Drugs and behavior an introduction to behavioral pharmacology 8th edition hancock test bank

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Chapter 10: Psychomotor Stimulants Chapter Overview Chapter 10 introduces students to an array of psychomotor stimulant drugs, some of which are used medically as well as recreationally. These substances are grouped into three families: (1) ephedrine and the amphetamines; (2) khat and the cathinones; and (3) cocaine and methylphenidate. The origin of these drugs, some of which are plant-based and others of which are synthetic, is discussed, as is their history of use. Common routes of administration, pharmacokinetics, and neuropharmacological effects are outlined, as are the impacts of these drugs on animal and human behavior and performance. Particular attention is paid to the effects of psychomotor stimulants on wakefulness, cognitive performance, and driving, as this class of drugs is used by military, college students, and long-haul truck drivers for their purported beneficial effects. In addition, attention is paid to the differential outcomes of prescription psychostimulants (such as Adderall and Ritalin) on attention, learning, and cognitive ability between individuals with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychomotor stimulants have the capacity to produce deleterious effects, both on the body and on behavior. The development of stereotyped behaviors in laboratory animals and humans, monoamine psychosis, and the neurotoxic effects of these drugs, particularly methamphetamine, are discussed. The chapter closes with a review of psychomotor stimulant dependence, withdrawal, and treatment options for those addicted to this class of drugs.

Chapter Outline/Notes  The drugs known as psychomotor stimulants share a common neuropharmacological effect—they stimulate transmission at synapses that use dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, or serotonin as a neurotransmitter.  The plant known as ma huang is the source of several natural psychostimulant compounds, one of which is ephedrine which produces effects on the body similar to the neurotransmitter epinephrine. In the 1920s, ephedrine became increasingly popular as a treatment for asthma.  Amphetamine is a fully synthetic drug. First marketed in 1935 under the trade name Benzedrine, it was used in the treatment of sinus congestion, mild depression, sea sickness, and a host of other conditions. Currently, amphetamine is prescribed, often under the trade name Adderall, to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).  The medical use of methamphetamine is not widespread; it is far more well-known on the street as a drug of abuse.  The khat plant is the natural source of cathinone, a psychostimulant compound structurally related to amphetamine.

Traditional use of the plant involves chewing its leaves for several hours so that cathinone is absorbed into the bloodstream through buccal membranes. Synthetic cathinones have infiltrated European and North American markets, sold under the umbrella terms bath salts and plant food.  The coca bush is the natural source of cocaine. Its leaves have been chewed by Indigenous Peoples of South America for millennia. Its appearance in Coca-Cola and promotion by Sigmund Freud propelled the drug to fame in the 1880s.  Methylphenidate is similar in chemical structure to cocaine. It is most commonly prescribed as Ritalin or Concerta and used in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.  When used for medical reasons, psychomotor stimulants are given orally. As recreational drugs, they are most often injected, snorted, or smoked as these routes of administration promote a faster delivery of drug to the brain and a greater sensation of high or rush.  Within the amphetamines family, methamphetamine has the greatest abuse potential, owing to its higher lipophilicity, better penetration of the blood-brain barrier, and greater stability against enzymatic degradation by monoamine oxidase.  Cocaine hydrochloride is susceptible to degradation by heat and must be converted to a freebase for the purpose of smoking. This process produces crack cocaine which has a lower melting point and will vaporize when heated.

 Psychomotor stimulant drugs readily cross the blood-brain and placental barriers and are widely distributed throughout the tissues and organs of the body. Compared to the amphetamines and cathinone, cocaine has an extremely short half-life averaging about 60 minutes.  Cocaine and methylphenidate act as competitive reuptake inhibitors, stabilizing monoamine transporter proteins in a conformation that prevents extracellular molecules of monoamine from binding and being transported into the presynaptic neuron. This increases the duration and concentration of monoamines in the synaptic cleft. These drugs may also act as DAT inverse agonists, allowing the reverse transport of dopamine out of the neuron through the dopamine transporter protein.  The amphetamines are taken into the presynaptic neuron by monoamine transporters where they exert several effects within the cell. They reverse the action of VMAT2s so that molecules of monoamine are expelled from synaptic vesicles into the cytosol of the axon terminal, and they act as competitive substrate-releasing agents so that monoamine transporters reverse their action and move the abundance of monoamine molecules from the cytosol of the axon terminal into the extracellular space. Cathinone acts similarly to amphetamine, but is less potent.  Animal studies suggest that amphetamine produces dissociation so that information learned under its influence is partially forgotten in a drug-free state. Psychomotor stimulants are moderately easy to discriminate from saline in operant training, though responding tends to generalize between members of this class.  At low and intermediate doses, psychomotor stimulants increase spontaneous motor activity in rats. High-dose administration of amphetamines, cocaine, or cathinone produces stereotyped behavior in laboratory animals.

Animals sometimes also engage in automutilation. In humans, amphetamines and cocaine can produce formication—the sensation of bugs crawling under or on the skin.  The psychomotor stimulants are reinforcing in laboratory animals. They lower the threshold value and facilitate operant responding for intracranial self-stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle, produce a conditioned place preference, and are self-administered.  Psychomotor stimulants activate the sympathetic nervous system and thereby increase blood pressure, heart rate, and body temperature. They also cause vasodilation and bronchodilation. When taken at high doses, psychomotor stimulants can evoke a kind of stereotyped behavior in humans called punding.  The psychomotor stimulants improve mood, creating a sense of well-being and exhilaration. When amphetamine and cocaine are taken in high doses by inhalation or intravenous injection, they cause intense feelings of pleasure called rushes. After the effects of the psychomotor stimulants have worn off, a period of depression typically ensues.  Their ability to promote wakefulness is one reason why amphetamines are used by military forces and are popular amongst truck drivers and college students. Research evidence suggests, however, that amphetamines are no better than caffeine at improving performance of exhausted military troops, though they do increase aggression and willingness to fight. In truck drivers, amphetamines deteriorate driving ability and increase risk of traffic accident. In students, amphetamines decrease selective attention and increase distractibility, fail to improve short-term acquisition of information, and worsen cognitive and behavioral flexibility.  Amphetamines are an effective treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which is marked by symptoms of inattention, lack of persistence, disorganization, and hyperactivity. ADHD is associated with dysfunction in dopamine neurotransmission.  Cocaine, amphetamines, and other psychomotor stimulants tend to be self-administered by both humans and laboratory animals in run-abstinence cycles, rather than continually. This, in part, is due to the development of acute tolerance to the drugs’ effects.  Of all the psychomotor stimulants, methamphetamine poses the greatest risk to health. Its use is associated with cardiac dysfunction, stroke, psychosis, depression, and long-term neurotoxic effects. Like other psychostimulants, methamphetamine also poses a risk to pregnancy and fetal outcomes.  Overdose from cocaine, methamphetamine, or other psychomotor stimulants can lead to heart attack, respiratory depression, seizures, or death.

 While many of the effects of psychomotor stimulants show tolerance with repeated use, some, including stereotyped and psychotic behaviors, show reverse tolerance or sensitization.  Withdrawal from amphetamines and cocaine is characterized by intense, prolonged depression. Brain imaging studies have detected changes in prefrontal cortical activity associated with disruption of decision-making capabilities even after a year of abstinence from amphetamine.  Both behavioral and pharmaceutical therapies are useful in the treatment of psychomotor stimulant addiction.

Cognitive behavioral therapy, contingency management, and community reinforcement provide opportunities for altering thinking patterns, finding support, and deriving reinforcement from non-drug sources. Pharmaceuticals such as modafinil, naltrexone, methylphenidate, and bupropion help individuals overcome craving, depression, and withdrawal symptoms associated with cessation of psychostimulant use. Vaccinations are also being developed that train the body’s immune system to counteract the drugs’ effects.

Multiple Choice Questions 10-1. Drugs classified as psychomotor stimulants share a common neuropharmacological effect: they stimulate neurotransmission at synapses that use a. dopamine. b. norepinephrine. c. epinephrine. d. serotonin. e. any or all of the above neurotransmitters.

Answer: E Objective: Topic/Section: Psychomotor Stimulants Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-2. Psychomotor stimulants are sometimes referred to as sympathomimetic drugs because they a. evoke a sense of sympathy in users. b. stimulate sympathetic nervous system activity. c. elicit mimicry or behavioral mirroring of social interactions between users. d. cause users to portray false sympathy for others. e. increase parasympathetic tone.

Answer: B Objective: Topic/Section: Psychomotor Stimulants Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-3. The plant known as ma huang has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for more than 5,000 years. It is the source of many psychostimulant compounds, the most notable of which is a. cocaine. b. amphetamine. c. ephedrine. d. methamphetamine. e. cathinone.

Answer: C Objective: Topic/Section: Origins and History of Psychomotor Stimulants Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-4. In the 1920s, ephedrine replaced epinephrine as a treatment for asthma because a. ephedrine remains stable in light and air, whereas epinephrine does not. b. ephedrine can be taken in pill form, whereas epinephrine must be injected. c. ephedrine has a longer duration of action compared to epinephrine. d. ephedrine is less toxic than epinephrine. e. All of the above constitute reasons as to why ephedrine became the favored treatment for asthma.

Answer: E Objective: Topic/Section: Origins and History of Psychomotor Stimulants Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-5. Which of the following drugs is fully synthetic?

Answer: B

a. Cocaine b. Amphetamine c. Ephedrine d. Pseudoephedrine e. Cathinone

Objective: Topic/Section: Origins and History of Psychomotor Stimulants Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-6. How does d-amphetamine compare to l-amphetamine? a. They are optical isomers. b. The chemical structure of d-amphetamine is more complex than that of lamphetamine. c. d-amphetamine is sold by the trade name Benzedrine whereas l-amphetamine is sold by the trade name Dexedrine. d. l-amphetamine is more potent than d-amphetamine. e. l-amphetamine produces stimulant effects whereas d-amphetamine produces sedative effects.

Answer: A Objective: Topic/Section: Origins and History of Psychomotor Stimulants Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-7. When it was introduced to market in the mid-1930s, Benzedrine was used to treat a. sea sickness. b. nasal congestion. c. mild depression. d. Parkinson’s disease. e. all of the above conditions.

Answer: E Objective: Topic/Section: Origins and History of Psychomotor Stimulants Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-8. During World War II, demand for ‘energy pills’ skyrocketed and the pharmaceutical company Smith, Kline, and French, which owned the patents for amphetamines, profited tremendously. In an attempt to capture a piece of the market for stimulants, Ciba Company began producing ________________ as a nonamphetamine alternative. a. cocaine b. methamphetamine c. cathinone d. methylphenidate e. ephedra

Answer: D Objective: Topic/Section: Origins and History of Psychomotor Stimulants Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-9. How is lisdexamfetamine (trade name Vyvanse) fundamentally different from other amphetamine pharmaceuticals, such as Adderall or Dexedrine? a. Lisdexamfetamine is a slow-release formulation. b. Lisdexamfetamine contains both l- and d-isomers of amphetamine. c. Lisdexamfetamine is an inactive compound that is rendered pharmacologically active through metabolism. d. Lisdexamfetamine has no active metabolites. e. Lisdexamfetamine is no different from any other amphetamine pharmaceutical.

Answer: C Objective: Topic/Section: Origins and History of Psychomotor Stimulants Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-10. Which of the following statements about methamphetamine is false? a. Methamphetamine was first marketed in 1944 under the trade name Methedrine, used for the treatment of narcolepsy, alcoholism, and hay fever.

Answer: E Objective:

b. Methamphetamine is currently prescribed medically, as a generic drug or under the trade name Desoxyn, for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and obesity. c. The l-isomer of methamphetamine is used in nasal decongestants, such as the Vicks Vaporub inhaler. d. On the street, methamphetamine is sold in a waxy form known as base and as a tablet or powder. e. All of the above statements regarding methamphetamine are true.

Topic/Section: Origins and History of Psychomotor Stimulants Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-11. The khat plant, native to the Horn of Africa and Arabian Peninsula, contains a variety of psychostimulant compounds, the principal one being a. cocaine. b. cathinone. c. amphetamine. d. ephedrine. e. methylphenidate.

Answer: B Objective: Topic/Section: Origins and History of Psychomotor Stimulants Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-12. Compounds collectively known in North America and Europe as bath salts and plant food contain synthetic a. cathinones. b. amphetamines. c. cannabinoids. d. opioids. e. hallucinogens.

Answer: A Objective: Topic/Section: Origins and History of Psychomotor Stimulants Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-13. Which of the following cathinone derivatives is currently approved for medical use in North America and Europe? a. MDPV b. Methylone c. Mephedrone d. Bupropion e. Khat

Answer: D Objective: Topic/Section: Origins and History of Psychomotor Stimulants Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-14. Which of the following substances derives from the coca bush (Erythroxylum coca)? a. Coca-cola b. Cocoa c. Cocaine d. Chocolate e. Coffee

Answer: C Objective: Topic/Section: Origins and History of Psychomotor Stimulants Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-15. Of which drug did Sigmund Freud proclaim that the psychic effect “consists of exhilaration and lasting euphoria, which does not differ in any way from the normal euphoria of a healthy person”? a. Nicotine b. Alcohol c. Heroin

Answer: D Objective: Topic/Section: Origins and History of Psychomotor Stimulants

d. Cocaine e. Sigmund Freud made this statement in regard to his mother, not to any drug.

Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-16. Cocaine was included, along with morphine and opium, in the Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914 because a. it produces the same neuropharmacological effects as these narcotics. b. it produces the same behavioral effects as these narcotics. c. it produces the same subjective effects as these narcotics. d. according to public opinion, the drug was associated with corruption and crime. e. after being absorbed into the bloodstream, cocaine is metabolized to morphine.

Answer: D Objective: Topic/Section: Origins and History of Psychomotor Stimulants Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-17. Which of the following is not a trade name for methylphenidate, a psychostimulant drug used most often for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? a. Adderall b. Concerta c. Focalin d. Ritalin e. All of the above are trade names for methylphenidate

Answer: A Objective: Topic/Section: Origins and History of Psychomotor Stimulants Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-18. Which of the following psychostimulant drugs is highly lipophilic, easily penetrates the blood–brain barrier, is stable against enzymatic degradation by monoamine oxidase, and, for these reasons, has the greatest abuse potential? a. d-amphetamine b. l-amphetamine c. dl-amphetamine d. methamphetamine e. methylphenidate

Answer: D Objective: Topic/Section: Routes of Administration and Pharmacokinetics Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-19. For which of the following psychomotor stimulants does absorption occur mainly within buccal mucosa? a. Cathinone b. Freebase cocaine c. Methamphetamine d. Methylphenidate e. D-amphetamine

Answer: A Objective: Topic/Section: Routes of Administration and Pharmacokinetics Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-20. Traditionally, the Indigenous Peoples of the Andes mixed coca leaves with wood ashes or ground shells, rolled them into a ball, stuck a wad in the cheek, and sucked it. What is the significance of adding wood ashes or ground shells? a. The ashes and shells are alkaline; their presence raises the pH of the saliva to allow for greater absorption of cocaine. b. The ashes and shells are acidic; their presence lowers the pH of the saliva to allow for greater absorption of cocaine. c. The ashes and shells help mask the extremely bitter taste of the coca leaves. d. The ashes and shells help to ionize the molecules of cocaine so that they are more readily absorbed through buccal membranes.

Answer: A Objective: Topic/Section: Routes of Administration and Pharmacokinetics Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

e. The ashes and shells have antifungal properties and help prevent the leaves from deteriorating in the mouth.

10-21. Which of the following statements is false, regarding cocaine hydrochloride (HCl)? a. Cocaine HCl is a white, powdered product. b. Cocaine HCl has a very high melting point. c. Cocaine HCl does not vaporize easily. d. Cocaine HCl is typically smoked. e. Cocaine HCl produces subjective effects within just a few minutes of intravenous administration.

Answer: D Objective: Topic/Section: Routes of Administration and Pharmacokinetics Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-22. For an average adult, which of the following psychomotor stimulants has the shortest half-life? a. d-amphetamine b. methamphetamine c. methylphenidate d. cathinone e. cocaine

Answer: E Objective: Topic/Section: Routes of Administration and Pharmacokinetics Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-23. Which of the following statements is false, regarding monoamine transporters (MATs)? a. MATs are responsible for the reabsorption of monoamine molecules into the presynaptic neuron. b. MATs are large protein molecules that span the membrane of the presynaptic axon terminal. c. Each of the monoamines has its own special transporter, such as the DAT for dopamine and the SERT for serotonin. d. MATs are structurally very similar to one another and are therefore capable of transporting molecules of each other’s monoamine neurotransmitter. e. MATs facilitate the packaging of newly synthesized molecules of monoamine into synaptic vesicles.

Answer: E Objective: Topic/Section: Neuropharmacology Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-24. In which of the following ways can a psychomotor stimulant drug impact neuronal functioning? a. Psychomotor stimulants alter the functioning of DATs. b. Psychomotor stimulants alter the functioning of NETs. c. Psychomotor stimulants alter the functioning of SERTs. d. Psychomotor stimulants alter the functioning of VMAT2s. e. Psychomotor stimulants can do all of the above.

Answer: E Objective: Topic/Section: Neuropharmacology Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-25. The long-held understanding of cocaine and methylphenidate is that these drugs act as ____________________, though researchers recently theorized that they may also act as ____________________. a. DAT inverse agonists; SERT inverse agonists b. competitive reuptake inhibitors; DAT inverse agonists c. competitive substrate-releasing agents; competitive reuptake inhibitors d. NET inverse agonists; competitive reuptake inhibitors e. DAT antagonists; NET antagonists

Answer: B Objective: Topic/Section: Neuropharmacology Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-26. Which of the following psychomotor stimulant drugs is not capable of entering the presynaptic axon terminal? a. cocaine b. d-amphetamine c. l-amphetamine d. methamphetamine e. All of the above psychomotor stimulant drugs gain entry to the presynaptic axon terminal.

Answer: A Objective: Topic/Section: Neuropharmacology Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-27. Amphetamines impact neuronal functioning in a variety of ways. Which of the following is not one of those ways? a. Amphetamines cause a reversal in the action of DATs, NETs, and SERTs. b. Amphetamines prevent the transport of monoamines from the cytosol of the axon terminal into synaptic vesicles. c. Amphetamines enhance the activity of monoamine oxidase. d. Amphetamines enter the presynaptic neuron by binding to monoamine transporters. e. All of the above represent ways in which amphetamines impact neuronal functioning.

Answer: C Objective: Topic/Section: Neuropharmacology Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-28. Cathinone and methcathinone produce neuropharmacological effects similar to those of a. cocaine and methylphenidate. b. amphetamine and methamphetamine. c. cocaine and caffeine. d. crack cocaine and cannabis. e. None of the above. The neuropharmacological effects of cathinone and methcathinone are unlike those of any other drug.

Answer: B Objective: Topic/Section: Neuropharmacology Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-29. To which of the following drugs would a rat be least likely to generalize operant responding trained by amphetamine? a. MAO inhibitors b. Cocaine c. Cathinone d. Methylphenidate e. Hallucinogens

Answer: E Objective: Topic/Section: Effects of Psychomotor Stimulants on Animal Behavior Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-30. Which of the following describes the effects of high-dose amphetamine on the spontaneous motor activity of rats? a. High-dose amphetamine increases spontaneous locomotor activity for a prolonged period. b. High-dose amphetamine increases spontaneous locomotor activity at first, but then animals begin to exhibit stereotyped behaviors. c. High-dose amphetamine suppresses spontaneous locomotor activity for a prolonged period. d. High-dose amphetamine first suppresses and then increases spontaneous locomotor activity. e. High-dose amphetamine has no influence on the spontaneous motor activity of rats.

Answer: B Objective: Topic/Section: Effects of Psychomotor Stimulants on Animal Behavior Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-31. In humans, psychostimulant-induced stereotyped behavior is called

Answer: D

a. stereotypy. b. formication. c. automutilation. d. punding. e. psychosis.

Objective: Topic/Section: Effects of Psychomotor Stimulants on Animal Behavior Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-32. Formication is a. the sensation of bugs crawling under or on the skin. b. the invariable repetition of purposeless behaviors, such as head-bobbing or circling. c. repeated self-directed harm, such as biting. d. a lack of spontaneous motor activity. e. sexual intercourse between unmarried people.

Answer: A Objective: Topic/Section: Effects of Psychomotor Stimulants on Animal Behavior Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-33. Even when administered at low doses, amphetamine and cocaine a. increase the consumption of food and water. b. decrease the consumption of food and water. c. increase the consumption of food and decrease the consumption of water. d. decrease the consumption of food and increase the consumption of water. e. have no influence on the consumption of food and water.

Answer: B Objective: Topic/Section: Effects of Psychomotor Stimulants on Animal Behavior Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-34. Which of the following statements is false, with regard to the self-administration of cocaine by laboratory animals? a. When daily access to cocaine is limited, laboratory animals self-administer the drug in a steady and controlled manner. b. When daily access to cocaine is limited, rats self-administer all available drug infusions. c. When the opportunity to self-administer cocaine is restricted to certain times throughout the day, rats infuse most of the available cocaine during the dark phase of the daily cycle. d. When access to cocaine is freely available, laboratory animals will often selfadminister the drug to the point of lethal overdose. e. When access to cocaine is freely available, monkeys will self-administer the drug at levels high enough to cause convulsions.

Answer: B Objective: Topic/Section: Effects of Psychomotor Stimulants on Animal Behavior Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-35. In an attempt to model cocaine addiction in the rat, David Roberts and colleagues employed a progressive ratio schedule of drug reinforcement. How does the use of a PR schedule provide a more valid representation of human cocaine addiction? a. On a PR schedule of cocaine reinforcement, animals show a progressive increase in responding across time which is believed to represent enhanced motivation for the drug.

Answer: A Objective: Topic/Section: Effects of Psychomotor

b. A PR schedule of cocaine reinforcement leads to the development of a physiological dependency in the rat that cannot be produced using other schedules of drug reinforcement. c. Responding on a PR schedule of reinforcement is not impacted by drug tolerance. d. Because a PR schedule of reinforcement is not time-based, like interval schedules, the rat does not enter withdrawal between cocaine reinforcers. e. A PR schedule of reinforcement maintains a low level of responding so that high blood levels of cocaine are not typically reached, thus preventing stereotypy.

Stimulants on Animal Behavior Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-36. Which of the following is not an effect of psychomotor stimulant drugs on the body? a. Pupil dilation b. Elevations in heart rate and blood pressure c. Vasoconstriction d. Bronchodilation e. Hyperthermia

Answer: C Objective: Topic/Section: Effects of Psychomotor Stimulants on Human Behavior Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-37. Which of the following routes of administration is least likely to produce a sensation of rush, when a high dose of amphetamine is self-administered? a. Intranasal administration b. Intravenous administration c. Inhalation of smoke d. All of the above routes of administration are fast and efficient means of producing a sensation of amphetamine rush e. None of the above are correct. Amphetamine administration does not produce a sensation of rush

Answer: A Objective: Topic/Section: Effects of Psychomotor Stimulants on Human Behavior Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-38. In a study of human drug state discrimination, participants were rewarded with money if they could learn to discriminate capsules of methamphetamine from those of a placebo. To which substance did the methamphetamine-trained response fully generalize? a. placebo b. methylphenidate c. triazolam d. caffeine e. l-methamphetamine

Answer: B Objective: Topic/Section: Effects of Psychomotor Stimulants on Human Behavior Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-39. Amphetamines have long been used by the military as ‘go pills’. Some researchers have argued that amphetamines are really no better than caffeine at improving the performance of exhausted troops, but that their real benefit lies in their ability to a. enhance vigilance and divided attention. b. extend endurance. c. increase aggression and willingness to fight. d. increase muscle strength and stamina. e. improve mood and enhance morale.

Answer: C Objective: Topic/Section: Effects of Psychomotor Stimulants on Human Behavior Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-40. What effect does amphetamine intoxication have on driving ability?

Answer: D

a. The use of amphetamine enhances vigilance and attention and consequently improves driving ability. b. The use of amphetamine enhances concentration so that drivers are less easily distracted by irrelevant stimuli. c. The use of amphetamine promotes wakefulness and overcomes the detrimental effects of fatigue on driving, increasing safe driving. d. The use of amphetamine is associated with higher risk of road traffic crash than is any other drug. e. The use of amphetamine has no influence on actual driving behavior or statistical risk of traffic accident.

Objective: Topic/Section: Effects of Psychomotor Stimulants on Human Behavior Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-41. Individuals without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) who take methylphenidate a. experience improvements in the short-term acquisition of information. b. exhibit greater cognitive and behavioral flexibility. c. experience improvements in selective attention. d. are less distractible. e. None of the above effects occur when methylphenidate is taken by someone without ADHD.

Answer: E Objective: Topic/Section: Effects of Psychomotor Stimulants on Human Behavior Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-42. For which of the following psychomotor stimulant drugs has there been an increase in prevalence of recreational use by 19 to 28 year olds in recent years? a. Cocaine b. Methamphetamine c. Crystal methamphetamine d. Ritalin e. Adderall

Answer: E Objective: Topic/Section: SelfAdministration in Humans Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-43. Which of the following is a frequently noted consequence of methylphenidate use in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? a. Increase in alcohol and illicit drug use b. Neurotoxic effects on dopamine cells c. Loss of appetite and growth restriction d. Anhedonia and depression e. All of the above effects result from the use of methylphenidate in children and adolescents.

Answer: C Objective: Topic/Section: Harmful Effects Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-44. Which of the following psychomotor stimulants poses the greatest health risk, in terms of its capacity to cause acute intracranial hemorrhage and long-term cardiac illness? a. Cocaine b. Crack cocaine c. Cathinone d. Methamphetamine e. D-amphetamine

Answer: D Objective: Topic/Section: Harmful Effects Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-45. Which of the following is a chemical or morphological marker of the neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine? a. A decrease in the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and tryptophan b. The presence of swollen and distorted nerve terminals

Answer: E Objective: Topic/Section: Harmful Effects

c. Reduced expression of VMATs d. Reduced expression of DATs and SERTs e. All of the above represent markers of methamphetamine neurotoxicity

Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-46. When taken in high doses or used frequently for extended periods, psychomotor stimulants can elicit a form of psychosis that is virtually indistinguishable from a. generalized anxiety disorder. b. major depressive disorder. c. schizophrenia. d. panic disorder. e. bipolar disorder.

Answer: C Objective: Topic/Section: Harmful Effects Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-47. Cocaine-induced overdose death is often the result of a. a lack of blood flow to the brainstem. b. a sudden drop in blood pressure. c. cardiac failure. d. kidney failure. e. extreme hyperthermia.

Answer: C Objective: Topic/Section: Harmful Effects Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-48. Which of the following effects of amphetamine use shows reverse tolerance (or, sensitization) with chronic administration? a. Psychotic behaviors b. Appetite suppression c. Increase in heart rate d. Increase in blood pressure e. None of the above symptoms of amphetamine use sensitize with chronic administration.

Answer: A Objective: Topic/Section: Psychostimulant Dependence Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-49. Which of the following symptoms of psychomotor stimulant withdrawal is directly proportional in severity to the dose and duration of the drug intake period? a. Depression b. Insomnia c. Agitation d. Unpleasant dreaming e. Cognitive impairment

Answer: A Objective: Topic/Section: Psychostimulant Dependence Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

10-50. Which of the following pharmacotherapies is not one commonly used in the treatment of psychostimulant addiction? a. Bupropion b. Methylphenidate c. D-amphetamine d. Modafinil e. All of the above substances are used in the treatment of psychostimulant addiction

Answer: E Objective: Topic/Section: Treatments Difficulty: Bloom’s level:

Short Answer Questions 10-1. Explain why ephedrine became the preferred drug, over epinephrine, for the treatment of asthma in the 1920s.

Topic/Section Containing Answer: Origins and History of Psychomotor

Stimulants— Ephedrine and the Amphetamines 10-2. What is the difference between cocaine sulfate paste, cocaine hydrochloride, and crack cocaine?

Topic/Section Containing Answer: Routes of Administration and Pharmacokinetics Absorption

10-3. Describe the neuropharmacological actions of cocaine and methylphenidate.

Topic/Section Containing Answer: Neuropharmacology

10-4. Describe the neuropharmacological actions of amphetamines.

Topic/Section Containing Answer: Neuropharmacology

10-5. List some of the ways in which psychomotor stimulant drugs affect the unconditioned behaviors of laboratory animals.

Topic/Section Containing Answer: Effects of Psychomotor Stimulants on Animal Behavior— Unconditioned Behavior

10-6. How does the schedule of cocaine availability affect drug self-administration in laboratory animals? What do these findings tell us about human cocaine use?

Topic/Section Containing Answer: Effects of Psychomotor Stimulants on Animal Behavior—SelfAdministration

10-7. What is your opinion on the use of amphetamines (‘go pills’) by the military? Support your viewpoint with research evidence.

Topic/Section Containing Answer: Effects of Psychomotor Stimulants on Human Behavior—Effects on Performance

10-8. Long-haul truck drivers may consider using amphetamines to help overcome the fatigue of many hours of driving. What advice would you give a person in this situation? Support your recommendations with research evidence.

Topic/Section Containing Answer: Effects of Psychomotor Stimulants on Human Behavior—Effects on Driving

10-9. The idea of treating ‘hyperactivity’ with a psychostimulant drug may seem strange and counterintuitive. How do psychomotor stimulants, such as methylphenidate and amphetamine, alleviate the symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

Topic/Section Containing Answer: Effects of Psychomotor Stimulants on Human Behavior—Cognitive Effects and ADHD Treatment

10-10. It’s the end of the semester and you’ve partnered up with a friend from class to study for final exams. Many hours into a late-night study session, your friend reveals that she swiped some of her little sister’s Adderall to help get you both through your all-night exam cramming. Should you take the Adderall?

Topic/Section Containing Answer: Effects of Psychomotor Stimulants on Human Behavior—Cognitive Effects and ADHD Treatment

10-11. In what ways are the neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine revealed in brain research?

Topic/Section Containing Answer: Harmful Effects— Neurotoxic Effects

10-12. In countries such as Yemen and Ethiopia, where khat chewing is customary, two forms of khat psychosis are recognized. Describe them.

Topic/Section Containing Answer: Harmful Effects— Monoamine Psychosis

10-13. How does the use of psychomotor stimulant drugs during pregnancy affect the health and well-being of the fetus, both in the immediate and long term?

Topic/Section Containing Answer: Harmful Effects—Sex and Reproduction

10-14. Describe the withdrawal symptoms a recreational user of amphetamine or cocaine can expect to experience following cessation of chronic drug use?

Topic/Section Containing Answer: Psychostimulant Dependence Withdrawal

10-15. Describe three pharmacotherapies used in the treatment of psychostimulant addiction. Topic/Section Containing Answer: Treatments Pharmacotherapies Essay Questions 10-1. What are monoamine transporters (MATs), how do they function, and how do psychomotor stimulants affect their operation?

Topic/Section Containing Answer: Neuropharmacology

10-2. Compare and contrast the neuropharmacological actions of cocaine and methylphenidate versus the amphetamines.

Topic/Section Containing Answer: Neuropharmacology

10-3. How does the use of methylphenidate or amphetamine differentially impact the neuropharmacology and cognition of an individual with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) compared to someone without ADHD?

Topic/Section Containing Answer: Effects of Psychomotor Stimulants on Human Behavior—Cognitive Effects and ADHD Treatment

10-4. Describe some of the short- and long-term harmful effects of psychostimulant use.

Topic/Section Containing Answer: Harmful Effects

10-5. Describe the various behavioral and pharmaceutical therapies available for the treatment of psychomotor stimulant addiction.

Topic/Section Containing Answer: Treatments