BUHL
REVlSITED:
MAHAlANOBIS
Buhl Cordon
Creek
Horn
PHOTOGRAPHIC
RECONSTRUCTION
TABLE 4 DISTANCES (D) BETWEEN THE PALEOINDIAN CRANIA
Spirit Cave Spirit Cave
THEE-DIMENSIONAL
Buhl
Cardon Creek
Pelican Rapids
Kennewick
Horn
0.0 13.11 *
0.0
12.65*
10.86*
12.12*
10.31
9.80
0.0 12.00*
0.0
11.96*
13.11 *
0.0
Kennewick
12.36*
8.70
11.60*
Pelican
9.81
11. 73*
10.66
0.0
*p < 0.05
nificant. Four out of five distances for Spirit Cave and Kennewick are significant indicating that these individual are the most distinctive.
KnoH sample and in aH cases except one (Kennewick) the posterior probability is greater than. None of the fossil crania classify within
AH the remaining crania have at least three out of five significant distances. Kennewick and Buhl exhibit the lowest dis-
either of the recent American Indian samples. Given the analysis pro ce dure the crania had to be classified into one of the three samples. However, it is critical to examine the typicality
tance measure (d=8.70), which is quite interesting given their close geographic proximity. Two pairs of crania have equivalent maximum distan ce measures (d=13.11). Buhl and Spirit Cave is one pair and Kennewick and Pelican Rapids is the other pairo The distance between Spirit Cave and Buhl is somewhat surprising given their geographic and temporal relationshipo Although this pattern does potentiaHy indicated at least two distinct populations inhabitingJhe Great Basin in the early Holocene. The Kennewick and Pelican Rapids pairing is expected given that they represent the most distinct
score for the fossil crania relative to reference samples. Typicality scores range from zero too Gordon Creek exhibits the highest typicality scores for aH reference samples but would be a reluctant member of the two recent samples (Arikara and Zuni). The remaining five fossil crania are atypical of aH reference samples. This includes the Buhl cranium which produces typicality scores of 0.0000, 0.0001, and 0.0000 for
6.0 -,-----------------, Hom o
crania in the sample. A plot of the principal coordinates of the distance matrix of Paleo-
o Gordon
Creek
3.0
indian crania is shown in figure 3. The plot clearly illustrates the relationship observed in the distance structure. The classification of the fossil crania into
~ .,; '" r::! 0.0 ~ g
o Buhl
u
specific reference samples foHowed similar proce dures as presented in Jantz and Owsley (2001). Table 5 presents the distance measure, classification, posterior probability and typicality score for fossil crania relative 10 the three reference samples. The calculated Mahalanobis distan ces (D2) range from 48.6 to 116.3. The Paleoindian samples aH classify within the Indian
Pelican Rapids o
-3.0Spirit Cave o o Kennewick
-6.O+--.--~~".__,._,._,__.--,.-~--r_,_r-r~_r_i -8.0
-4.0
0.0
4.0
8.0
Comí (35.6%)
Figure 3. Principal coordinate of the Paleoindian crania.
217
plot of the relationship