Quilt: Function and Ornament

undergraduate architecture thesis

Auburn University

FUNCTION AND ORNAMENT

CHLOE BUCKNER

QUILT; FUNCTION AND ORNAMENT CHLOE BUCKNER

A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Architecture.

Auburn, Alabama

May 2, 2024

Approved by Christian Dagg Associate Professor of Architecture

undergraduate architecture thesis

Auburn University

FUNCTION AND ORNAMENT

CHLOE BUCKNER

To all the women who inspire me everyday.

I would like to thank everyone that has helped me through this journey. To my family, I am forever grateful for your constant support and love. You are my rock. To my teachers, thank you for always pushing me and believing in me even when I didn’t. To my friends, I am so happy to have met you along the way. To Auburn, I will forever hold this time dear to my heart.

0.1 Family Tradition

Photo by Ashley Kickliter

0.2 Blocks and Stripes Work Clothes Quilt Lucy Mingo

Statement

My proposal for thesis centers around researching the southern culture and tradition of quilting. Southern women have sewn and quilted for many years, rather to make an income or provide clothes or warmth for their families. The women in my family have relied on sewing for these reasons for many generations. The lessons of this have even passed down to the current generation with my grandmother teaching me how to sew and my cousin working in fashion design and styling.

From research, I have found that women found a safe place around a quilt, a tradition called a “quilting bee.” This was where women could come together with other women and share stories, recipes, teach younger generations, and even start movements. The women’s suffrage movement was started around a quilt. Women have also used quilts to tell stories and pass down family heirlooms. I have taken many quilts and re-purposed them into coats or other items of clothing, allowing their stories to live on.

1.1 Hands of Gee’s Bend British Vogue

Undergraduate Thesis // Chloe Buckner

Through this project, I want to study plan making through studying quilting types and create a new taxonomy. I aim to explore facade design through polychrome of materials, patterns, color, and texture. Through the program I aim to create an environment that simulates similar qualities of a quilt and allows for women and men to feel as if they are sitting around a modern quilting circle that allows for a transfer of knowledge through generations. As women showed their creativity and voice in the design of a quilt, I want to study women’s place-making and voice in architecture and design.

1.2 A Family Tradition

Photo by Ashley Kickliter

From research, I have found that women found a safe place around a quilt, a tradition called a “quilting bee.” This was where women could come together with other women and share stories, recipes, teach younger generations, and even start movements, like women’s suffrage.

Auburn University Architecture 2024

Alabama Women

Their Quilts and

The Quilting Bee

Undergraduate Thesis //

Chloe Buckner

The Faces Behind the Quilts Collage made by me

Function and Ornament

Gee’s

Bend

Undergraduate Thesis // Chloe Buckner

2.2 Display of Quilts in Gee’s Bend

Gee’s Bend

Boykin, Alabama

Gee’s Bend is a community in rural West Alabama along the Alabama River. The town, with a population of around 700, is isolated from the larger town across the river and can only be accessed by a barge. They made the best of this isolation by gaining a sense of creative freedom. They were not constantly worried about the threat of the Ku Klux Klan because of this isolation. The women were able to create art and create homes for their families. The women of Gee’s Bend found inspiration for their quilts in everything. From the fields, to nature, to their husband’s work clothes, and from each other. They say that they can pick out the small details that makes someone’s quilt their own, or trades the daughter learned from her mother.

I believe a lot can be learned from quilting and sewing techniques for architecture. The quilts that came out of Gee’s Bend set the world into a frenzy when realizing that this isolated community in rural Alabama was creating pieces that were like the modern art movement at the time.

Auburn University Architecture 2024

Gee’s Bend

Boykin, AL

Alabama River Wilcox County

2.3 Topography Quilt inspired by Gee’s Bend Quilts

Cathy Fussell

Undergraduate

The Freedom Quilting Bee:

During the Civil Rights Movement, sixty women of Gee’s Bend gathered together to share their work in order to raise money and gain resources like infrastructure and school supplies for their town.

Thesis // Chloe Buckner

2.5 Leola Pettway and Qunnie Pettway at the Freedom Quilting Bee

2.4 Annie Mae Young

Quilt; Function and Ornament

Auburn University Architecture 2024

2.7 Housetop

Mary Bennet

2.6 Strip Quilt

Susanna Allen Hunter

Undergraduate Thesis // Chloe Buckner

2.9 Housetop Single Variation Block Courthouse Steps Jennie Pettway

Auburn University Architecture 2024

2.11 Work Clothes Quilt

Mary Lee Bendolph

2.10 Bricklayer Qunnie Pettway

Undergraduate Thesis //

Chloe Buckner

2.12 Snowball Lucy T Pettway

2.13 String Pieced Columns

BAUHAUS BAUHAUS BAUHAUS BAUHAUS BAUHAUS

BAUHAUS

The Bauhaus is a famous design school founded in 1919 in Weimar, Germany by Walter Gropius. After World War I, people were reaching to modernity and the arts as a way to live again. The Bauhaus’s main goals were to unify and train different areas of art in order to create everyday products. The school produced many great works of art, furniture, architecture, and movements. With the threat of World War II in Germany, the teachers and artists of Bauhaus fled to the United States, bringing their teachings and ways of thinking to schools here.

One of the most popular and commercially successful schools of the Bauhaus was the textile department, which consisted mainly of all women. Although Walter Gropius expressed inclusivity and learning of all trades, he pushed women into the textile department and did not allow them to study programs like architecture or furniture making. The women made the best of it and created works of art that we still study today.

2.14 Red-Green Slit Tapestry, 1927-1928

Gunta Stölzl

Undergraduate Thesis //

“Where there is wool, there is a woman who weaves, if only to pass the time.”

Oskar Schlemmer

Chloe Buckner

BAUHAUS BAUHAUS BAUHAUS BAUHAUS BAUHAUS BAUHAUS

Clockwise (2.15-2.17): Students at Bauhaus // Anni Albers Black White Gold 1, 1950 // Textile Samples Anni Albers

Across the world from the Bauhaus school, the quilters of Gee’s Bend were creating modern art pieces with similar qualities as to that of acclaimed designers. The ladies of Gee’s Bend were geographically and socially isolated from these ideas and received no formal training other than from their grandmother and community.

BAUHAUS

Auburn University Architecture 2024

FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION

2.18 Yves Saint Laurent Mondrian dresses at the MOMA, 1966

2.19 Composition with Red, Blue, Yellow, and Black, 1929 Piet Mondrian

Undergraduate Thesis // Chloe Buckner

At the time Bauhaus and Gee’s Bend seemed to be reaching towards the same goals: abstract forms, purpose of materials, spatializing planes, color, and expression.

GEE’S BEND

FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION 1929

2.20 Bars and Strips, 1929

Amelia Bennett

2.21 Joerena and Jennie Pettway,1939

Marion Post Wolcott

Quilted Art

I sought for other mediums that displayed my curiosity and interest in quilt as an art form. I found that I was not alone. I keep managing to find “quilting” in everything. From city master plans, to a stack of books on a shelf. These art pieces are just a few examples that I gravitated towards. They use mediums to either express quilting directly or use sewing and fabric as a means to “paint.”

Auburn University Architecture 2024

2.22 Patchwork Quilt Collage, 1970 Romare Bearden

Undergraduate Thesis // Chloe Buckner

2.24 The Yellow Dancers Painting, 1911-12

Gino Severini

2.23 Textile Portrait 2021 Gio Swaby

AI Generated “Feminine Spaces”

An early exploration at the idea of what a “feminine space” looks and feels like. Is that even a space one can describe? Dr. Toby Israel begins to try to explain this space in her book. Women tend to lean towards emotion, connection, home and family. Men lean towards objectivity, public life, and separation. But like her, I disagree that we can fit women and men into these boxes. She begins to describe that we must look at one’s story in order to see how they design or the spaces one would want.

I began to ponder these questions, and not necessarily reaching for an answer. I took to AI in order to see what spaces designed by men would look like once I put in this prompt:

“Feminine, quilts, cozy, warm, colorful, lived in, cluttered, messy, party.”

But then I could be biased because that is how I would describe my story.

2.26 Parc de la Villete

2.25 Farnsworth House

Undergraduate Thesis // Chloe Buckner

2.27 Philip Johnson Glass House

Quilt: Function and Ornament

Undergraduate Thesis // Chloe Buckner

Quilts are a display of the passing down of knowledge from mother to daughter, sister to sister, friend to neighbor, through many generations. The quilts are a display of both individual and community.

When reflecting upon what is a quilt I came up with these answers.

It is comfort. It is your grandmother placing it over you when you fall asleep on her couch.

It is history. Years of tradition and trade passed down through an object holding many lives and stories through the re-purposed scraps and the hands that made it.

It is art. A quilt is a display of composition, color, craft, and individual expression.

It is functional. A way to claim an area of space on a picnic or a way to stay warm during the winter.

It is a gift. A token of a milestone, a marriage, a way to come together and make something for someone.

It is more than an object. It is a history of all that came before it.

It is the hands that made it.

Auburn University Architecture 2024

2.28 “Log Cabin”—Single Block “Courthouse Steps” Variation by Arie Pettway

Undergraduate Thesis // Chloe Buckner

Arie Pettway

Auburn University Architecture 2024

2.29 “Log Cabin”—Single Block “Courthouse Steps” Variation by Loretta Pettway

Thesis

Undergraduate

// Chloe Buckner

Loretta Pettway

Auburn University Architecture 2024

2.30 Housetop by Lucy L. Witherspoon

Thesis

Undergraduate

// Chloe Buckner

Lucy L. Witherspoon

Auburn University Architecture 2024

2.31 “My Way” by Louisiana P. Bendolph

Undergraduate Thesis // Chloe Buckner

Louisiana P. Bendolph

Auburn University Architecture 2024

2.32 Housetop With Center Medallion by Andrea Williams

Undergraduate Thesis // Chloe Buckner

Andrea Williams

Auburn University Architecture 2024

Quilt; Function and Ornament

Undergraduate Thesis // Chloe Buckner

Precedents

3.1 Tiles at the Isabella Stewart Gardener Museum

Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum

Original: Willard T. Sears

Addition: Renzo Piano

Boston, MA

The Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum is located in Boston, Massachusetts. Isabella Stewart Gardener was an avid fan of the arts and a great socialite, collecting pieces and friends throughout her life. She wanted a place to show all of these pieces to the public and was heavily involved in the design of this museum. The museum is made to feel like a house, with all of the paintings, furniture, sketches, and letters displayed casually throughout the space. The space is required to never change. The section is incredibly interesting, allowing for a constant connection to the courtyard and the people viewing art across the building. In this space, the spectator becomes the art.

Auburn University Architecture 2024

Left to Right 3.1: The spectator becomes the art in section // A glorious courtyard // A peculiar way to display a painting.

“My

garden is riotous, unholy, deliriously glorious!

I wish you were here.”

Isabella Stewart Gardner

Undergraduate Thesis // Chloe Buckner

Quilt; Function and Ornament

Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum

Original: Willard T. Sears

Addition: Renzo Piano

Boston, MA

Auburn University Architecture 2024

Undergraduate Thesis // Chloe

A beautiful example of a modern building gently touching a historic piece of architecture.

Buckner

Left 3.2: Section and Elevation of the original museum with the addition.

Above 3.2: Site plan of museum and the addition.

Exeter Library

Louis

Kahn New Hampshire

Designed around the concept of a circular table and gathering. The plan works out from this table creating layers of spaces. This is an example of a building that is a nine square grid, resulting in a more perfect “quilt.”

Auburn University Architecture 2024

Above and Across 3.3: Interior photos showing the layering of space and materials.

Undergraduate Thesis // Chloe Buckner

Left 3.3: Plans of the library, resembling a typical quilting square.

Louisiana Museum of Modern Art

Vilhelm Wohlert, Jørgen Bo // Copenhagen, Denmark

Upon seeing this project, I was immediately intrigued by the way the space is layered in section. The use of materials, provides a nice background for the art. The design allows you to appreciate the art and the architecture.

Auburn University Architecture 2024

3.4 Interior Display Room A layering of structure and materials

Undergraduate Thesis // Chloe Buckner

Provincetown Art Association & Museum

Machado Silvetti // Provincetown, MA

I was intrigued by this design because of the layering of materials. The composition is made of volumes that are sometimes veiled by the horizontal wooden planes. The building takes on a new life at night and begins to have an inverse of composition.

3.5 Museum at Night

An inverse of composition when the lights come on

Quilt; Function and Ornament

Auburn University Architecture 2024

Site

Undergraduate Thesis // Chloe Buckner

ALABAMA

Alabama is a beautiful landscape scarred by a tense history. Growing up in Alabama was filled with so much joy. Gathering around the dinner table with family, catching fireflies in the summer, the sounds of cicadas, splashing in a creek, sitting on the front porch, and saying hello to your neighbor.

Often times people grimace when you say you are from Alabama. There is a lot of history that the south and state must claim, but there is also a rich history of great people, artists, landscapes, and stories that need to be celebrated.

4.2 On the Porch Image: Ashley Kickliter

4.1 Sunset in Alabama Image: Anthony Buckner

Undergraduate

Thesis // Chloe Buckner

4.4 Quilts on the Fence

4.3 Alabama

Montgomery, Alabama

When choosing a site for this project, Montgomery seemed like the most obvious answer. Montgomery is filled with so much history and is the Capitol of Alabama. There are many civic institutions and museums in place that people visit daily. There is the Equal Justice Institute, Rosa Parks Museum, the Legacy Institute, the Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald Museum, and others. This location seemed to provide a central spot near restaurants, museums, the baseball stadium, and businesses.

I chose an infill site next to two buildings that display two different styles of architecture. The Kinsmith is a Greek Revival home built in the 1800’s that is now a restaurant that celebrates the diversity of cultures in Montgomery with a variety of foods and emphasizes the importance of gathering around a table and sharing a meal. The brick building is more industrial from the 1900s and is now loft apartments.

Auburn University Architecture 2024

4.5 A merging of grids and styles Google Earth

Undergraduate Thesis // Chloe

Buckner

Site model made by myself and Megan Parker

Trilogy Hotel

Kinsmith Restaurant Lofts

Site

Quilt; Function and Ornament

Methods &

Undergraduate

Exploration

Thesis // Chloe Buckner

Auburn University Architecture 2024

1/128”=1’ Sewn Site Plan

Undergraduate Thesis // Chloe Buckner

I wanted to explore the techniques of quilting firsthand, having never done it before. I decided to study the city grids of downtown Montgomery since when I first looked at a map, I saw a quilt. The above quilt by Lucy T. Pettway is a similar example of a map. It is showing the plan of a Plantation, with the fields on the left, the Plantation house and Slave houses, and then the Alabama River on the right.

5.1“Housetop” and “Bricklayer” blocks with bars, 1955

Lucy T. Pettway

Quilt; Function and Ornament

Site “Perfect” Grid Studies

Auburn University Architecture 2024

Thesis

A study of creating a tartan grid based on combining a 5 square grid and a 6 square grid. This was a test of the “perfect” quilt on the site. I attempted to diagram this grid and rearrange the layers in order to create space and program adjacencies from that. I found that this was too rigid and not reminiscent of a handmade quilt.

Undergraduate

// Chloe Buckner

Auburn University Architecture 2024

Quilt; Function and Ornament

Undergraduate Thesis //

Layering and extrusion of different combinations of grids in order to create a variety of space and form.

Chloe Buckner

The section offers a place to play with layers of sociability. Revealing cracks of a view or allowing light to seep through letting one know there is something waiting for them on the other side. Section also allows for a sense of “comfortability” that plan may not. With section, the ceiling heights can push and pull allowing for a tall grand space or a quiet more intimate space. When it comes to conversations and trading of ideas, I believe that a lower ceiling height will simulate that quilting bee tradition of the passing of secrets, lessons, and trades. The program also calls for exhibit space which could be much grander to create that sense of awe.

My building must be a play of both.

A constant play of scale, material, reveal and enclose.

Trying to have no preconceived notion of what the spaces look like or are, but allowing the diagrams to lead the architecture.

Auburn University Architecture 2024

One grid study, imagining the possibility of the spaces made in section.

Undergraduate Thesis // Chloe Buckner

Auburn University Architecture 2024

5.2 Housetop Nellie Mae Abrams

Undergraduate

After studying the “perfect” grids, I attempted to understand Gee’s Bend quilts imperfections that leads to their beauty and composition.

Gee’s Bend quilts have so much depth because of these imperfections and misalignments and irregularities in form, color, and grid. In one quilt you can see the hands that worked on it, and the generations of trade passed down.

Thesis // Chloe Buckner

5.3 Housetop Mary Bennett

The Housetop Quilt

Gee’s Bend quilters pass down the knowledge, skills, stories, and trade of quilting from generation to generation. Based upon interviews, the community could always tell one persons quilt from another based on tiny details and tendencies in composition, color, and design.

One quilt variation that the Gee’s Bend quilters make is the Housetop Quilt. This quilt is composed of a central square and then strips of fabric or smaller squares that build out from that center piece. Here are three different examples of that quilt type.

Compared to other Alabama Quilters, the quilters of Gee’s Bend designed with an imperfect/real sensibility. Within each quilt you can see the hands that made it and the stories of the fabrics within the quilts. They used scraps to create their compositions. There is a sense of imperfection in the quilts that allows people to want to use them but also appreciate them as works of art. Again, bringing out this idea of a quilt being both functional and ornamentation. Other quilters of this time and even today quilt based upon a very precise pattern and composition. They know what the quilt will look like before they start. With Gee’s Bend, you can tell that they were led by the composition, by the fabric laying around, by nature, by their mothers before them that taught them.

How can I accomplish this with architecture? One solution is to create misalignments in plan, allowing for a movement through space. Another is to create forms with a variety of materials.

5.2 Housetop

Nellie Mae Abrams

Undergraduate Thesis //

Chloe Buckner

5.3 Housetop Mary Bennett

5.4 Housetop Indiana Bendolph Pettway

Quilt; Function and Ornament

Program

Auburn University Architecture 2024

Undergraduate Thesis // Chloe Buckner

6.1 Passing down tradition

I thought of the conception of this project while sewing in my Mawmaw’s living room the previous summer. I thought, “How lucky am I to get to have this space to be able to share with her and learn these skills.” Then I started realizing how this space really doesn’t exist unless you have a sewing machine in your house. I wanted to create a space that allowed for multiple generations to come together to pass down the trade of sewing and quilting, share stories, build community, and be together like that of an old quilting bee. I have heard many stories of how women would come together every week to someone’s house in order to quilt together and found a safe and social time with one another. So that is what I tried to emulate.

Auburn University Architecture 2024

6.2 Sunday Activity

6.3 Mawmaw’s Living Room Ashley Kickliter

Undergraduate Thesis // Chloe Buckner

6.4 Gathered around a quilt.

The Quilting Circle

Similar to the concept of Exeter Library and that of a Gee’s Bend Housetop Quilt, I wanted my design to be built upon the idea of a quilting circle. These quilting circles provided women a space to share stories, recipes, ideas, and create a sense of community while creating art that is both functional and ornamental.

The program includes:

Archive- A space to display quilts and celebrate the hands behind them.

Workshop- A collaborative space where people can gather and learn the trade of sewing and quilting.

Rental- A place where people can donate or rent sewing machines, fabric, scraps, and supplies

Classrooms- Where classes can be held either teaching sewing techniques, lectures on Alabama quilting, or hold community meetings.

Restoration- An area where the quilts can be restored or archived and studied.

Auburn University Architecture 2024

Undergraduate Thesis // Chloe Buckner

Plan Diagram of Building Proposal

Archive

Entry

Workshop

Rental & Classrooms

Result

When considering how I wanted to represent this project, I knew that I needed to have some quilted pieces.

The first quilted piece I did (and ever attempted) was a 1/128” =1’ scale sewn site plan of a section of downtown Montgomery, AL. This was really fun to do because I tried to not plan it too much and instead just let the quilting lead the way. I first diagrammed the grids and sections of downtown, which lead to the different segments and colors of fabric. Then I called out my site and other notable sites like the National Memorial for Peace and Justice. I found that the grid of the city was orthogonal other than the purple striped section that intersects the grid by 120 degrees. It was interesting to look at a site plan and develop a quilt out of the man made and natural elements of the city.

Auburn University Architecture 2024

Quilted Site Plan of Montgomery, AL

1/128”=1’ Scale

Undergraduate Thesis // Chloe Buckner

Sewn Diagram of Plan, Section, and Elevation 3/32”=1’ Scale

Auburn University Architecture 2024

Quilt; Function and Ornament

Undergraduate

Thesis // Chloe Buckner

3D Printed Model with sewn base 1/16”=1’ Scale

Undergraduate

Thesis // Chloe Buckner

Auburn University Architecture 2024

The facade of my building was one of the hardest parts of my project and the part I tried to iterate the most. There were multiple ways I could approach this facade: veil it behind a screen, have a texture that seems quilted, layer it in grids, use reclaimed materials and scraps. In the end I decided to go with collaging multiple materials in order to express the volumes of plan, and the intersections that I aimed to create. The volumes are expressed in wood shingles that veil windows, reminiscent of southern vernacular, concrete with a grid articulation, and a glowing glass box to denote entry. The special moments in plan (the central volumes) were expressed as polycarbonate colored volumes, similar to the colors of a Gee’s Bend Quilt.

Sketches of Facade Iterations

3D Printed Model 1/16”=1’ Scale

Undergraduate Thesis // Chloe Buckner

Exterior Facade Displaying Interaction with People on Street Level

Auburn University Architecture 2024

When organizing the spaces of the building, I took many cues from a housetop quilt that the ladies of Gee’s Bend make. In that plan, there is one central square and then strips of fabric build out from it in order to create the space of the quilt. I did this by placing these colored volumes that denoted special moments in plan: the quilting table, a gathering space, entry, a skylight, stairs, and an outdoor terrace. These spaces aimed to connect people through section and encourage movement through the building, either visually or physically.

Left: Exploded volumes of space

Right: Section perspective displaying connections of space and directed views throughout the project, either to people or quilts.

Undergraduate Thesis // Chloe Buckner

Quilt; Function and Ornament

Auburn University Architecture 2024

Quilt Archive Displaying Alabama Quilts

Undergraduate Thesis // Chloe Buckner

Special Collections and circulation on the third floor. The layering of structure aims to emulate the threads of a quilt stitching the spaces together.

Displaying the quilting workspace and classrooms

The quilting workshop is one of the most important parts of my project. It is the heart of the concept- a place to gather and share. I wanted to make the section connected visually in order for people to constantly feel connected to others on the different floors. I used wood and carpets in order to make it feel like a home. The colors are bright and lively in order to encourage interaction.

Above: Third floor of workshop space showing the skylight and double height connection to the second floor.

Below: Second floor of workshop space displaying how the volume becomes not only a connection between floors but also the quilting table.

First floor of the quilting workshop displaying how multiple generations can gather to learn and share stories in this space

Quilt; Function and Ornament

Auburn University Architecture 2024

Final Review Presentation on April 19, 2024

Undergraduate Thesis // Chloe Buckner

Thank you.

Through this project I saw through the eyes of so many great women of Alabama. I was able to explore the artistry of the everyday. The beauty of a quilt. I was also able to really understand the true importance of keeping trades alive and gathering together with different generations.

I hope and aim to never stop learning and looking at the beauty all around me.

Undergraduate Thesis // Chloe Buckner

Bibliography

Arnett, William, Paul Arnett, Joanne Cubbs, and E. W. Metcalf. Gee’s bend: The Architecture of the Quilt. Atlanta: Tinwood Books, 2006.

Beardsley, John, William Arnett, Paul Arnett, Jane Livingston, Alvia J. Wardlaw, and Peter C. Marzio. Gee’s bend: The Women and Their Quilts. Atlanta, GA: Tinwood Books, 2002.

“Gee’s Bend.” Gee’s Bend | Souls Grown Deep. Accessed May 6, 2024. https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/gees-bend-quiltmakers.

Israel, Toby. Designing-Women’s Lives: Transforming place and self. Novato, CA: ORO Editions, 2023.

Johnson Huff, Mary Elizabeth, and Carole Ann King. Alabama quilts: Wilderness Through World War II, 16821950. Oxford, USA: University Press of Mississippi, 2020.

Weltge, Sigrid Wortmann. Women’s work: Textile art from the Bauhaus. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1993.

100 Auburn University Architecture 2024

Undergraduate Thesis // Chloe Buckner

Images

0.1 Ashley Kickliter 2021

0.2 https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/lucy-mingo/work/blocks-and-strips-work-clothes-quilt

1.1 https://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/article/marfa-stance-gees-bend

1.2 Ashley Kickliter 2021

2.1 https://www.flickr.com/photos/41736618@N00/247309655/in/photostream/

2.2 https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/gees-bend-quiltmakers#node-2841

2.3 https://www.cathyfussellquilts.com/new-blog/2017/2/21/geography-quilts

2.4 https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna19074738

2.5 https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/leola-pettway

2.6 https://www.thehenryford.org/collections-and-research/digital-collections/artifact/355502

2.7 https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/mary-l-bennett/work/housetop%E2%80%94four-block-variation

2.8 https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/indiana-bendolph-pettway/work/housetop-variation

2.9 https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/jennie-pettway/work/housetop%E2%80%94single-block-courthouse-steps-variation

2.10 https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/qunnie-pettway/work/bricklayer-variation

2.11 https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/mary-lee-bendolph/work/work-clothes-quilt-0

2.12 https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/lucy-t-pettway/work/snowball-quiltmakers-name

2.13 https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/jessie-t-pettway/work/bars-and-string-pieced-columns

2.14 https://www.bauhaus.de/en/sammlung/highlights/207_textil/

2.15 https://olastudio.co.uk/ourjournal/celebrating-women-of-bauhaus

2.16 https://www.thetextileatlas.com/craft-stories/anni-albers

2.17 https://www.thetextileatlas.com/craft-stories/anni-albers

2.18 https://www.thecollector.com/artist-and-fashion-designers-1900s/

2.19 https://harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/181354

2.20 https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/amelia-bennett/work/bars-and-strips

2.21 https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/jennie-pettway

2.22 https://www.nga.gov/collection/highlights/bearden-tomorrow-i-may-be-far-away.html

2.23 Chloe Buckner 2023

2.24 Chloe Buckner 2024

2.25 https://www.archdaily.com/944431/installation-at-the-farnsworth-house-showcases-original-furniture-of-edith-farnsworth

Auburn University Architecture 2024

2.26 Photo https://rayervi.medium.com/an-essay-neomodern-architecture-2d67326a2c1d

2.27 https://divisare.com/projects/326504-philip-johnson-simon-garcia-glass-house

2.28 https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/arie-pettway/work/log-cabin%E2%80%94single-block-courthouse-steps-variation-local-name-bricklayer

2.29 https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/arie-pettway

2.30 https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/loretta-pettway/work/log-cabin%E2%80%94single-block-courthouse-steps-variation-local-name-bricklaye-0

2.31 https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/loretta-pettway

2.32 https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/lucy-l-witherspoon/work/housetop

2.33 https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/lucy-l-witherspoon

2.34 https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/louisiana-p-bendolph/work/my-way

2.35 https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/louisiana-p-bendolph

2.36 https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/andrea-williams/work/housetop-center-medallion

2.37 https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/andrea-williams

3.1 Chloe Buckner 2024

3.2 https://www.archdaily.com/153306/isabella-stewart-gardner-expansion-renzo-piano-building-workshop

3.3 https://www.archdaily.com/63683/ad-classics-exeter-library-class-of-1945-library-louis-kahn

3.4 https://www.ignant.com/2021/09/16/louisiana-museum-of-modern-art-copenhagen-denmark/

3.5 https://www.machado-silvetti.com/portfolio/provincetown-art-association-museum

4.1 Anthony Buckner 2020

4.2 Ashley Kickliter 2021

4.3 Chloe Buckner 2020W

4.4 https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/purchase-historic-gees-bends-quilts-152740088.html

4.5 Google Earth

5.1 https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/lucy-t-pettway/work/housetop-and-bricklayer-blocks-bars

5.2 https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/nellie-mae-abrams/work/housetop

5.3 https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/mary-l-bennett/work/housetop%E2%80%94four-block-variation

5.4 https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/indiana-bendolph-pettway/work/housetop-variation

6.1 https://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/109462

6.2 https://www.pinterest.com/pin/147000375318772243/

6.3 Ashley Kickliter 2021

6.4 https://www.loc.gov/resource/fsa.8c09381/

Undergraduate Thesis // Chloe Buckner