STOCKHOLM URBAN DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

URBAN DEVELOPMENT PROJECT - SOPHIA CHIN

CASE STUDY OF STOCKHOLM CITY, SWEDEN

► Stockholm has retained a great deal of its natural land cultural landscape. ► The open land areas in and around Stockholm form the green structure. ► Stockholm city must take place as far as possible on previously developed land (brownfield sites).

INTRODUCTION

► Stockholm city plan on 4 October 1999 is the comprehensive plan for land and water uses and development.

The main strategy is to achieve sustainable development by “building the city inwards”. ► An overall green structure is defined in the plan along with guidelines for green qualities. ► Stockholm City Plan 1999 and the Green Map have been parallel projects.

STOCKHOLM CITY PLAN

► To create a green structure that serves all its purposes, i.e. social, cultural, ecological and technical functions that work well as a whole. ► To give the green structure the same standing as the building and traffic structures, together they form a good urban environment. ► To give an overall and simple picture of where there are ecological, cultural and social qualities in the city and where these qualities are lacking.

GREEN MAP OBJECTIVES

► It is also to be used as a basis during the city’s transition towards long-term sustainability. ► The Green Map clearly illustrates each area's qualities and their connection. ► The Green Map implements the guiding principles of the Stockholm City Plan.

USAGE OF GREEN MAP

► ECOLOGICAL QUALITIES 1. Department of Physical Geography at Stockholm University, in cooperation with the city of Stockholm has developed the ecological valuation of the land.

2. The Biotope Map is an interpretation of infrared aerial photographs in which 78 different biotopes.

►DESCRIPTION AND EVALUATION OF BIOTOPES

1. Especially valuable biotopes (green) are habitat for a large number of different species and have the highest natural values.

2. Dispersion areas and buffer zones (yellow) The value of these biotopes depends to a great extent on where they are situated.

3. Areas of low biological value (grey) with little or no vegetation usually have very few natural qualities and function.

ECOLOGY AND BIOTOPES

AN ERA OF RAPID DEVELOMENT 1952 – AN IDEAL PLAN FOR A METRO-SERVED SUBURB

URBAN G ROWTH

SURVEY OF VALUABLE OPEN SPACES ► Carried out by means of field studies and interpreting aerial photographs ► Shows parks and natural areas, other public land, housing areas, other land reserved for building and unplanned land. ► Classification based on experiences and inquiries.

VALUATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF OPEN SPACES GREEN GRID

Open areas with major social and cultural qualities.

YELLOW GRID

Areas with good access to valuable open spaces

GREY GRID

Areas with limited access to valuable open spaces

SOCIAL AND CULTURAL QUALITIES

VALUATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF OPEN SPACES Open areas with major social and cultural qualities

Areas with good access to valuable open spaces

Areas with limited access to valuable open spaces

Exceptional cases are when other important interests are at stake and no alternative location is available

Preserved, protected and developed on a scale both reasonable and characteristic for that particular city district

Area improved for recreation when planning, to create a multifunctional structure of green areas and open spaces that is well suited to its purpose

Protected under the Environmental Code and the Planning and Building Act

Qualities must be protected by applying the provisions under the Planning and Building Act

Only 1/4 or less of the area is classified as valuable open space

Preserved & improved for recreation

Half of the built-up area is valuable open space

Remain undeveloped

SOCIAL AND CULTURAL QUALITIES

► Stockholm is a developing capital city ► Stockholm’s position as a node in the Baltic region ► The developing policies aim of making building housing and workplaces without violating the attractiveness and unique characteristics of the city. ► Stockholm has a unique character as a city of green and blue – large preserved green areas and blue waters around the islands the city was built on.

SUSTAINABLE COMPACT CITY

Growing awareness of environmental issues

Increasing ethnic and social segregation

Strong demand for new housing

ISSUE

No unused land left to develop

Developing economy – growing IT and media industry

Increasing car traffic

DEVELOPMENT OF STOCKHOLM AS COMPACT CITY

► Strategy: buy land for development and to preserve areas for recreation purposes following the principles of zoning. ► Designed as a neighbor-hood unit 1. Social and commercial core 2. High density housing close to the station ► Establishing an efficient public transport system, based on a network of metro lines and commuting trains. ► Establishing largescale systems for 1. Heating 2. Sewage 3. Waste treatment

► Stockholm City Plan 99 - adopted by the City Council in October 1999 ► A broad discussion among citizens, organizations, local authorities, companies, governmental authorities was part of the process in making the plan ► At public meetings and exhibitions all around the city citizens gave their opinion about the plan ► The aim of the City Plan 99 is to “build the city inwards” - Reuse already developed land - Respect and enhance the character of the City - Redevelop semi-central area 1. transform older industrial areas into new urban areas of mixed uses and variation - Concentrate new development to areas with good access to public transport

STRATEGY-BUILD CITY INWARDS

LINDHAGEN CITY NOW

LINDHAGEN CITY IN A FEW YEARS

INCREASING CAR TRAFFIC

► The congestion tax is charged for certain vehicles driven in to, and out of the inner city of Stockholm, between 6:30 am and 6:30 pm Monday to Friday ► Intended to : 1. improve traffic flow 2. contribute to improvements in the urban environment 3. raise money for investment in the transport network

PUBLIC TRANSPORT

► Transportation system more environmentally friendly, and to increase the proportion of pedestrians, cyclists and users of public transport.

STRATEGY-BUILD CITY INWARDS

FACILITIES ► ► ► ►

Cycling bikes Smart card Park and ride Interconnection from cars and bikes to taxis and regional trains ► Increasing security

ECO FRIENDLY GASES

► Biodiesel - renewable fuel for diesel engines - derived from different vegetable oils ► Biogas - produced naturally when organic waste ferments -no health hazardous emissions - very little greenhouse gas emissions – less noisy ► Ethanol

FROM TOILET TO TANK ► ► ► ► ►

Since 1996, Stockholm uses biogas from sewage toilet water) for transport.

In 2005, the second plant opened at the water treatment.

It feeds a bus depot and a commercial fueling station with biogas through a pipeline.

The present pro duction can operate 130 inner city buses and about 1,000 cars and vans.

Stockholm also per forms a study on how to collect restaurant and household waste and feed it into the water treatment plant, thus increasing the amount of biogas.

STRATEGY-BUILD CITY INWARDS

The city Plans to develop mixed use areas with attractive housing, business facilities

IDEA OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT

► reuse and redevelop old partly abandons industrial and harbor ► Take advantage of already existing investment in infrastructure

AGENDAS ► ► ► ► ► ►

Urban development areas on the edge of the inner city Developing Kista Science City Stockholm as a part of a multi-core structure Preserving and developing the green structure Participation in enhancing suburban areas The city Plans to develop mixed use areas with attractive housing, business facilities

DEVELOPMENT – AREAS ON THE EDGE OF THE INNER CITY

TVARBANAN- TRAM SYSTEM

► Connection between the redial metro lines going from the suburbs to the inner city. ► The first effort in Stockholm to establish a peripheral heavy public communication link ► Open new possibilities to develop urban nuclei in the nodes where the tram connects to the metro lines.

DEVELOPMENT – TRAM SYSTEM

► Largest on-going urban development project ► New part of inner Stockholm where the focus is on the water ► Run-down port and industrial district being transformed into modern, ecologically sustainable part of a city ► An old dockland and industrial areas being transform into modern city area that will form a logical extension of Sodermalm, with 8,000 apartment housing population of 20,000 ► After completion of all parts of the project in 2010 there will be 30,000 people living and working in the area.

HAMMARBY SJOSTAD

► Some of the most advanced companies within Telecom and Internet business sphere are establishing their head offices for the European and Nordic market ► Less space is needed for warehouse and goods on the quays and greet parts of harbor area will possible to develop for housing and the offices ► This area will be completed with new housing in an excellent position close to public transport and to water in the north western part. ► Lind Hagen street now designed as a road for heavy commercial traffic, will be developed as boulevard

NORTH WEST KUNGSHOLMEN

► More based on roll on/ roll off handling. ► Within area also one of the largest firms in Biotechnology, Pharmacia – has a research facilities. ► The new housing and offices will co-exist with expanding ferry and ro/ro traffic. ► The development have already started spontaneously as many firms mainly in information technology and media business have moved into the old warehouses.

VARTAN-FRIHAMNEN HARBOUR

► One of the worlds most important it-clusters ► Firms ( Ericson, Nokia, intel, Microsoft, Motorola etc.) have chosen to locate their development in wireless telecom and wireless internet to this area. ► The city is now working with a project to transform these areas to an attractive place for work and life. ► Using Tvarbanan as public transport in an effort to over-bridge cultural and ethnic barriers existing in the areas.

KISTA SCIENCE CITY

► Providing jobs to unemployed people through a co-operatively program with job matching between the growing advanced IT-industry in Kista and the housing areas south. ► The ideas of landscape park is planned to promote social connection between northwestern parts and poorer suburban area south of Stockholm. ► The design to be an ecological and cultural park with meeting places.

KISTA SCIENCE CITY

STOCKHOLM AS A PART OF A MULTI -CORE STRUCTURE ► Investment in public transport and subsidy to keep down fares. e.g.: i) 70% people travel from house to workplace using public transport. ii) Develop strategic area in prevent user to use its own car. ► Use train for far distance e.g.: i) Malar Valley consist ¾ countries, big town and cities ii) To avoid further development of edge cities served by car iii) car traffic is decreasing.

PRESERVATION OF GREEN STRUCTURE

► Stockholm city and the Green Map have been parallel project which the Green Map goes further and defines the green qualities. ► The Green Map defines the values of parks and green areas. ► It is divided into an ecological part, based on the biotope mapping showing bio-diversity, and a socio-cultural part based on a “ sociotype map” (a places for human activities and experiences) which is the result of a communicative process involving citizens.

URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRUCTURE

PARTICIPATION IN ENHANCING SUBURBAN AREAS

► Late 60’s, early 70’s – built million suburbs along metro lines in order to get rid of heavy housing shortage ► 70’s – Suburbs move to own house, so flat become empty ► 90’s – Increasing social problems in Million programmed areas. ► Planning issue needs to manage in order to continuing development to enhance democracy and citizen engagement. ► Come out with Outer City program where built environment and design standard of building improved following in the initiative from tenants.

DEVELOPMENT OF SUBURBAN AREA