The Green Archipelago (Thesis Development)

The Green Archipelago

Negotiating the built environment to restore Scotland’s fragile landscape

by C H R I ST I N E T U R N B U L L

AB 964 Design Studies 5B Thesis Development

University of Strathclyde Faculty of Engineering Department of Architecture MArch / Pg Dip Advanced Architectural Design Author: Christine Clare Turnbull Student Reg. Number: 2016547448

Studies Supervisors: John Brown, Catriona MacDonald, Fraser Maitland, David Page and David Wyllie

All images / contents prepared by author unless indicated otherwise May 2017

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Declaration AB 964 Design Studies 5B Thesis Development

MArch/Pg Dip Advanced Architectural Design MArch Architectural Design International

Declaration

“I hereby declare that this dissertation submission is my own work and has been composed by myself. It contains no unacknowledged text and has not been submitted in any previous context. All quotations have been distinguished by quotation marks and all sources of information, text, illustration, tables, images etc. have been specifically acknowledged.

I accept that if having signed this Declaration my work should be found at Examination to show evidence of academic dishonesty the work will fail and I will be liable to face the University Senate Discipline Committee.�

Name:

Signed: Date:

Christine Clare Turnbull 02 / 05 / 2017

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Contents Note: All images / contents prepared by author unless indicated otherwise

03 Declaration 06-09 Introduction 10-15 Historic physical conditions 16-17 Existing policy system conditions: red, green, blue and white 18-27 Vision, goals and strategies 29-35 Existing ecological systems: existing network 36-37 Existing ecological systems: geology 39-41 Existing human systems: infrastructure 43-45 Existing economic systems: deprivation 46-55 Proposed system layers and interactions 56-101 Proposed physical conditions 102-105 Monitoring framework 106 List of figures 107 List of tables 107-108 Bibliography

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Fig. 01: Study context map

Paisley

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Glasgow

Project Introduction

Reflections on 5A

The Green Archipelago :

Negotiating the built environment to restore Scotland’s fragile landscape “To keep an ecosystem in a state of arrested development, to preserve it as if it were a jar of pickles, is to protect something that bears little relationship to the natural world” (Monbiot, G. 2013).

The research conducted throughout the thesis inception revealed that the area of designated landscape in Scotland is on the rise, as is the case throughout Europe.

Furthermore, this trend is predicted to continue over the coming decades as greater emphasis is placed on the fortification of biodiversity (Moilanen et al. 2014). However, the governments method of safeguarding our natural heritage has provoked concern.

Preservationists efforts to ‘conserve’ and ‘maintain’ our landscapes from human influence has resulted in their counterproductive “pickling”.

Historical analysis has indicated that the destruction of the natural environment and the ecosystems that exist within it is further exacerbated as is becomes increasingly fragmented by imposing human systems. Therefore, this thesis envisions an alternative scenario to the present-day standoff. Contesting traditional methods of landscape conservation this project explores the role of the built environment in protecting Scotland’s fragile landscape. Negotiating the boundary of human systems, it looks towards an architecture facilitates nature.

The primary objective is to restore and re-establish vulnerable natural networks as well as protect and enhance biodiversity. The applied strategies include utilising the existing human infrastructure that scars Scotland’s countryside (road and rail) to reinstate and distribute natural habitat across the country. The proposal develops an archipelago of green spaces opposed to the current strategy that manages protected landscapes in

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Project Introduction

isolation as islands. Taking precedent from Collective Architecture’s Seven Lochs Wetlands Park masterplan, this

Reflections on 5A continued

Subsequently, in the context of the town of Paisley, this thesis challenges the low density residential typology - the largest consumer of Scotland’s natural landscape. It re-imagines the domestic landscape through the socialist ideals discussed in William Morris’ “News from Nowhere” proposing an elevated architecture that negotiates the land. It removes the human notion of the property boundary and the barriers that manifest as a result. Thus, allowing the wilderness to permeate the urban realm.

is achieved through the integration of woodland, grassland, wetland, scrubland, heaths and moore land on the redundant spaces that border the human infrastructure.

In contrast to current approaches in landscape conservation the complexity of an elevated architecture has the potential to evolve into diversity in its surrounding environment. An elevated architecture is not the sole solution. However, the concept applied appropriately, might be one of a number of measures in reducing the constraints inflicted on Scotland’s constrained fragile landscape.

Fig. 02: Pickled landscape

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1. Historic Physical Conditions

Note: Text contained within pages 10 and 11 taken from authors 5A design studio submission (2016).

11, 000 years ago the ice that covered much of Scotland’s landscape began to melt. The retreat of the glaciers saw Great Britain colonised by “boreal species”. Namely birch, pine, hazel and oak trees - including various flora. Fasts forward 6,000 years and the tree cover had increased, spanning from Shetland to the Western Isles supporting a unique ecosystem. The woodlands were populated by the wildcat, pine marten, moose, red squirrel, mountain hare, the capercaillie, bison, golden eagle, wood sandpiper, black grouse, wolf, lynx, boar and bear (SNH, 2016).

The Neolithic period saw a reduction in the United Kingdom’s woodland, and as a consequence many animal habitats were destroyed. The gradual decline of the countries tree cover has been attributed to early forms of agriculture. Later, the invasion of the Roman Legions of Argricola in 82AD witnessed the destruction of approximately half of the UKs wooded landmass endangering the larger woodland mammals who resided within them. The next notable decline was recorded in the 14th century, human activity resulted in peatland replacing much of the woods that traversed the Scottish Highlands.

Crofting began to jeopardise the once vast woodland of the British Isles. In the succeeding centuries human influence once again threatened woodland habitats. In the 16th century Scotland’s forests were exploited once again this time for timber, coal and tanbark.

Humans began to destroy much of the native wildlife’s habitat to the detriment of the larger species. Namely, the native wolves, bears and boar (SNH, 2016).

The Jacobite uprising of 17th century is attributed to notable changes in land use. These changes had consequences for distribution in Scotland, including the Highland clearances in the 1800’s. The highland clearances seen a switch from a cattle to a sheep based economy, the grazing livestock degraded much of the landscape and consequently the natural ecosystem (SHN, 2016). The situation was worsened in the latter years of the 18th century by the early mechanisation of farming. This had a significant impact on the remaining woodland. Tools such as the swing plough, binding and threshing machines increased farmer productivity encouraging large scale production. As a result, the area of arable land grew and Scotland’s forests declined further due to environmental degradation (JNCC, 2016). By the 1900’s a mere 4% percent of Scotland’s land mass was covered by native woodland (see figure 45). The remaining forests were significantly smaller, fragmented and isolated as were the woodland habitats. Figures 39 through to 44 illustrate that as the United Kingdom’s area of arable land increased the total area of woodland and relative abundance of species declined simultaneously. As the number of cattle began to fall and the number of sheep rise the countries biodiversity began to decay.

In the First World War Lloyd George proclaimed that Britain “had nearly lost the war for

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want of timber that anything else” (1919). 1917 seen yet another dramatic change in Scotland’s landscape that is still visible today. The high demand on Scotland’s industries depleted its natural resources further. In the decades that followed the political landscape began to recover but the farmlands and ravaged forests remained “a voiceless causality” (Keller, T. 2016) that was devastated once again by the Second World War. MacMillan writes: “The Second World War caused unprecedented hardship, but it also accelerated change” (2009). At the end of 1945 Britain saw a post-world war baby boom, the population surged and accordingly so did the nation’s cities (Scottish Government, 2010).

Throughout history, no other species has multiplied as rapidly in numbers or in scale as the human race (Register, R. 2016). Moreover, Wilson’s research recorded that the number of people on the planet is currently “one hundred times greater than the runner up” (Wilson, E. 2006). Today, as populations increase cities can be seen to expand under pressure.

Urban sprawl is intensified as industries, leisure facilities, and low density housing move away from the urban environment to car dependent communities that encroach on the natural surroundings (Mostafavi, M. 2010). Consequently, only 1% of Scotland’s native woodland is remains today. Where humans have bared an influence, no matter the many there were they have had a negative impact on the wildlife. Particularly the larger animals.

Note: Images on pages 12-15 illustrate human impact on Scotland’s native woodland.

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Fig. 03: Distribution of woodland in Scotland before human intervention

Paisley

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Glasgow

Paisley

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Fig. 04: Distribution of woodland in Scotland after human intervention

Glasgow

2. Existing Policy System Conditions

Red, Green, Blue, White

Note: Text contained within pages 16-17 taken and adapted from authors 5A design studio submission (2016).

Scotland’s landscapes are protected by a number of international, national and local designations. However, in the context of this study the landscape designations that will be discussed are the most commonly implemented: Special Protection Areas, SPA; Special Areas of Conservation, SAC; Ramsar Sites; Sites of Special Scientific Interest, SSSI; National Nature Reserves, NNR; National Scenic Areas, NSA; and Marine Protection Areas, MPA (SNH, 2016).

Special Protection Areas and Special Areas of Conservation are known as “Natura Sites”.

They are said to be the best examples of Scotland’s natural heritage. Their purpose is to protect and “conserve” threatened habitats and the species that call them home (SNH, 2016). They are safeguarded by Habitat Regulations outlined in the Habitats Directive and any proposed development must first go through an appraisal process. Although they are considered to be of European importance and “preserved” under strict guidelines, developments that “do not conflict” with the protected areas - their plants, animals and habitats - are given approval (SNH, 2016).

Similarly, Sites of Special Scientific Interest come under the definition of a “Natura Site.”

They are comprised of bodies of inland water and landscapes that Scottish Natural Heritage believes are the islands finest features. They include landforms, together with flora, animals and their habitats (SNH, 2016). They are protected under the Nature Conservation (Scotland) Act 2004. Although many of the SSSIs are within the boundaries of privately owned land each land owner is given a “site management statement” which stipulates the site “management needed to conserve its protected natural features” by Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH, 2016). As are National Nature Reserves. To be awarded the title of NNR the landscape must contain international important wildlife and thus be “managed” cautiously. There is an overlap between NNRs and SSSIs designations. However, unlike the designations mentioned previously NNRs are “managed and designed” for the use of both people and wildlife. They are made up of mountains, ancient forests, islands, lowland lochs, and bird breeding grounds that are protected under the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 (SNH, 2016). Comparably there is an overlap between Ramsar Sites, Special Protection Areas, Special Areas of Conservation and Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SNH, 2016). Ramsar Sites are wetland areas regarded as valuable water bird habitats they come in the form of lochs, bogs and coastal wetlands. In spite of this they are only protected by measures implemented under the landscape designations that overlap their site boundaries (SNH, 2016).

Marine Protection Areas, as the name suggests, are implemented to “maintain and manage” marine habitats under the Marine (Scotland) Act. In contrast to the current situation in the Western Isles, Scottish Natural Heritage state that the designation will “protect important marine habitats and species, support coastal communities, and help

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sustain marine industries” ensuing a “clean, healthy, safe, productive and biologically diverse marine and coastal environment that meets the long term needs of people and nature” (2016).

Contrasting SPA, SAC, Ramsar Sites, SSSI, NNR and MPA National scenic areas are concerned solely with the visual qualities of a landscape. Their primary objective is to protect our natural surroundings from “inappropriate development”. The sites are identified and preserved by the local authority utilising a list of “special qualities” to determine their designation (SNH, 2016).

The concept of landscape designation has come under criticism in recent times. Cannavò argues that as a by-product of increasing development pressures and natural resource depletion our built and natural landscapes are under threat. As a result, we cordon them off, severing our connection with our surrounding environment and “threatening our fundamental sense of place.” More often than not the statements that protect our landscape state that we must “preserve”, “conserve,” “manage” and “maintain” the natural environment in order to guarantee its future - essentially recording, collecting and archiving our natural heritage (refer to figure 30). George Monbiot likens this strategy to “pickling.” He writes: “To keep an ecosystem in a state of arrested development, to preserve it as if it were a jar of pickles, is to protect something that bears little relationship to the natural world” (2013).

The physical world is a living system (Hansen, H. 2016), it is in its nature to evolve not remain static. In an effort to protect the landscape the government super imposes a human notion, a line, that separates the city and the natural environment (Hansen, H. 2016). Hansen views are echoed by Janssen and Knippenberg who add that current landscape conservation strategies are typically planned against people, “drawing lines” around landscapes considered valuable by authorities (2012). As a result, environmental designations fundamentally constrain the habitats and the species that reside within their boundaries. Cannavò proclaims that preservationists’ attitude to change it somewhat counterproductive as it dismisses any attempt to move forward. He discusses an alternative solution to the present day standoff, a method that supports development and preservation. He suggests that landscapes are more than just an object, he notes that they should “embrace change” whist “unifying democratic and ecological values,” in turn generating resilient “working landscape” (2007). In some respect this proposition, of a strategy that supports development and preservation, can be compared to the concept of the green belt. Put in place to retain green areas surrounding urban environments limiting the city sprawl (Moore, R. 2016). However, the majority of this land has been exposed to intensive agricultural activity calling into question the quality of its habitats and environmental benefits (Moore, R. 2016).

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3. Vision, Goals and Strategies

Note: Illustrated overview of strategies implemented overleaf

The growth of Scotland’s towns and cities has resulted in the destruction and fragmentation of many natural habitats and as a result the ecosystems that exist within them. Therefore, the overall vision of the proposal is to develop an archipelago of natural habitats along existing railway / road infrastructure. A series of ‘ecology factories’ are placed throughout the urban environment, anchored by human infrastructure. Their objective is to establish a connections and alleviate the fragmentation of the existing natural habitats. Forming a continuous network and creates a resilient ecosystem within the urban environment.

In addition to the development of an architecture that nurtures and enables our natural heritage, generating a network of green spaces opposed to imposing itself on it - minimising the limitations inflicted on our landscapes. Looking at the greatest consumer of green space (low density housing) the primary objective or goal is to generate a mechanism for change. Though the demonstration of an alternative scenario to the current divide between the natural and built environment. The aim is to protect, restore and enhance biodiversity through the provision of a permeable urban environment.

The applied strategies include:

- The integration of woodland, grassland, wetland (SUDS), scrubland as well as heaths and moore land along existing human infrastructure creating a archipelago of natural habitats; - Elevated / permeable walkways;

- The removal of the human notion, the property boundary, and the barriers that manifest as a result; - And the development of an architecture that negotiates the natural landscape facilitating ecosystems through permeable boundaries.

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Fig. 06: Green network along existing road and rail infrastructure (red). Remaining ancient woodland (blue)

Fig. 07: (Top) Establishing the green archipelago rail. Fig. 08: (Bottom) Establishing the green archipelago road

Establishing the Green Archipelago Rail Network

Establishing the Green Archipelago Road Network

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Fig. 10: Fig. 09:Strategies Strategiesillustrated illustrated

Wetlands Wetlands

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an dC

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Elevated Elevated walkways walkways Grassland, moore land, land, heath heath Grassland, scrubland, scrubland, moore

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Woodlands Woodlands

Remove Remove boundaries boundaries Pedestrianisation Pedestrianisation

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Fig. 10: Redundant land surrounding railway (Paisley). Note red line boundary indicates sites of study

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4. Ecological Systems: Existing Network

Legend

Note: Map overleaf

Cemetery

Green belt

Tree density

Open green space Golf course

Public park / designated Allotment

Brown feild site / derelict land Recreational green space Topography

Private garden The following contain a catalogue of existing flora and fauna in Paisley, looking specifically at 2 sites located on the redundant land that surround the railway infrastructure.

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Slope

Flood risk area

Gated public green space Canal / pond / burn

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Fig. 11: Existing Ecological Systems (a)

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Fig. 12: Existing Ecological Systems (a)

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Fig. 13: Catalogue of exiting species and habitats in Paisley

Water Water vole vole

Otter Otter

Heron Heron

White White tailed tailed bumble bumble beebee Lesser Lesser white white throat throat

Great Great tit tit

Goose Goose gander gander

Adder Adder

Mountian Mountian hare hare

Mistle Mistle thrush thrush

Common Common lizard lizard

Sparrow Sparrow

Starling Starling

House House martin martin

Kestrel Kestrel

Mule Mule swan swan

Hedgehog Hedgehog

FoxFox

Swift Swift

Jack Jack snipe snipe

Grey Grey squirrel squirrel

Robin Robin

SeaSea gullgull

Bordered Bordered fritillary fritillary

Peacock Peacock butterry butterry Spotted Spotted chaser chaser dragonny dragonny

Hover Hovery y 32

Water Water railrail

Pigeon Pigeon

Crow Crow

Paisley Paisley moss moss

Ferns Ferns

Lichen Lichen

Blue Blue bellbell

Conifer Conifer

Oak Oak

Primerose Primerose

Brambles Brambles

Lesser Lesser butterry butterry orchid orchid

Salmon Salmon

Pipestrelle Pipestrelle batbat

Greater Greater butterry butterry orchid orchid

Spignel Spignel

Green Green hairstreak hairstreak

Glen Glen moss moss

Hawthorn Hawthorn sheild sheild bug bug

Yew Yew

Goldenringed Goldenringed dragonny dragonny

Algae Algae

Dandelion Dandelion

Feild Feild pansies pansies

Alcea Alcea

Allium Allium

Alyssum Alyssum

Begonia Begonia

Cornus Cornus

Hedge Hedge rows rows

Garden Garden shrubs shrubs

Cultivated Cultivated lawns lawns

Grasslands Grasslands

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5. Existing Ecological Systems: Geology

Legend

Note: Map overleaf

Boulder clay and morainic Alluvium

Raised beach / marine

Glacial sand and gravel Peat

Basalt dolomite / camptonite Basalt and spilite

Tournasium and visean

Rhyolite / tachyte / felsite / Upper old red sandstone Tuff undifferent aled

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Greenock

River Clyde

Inverclyde

Glasgow

Paisley

Renfrewshire East Renfrewshire

Greenock

River Clyde

Inverclyde

Paisley

Glasgow

East Renfrewshire

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Fig. 14: Existing ecological systems: geology

Renfrewshire

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6. Existing Human Systems: Infrastructure

Legend

Note: Map overleaf highlights the public infrastructure adjacent to both sites of study

Green space

Canal / pond / burn Civic building

Educational building

Commercial building

Sports / recreational building Care building

Residential building Industrial buidling Contours Railway Slope

Bus route Bus stop

Primary road route

Secondary road route Pedestrain route

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Fig. 15: Existing human systems: infrastructure

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7. Existing Economic Systems: Deprivation

Legend

Note: Map overleaf

The index of multiple deprivation illustrates the most deprived decile (1st) through to the least deprived decile (10th). The Scottish Government considers indicators such as annual income, employment, health, education / skills, housing, geographical access and crime to be factors attributing to poverty (2016).

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1st 1st

2nd 2nd 3rd 3rd 4th 4th 5th 5th 6th 6th 7th 7th 8th 8th 9th 9th

10th10th

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Fig. 16: Existing economic systems: deprivation

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8. System Layers and Interactions

Note: Please refer to the following pages for the proposed system layer and their interactions (including seasonal / annual)

Railway Line

Pedestrain Circulation Grasscrete Woodland Oak

Scots Pine Elm Ash

Alder Birch

Aspen

Grassland

Moore and Heath Scrubland Wetland

Topography

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Railway Pedestrian Circulation Elevated Architecture Grasscrete Woodland Oak Scots Pine Elm

Fig. 17: Proposed physical layers

Ash Alder Birch Aspen Grassland Moorland and Heath Scrubland Wetland Topography

Proposed Landscape Layers The Green Archipelago

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02 Scrubland 02 Scrubland

01 Grassland / Mooreland and Heath 01 Grassland / Mooreland and Heath

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Wetland 0404 Wetland

03 Woodland 03 Woodland

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06 Grasscrete 06 Grasscrete

05 Permeable walkway 05 Permeable Walkway

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08 Terrain andand Landscape 08 Terrain Landscape

Skyline 07 07 Skyline

Seasonal ecosystem - introduced species / habitats outlined over leaf Febuary

January

March

1 year Increased ecosystem diversity over 6 year period

High

April

May

6 months

18 months

Wetlands

Woodland

Moore land & heath

Grassland

Scrubland Low 50

June 3 years

2 years 24 months

July 4 years

30 months August

Fig. 18: Proposed seasonal ecosystem (top) Fig. 19: Proposed system layers and interactions (bottom)

June September 5 years October

36 months

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November 6 years December

42 months

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Fig. 20: Catalogue of introduced species and habitats

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9. Proposed Physical Conditions

System flows

The following section overlays the proposed systems: wetlands, woodlands, heath land, moore land permeable pedestrian walkways and the removal of human barriers.

Taking one site to illustrate the ideas discussed throughout this documents the proposal imagines that these strategies would be rolled out throughout the urban environment.

The objective is to transform the current island state of Scotland’s natural landscapes into a network - in other words an archipelago. In order to strengthen, protect and enhance Scotland ‘s natural heritage and ecosystems in turn fortifying biodiversity.

The site strategy, or digram, illustrated overleaf takes precedent from exiting urban planning strategies throughout paisley. Creating small cul-de-sacs they are then anchored on a primary pedestrian loop to minimise walk ways.

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2 1

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Fig. 21: Proposed physical conditions - diagram

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Fig. 22: Proposed physical conditions - elevating the architecture to allow nature in

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Fig. 23: Proposed ground conditions

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Fig. 24: Proposed built environment

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Fig. 25: Proposed pedestrian access

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Fig. 26: Proposed vehicle access

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Fig. 21: Proposed site strategy combined

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Typology 01 4 Person Family Ground Floor Level Scale: 1:100

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Typology 03 Accessible Accommodation Section HH Scale: 1:100

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Typology 03 Accessible Accommodation Section II Scale: 1:100

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Typology 03 Accessible Accommodation Section KK Scale: 1:100

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Elevated Architecture Detailed Elevation Scale 1:25

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Technical Section Scale: 1:25 @ A2

Elevated Architecture Detailed Section Scale 1:25

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10. Monitoring Framework

Key indicators

The following table utilises guidelines set out in 2005 by Hill, D et al in “Handbook of Biodiversity Methods, Survey, evaluation and monitoring� to identify a framework to observe and record habitat attributes, properties in the introduced habitats. The table overleaf outlines procedures for examining: woodland habitats, size and shape, soil, hydrology, composition, structure and dynamics; Grassland physical properties, composition and structure; heath land and moore land physical properties, composition and structure; and wetland physical properties, composition and structure.

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Attribute

Habitat properties

Monitoring technique

Woodland size and shape

Wood and boundary conditions (configuration)

Aerial photographs, mapping, historical comparisons

Woodland soil

Structure and nutrients present

Woodland hydrology

Watercourse configuration, flooding regime, water chemistry, water table fluctuations

Mapping, river flow data / visual inspection, chemical analysis

Woodland composition

Extent of old, mid- and young growth, configuration of felling patches and canopy gaps, particular size classes, thinning extent / degree communities species diversity

Stock mapping, stand pattern monitoring, species lists, plot sampling

Woodland structure

Age class diversity horizontal and vertical structural diversity, thinning extent and degree deadwood: standing and fallen, volume, size distribution, spatial pattern

Plot sampling and individual tree mapping

Woodland dynamics

Extent and location, regeneration, composition, number and distribution, provenance of planted stock and natural regeneration

Stock mapping, photography, aerial photography, analysis of ground vegetation conditions

Grassland physical properties

Soil nutrients present, extent and distribution

Grassland composition

Vegetation species composition and richness, presence /absence of typical / indicator species

Grassland structure

Height, cover, litter

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Chemical analysis

Quadrats, with analysis, surveys and recording of communities, features and important attributes

Quadrats and precise measurements

Table 01: Monitoring framework

Mapping, aerial photography, surveys with sampling, recording of vegetation types, chemical analysis

Attribute

Habitat properties

Monitoring technique

Heathland and moore land physical properties

Extent and distribution, soil pH value and nutrients present, bare ground water table

Mapping, aerial photography, long-term survey monitoring, quadrat sampling of vegetation types, soil analysis

Heathland and moore land composition

Characteristic communities and keystone species cover, species composition and richness, presence / abundance of species

Chemical analysis, quadrats and aerial photographs

Heathland and moore land structure

Occurrence and scale of horizontal and vertical structure, age / physical structure of shrubs and scrub invasion

Table 01: Monitoring framework continued

Wetland physical properties

Extent, soil pH value and nutrients present, hydrological regime and water chemistry

Total counts, quadrats, photography (fixed point and aerial), precise species measurements and survey recording of plant species Mapping, aerial photography, surveys with quadrat sampling, soil analysis and chemical analysis

Wetland composition

Characteristic communities, species composition and richness, presence / abundance of typical / indicator species

Quadrats and analysis of findings, total counts and photography (fixed point and aerial)

Wetland structure

Vegetation height and scrub invasion

Precise species measurements and survey recording and photography (fixed point and aerial)

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List of Figures

Note: All images / contents prepared by author unless indicated otherwise

Fig. 03: Forestry Commission. (2003). Distribution of woodland in Scotland before human intervention. [Online Image]. Adapted by Author. Available: http://www.forestry.gov.uk/ inventory. Last Accessed: [01/12/2016].

Fig. 04: Forestry Commission. (2003). Distribution of woodland in Scotland after human intervention. [Online Image]. Adapted by Author. Available: http://www.forestry.gov.uk/ inventory. Last Accessed: [01/12/2016].

Fig. 14: Lawson, J and Weedon, D. (1992). Existing ecological systems: geology.

[Diagram]. Adapted by Author. Available: http://www.biodiversityscotland.gov.uk/area/ lbaps/partnerships/. Last accessed: [15/01/2016].

Fig.16: Scottish government. (2016). Existing economic systems: deprivation. [Map].

Adapted by Author. Available: http://simd.scot/ Last accessed: [12/01/2017].

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List of Tables

Table. 01: Hill, D et al. (2005). Monitoring framework. [Table]. Adapted by Author. Available: https://sunsetridgemsbiology.wikispaces.com/file/view/ Biodiversity+Handbook.pdf. Last accessed: [12/01/2017].

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AB 964 Design Studies 5B Thesis Development

University of Strathclyde Faculty of Engineering Department of Architecture MArch / Pg Dip Advanced Architectural Design

Author: Christine Clare Turnbull Student Reg. Number: 2016547448

Studies Supervisors: John Brown, Catriona MacDonald, Fraser Maitland, David Page and David Wyllie

All images / contents prepared by author unless indicated otherwise 107

May 2017