, R.N., 2008. Growth performance of planted mangroves in the Philippines: revisiting forest management strategies. Ambio, Vol. 37, No. 4, p. 234-240.

29 Primavera, J.H., Esteban, J.M.A, 2008. A review of mangrove rehabilitation in the Philippines: successes, failures and future prospects. Wetlands Ecological Management, 16, p. 345-358.

30 Forest Trends, The Katoomba Group, UNEP, 2008. Payments for Ecosystem Services. Getting Started: A Primer. http://www.un-redd.org/aboutredd/tabid/102614/default.aspx 31 http://www.un-redd.org/aboutredd/tabid/102614/default.aspx 32 WHO. (2001). World Health Organization. Retrieved July 19, 2014, from Too much water: The health effects of floods: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/emergencies/floodrought/en/index1.html 33 ELA. (2014). Executive Legislative Agenda. Hagonoy: Municipality of Hagonoy.

34 Feiden, P. (2011). Adapting to Climate Change: Cities and the Urban Poor. Washington: International Housing Coalition.

35 MDGF. (2012). Climate Change Adaptation: Best Practices in the Philippines. Manila: Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), Philippines.

36 Albright, A. (2011). Identifying strategies to facilitate a successful relocation: The informal settlement of Klong Toey.

Chulalongkorn Univeristy Bangkok, Thailand: The Duang Prateep Foundation.

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Photo: Christopher J. Carter Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

SECTION 6: Next Steps

97 Photo: Christopher J. Carter

6.1 In Perspective Moving forward in local climate change action planning requires vision, planning, leadership, and community buy-in. Since Hagonoy is a relatively calamity-prone municipality, policy making and investments can be used to “build back better” from disasters. Given scarce resources climate adaption should be continually mainstreamed into plans, projects and core services to make “low regrets” investments towards a climate-proof Hagonoy. Today many opportunities exist to make short-term mitigation and risk reduction efforts into long-term adaptations by making decisions strategically.

Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

Guided by the precautionary principle that takes an ecosystem and participatory approach, local policy making can focus on poverty reduction and ecosystem service protection by addressing the most vulnerable people, places and industries. Doing so requires a recognition of present blind spots, assumptions and vulnerabilities (see Vulnerability Assessment in Section 4), and a conscientious effort to increase monitoring and community action research to inform context-specific decision making and adaptation.

From a economic development perspective, reducing annual climate risk can be addressed through increasing productivity through diversifying rural livelihoods, and increasing local control over resources and decision-making by the LGU. in step with those most afflicted This can serve current

SECTION 6: NExT STEPS Figure 1: Plans and Processes for CCA Mainstreaming 6.2 Mainstream LCCAP into current planning processes Mainstreaming climate change adaptation is about considering how climate-related risks affect development projects, and adjusting these projects to address these risks.

Doing so allows communities to use their resources in the best possible manner in order to thrive in the face of climate change.

Ongoing processes such as the revision of CLUPs and standalone projects and programs offer planning officials the opportunity to integrate adaptation principles and to engage with the public on the implementation of an LCCAP.

Source: MPDO development needs while also preparing ground for the future adaptive capacity 4. The following section aims to outline actions moving forward to the creation of an LCCAP, and includes analysis in the following areas.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Mainstream LCCAP into current planning processes; Begin LCCAP plan creation; Finance; Ratify as ordinance/plan; Implementation & Institutionalization, and; Monitor, Evaluate and Adjust.

Although the 2011-2020 comprehensive land use plan re98 mains before council for approval, there is an opportunity to identify current policy actions that alighn with long-term climate adaptation, many of which have been noted in the recommended Strategic Areas (Section 5). The core vision of these should be in-line with NCCAP efforts to focus on poverty reduction, which remains high at 44% in the municipality and the protection of ecosystem services.

Mainstreaming CCA principles into plans and creating strong project linkages can strengthen CCA efforts. Currently, the MPDO and Municipality are integrating CCA principles into the following plans:

Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

SECTION 6: NExT STEPS Further areas where climate change actions, particularly policies, can be formally incorporated include:

-

Table 1: Summary of Philippine Legislation as Related to Local Adaptation and Mitigation Efforts

Much of this main streaming and enforcement is in conjunction with national legislation aimed at the reduction of vulnerability and environmental degradation. However, successful implementation must also integrate stakeholder and public education because enforcement is often either underfunded or entirely absent. Legislated Acts and corresponding mainstreaming activities and tools are listed in Table 1.

99

Source: Authors Synthesis of Philippine Government Code Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

SECTION 6: NExT STEpS In order to properly implement CCA, it is important understand how it is similar to and different from DRRM. As discussed in Planning for an LCCAP (Section 4), both of these measures aim to reduce the vulnerabilities of communities, but DRRM is concerned with immediate risks and CCA seeks more long-term strategies.

Although both areas must be given distinct attention in planning, there are areas of convergence and opportunities for streamlining. The aim of this distinction is to move beyond actions that are simply an immediate respone to destruction and to frame climate adaptation as a long-term effort towards resilience.

6.3 Begin LCCAP plan creation Many strategies for LCCAP writing, stakeholder analysis and social participation and are covered in Preparing For an LCCAP (Section 4) of this report. The UN Habitat’s climate change planning framework (upon which this report was based) provides planners with practical tools for addressing climate change in different urban planning processes, with the flexibility to be used as both a general resource and a stepby-step guide. These steps include preparing a monitoring and evaluation framework, determining monitoring and evaluation partners and responsibilities, establishing a documentation and reporting protocol. ginalized stakeholders and public participation in order to improve the performance and transparency of adaptation planning efforts.

English languages online and in print to increase accessibility . halls or dissemination through social media channels.

6.4 Finance As noted in each of the Strategic Areas, adequate finance is important in order to attain climate resilience, and yet it is also often out of reach. In a report on climate finance, the ABD1 noted that: “Developing countries in Asia and the Pacific are likely to face the highest reductions in agricultural potential in the world due to climate change.” They found that aggressive investments into agricultural productivity enhancements are the key to reversing climate change impacts on both agriculture and food security—potentially reducing 100 two-thirds of the increase in malnutrition levels arising from climate change, something that remains a pressing concern for Hagonoy 5,6 .

Further investments and promotion of water security measures such as water catchments can ease the dependence and excessive drafting of the municipality on groundwater sources. In this section, we offer recommendations on how Hagonoy can maximize its current CCA financing.

Between 2004 and 2009 the National Philippine Government appropriated US$1.576 billion dollars for direct and indirect climate change programs, namely through the Climate Change Act and Peoples Survival Fund. Bulacan PENRO recommends an earmarking of 5% of the budget for climate adaptation activities. However, it is under the discretion of LGUs to determine the sourcing from Operating, Capital, and Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

SECTION 6: NExT STEpS Partnership financing for strategic CCA activities.

Most global finance for climate change adaptation is channeled through the National Philippine Government and corresponds with the seven NCCAP Strategies Areas. By making the LCCAP consistent with these Strategic Areas, a door may be opened to additional funding sources.

Once completed, the LCCAP will be an important fundraising tool for plan implementation, especially for capital-intensive adaptations such as low-regrets infrastructure upgrades and expansion.

Potential funding avenues will likely include:

loan and grant programs, some of which can be accessed by municipalities.

4. Foundations, charities and non-profit organizations: Many large, international philanthropic foundations and non-profit organizations operate grant programs. While some are linked to associated climate change planning support programs, there are some opportunities to fund smaller-scale actions.

“Confronting climate change is in the series of great opportunities disguised as insoluble problems”

5. private sector and public-private partnerships: In some cases, privately owned companies provide infrastructure services, like water treatment or public transportation, for cities. Some services and infrastructure are also developed and operated through public-private partner1. National and provincial Govern101 ships where the private sector builds and ment support/transfers: National and -John Gardiner operates the facility for a fee charged to Provinicial trust funds allotted P500 users. Both options provide financing million are available via the Peoples’ possibilities for infrastructure-related adaptation. Although Survival Fund (RA 10174) overseen by the Climate Change Hagonoy may already have working PPPs for water and Commission to help LGU’s kick-start their plans. LGUs can infrastructure, LCCAP planning may be an opportunity to submit climate change- related funding requests and source reevaluate the quality of service delivery and assess alternaassessment costs to this fund. tive partnerships to achieve social protection and risk sharing 2. Multilateral and bilateral financing: Designed for the im- in public investments. plementation of national strategies and programmes, access to these funds will likely go through, and be coordinated with, 6. Carbon finance: Where climate actions include a greenthe National Government and subnational authorities (exam- house gas mitigation benefit (I.e. Mangrove carbon credits and waste management that captures methane), some cities ples include JICA, USAID, and Aus Aid). are exploring how emerging carbon markets can be used to leverage private and public funding.

3. Grants and loans: Regional and international financial organizations, like the Philippine National Bank, the Asian 7. Internal Operating and Budgets of Municipality: HagoDevelopment Bank and the Climate Change Trust, operate Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

SECTION 6: NExT STEpS noy can build resilience to climate change by investing in already-needed basic services and infrastructure. This can be done using own-source revenue, taxes, fees, and charges capital or operating budgets .

Table 2: Land Use and Building Taxes, Fees & Charges Related to CCA

Current financing of CCA activities are sourced from the calamity fund and mandate that 5% of the annual budget be earmarked to be actively used for preparedness (70% which includes seminars, equip, mitigation and quick response (30%).

Remaining balances roll over to next year for up to 3 years.

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While the Municipality has already funded coastal climate adaptation projects that rely on volunteerism to reduce project costs such as mangrove restoration in Pugad and Tibaguin, further green infrastructure may be more cost effective along river ways and to protect fishponds. A thorough vulnerability assessment can clarify actions and objectives towards poverty reduction and the protection of natural resources. In completing the LCCAP, Hagonoy will demonstrate its readiness to investors and the provincial government alike to secure core financing for projects.

Figure 2.

Source: Municipal Treasurer Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

SECTION 6: NExT STEpS Opportunities for Mainstreaming Finance

[planning Toolkit 4.]

Revenue Code

Hagonoy may also find it valuable to research the costs that adaptation projects have occurred around the world. Climate Finance Options) is an informational website sponsored by the World Bank and UNDP.

As Hagonoy is currently seeking to update an aging revenue code, this is an opportunity to channel municipal finance and expenditures towards the following adaptation efforts:

Visit: http://www.climatefinanceoptions.org The Adaptation Learning Mechanism website also contains project-level information that may be useful for this purpose (Climate Finance Options 2011; Adaptation Learning Mechanism 2011).

projects; rofits, alternative energy and water systems, and green job creation;

Visit: http://www.adaptationlearning.net

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[planning Toolkit 5.] vulnerable settlements and aquiculture industry;

tion and adaptation projects and industry incentives.

Revising a revenue code may evoke public opposition. In discussion with industry stakeholders, projects and funds that demonstrate the transparent allocation of funds into mitigation and adaptation activities, such as tangible infrastructure and economic development strategies, can enhance public buy in.

Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

The 2014 release of the UN Habitat’s planning for Climate Change: A Strategic, Values-Based Approach for Urban planners mat prove very useful in the upcoming LCCAP process.

An e-published verison of the guide and toolkit is available online

Visit: http://www.uncclearn.org/sites/www.uncclearn.org/ files/inventory/unhab60.pdf results from a monitoring program.

SECTION 6: NExT STEpS cal Development Council and Sangunniang Bayan will have final approval, ratifying the plan as a legislated document.

Currently 20% of the municipal budget is designated to economic development fund (projects of the annual investment plan) which is another opportunity to mainstream CC adaptation with local economic development and public works projects to display quick wins and medium term adaptation Figure 2.

Investment Evaluation Public investment in climate adaptive infrastructure and programs provide the platform for civil and industrial development. Sea dykes may prevent tidal flooding and reduce salinization and river dykes in the short-term, (10-20 yrs) but long term sustainability of these construction endeavors should be critically examined. A Multiple Criteria Analysis (MCA) assesses numerous alternatives to determine the most efficient and sustainable allocation of public funds. Assessing the performance climate adaptation actions such as infrastructure and programs can consider monetary, non-monetary and social returns on investment.

6.6 Implementation & Institutionalization A plan is only as successful as its implementation.

LCCAPs can be challenging to implement as they are previously unprepared documents, cut across many departments and are only part of the beginning phase of distinctive funding schemes. Further departments or working groups may need to be created in addition to DRR efforts. Clear objectives, responsible funding and monitoring can ensure that intended policy directions for adaptation are followed and objectives are reached. Things to consider when implementing include the following: 104 and management of LCCAp implementation?

6.5 Ratify as Ordinance/Plan LCCAPs can be streamlined through the existing planning process and will not require provincial validation before implementation. While this streamlining can expedite the LCCAP preparation process, it is also an opportunity to meaningfully engage stakeholders and members of government in discussions about economic, social and physical resilience, and to clarifying objectives and strategies. Upon participation deemed adequate and a public hearing, the Lo-

Mainstreaming a local climate change action into planning and implementation requires detailed knowledge of current legislation, social preferences and values, and priority goals related to scarce resources. It is important to remember that the implementation of LCCAP is to create safer, adaptive and resilient Filipino communities toward sustainable development.

From a public engagement perspective, garnering public Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

SECTION 6: NExT STEpS support for the LCCAP can increase support for its implementation. Some LGUs in the Philippines have taken a family approach to resilience building and climate change adaptation planning. In Sorsogon city Mayor Benito Doma noted “Iyong natutunan ko rito sa forum, siguro magpa-family-based, capability-building ng mama, papa, ate, at kuya. Kailangan nilang mainternalize ang concept, ang plan,”. Taking Climate adaptation plans to the household level the most elemental of social organizations can prove a highly effective way of addressing action planning for climate change. An implementation / monitoring and evaluation tool is located in Appendix F. Local planning efforts should create/identify the office that will be responsible for the LCCAP’s implementation with the participation of the stakeholders and other LGU departments. Some actions to consider include: 105 beyond political terms;

Incentives Under the Secretary of the Philippines 2014-2020 Agenda, the LGU Award & Incentive program can provide a Seal of Disaster Preparedness and Seal of Environmental Protection for performing an LCCAP preparation. Preparation of all plans can bring the Seal of Good Local Governance.

This is aimed at enhancing LGU Capacity on Climate Change Adaptation-Disaster Risk Reduction Management and Disaster Preparedness through the following: a. Assessment; b. Institutional Capacity Enhancement, c. Climate Adaptation Support Service (CASS) Access to up to million PP in Financing.

Accountability

CCA activities; climate change adaption in Hagonoy;

Climate action planning has real benefits but also clear ramifications if LGUs knowingly expose people or sensitive ecosystems, hinder climate adaptation efforts or misuse funds. Under Sec. 19 of RA 10121 LGUs may are to be held accountable for the performance and:

pactd via CBMS, and; damaged facilities and fund misuse. action planning, at the Barangay’s discretion.

ter-stricken areas. preparedness equipment and paraphernalia.

-

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SECTION 6: NExT STEpS ing others as defined in the NDRRMC guidelines.

Violations of any of the listed above can lead to fines of PHP 50,000, imprisonment of 6-12 years and disqualification from public office.

6.7 Monitoring and Evaluation In 2005, the Philippines and 167 other countries adopted the Hyogo Framework for Action, a 10-year international plan United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction that sought to attain disaster resilience for vulnerable communities. The blueprint generated a 10-point checklist of essentials for LGUs more resilient to disasters (Appendix F).

To avoid gaps in LCCAP implementa¬tion, plan drift and to demonstrate its value to external evaluators and financiers, monitoring and evaluation is critical. Providing a relevant framework for assessing each major strategic area can be readily integrated into the LCCAP planning’s process so that a local development committee or core stakeholder working group can identify readily available indicator sources such as data collected in the CBMS. In order to further engage the LCCAP working group in a re¬flexive practice of setting goals, monitoring data can be collected yearly in collaboration with provincial authorities, business associations and participating stakeholders organizations, gathering data and assessing performance and future directions. To begin, this process can start by having stakeholders identify relevant and attainable performance measures for each objec¬tive.

Complete assessment of the LCCAP can take place every 3-5 years engaging core stakeholders in data collection and to assess the performance of indicators in relation to larger adaptation objectives and to create an opportu¬nity to pose the question ‘why ‘ targets are being met or not and ‘how’ strategy must change to address vulnerabilities and work towards climate resilience.

Recommendations environmental monitoring.

1. Environmental observations of drought, fisheries and sensitive areas.

2. Current Adaptation for floods (leave, stay, friends, evacuation, etc.)

3. Long term plans for adaptation (leave, stay) Upon ratification of this OCP strategy, the adoption of new bylaws and ordinances and corresponding economic objectives can also present an opportunity to evaluate the LCCAP’s effectiveness. In doing so, this will ensure a measurable path to attaining a climate resilience in Hagonoy.

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Infrastructure and Local Economic Development Approaching cycles of natural disasters as opportunities can provide for strategic investment in CCA related investment while also engaging secondary objectives such as job creation. Following hurricane Katrina in the Gulf of Mexico, public works projects in the United Stated focused on building coastal green infrastructure with local job creation. They called these projects ‘Shovel-ready’ in which (1) feasibility studies and/or other baseline information required for a design were already available, (2) required consultations and permits, if not in-hand, were either in progress or had 107 reasonable assurance provided that would be attained quickly, and (3) National Environment and Policy Act (NEPA) analysis and other environmental permits and authorizations were completed, so that the project could be implemented shortly after funding was made available 2 .

Engaging industry knowledge, local capital and materials can turn recovery and adaptation efforts into intelligent reinvestment in hagonoy’s economy and society.

Photo: Christopher J. Carter

creation/preservation;

regional or national significance;

and scale of the project to evaluate a project’s benefits, and; -

nomic performance metrics;

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in areas where recovery planning efforts for Endangered Species Act listed species were underway.

REFERENCES

Islands In the Shapes of Nations (May mga isla na sa hugis ng mga bayan)

1 Philippines Office of the Secretary (2013). DILG Outcome Areas & Programs and Projects for FY 2014 to 2016. http://www.dilg.gov.ph/programsprojects/ DILG-Outcome-Areas-Programs-and-Projects-forFY-2014-to-2016/7 2 Beatley, Timothy (2009). Planning for Coastal Resilience: Best Practices for Calamitous Times. Island Press http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ubc/docDetail action?docID=10493911 3 P.E.T. Edwards, A.E. Sutton-Grier, G.E. Coyle (2013). Investing in nature: Restoring coastal habitat blue infrastructure and green job creation, Marine

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ancy. Pages 65-71, (http://www.habitat.noaa.gov/pdf/ tnc_noaa_arra_restoration_summary.pdf) 4 UN-HABITAT. 2009. “Guide to Municipal Finance .”Nairobi: UN-HABITAT. http://www.unhabitat.org/

During studio fieldwork with the communities of Malolos, Calumpit and Hagonoy we composed film based on our impressions and visual capture with stake holders, elders and places of Bulacan.

5 Brugmann, Jeb. 2011. “Financing the Resilient City.”

White Paper. Washington, DC: ICLEI

The film is based on a poem written by fellow SCARP M.A. planning candidate Kathryn Gwun-Yeen Lennon All images were captured by planner and filmmaker Christopher J. Carter.

6 Boswell, Michael Greve, Adrienne I. Seale, Tammy L (2011). Local Climate Action Planning. Island Press .

The film 2 minutes long and is has been translated into Tagalog.

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CLOSING

Paghahanda sa Pagbabagong Klima Ang hindi lumilingon sa pinanggalingan Ay hindi makakarating sa paroroonan She who does not look back at her origin Will never arrive at her destination

109 LCCAPs can be especially difficult to create because LGUs have never created them and they deal with some of the most difficult issues of our time. The uncertainty that climate change has already brought to the municipality coupled with modern challenges of urbanization will be met with a unique character and capacity.

-Tagalog Proverb

The municipality of Hagonoy retains a rich history, a strong culture of bayanihan (Spirit of communal unity or effort to achieve a particular objective) and many capable civil servants that will grant the planning process vision and strength. Hagonoy’s historical role as the heart of aquaculture industry in Bulacan, strong inter-LGU partnerships and capable civil servants will undoubtedly fuel the maghanda(collective preparation) of an LCCAP that addresses the vulnerabilities and opportunities of climate change.

This report makes clear that Hagonoy is positioned to be a leader in coastal and aquaculture adaptation, as well as sustainable development, setting an example for LGUs nationwide. To the beginning of LCCAP creation and long-term adaptation, we wish you a successful journey and look forward to your successes.

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AppENDIx A: KEy INFORMANTS University of British Columbia Dr. Leonora Angeles Dennis Gupa Gabrielle Esser Department of Interior and Local Government Alrdrich Livelo (DILG Hagonoy) Province of Bulacan Arlene Pascual Engineer Randy N. Po Nerissa T. Bautista Municipality of Hagonoy Raulito Manlapaz Sr Raulito Manlapaz Jr Sanggunian Bayan Emmeth Ondoy Colonel Bondoc (Police) Mhyla Santos (Municipal Budget Office) Angelina B. Del Sol (Department of Social Welfare) Rosemarie Magat (Legislative Councillor, Women & Children) Mercedes Lazaro (Municipal Treasury) Marvin Reyes (MPDO) Orly Tanjuan (MPDO) Steven Velasco (MPDO) Sally Bautista (MPDO) Millan Martin (MPDO) Nemencio Sabino(Engineering) Estelito Libao (MDRRMC) Dioscoro Francisco(MAO) Romeo Reyes (MAO)

Barangays of Hagonoy Captain Cesar Aranas (Tibaguin) Secretary Jimmy Palma (Tibaguin) Erwin Aduna, Treasurer (Tibaguin) Errol Duran, Council Member (Tibaguin) Bernardo Jimenez, Secretary ( San Sebastian) Captain Pacencia D.C. Reyes (San Pedro) Secretary Fred D. Delos Santos (San Pedro) Captain Catalino Manalo (Carillo) Captain Bobbie Carpio (Tampok) Val Perez , Secretary (Tampok) Manansala, Imelda, Clerk (Tampok) Cesar Mangahas, Record Keeper (Tampok) Fisher Folk and Buyers Quirino Calonzo (San Pedro) “Bernie” (Carillo) Edgardo Baltazar(Pugad) Mr. Santos(Pugad) Reynaldo Gregory(Pugad) Gina Alviz (Apo Ana Consignacion) Mother Leaders Jovita Omaña (Tampok) Lourdes Derige (Tampok) Lani Bautista (Tibaguin) Educators Jerry T. Santos (Tibaguin) Jocelyn Perez (Pugad)

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AppENDIx B: ADDITIONAL FINDINGS t

$VSSFOU BDUJWJUJFT GPS %33. BOE $$" JODMVEF UIF DSFBUJPO PG #BSBOHBZ IB[BSE NBQT TFNJOBST *&$ DBNQBJHO 3" MBX BOE UIFJS SPMF

procure ment of rescue equipment and vehicles. A two year SWM Action Planning process is underway with the 26 Barangays.

t ćFSF JT B SFTQPOTF TZTUFN GPS OBUVSBM IB[BSET PQFSBUFE CZ SFTDVF )BHPOPZ XIJDI JODMVEFT B DBMM TZTUFN TPDJBM NFEJB 'BDFCPPL )PXFWFS OP QVCMJD XBSOJOH TZTUFN FYJTUT ćF SFTQPOTF TZTUFN JT SFHVMBSMZ VQHSBEFE BOE JODMVEFT 1. Active training by DRRM, 2. Public IEC and media communications 3. Strengthening vertical linkages to provincial and national are strengthening.

4. Strengthening Horizontal linkages going into barangays, schools and LGU employees.

111

t (PPE JOUFSBDUJPO CFUXFFO EFQBSUNFOU BSF OPUFE XIJMF EJTDSFUJPOBSZ PQQPSUVOJUJFT FYJTU UP XPSL XJUI ."0 BOE NVOJDJQBM FOHJOFFSJOH PÄ?DF %*-( t 6OEFS DVSSFOU -(6 QPMJDZ NBLJOH UIF $MJNBUF $IBOHF "DU BOE JUT JNQMJDBUJPOT BSF LOPXO CVU OPU PO UIF BHFOEB ćF QMBOOJOH EFQBSUNFOU JT SFBEJOH UP QSFQBSF UIF %*-( NBOEBUFE -$$"1 JO ćF DVSSFOU DPVODJM BOE NBZPS BSF TVQQPSUJWF PG $-61 BOE JOUFHSBUJPO PG $$" QSJODJQMFT CVU OFFE orientation and their appreciation of its benefits gained. t

3FHBSEJOH Ä•OBODF JOUFHSBUJPO PG $$" QSPKFDUT BOE QSPHSBNT NVTU CF JODMVEFE JO UIF "*1 JO PSEFS UP JNQMFNFOU UIFN $VSSFOU $$" FÄŒPSUT NVTU predict which things might be funded and include them. Supplemental AIPs may be submitted.

t

ćF WJTJPO PG UIF QMBOOJOH EFQBSUNFOU JT UP IBWF BMM NBOEBUFE QMBOT QSFQBSFE BOE BMMPX GPS QFPQMF UP TUBZ JO QMBDF JG QPTTJCMF

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ćF NBZPS IBT NPUJPOFE GPS UIF DSFBUJPO PG OFX 3)6T JO UIF TPVUIFSO DMVTUFS #BSBOHBZT BOE UIF DSFBUJPO PG B TFQBSBUF %%3. PÄ?DF JO UIF NVOJDJQBMJUZ

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Source: EPA, 2002. Community Culture and the Environment: A Guide to Understanding a Sense of Place.

Office of Water, Washington, DC. 280 p.

Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

AppENDIx D: FINANCING OF MANGROVE pROJECTS ćF OBUVSF PG NBOHSPW—F SFTUPSBUJPO QSPKFDUT BMMPX GPS JOOPWBUJWF TPVSDFT PG ĕnancing, as payment for environmental services, their inclusion in the National 3&%% TUSBUFHZ PS UIF FTUBCMJTINFOU PG FDP UPXOT JO QSPUFDUFE BSFBT ECO-TOWNS An eco-town, as defined by the NCCAP, is a planning unit composed of municipalities or a group of municipalities located within and in the boundaries PG DSJUJDBM LFZ CJPEJWFSTJUZ BSFBT GPSFTU DPBTUBM NBSJOF BOE ĕTIFSZ PS XBUFSsheds), highly vulnerable to climate change risks due to its geography, geoHSBQIJD MPDBUJPO BOE QPWFSUZ TJUVBUJPO ćF HPBM PG UIF FDP UPXO GSBNFXPSL JT to build climate change resilient communities and local economy through poverty reduction and ecosystem protection. In this sense, it considers a Climate Adaptation Support Service (CASS), which provides immediate income to the QPPS XJUIJO UBSHFU FDPTZTUFNT CBTFE PO DFSUBJO DPOEJUJPOT ćFTF DPOEJUJPOT could be, in the case of coastal or fishing communities, the protection of marine 113 QSPUFDUFE BSFBT BOE PS UIF NBOBHFNFOU PG UIFJS IPVTFIPME XBTUFT

Payment for Environmental Services (PES) ćF $"44 DBO CF DPOTJEFSFE B UZQF PG QBZNFOU GPS FOWJSPONFOUBM TFSWJDFT (PES). A PES scheme can be defined as a voluntary transaction in which a welldefined environmental service (ES), or a form of land use likely to secure that service is bought by at least one ES buyer from a minimum of one ES provider if and only if the provider continues to supply that service (conditionality) (13).

In the case of CASS, the payment is public, as the ES buyer would be the government and the ES provider the communities targeted by the CASS. However, EJÄŒFSFOU UZQFT PG 1&4 FYJTU BT GPSNBM NBSLFUT XJUI PQFO USBEJOH CFUXFFO CVZers and sellers (e.g. carbon markets) or self-organized private deals. In the case of mangrove protection and restoration projects, the ES provider would be the coastal communities in charge of protecting and restoring the mangrove area, whereas the ES buyer could be any member of the community that benefits from the ES provided by mangroves (e.g. the revenues of specific indirect taxes Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

could be allocated to the protection and rehabilitation of mangrove areas, being all the tax payers the buyers of the specific ES).

REDD+ One of the strategic actions on ecosystem and environmental stability for 20112028 defined in the NCCAP is the implementation of the National REDD+ strategy. In the same lines as the PES, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) is an UN program that aims to create a finanDJBM WBMVF GPS UIF DBSCPO TUPSFE JO GPSFTUT PÄŒFSJOH JODFOUJWFT GPS EFWFMPQJOH countries to reduce emissions from forested lands and invest in low-carbon paths to sustainable development. REDD+ goes beyond deforestation and forest degradation, and includes the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (14). In this sense, mangrove conservation and rehabilitation projects are suitable to be financed by the REDD+ program, especially given the high rate of carbon sequestration of mangroves.

A ćF 4IFMUFS 1MBOOJOH UFNQMBUF BOE PWFSBMM EFTJHO BJN UP BEESFTT UIF IPVTJOH needs of both the informal and the formal sectors, particularly renters, government employees and those availing of either socialized or economic housing.

Urban development program requires consideration of mixed used development to allow subsidized social housing projects.

ments.

1 RATIONALE (THIS WILL EXPLAIN THE NEED FOR THE SHELTER PLAN)

$JUZ .VOJDJQBMJUZ 0WFSWJFX ćJT TFDUJPO QSPWJEFT B HFOFSBM TJUVBUJPO 114 of the local government unit (LGU) in terms of its socio-economic, biophysical, institutional and other important characteristics pertinent to shelter.

t 5JNF 'SBNF PG UIF 4IFMUFS 1MBO %FÄ•OF UIF HFOFSBM UJNF GSBNF GPS UIF SFBMJ[Btion of the Shelter Plan.

t 4USVDUVSF %FTDSJCF B NVMUJ TUBLFIPMEFS 5FDIOJDBM 8PSLJOH HSPVQ BT UIF DPSF ćF -PDBM 4IFMUFS 1MBO GPDVTFT PO UIF BTTFTTNFOU PG UIF SFTPVSDFT BOE DVSSFOU HSPVQ UIBU XJMM CF GPSNFE UP DSBę UIF 4BOHHVOJBOH 1BOMVOHTPE 41 ćF 58( capacity of the LGU pertaining to delivery of housing and urban services vis-à - is composed of LGU departments, urban poor groups, NGAs (HLURB, HUDvis their actual and projected housing need. With this baseline information, the CC, NHA), NGOs, business sector representatives, and other relevant organizations. Usually, the Mayor issues an order authorizing the LGU department LGU shall be able to prepare a realistic action plan for housing delivery based PO JUT UBSHFUT GPS B HJWFO QFSJPE ćF -PDBM 4IFMUFS 1MBO TFSWFT BT BO JOQVU UP UIF heads to participate and this ensures permanent representation.

CLUP of the Local Government Unit and shall likewise serve as a policy input 3 GENERAL OVERVIEW OF CITY/MUNICIPALITY, APPRECIATION to the MTPDP of the National Government.

OF LOCAL ENVIRONMENT AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT TREND IN GENERAL [CONTENT OF THE TEMPLATE]

t 4UBUF UIF PCKFDUJWFT PG UIF 4IFMUFS 1MBO 1SJNBSZ 0CKFDUJWF T

3.2

Geographic Location and Features

3.2.1

Location

3.2.2

Climate

3.2.3

Topography and Soils

t ,FZ 1MBZFST 3PMFT 3FTQPOTJCJMJUJFT %FTDSJCF LFZ TUBLFIPMEFST J F -(6T NGOs, MFIs, CBOs, MSGs, Business Sector) relevant to the project, including roles and responsibilities.

3.2.4

Vulnerability to Geohazards

3.3

Urban Development Trends

t ćF 1SPDFTT EFTDSJCF UIF QSPDFTT GSPN EBUB HBUIFSJOH BOE BOBMZTJT TUSBUFHJD QMBOOJOH QSPQFS WBMJEBUJPO JNQMFNFOUBUJPO BOE JOTUJUVUJPOBMJ[BUJPO BEKVTU-

1PQVMBUJPO 4J[F BOE 4USVDUVSF 5PUBM QPQVMBUJPO QPQVMBUJPO HSPXUI

4FDPOEBSZ 0CKFDUJWF T 2 TARGET POPULATION t %FÄ•OF UIF UBSHFU QPQVMBUJPO UP CF TFSWFE CZ UIF QSPKFDU

Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

*ODPNF BOE 1PWFSUZ *ODJEFODF 4PVSDFT PG JODPNF MBCPS BOE FNQMPZment 0SHBOJ[BUJPOT *OTUJUVUJPOT BOE (PWFSOBODF ćJT TFDUJPO TIPVME discuss the present capabilities of the key stakeholders such as the LGU (the “owner� or implementer of the strategy), the sector (socialized housing sector, low-income, and economic sector), NGAs, business, NGOs, etc. in terms of QSPHSBNT QSJPSJUJFT TZTUFNT QFSGPSNBODF SFTPVSDFT BOE BČPSEBCJMJUZ XJMMingness to pay. A separate profiling of the socialized housing sector should be EFWFMPQFE UP QJO EPXO UIFJS DBQBCJMJUJFT OFFET SFTPVSDFT BOE BČPSEBCJMJUZ willingness to pay.

-PDBM &DPOPNJD 0VUMPPL "HSJDVMUVSF .BSJOF %FWFMPQNFOU 5SBEF and Industry, Tourism 4 ANALYSIS OF HOUSING DEMAND, AVAILABLE RESOURCES AND NEED FOR RESOURCES "TTFTTNFOU PG 4IFMUFS /FFE ćJT TFDUJPO QSFTFOUT BMM UIF BTTVNQUJPOT 115 used in coming up with the plans including various assumptions used as basis for computations.

"TTVNQUJPOT BOE %FÄ•OJUJPOT %FTDSJCF UIF QSFTFOU MPDBM IPVTJOH situation - tenurial status as regards to homelots and housing units, flooding problems, danger areas, threats of disasters, demolition activities. Discuss also housing-related services, such as current power and water supply, sanitary facilities, and garbage disposal system and other shelter-related services in detail.

4.1.2

Demand for Shelter

#BDLMPH %JTDVTT UIF NBHOJUVEF PG OFX IPVTJOH OFFET BU UIF CFHJOning of the planning period. Likewise include a discussion on the backlog DPNQPOFOUT EPVCMF VQ IPVTFIPMET EJTQMBDFE VOJUT BOE UIF IPNFMFTT 5P CF mentioned in this section is the number of years (program period) needed by LGU to address this need. A table should accompany the discussion on housing needs.

Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

6QHSBEJOH /FFET %JTDVTT UIF NBHOJUVEF PG VQHSBEJOH OFFET BU UIF beginning of the planning period. Likewise include a discussion on the various GPSNT PG VQHSBEJOH TVDI BT UFOVSF VQHSBEJOH OFFET JOGSBTUSVDUVSF VQHSBEJOH needs (water, power, roads, sanitation, drainage, garbage disposal systems) and structural upgrading needs. To be mentioned in this section is the number of years (program period) needed by the various service providers to address these needs.

'VUVSF (SPXUI %JTDVTT UIF NBHOJUVEF PG GVUVSF IPVTJOH OFFET BMM throughout the planning period, including new housing sites. Part of the discussion should dwell on the population growth rate, causes of increase or decrease in population growth rate, household size and migration patterns, if significant. To be mentioned in this section is the number of years (program period) needed by LGU to address this need.

5PUBM %FNBOE 5PUBM DBMDVMBUJPO PG IPVTJOH SFRVJSFNFOUT EVF UP CBDLlog, upgrading needs and future growth demands.

0OHPJOH $PNNJUUFE 4IFMUFS *OJUJBUJWFT %JTDVTT BMM QSFTFOU TIFMUFS JOJtiatives whether on-going or in the advanced stages of implementation that can augment the total housing demand.

3FTJEVBM %FNBOE 1SPWJEFT GPS B DPNQVUBUJPO PG UPUBM EFNBOE NJOVT UIF FYQFDUFE TVQQMZ GSPN UIF POHPJOH DPNNJUUFE TIFMUFS QSPKFDUT $PTU 3FRVJSFNFOU GPS 4IFMUFS 1SPWJTJPOT 1SPWJEFT GPS B EFUBJMFE DPTU computation for the realization of the shelter project requirements including land acquisition, land development and house construction.

"TTFTTNFOU PG 3FTPVSDFT GPS 4IFMUFS 1SPWJTJPOT %JTDVTT UIF SFTPVSDFT needed to address the housing in order to realize the housing vision of the DJUZ NVOJDJQBMJUZ 1SFTFOU BMTP UIF SFTPVSDFT BWBJMBCMF GPS IPVTJOH UIBU DBO CF UBQQFE PS BDDFTTFE ćFTF SFTPVSDFT BSF JO UFSNT PG MBOE JOGSBTUSVDUVSF BOE funds for housing and its related services. Innovative technologies can also be cited as a resource in case it is used in the locality and proves to be beneficial to the majority of those needing housing assistance.

4.1.4.1 Local Government 1SJWBUF 4FDUPS $JWJM 4PDJFUZ (SPVQT /(0T $PNNVOJUZ 0SHBOJ[BUJPOT )0"T 4.1.4.4 Target Household ćF /FFE GPS BOE "WBJMBCJMJUZ PG 3FTPVSDFT ćJT TFDUJPO QSPWJEFT GPS B DPNQBSBUJWF BOBMZTJT UP EFUFSNJOF TVÄ?DJFODZ JOBEFRVBDZ PG BWBJMBCMF BOE SFRVJSFE SFTPVSDFT ćJT XJMM TFSWF BT HVJEF GPS UIF QMBOOFS JO DPOTJEFSJOH BQQSPQSJBUF BDUJPOT TUSBUFHJFT UP BVHNFOU QPTTJCMF TIPSUBHF JO SFTPVSDFT 4.1.5.1 City-wide 4.1.5.2 Household Level 5 APPRECIATION AND ANALYSIS OF ISSUES AND CONCERNS

for accounting available terrestrial A&D lands which can facilitate shelter planning. "ÄŒPSEBCJMJUZ BOE 8JMMJOHOFTT UP 1BZ GPS 4IFMUFS %JTDVTT IPVTFIPMET capacity to pay for housing and its related services (land, development cost, cost of housing construction). Includes discussion on various income groups with its corresponding number of households needing housing assistance, their average monthly income, potential percentage of income for housing, potential BOOVBM DBQJUBM DPTU PG IPVTJOH BOE BÄŒPSEBCMF MPBO QBDLBHFT CBTFE PO UIF MPBO terms identified by the LGU.

0UIFST BT JEFOUJÄ•FE *ODMVEF PUIFS SFMFWBOU JTTVFT JO 4FDUJPO UIBU XJMM strongly influence the strategy.

6

PROPOSED ACTIONS (STRATEGIES AND PROGRAMS)

3FDPNNFOEFE 4USBUFHJFT ćJT TFDUJPO QSPQPTFT UIF WBSJPVT TUSBUFHJFT identified by the planner in order to attain the housing vision and goals to be achieved by the local shelter plan.

4VNNBSZ PG ,FZ *TTVFT BOE $PODFSOT ćJT TFDUJPO QSFTFOUT LFZ JTTVFT WVMOFSBCJMJUJFT PG UIF EJČFSFOU TUBLFIPMEFST BOE DPODFSOT BSJTJOH GSPN 4FDUJPO 7JTJPO (PBM (PBMT NVTU CF TNBSU TQFDJĕD NFBTVSBCMF BUUBJOBCMF SF2 of the template that will facilitate formulation of the local shelter plan. It also alistic and time-bounded. It must be geared towards the vision and consistent discusses the possible solutions planners can undertake to consider the issues with the CLUP. and concerns raised.

6.1.2 Strategic Interventions or Options 5.1.1 Geographic location )PVTJOH 0QUJPOT JO UIF $POUFYU PG "ČPSEBCJMJUZ 1SFTFOU BMM ĕOBOD5.1.2 Urban Development Trends ing options available for each income group with emphasis on details such as lot size, floor area, type of house, type of land development and services to be 5.1.3 In-migration – discuss migration issues and the contributing factors provided. making the area appealing to migrants.

-JWFMJIPPE BOE .JDSP FOUFSQSJTF TVQQPSU 1SFTFOU BMM MJWFMJIPPE BOE *OTUJUVUJPOBM *TTVFT "TTFTT UIF JNQMFNFOUJOH CPEZ T -(6 DBQBCJMJUZ microenterprise assistance to be provided on-site in parallel with the shelter as implementer of the shelter strategy for the socialized housing sector in rela- plan. tion to its policies, programs and thrusts for the shelter sector. Discussions can include leadership, structure and staffing of the LGU and availability of system 6.1.2.3 Capacity Building - Socialized Housing Sector Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

116

6.1.2.4 LGU Institution Building 6.1.2.5 Land Acquisition 4JUF %FWFMPQNFOU #BTJD 4FSWJDFT 6.1.2.6.1

Short (immediate) Term Strategies

6.1.2.6.2

Medium Term Strategies

6.1.2.6.3

Long Term Strategies

6

PROPOSED ACTIONS (STRATEGIES AND PROGRAMS)

3FDPNNFOEFE 4USBUFHJFT ćJT TFDUJPO QSPQPTFT UIF WBSJPVT TUSBUFHJFT identified by the planner in order to attain the housing vision and goals to be achieved by the local shelter plan.

117

6.1.2.4 LGU Institution Building 6.1.2.5 Land Acquisition 4JUF %FWFMPQNFOU #BTJD 4FSWJDFT 6.1.2.6.1

Short (immediate) Term Strategies

6.1.2.6.2

Medium Term Strategies

6.1.2.6.3

Long Term Strategies

7 OPERATIONS/IMPLEMENTATION PLAN: ćJT XJMM SFĘFDU UIF TIPSU NFEJVN BOE MPOH UFSN TUSBUFHJFT CSPLFO EPXO JOUP PVUQVUT JOEJDBUPST critical activities, resource requirements, and responsible institutions.

7.1

Formulation of strategies

7JTJPO (PBM (PBMT NVTU CF TNBSU TQFDJÄ•D NFBTVSBCMF BUUBJOBCMF SFalistic and time-bounded. It must be geared towards the vision and consistent with the CLUP.

7.1.1

Short (immediate) Term Strategies

7.1.2

Medium Term Strategies

6.1.2

7.1.3

Long-Term Strategies

7.2

Proposed Investment Program

8

LGU COMMITMENT

Strategic Interventions or Options

)PVTJOH 0QUJPOT JO UIF $POUFYU PG "ÄŒPSEBCJMJUZ 1SFTFOU BMM Ä•OBODing options available for each income group with emphasis on details such as lot size, floor area, type of house, type of land development and services to be provided.

-JWFMJIPPE BOE .JDSP FOUFSQSJTF TVQQPSU 1SFTFOU BMM MJWFMJIPPE BOE microenterprise assistance to be provided on-site in parallel with the shelter plan.

6.1.2.3 Capacity Building - Socialized Housing Sector Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

4BOHHVOJBO "QQSPWBM BOE "EPQUJPO "UUBDI UIF 41 3FTPMVUJPO BQQSPWJOH BEPQUJOH UIF 4IFMUFS 1MBO 9

MONITORING SCHEME

1SPKFDU .POJUPSJOH BOE &WBMVBUJPO ćJT TFDUJPO JEFOUJĕFT UIF LFZ SFsult areas (KRAs) drawn up by the LGU. Accomplishments versus targets must

be measured with appropriate indicators to ensure maximized benefits for the poor, financial, economic and social returns. Formulate appropriate indicators per KRA. Lessons learned must also be shared within the LGU and to neighCPSJOH DJUJFT NVOJDJQBMJUJFT

10 ANNEXES "UUBDIFE BT BOOFY BMM UIF OFDFTTBSZ EPDVNFOUT PS NBUFSJals that may aide the planners, project evaluators and readers in understanding, reviewing, monitoring and updating the shelter plan. Annexes may include the GPMMPXJOH o

Major government projects (infrastructure)

P

#VTJOFTT MPDBUPST FTUBCMJTINFOUT

o

Other related documents

o

Worksheet for Housing Needs Calculation

P

8PSLTIFFU GPS "ÄŒPSEBCJMJUZ "OBMZTJT

o

Inventory of Lands

o P

Inventory of Informal Settlers %BUB GSPN VUJMJUJFT DPNQBOJFT TFSWJDF QSPWJEFST

o

Maps

P

)PVTJOH 0QUJPOT )PVTF EFTJHOT

o

List of NGOs and CBOs operational in the area

11

118

REFERENCES -JTUT BMM SFGFSFODFT VTFE JO UIF NBLJOH PG UIF QMBO Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

AppENDIx F: IMpLEMENTATION & MONITORING TEMpLATES Food Security Issue

Action

Funding (Capital/Operating)

Priority (Action By Date)

Accountability

Effort

Funding (Capital/Operating)

Priority (Action By Date)

Accountability

Effort

119

Water Security Issue

Action

Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

AppENDIx E: IMpLEMENTATION & MONITORING TEMpLATES Environmental and Ecological Stability Issue

Action

Funding (Capital/Operating)

Priority (Action By Date)

Accountability

Effort

120

Human Security Issue

Action

Funding (Capital/Operating)

Priority (Action By Date)

Accountability

Effort

Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

AppENDIx E: IMpLEMENTATION & MONITORING TEMpLATES

Monitoring and Evaluation Tool Issue

Action

121

Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines

Benchmark

Goal

Actual

Data Source

122

Towards a LCCAP | Hagonoy, Philippines