Disruptive Microspace research in HongKong

SD4562 Capstone Research DISRUPTIVE MICROSPACE Tutor: Peter Hasdell Conny YUEN Ying Ching CK YEUNG Choi Kiu Clare WU Ming Yue

16038076D 16060758D 16098323D

HOW TO TRANSFORM MICROSPACE PATTERN TO FORM THE MESO/MACRO URBAN PLANNING SYSTEM?

keywords: Disruptive Microspaces ; Street culture ; Macrospaces ; Mesospaces ; Landscape Controls ; Urban planning

ABSTRACT

001

PRE-STAGE RESEARCH

008

/1 Definition & Brainstorm /2 General case Classification

FINDINGS & ANALYSIS /1 Canopies & Alleys

I. Handmade Shelter

II. Temporary Covers

III. Mechanic Tants

IV. Assembled Truckstore

V. Flower Market

VI. Kowloon Walled City

049 061 073 097 107 117

/2 Mobile Hawkers

I. Woodcar

II. Woodcar & Trolley

III. Trolley

IV. Suitcases

V. Tin Shau Bazzara

VI. Sheung Shui Market

145 164 183 202 221 239

/3 Cardboard Gathering Units

273

CONCLUSION

365

REFERENCES

377

ABSTRACT There are many subdivision spaces in Hong Kong. Architecture is always changing and result in different types of spaces and ecosystem.

This project is researching for the Disruptive Microspaces in Hong Kong. It implies the small spaces which can be assemblage o r u nfo l d i n a s h o r t p e r i o d of t i m e d u e to the temporary activities.

Disruptive micro-spaces are created by the users’ activities or spatial

RESEARCH METHODS experiences instead of the structure itself. Street culture in Hong Kong has a rich content including the trading market, high mobility of people and art performance. In this proje ct, various typ es of spaces in Hong Kong will be conducted with different media in order to investigate the potential of disruptive microspaces.

STREET CULTURE Street Culture is a key element for building Hong Kong as a Metropolitan city. Hawker stalls and m a r ke t s a r e b o t h t h e significant symbols of H o n g Ko n g li fe i n t h e past decade. Most of the public including Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) and the Government o f H o n g Ko n g S p e c i a l Administrative Regions (HKSAR) have established rep orts on how stre et t ra d e rs b r i n g u p w i t h hygienic and street blocking issues. Food and Environmental

IN HONG KONG

Hygiene Department (FEHD) has been carrying out numerous of licensing regulations and restriction policies in order to balance the street culture and public spaces. However, those st r i n g e nt p o li c i e s a re leading to the extinction of t h e st re et c u l t u re.

T h e r e fo r e , e x a m i n i n g va r i o u s stat i st i c s a n d reports, we investigated the potential development for the street hawkers and wanderers in the public space in case of expansion.

1. Research Tools There various types of resources that can provide evidence for the spatial studies, including photos, p l a n - s e c t i o n d raw i n g , news reports, regulations and policies, government

reports and the on-site interview. All of these enable this proje ct to i n v e s t i g at e t h e t o p i c from different scales and perspectives.

2. Primary Research To start with, consistent interviews and sitei nve st i g at i o n s w ill b e carried out in order to reveal the real situation.

Different types of temporary spaces

i n c l u d i n g t h e h a w ke r trading, back alleys and p u b li c g at h e r i n g u n i ts will be investigated in terms of spatial quality with different criterias of judgement.

2i. Site Selection Three types of spaces w ill b e i nve st i g ate d in terms of spatial and urban pattern.

For the hawker stalls, studying the Tin Shau Bazaar enable this project to analyze the development and d i ffe r e n c e b e t w e e n traditional mobile h a w ke r t r a d i n g a n d new Fixed-Pitch stalls in market. Also, Flower Market in Mong Kok is a good site for studying the transition between back alleys and main streets. These site studies can bring out

general and obje ct evidences for learning the existing urban system in Hong Kong.

A d d i t i o n a l l y, H S B C building in Central is the largest site of the Domestic helpers’ we e ke n d g at h e r i n g that plenty of data can be collected including oral interviews from d i ffe re nt n at i o n a l s, land-use classification and infrastructure.

The three studies will be conducted with the same series of method in order to do comparison among them.

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2i. Site Selection

2iv. Time & frequency

Three types of spaces w ill b e i nve st i g ate d in terms of spatial and urban pattern.

For the hawker stalls, studying the Tin Shau Bazaar enable this project to analyze the development and d i ffe r e n c e b e t w e e n traditional mobile h a w ke r t r a d i n g a n d new Fixed-Pitch stalls in market. Also, Flower Market in Mong Kok is a good site for studying the transition between back alleys and main streets. These site studies can bring out

general and obje ct evidences for learning the existing urban system in Hong Kong.

A d d i t i o n a l l y, H S B C building in Central is the largest site of the Domestic helpers’ we e ke n d g at h e r i n g that plenty of data can be collected including oral interviews from d i ffe re nt n at i o n a l s, land-use classification and infrastructure.

The three studies will be conducted with the same series of method in order to do comparison among them.

The structure and construction methods is a key factor the forming of spaces. Studying the building materials and assemblage details, this

project aims to figure out how construction details affect users’ activity and reaction with the surroundings.

Timelines and users’ activities studies will also be conducted in order to discover the public spatial quality and its problems in t h e fo r m of p h oto s, d i a g ra m s a n d t ext s .

Interviewing the users respectively, we should be able to figure out

their intensions for the spaces. At the same time, asking questions and carrying out the on-site studies, it is e ffe c t i v e t o d o t h e classification of users, so that we can reveal the ever-changing e cosystem in those temporary space.

2ii. Construction

2iii. Human activities

Studying the time gaps and frequency of changes in spaces is also an indication for this project to analyze how a space changes from one status to another. These also imply the variables

i n t h e e n v i ro n m e nt .

The duration of users’ activities and formation of spaces will be compared and recorded in forms of photos and texts.

3. SECONDARY RESEARCH 3i.Quantity Research: Stat & Regulations On the other hand, screening for different s u r veys, w e n o t i c e d the point of imbalance between the occupation of street traders and the public spaces. In o rd e r to u n d e rsta n d the impacts of licensing re gulations to the hawkers’ survival, examining official reviews on urban p l a n n i n g a n d st re e t management and public spaces design research provide convincing second-hand resources to prove the serious situation of the street culture nowadays. The new licensing- control implemented by FEHD in 1998 led to serious survival problems of H o n g Ko n g H aw ke rs.

According to Legislative Council, on 31 December 2014, the total number

o f li c e n s e d h aw ke rs tremendously had drastically re duce d from 20,000 in the l ate 1 9 8 0 s to 6 3 0 0 .

Thus, rentals of shops in private market has been rising up since the last decade. In additions, the average private retail monthly rentals have increased by 59%, and 86% for Link.Ltd (the largest real estate investment trust in Hong Kong and Asia in term of market c a p i ta li s at i o n) fro m early 2000s to 2014, suggested by Rating and Valuation Department.

The findings indicated that the restri c ti on on the Hawker owners

by FEHD licensing is pushing the street trading market to extinction.

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2ii. Correlational Research On-sites Studies & Interviews A d d i t i o n a l l y, i t i s important to delve deeper into the spatial problem by investigating the real exp eriences and users involved as a design student.

Understanding how the participants involved with the spaces is an essential component to evaluate the quality of the public spaces. Apart from the users’ zones, we should also study the transitions, access and zoning in the specific site in order to get the whole picture of the site ecosystem. Both

the hawker owners and the domestic helpers in the weekend gathering voice out that there is no enough public s p a c e fo r m a r ket i n g a n d g at h e r i n g u n d e r the control and road planning. The number foreigner workers centres dropped from 7 to 1. Generally, the land resources allocation and planning were unable to fulfil the demand of foreign helpers for the past few years. This results in the gatherings in public spaces in 18 districts.

BRIEF SUMMARY To conclude, the existing urban planning and d e s i g n fo c u s o n t h e neat and order spatial experience for citizens.

Undoubtedly, safety and hygiene are the important factors of a smart city.

However, the demands of the street users and

w a n d e re rs s h o u l d n o t be forgotten. Thus, it is vital to investigate the balance between different stakeholders (e.g. street traders, p e destrians, HKSAR etc) in the public spaces and introduce a s u sta i n a b l e syste m to Hong Kong.

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PRE-STAG E RESE ARC H

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DISRUPTIVE MICROSPACES Disruptive Microspaces are everywhere leading to different limited but short-lasting activism with their stand-alone features. No matter city infrastructures, personal experiences or creation of spatial quality, unique ecosystem and experiences chain are resulted. A disruptive microspace creates short and temporary spatial experience by construction with different flexibility. More variables with higher frequency of changes are found in the temporary soft softscape, while lower frequency of modifications are that of comparably stable hardscape.

This project will investigate different disruptive microspace from the aspects of hardscape, soft structure and spatial construction.

CH

F E L LE T I N G

GL ANCE

A NG ES

QU I ET I NT ROV E RT SI NGL E

TIME FR AGI L E

FE E L I NG

D I S RUPT I VE

ASSE M B L AG E

FO R M CO M P L E X I T Y

PROT E A N FLEXIBLE

I N T I MATE I NT E NSE D SPAC E

N A RROW

TINY

M ODUL AR

Assemb l a g e types

As s e m b l age d u rat i o n

O cc u p at i o n

D e cons tr u c tio n of s tr u c tu re

Agi n g G ro up

Ch an ge s o f Ci rc u l at i o n

Ac t i vi t i es

D I S I N T E G R AT E

CITY

F O RM

DI S R U MICRO

Spaces of assem for med by the exper iences a

UNFOLD

Fi xe d te m p l ate ( Ti m e p at te r n )

R a nd om/ f re e

H u ma n fa c tor s

E nv i ro n m e nt var i ab l e s

N o n -f u n c t i o n al s i te

Us e r s

var i ab l e s

U n s t ab l e

SH OR T D U R AT I O N

UPTIVE OSPACE

TIME

b l a g e and unfold e u sers s patial a nd b ehaviors.

FREQUENCY

R ep e titive

Co n d i t i o n al

E nv i ro n m e nt

u s e r s’ re ac t io n

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ROADSIDE PHONEBOXES Phonebox is a functional space serving users for both digital and physical exp eriences. It is not a removable structure.

H o w e v e r, d u e t o t h e fleeting time of people using it, we judge this as a type of disruption

with its high frequency of change in the past.

P i t i f u l l y, i t i s n o t a commonly used facility anymore. In results, there are many spatial redesign using phoneboxes that helps redefine the spaces and programmes involved.

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MODULAR OF CONTAINER CARGOS This is a very typical functional space which i s o p e r a t i n g fo r t h e goods transportation.

Thoudsands of container cargos will be arrived a n d d e p a r t eve r yd ay.

They create a temporary spaces with the enclosure by the container boxes.

The frequency of time changing is not very high due to the process of goods loading.

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ALLEYS & SHELTERS It has been a kind of Hong Kong local features since the early establishment period. Unlike the other two examples with solid structure of hardscape, the disruptive space of alleys and covers is more virtual and fragile

b e c a u s e o f t h e l a rg e amound of physical variables and the construction conditions.

B u t m a ny sto r i e s a n d c u l t u re c a n b e fo u n d due to the passengers experiences.

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Emptied

Emptied

Wandering

Smoking

Emptied

T

Transporting

Calling

Tea Time

Waiting

Night market Restaurant

After Market

Stacking

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M+ BOOTH AT ART BASEL HONG KONG 2018 The booth is divided into three distinct sections, on the M+ m u s e u m b u il d i n g , t h e M+ collections and our ongoing exhibition and participatory p r o g r a m m e s , where visitors can watch videos on

different aspects of M+ and browse information about our work. Visitors will also be able to engage with M+ curators and conservators and learn more about how t h ey c a n j o i n o u r M + Pioneers mem-bership programme.

CAMPING TENT, HONG KONG A s fo r c a m p i n g i n a traditional tent, there are a number of benefits to doing so. One of those bene-fits is the cost. Tents come in all different sizes, shapes, and styles, as well as prices. Tents can also

b e p u r c h a s e d fr o m a number of different retail stores, including those that are located both on and offline. Another one of the many benefits to going camping in a traditional camping tent is the experience.

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HAWKERS IN HONG KONG The Cantonese phrase jau gwei (Chinese: 走 鬼 ; Jyutping: zau2 gwai2; lit. running [away from] ghosts) refers to the sudden abandonment of these stalls when Hawker Control Teams (Chinese: 小販管理隊 , or 販管隊 in short) are imminent and the vendors are operating illegally or selling prohibited items, such as counterfeit branded

go o ds. Gwei, meaning g h o sts, refe rs to t h e Hawker Control Officers, who were traditionally Westerners. The phrase is shouted by vendors to warn others of the approaching squads, and can also be heard in Macao and Guangdong Province, where similar s i t u at i o n s ex i st w i t h illegal street vendors.

CAMPING TENT, HONG KONG Tiny houses and micro-shelters: small, inexpensive homes known as “tiny houses” or “micro-shelters” have been increasingly used as alternative housing fo r t h e h o m e l e ss i n certain cities. On the high end, these dwellings can include utilities a n d fu r n i s h i n g s (t i ny houses); on the lower

end they can be simply a covered structure large enough to accommodate a sleeping area (microshelters). Some of the micro-shelters popping up in cities around the world include wheels for easy transport and can be relocated by manually pushing; tiny houses usually require towing by a vehicle. Several

cities have designated areas where tiny houses and micro-shelters can be located. Nonprofit organiza-tions and sole individuals construct and donate these structures for the homeless.

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Visiting Exhibotion Detail

Setting up Tent construction

Exploring Exhibition Space

Discussing

Cover to form a enclosure area

Connect to form comman area

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search place with wall behind

Building construction

setting up using cardboard

using suitcase and net to display

Cover to form semi-enclosure area

Form comman space for Laundry

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TEMPORARY CARDBOARD UNITS This is a weekly event that domestic helpers would gather with their fr i e n d s i n C e nt ra l o r somewhere else. They use cardboard to build ‘space’ in different size,

h e i g h t , o r s h a p e fo r t h e g at h e r i n g . Af t e r g at h e r i n g e a c h t i m e , the cardboards are dismantled and recycled for the next use.

Construction Process

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TEMPORARY SITE DORMITORY

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PORTABLE TOILET Po r ta b l e to il ets h ave become one of the most useful inventions. For instance, at large events such as craft shows or carnivals, portable toilets are used to accommodate t h e n e e d s o f g u e st s .

In addition, portable toilets have been used for many years to provide te m p o ra r y b at h ro o m s

in public spaces and construction zones.

Ve r s at i l i t y. A m o b i l e toilet can be transported and placed in an array of places. Once there is no longer a need for a portable toilet they can be removed from a location and stored until needed again.

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KOBE PAPER LOG HOUSES JAPAN, 1995（SHIGERU BAN）

The Japanese architect Shigeru Ban is known for his innovative work with paper, particularly recycled c a rd b o a rd t u b e s u s e d to quickly and efficiently house disaster victims. Under the direction of Shigeru Ban, the Vancouver Art Gallery

has built a version of his 15.8 square -meter “Kob e Paper Log House” at Offsite, u t ili z i n g re a d il y s o u rc e d materials, the exhibition also features a large photomural documenting Ban’s ongoing design work on global disaster relief projects.

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I n 1 / 1 / 1 9 9 5 at 5 : 4 6 am, the coast of Japan was hit by a7.3 on the Richter scale earthquake, its epicentre was the northern part of Awaji Island in the Inland Sea, 12.5 miles off the coast of the port city of KĹ?b e. Lo cate d as close as it was to such a densely p opulate d area, the effects were overwhelming. Its e s t i m at e d d e at h t o l l of 6 , 4 0 0 m a d e i t t h e worst earthquake to hit Japan since the TokyoYokohama earthquake of 1923, which had killed more than 140,000. The Kobe quake’s devastation included 40,000 injured, more than 300,000 homeless residents, and i n exc e ss of 2 4 0 , 0 0 0 d a m a g e d h o m e s, w i t h

millions of homes in the region losing electric or water service. Kobe was the hardest hit city with 4,571 fatalities, more than 14,000 injured, and more than 120,000 damaged structures, more than half of which were fully collapsed. At the time a young Tokyo-based architect, Shigeru Ban responded to the urgent need for temporary relief shelter by designing t h e Ko b e Pa p e r Lo g H o u s e,w h i c h s e r ve d to house thousands of displaced Kobe residents.

Since its creation, Ban has b e en calle d on by such organizations as the United Nations to develop his innovative structures, regarded for their low cost, easy accessibility and simple application.

PAPER EMERGENCY SHELTERS FOR UNHCR BYUMBA REFUGEE CAMP, RWANDA, 1999

More than 2 million people became homeless w h e n c i v il w a r b ro ke out in Rwanda in 1994. The office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) normally supplied plastic sheets and aluminum p oles to b e rigge d as temp orary shelters.

Rwandan refugees would sell the aluminum poles and then proceed to cut down trees to use branches for structural support. Contributing to already critical deforestation, it was obvious that alternative materials had to b e found. A low-cost alternative, paper tubes,

was introduced. The proposal was adopted and development of prototype shelters began. Since paper tubes c a n b e m a n u fa c t u re d cheaply and by small and simple machinery, the p o t e nt i a l t o p ro d u c e the materials on-site to reduce transportation c o st s . I n 1 9 9 8 , f i ft y

emergency shelters were constructed in Rwanda and monitored to evaluate the system in practical use.

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PAPER LOG HOUSE INDIA, 2001

What makes the India’s log house unique is the foundation and the roof.

Rubble from destroyed building was used for the foundation instead of beer crates, which could not be found in this area.

I t was c o ate d w i t h a traditional mud floor. For the roof, split bamboo was applied to the rib

vaults and whole bamboo to the ridge beams. A locally woven cane mat was placed over the bamboo ribs, followed by a clear plastic tarpaulin to protect against rain, then another cane mat.

Ventilation was provided through the gables, where small holes in the mats allowed air to

circulate. This ventilation p l a s t i c t a r p a u l i n t o also allowed cooking to protect against rain, then be done inside, with the another cane mat. added benefit of repelling mosquitoes. For the roof, split bamboo was applied to the rib vaults and whole bamboo to the ridge beams. A locally woven cane mat was placed over the bamboo ribs, followed by a clear

PAPER PARTITION SYSTEM 4 JAPAN, 2011

The evacuees of the great Japan Earthquake a n d Ts u n a m i a r e currently taking shelter in evacuation facilities such as gymnasiums.

They are forced to live i n t h i s s i t u at i o n fo r a few months, b efore temporary housings are deployed. They suffer from the lack of privacy

and high density, which could cause damage both mentally and physically.

We are currently making simple partitions made of paper tubes and canvas curtains to divide each families. This disaster relief endeavor will be financed with donations from around the world.

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I. CANOPIES & ALLEYS

Looking back at history, the emergence of the back lane was originally designed to meet the requirements of the law. In the early days of the colonial era, the construction of the Tang House must take into account the lighting and ventilation in the direction of the back street of the building. It was the era when it was still necessary to "fall the night".

The rear lane became the most convenient channel. The English word for the law at the time was scavenger lane, which was explained in the lane used by the scavenger. The back lane is a unique culture of Hong Kong that reflects the character of the city. In this inconspicuous public space, some people will set up their own tents and expand the space in Hong Kong. Some people will use the plants to carefully paint, the cleaners have their own ideas, drying clothes, gloves, mops, and chaos. Orderly, piece together interesting geometric patterns. It is indeed understandable that the old districts are to be rebuilt, but the characteristics of a city are not deliberately shaped by urban designers. The authorities spent hundreds of thousands of dollars last year and invited the graffiti artist to "beautify" the wall of Kwun Tong's back alley. The back lane is a gathering of folk wisdom. It is interesting to be unreasonable. Everything naturally occurs. When the government plans with the guidelines, it will become too monotonous, as boring as a shopping mall. Behind the bustling Hong Kong, we can see people's lives from these small spaces.

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CANOPIES & ALLEYS

CANOPIES & ALLEYS There are so many types of canopies can be found in Hong Kong.

They are not just for the frontdoors but also can be found in every back streets. The alleys

spaces are also used due to the limited spaces of our city. Those shelters provide a good enclosure for those users involved in the narrow alleys.

China ShenZhen

Mainroads & Highways Hawkers’ stalls Covers & Canopies Population of Residences

N 0

5

10

15

20km

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REGULATION & POLICIES STUDIES CAP 228 SUMMARY OFFENCES ORDINANCE - SEC 2 INTERPRETATION

CAP. 123F BUILDING (PLANNING) REGULATIONS

public place ( 公 眾 地 方 ) includes all piers, thoroughfares, streets, roads, lanes, alleys, courts, squares, archways, waterways, passages, paths, ways and places to which the public have access

1997

either continuously or periodically, whether the same are the property of the Government or of private persons.

(Amended 29 of 1998 s. 105)

CAP. 123F BUILDING (PLANNING) REGULATIONS 2018 canopy ( 檐 篷 ) means any structure which projects more than 500 mm from any wall of any building and at a height of not more than 7.5 m above the level of the ground to provide protection from rain or sun, not carrying any floor load, either cantilevered or supported by b ra c ke t s ; (G . N . A . 8 3 o f 1 9 5 9 ; L.N. 294 of 1976; L.N. 79 of 1992) Eaves, cornices, mouldings, etc.

(1)No eaves, cornices, mouldings or other architectural projections shall project over a street more than 500 mm or at a height of less than 2.5 m above the level of the ground.

(2)No pipes (including water-pipes and drain-pipes) or gutters, or the appurtenances of such pipes or gutters shall project over a street more than 300 mm or at a height of less than 2.5 m above the level of the ground.

(3)No drying rack or supp orting structure for an air-conditioning unit shall project over a street for more than 750 mm or at a height of less than 2.5 m above the level of the ground. (20 of 2008 s. 46) Balconies and canopies over streets (1)Every canopy erected within 600 mm of the outer edge of a footpath, or projecting over a road, shall have a clear space of not less than 5.5 m beneath every part thereof.

(2)Every canopy erected over a footpath shall have a clear space of not less than 3.3 m beneath every part thereof.

(3)Every canopy shall be provided with adequate surface water drainage. (L.N. 79 of 1992)

(4)The maximum proje ction of any canopy (including cornices, mouldings or other features) erected over any street shall be— (a)one-tenth of the width of the street; or (b)3 m, whichever is the less: Provided that no portion of any such canopy shall be within 4.5 m, measured horizontally, of a line drawn vertically from a point in the centre line of the street nearest to such portion of the canopy. (L.N. 33 of 1966) (5)(Repealed L.N. 79 of 1992) (L.N. 54 of 1969; L.N 294 of 1976; L.N. 79 of 1992)

......

12.No doorways on to canopy No doorway giving direct access to the top of any canopy shall be made in the external wall of any building.

13.Use of verandahs or balconies Where any verandah or balcony has been built over or upon any street no such verandah or balcony shall be used or adapted to be used as a factory, workshop, storeroom, kitchen, lavatory, bathroom, water-closet, urinal or latrine.

1 5 . D o o rs, etc. n ot to o p e n ove r streets (1)Subject to paragraph (2), no door, gate, window or shutter opening on or over any street shall be so hung or placed as to project over such street at a height of less than 2.5 m above the ground.

(2)Emergency exit doors, electrical transformer room doors, plant room doors, refuse storage chamber doors and doors leading to similar types of utility.

“area of mixed usage” ( 混 合 用 途 區 ) means an area developed or to be developed with buildings used or to be used wholly or partly for purposes of habitation and with buildings used or to be used wholly or partly for the purposes of industrial undertakings or of offices or of other commercial uses, not being a residential area or an industrial area;

road used or intended for use only by pedestrian traffic; “industrial area” ( 工業區 ) means an area developed or to be developed primarily with buildings used or to be used wholly or mainly for the purposes of industrial undertakings or of offices or of other commercial uses; “pedestrian way” ( 行 人 徑 ) means a private street used or intended for use only by pedestrian traffic;

“carriageway” ( 車 路 ) means that part of a private street, cul-de-sac or “public street” ( 公 眾 街 道 ) means a access road used or intended for use by street vested in and maintained by the vehicular traffic; Government; “residential area” ( 住 宅 區 ) means an area developed or to be developed primarily with buildings used or to be “footpath” ( 行 人 路 ) means that part used wholly or mainly for purposes of of a private street, cul-de-sac or access habitation. “cul-de-sac” ( 盡 頭 路 ) means a private street which is closed at one end;

CAP. 132AI HAWKER REGULATION [PAST VERSION]

48.Licensees not to place commodities immediate vicinity. and equipment outside pitches (3)Every such licensee shall ensure Except as provided in section 49, a that— licensee, while using a fixed pitch, shall (a)each of the permitted tables— ensure that all commo dities b eing (i)has a surface area not exceeding 0.4 hawked by him or on his behalf, and all m2; (L.N. 89 of 1979) equipment or other objects used by him (ii)is collapsible; and in connection with hawking, are placed (iii)is kept within the permitted area; and within the boundaries of the pitch. (b)each of the permitted stools or chairs (78 of 1999 s. 7) is— 4 9 .U s e o f t a b l e s a n d s t o o l s b y (i)collapsible; and holder of fixed-pitch hawker licences (ii)kept within the permitted area. authorized to deal in drink or cooked ( 4 )T h e D i r e c t o r m ay at a n y t i m e food w i t h d raw p e r m i s s i o n g i v e n u n d e r subsection (1).

(2)On giving permission to any such licensee under subsection (1) the Director shall attach to the licence— (a)a scale plan showing the fixed pitch and the area in which the tables and stools of the hawker are permitted to be placed; and (b)a photograph of the pitch and its

46

CAP. 123F BUILDING (PLANNING) REGULATIONS Purpose This paper reports on the deliberations of the Subcommittee on Hawker Policy ("the Subcommittee") formed under the Panel on Food Safety and Environmental Hygiene ("the Panel").

market buildings or off-street hawker bazaars as far as practicable. According to the Administration, the hawker control policies adopted by the former Municipal Councils and their provisional bodies were to dissociate welfare considerations from hawker licensing Background and hawking activities, reduce on-street 2. In the early post-war years, hawkers and illegal hawking activities, exercise were generally regarded as a higher enforcement priorities against m e a n s o f m a k i n g a li v i n g fo r t h e illegal hawkers selling food items, g r a s s r o o t a n d a c o n v e n i e n t a n d protect public market stall operators' nonexpensive source of daily necessities. against unfair competition from illegal D u r i n g H o n g Ko n g's d e v e l o p m e n t hawkers, stop issuing new hawker towards modernity, hawking, as it does licences under normal circumstances not involve shop rentals and renovation, a n d r e s t r i c t t h e s u c c e s s i o n a n d is a retail mode of low entry threshold, transfer of existing hawker licences. and offering an opportunity for the lower class to start a business and move 6. As illustrated in the following table, socially upward. While many customers rentals of shops in private market as might find on-street trading convenient, well as in the Link REIT ("the Link")1 are on-street hawking activities might cause soaring in the last decade. According to obstruction, environmental nuisance or the Rating and Valuation Department, even hazards relating to hygiene and the average monthly rentals of private fire risks for the residents living nearby. retail (which also cover the properties As the community became more affluent owned by the Link) have increased by in the course of time, other forms of 59%, for the Link, by 86%. retail outlets and food premises are available in the market. There is also an 8. In view of the above, there is a call increasingly keen competition for land as for supporting the development of population and economic activities grow. hawking activities. On-street hawking allows customers to continue engaging in 3. There are two main types of hawker competitive transactions, and provides licence, namely fixed-pitch hawker alternatives to homogenous shopping licence and itinerant hawker licence malls and chain stores. A good hawker ("IHL"), in Hong Kong. According to the policy will help general public to resist Administration, Government's policy the hegemony of private developers and towards hawkers and hawking, which the Link. Indeed, as pointed out by some underpins the relevant licensing and Subcommittee members, the presence of management arrangements, has evolved hawkers (and wet markets) can prevent in tandem with changes in community the oligopoly of daily supplies by several needs and aspirations, some of which supermarkets in Hong Kong. may stem from divergent values and p e r s p e c t i v e s . T h e d e t a i l s o f t h e 9. On the other hand, hawking activities development history are set out in the m i g ht g i ve r i s e t o e nv i ro n m e nt a l papers discussed at the Subcommittee hygiene and noise problems as well as meetings on 15 April 2014 2 (LC Paper obstruction to public passageways, thus No. CB(4)566/13-14(01)) and 2 March causing nuisance to nearby residents and 2015 (LC Paper No.CB(4)561/14-15(01)). p e d e s t r i a n s . S h o p ke e p e r s s e l l i n g It has been the Government's official similar and substitutable products position since the early 1970s that no in commercial premises nearby might new hawker licences should normally consider rent-free on-street hawking be issued and that on-street licensed activities posing unfair competition. hawkers should b e put into public ......

1 2 . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e a b ove , t h e Administration implemented a seriesof measures to reduce fire risks which include requiring hawkers to follow strictly the requirements on stall area, stall canopy and stall construction materials; and forbidding overnight onstreet storage of commodities outside the stall after business hours.

FEHD has now worked out feasible relocation plans for 38 of the 43 hawker areas. The remaining five hawker areas do not require stall relocation after detailed assessment. So far, 356 hawkers have surrendered their licences, and 1 060 have applied for grants for relocation or in-situ reconstruction of their stalls. More specifically, among the 498 hawkers whose fixed-pitch hawker 1 3 . To c o n t r o l e f f e c t i v e l y t h e stalls may obstruct building staircase potential fire risks in hawker areas, discharge points or emergency vehicle the Administration has established a operations and need to be relocated, 53 Steering Committee on Hawker have surrendered their licences and 224 Management to formulate specific have effected relocation as at the end of measures to improve management and 2014. In other words, of the 498 fixedo v e r s e e t h e i r i m p l e m e n t a t i o n . pitch hawker stalls that are assessed to Furthermore, recognising the importance bear higher risk in fire safety terms, 277 of fostering a collaborative relationship (or 56%) have been vacated by December with the stakeholders, FEHD has set 2014. up hawker management consultative committees covering all hawker areas 16. The Administration recognizes that to provide an effective communication relocation work in some hawker areas platform on hawker management issues, with higher fire risks is slower than including promotion of fire safety. To expected, although numerous relocation promote compliance with fire safety proposals have been produced and rounds requirements and good practices, FEHD of local consultations organised. FEHD has implemented a sanction mechanism, is continuing its efforts to engage the under which recalcitrant offenders would affected hawkers. If there is no material be subject to suspension or cancellation progress within a reasonable of their hawker licences. 5 Assistance period of time, DFEH will consider scheme for hawkers in fixed-pitch exercising her statutory power under hawker areas in 2013 the Hawker Regulation to serve notice on the licensees concerned and order 14. To improve the fire resistance them to vacate their pitches within a capability and design of hawker stalls, specified period of time to improve fire the Administration consulted the Panel safety in the hawker areas concerned. in January 2013 on a fiveyear assistance scheme for 4 300 licensed hawkers 17. The decision of not issuing new op erating in 43 fixe dpitch hawker hawker licences, couple d with the areas in the territory ("the Assistance gradual changes in the shopping habits Scheme"). Under the Assistance Scheme, of the population and the growing financial assistance would be given to competition from other retail outlets the hawkers for stall reconstruction (especially chain stores) have led to and relocation, and a one-off EGP would a gradual reduction in the number of be offered to hawkers for surrendering licensed hawkers. As at end-January their licences. The funding proposal of 2015, the total number of licensed $230 million for launching the Assistance hawkers was about 6 300, compared Scheme was subsequentlyapproved by with about 20 000 in the late 1980s. the Finance Committee on 15 March 2013.

15. With the co-operation of hawkers, hawker associations and relevant DCs,

48

HANDMADE SHELTER

Creating your own spaces according to your demands and daily habits pattern.

HANDMADE SHELTER It is a solid structure w h i c h i s b u il t by t h e street janitors in order to have a shelter for taking rest. Constructing with various kinds of

Ply wood panel

Fabrics

Nylon ties

Aluminium panels

materials and supports, it provides a semi-interior spaces that enable the users can have certain level of privacy.

50

Setting base with the weight bearing load.

52

Adding timber frame structure

Ply wood panels layout

54

Stacking panels and roof toppings.

Assembling various furnitures

56

Emptied shelter before the working time.

1 hour lunch break & free time

58

Emptied shelter during the working time.

Finish working and return the equipments.

60

TEMPORARY COVER

A space for fast-paced incidents and transitional access.

TEMPORARY COVER Temp orary covers are very flexible which can be built and removed very easily. Simple connection methods and canvas are used in order to built up

this enclosure in a short period of time. They are commonly found in the backstreets of the shops or restaurants.

Support Frame

Tarpaulin

Durarig

Weight Bearing Sand Bags

62

Emptied in morning for cleansing

64

Shops open etting up tent S in alley <10mins

Smokers/ pedestrians passing by <5mins Workers washing stuffs for around 10 hrs

66

68

70

72

MECHANIC TENT

Building an assemblage with simple but strong structure for effective functions.

MECHANIC TENT It is the extended version of the temporary cover.

Built up with stronger and complexed structure, these mechanic tents are able to have a larger area

of coverage and can be last for a longer period of time. Usually, this type of shelter will be used for half day at least.

Expansion Frame

Nylon Canvas

74

Plan

Extension Spans of the Tent

Emptied Alley for cleansing in the morning

76

Kitchen work Preparation

Setting up the restaurant for night market.

78

Emptied alley for cleansing in the morning

Restaurant works preparation for hours

80

Kitchen works since opening hour.

Alley restaurant in Night Market. 6pmmidnight

82

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

ASSEMBLED TRUCKSTORE Using different materials and covers to create a semi-enclousre with high mobility

ASSEMBLED TRUCKSTORE

Ply wood panel

Fabrics

Nylon ties

Aluminium panels

98

100

102

104

106

FLOWER MARKET

SHOPS ILLEGAL EXPANSION In the previous stage, we have b e e n st u d y i n g fo r the relationship b etwe en tmp orary canopies in alleys and the pedestrians and users. Studying the types of spaces in

the flower market and the conditions in the surrounding areas, we get the interaction b etwe en different stakeholders and how the ecosystem works in this small district.

USERS’ DIAGRAM

BUBBLE DIAGRAMS

ac Public Sp

c pa

es

s te iva Pr

ion ortat Transp

arket Local M

Markets on Mainroads

lovers Floral

Pavement Extension

Local Resid ents

Lo ca l

Pavement Extension

pe

op le

Tanglou G/F shops

Pla�orms

rs

ge en av Sc

rs

Ec on

LEISURE PARK

st re et

er

ke rs

u

ag

ners rty ow Prope

St all Wo r

Ol d

an

s ur

om ics

De

y

base Home-ops Sh

bo La

ds

er liv

es

TangLo

PROGRAM & USERS

Market Group

Market Group

rs ge na

e Natur ting Shif Down

CULTURE

M et re St

o Go

SOCIETY

Stall owne

s Driver

e Te

di tu ts Ar

e SPATIAL EXPERIENCE

Bus Sta�ons

Do H m e ou st se ic w he ive lp s er s

ley Al

Cultu re

ck Ba

De H clo om ra e tio n

Users & identity

Street

ion on Expans Video

Programmes

Wand eres

Concepts/aims

Residen�al Flats

108

Bike Rental Bus sta�ons

Residen�al buildings Recrea�onal & parks Extended areas of the market pedestrians & ground floor shops

110

highest privacy level semi-private spaces transition to open spaces

>100 80-100 40-80

20.5m² 15.5m² 10.0m²

40-20 <20 <10

5.5m² 3.0m²

112

circulation

Highway mainroad

sitting

accessible

chatting

goods disposal

shopping

packing

inaccessible

114

116

INSIDE HONG KONG'S LAWLESS 'WALLED CITY'

- the most crowded place on Earth for 40 yearsSlightly north of Hong Kong Island there once stood one of the most densely populated places on earth.

was essentially lawless, e q u a ll y k n ow n fo r i ts opium dens and organized c r i m e as i ts d e nt i sts' offices.

Photographer Greg Girard spent years investigating and documenting the strange place before it was demolished. Girard collaborated with Ian Lambot, another p h o t o g r a p h e r, o n a Caught between China b o o k a b o u t Ko w l o o n , and the British-run Hong titled "City of Darkness Kong government, the city Revisited," available here.

Fro m t h e 1 9 5 0 s u nt il 1994, over 33,000 people li ve d a n d wo r ke d i n Kowloon Walled City, a massive complex of 300 interconnected buildings that took up a city block.

118

NON-STANDARD BUILDINGS

DARK ALLEYS & MAIN ALLEYS

Kowloon walled city is architecturally fabric and spaces as well as many of the people who lived and worked there.

Internal circulation was minimal, with just four alleys that offered anything like a dire ct link between Tung Tau Tsuen Road on the City’s northern boundary and Lung Chun Road (actually a pedestrian

footpath) that ran along the City’s southern edge. None of these we re st ra i g htfo r wa rd thoroughfares: all twisted and turned to varying degrees as they passed between the ever encroaching buildings, as well as stepping down at regular intervals to take in the three storey or so drop in the site from north to south.

interlinked and stepped a ro u n d b u il d i n g s a n d , without any discernible l a n d m a r ks o r d i s t a n t views, it was all too easy to become totally disorientated. You just had to stumble on until, hop efully, you p opp e d out again onto one of the main thoroughfares, the direction of their slope offering a handy way of finding a way out – up the hill northwards to Tung Tau Tsuen Road and down In certain places these towards Lung Chun Road s i d e a l l e y s b e c a m e a and the neighbouring park veritable maze as they to the south.

For the most part, the main alleys were well-lit and were kept clean and tidy, but step off these main routes into the many smaller side alleys and conditions deteriorated rapidly – light levels fell, sometimes to almost complete darkness, and nearly all were lined above with water pipes that dripped constantly on the uneven ground, making the going treacherous.

120

Development of Walled City Changes Inhabitants & Population

122

Every trip was an adventure and you would never know for sure what you would find. Even longterm residents were wary of stepping off into unknown parts of the City, most preferring to stick to the alleys they knew best â&#x20AC;&#x201C; usually the most direct route between their place of residence or work and the outside world. And surprisingly, considering just how many people lived in the City, the alleys never felt that busy, even during the m o r n i n g o r a ft e r n o o n r u s h .

Indeed, on the smaller side alleys and up the many stairways, you could go for quite long periods of time without meeting another soul. It was just another of the Cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s many mysteries.

SOCIAL COMMUNITY UNITS

124

PUBLIC WORKS The PWD’s Buildings Ordinance Office do not take action against illegal structures or extensions to existing buildings.

Observations have shown that the methods of

construction of many new buildings in the Walle d City are rudimentary and quite unsafe (but) to exercise supervision over buildings would i m p l y G ove r n m e nt approval of that which is illegal.

MULTI-PURPOSES ROOFTOPS & PUBLIC GATHERING SPACES EDUCATION The Education Department neither registers nor inspects re gularly scho ols lo cate d within the Walled City, but it is prepared to act in any case where a blatant disregard for the safety of schoolchildren is brought to light. Sufficient primary school places exist in the immediate vicinity of Kowloon Walled City for children living within and without the Walled City.

RESETTLEMENT The Resettlement Department d o e s n ot c o n d u c t c l e a ra n c e operations within the Walled City and was instructed in July 1967 to suspend demolition of structures in the ‘sensitive zone’.

RESIDENTS & LOCAL COMMUNITY And flo o ding in they certainly were. The numbers are revealing.

By the end of 1947 it is generally assumed that the population of Hong Kong, which had fallen to a ro u n d 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 by the end of the War, had r i s e n b a c k to i ts p re war level of just under one million, a mixture of returning residents and early refugees from the civil war in China. With so

many buildings demolished or severely damaged during the conflict, however, there was even then a drastic shortage of habitable properties and significant numbers of squatter settlements were already beginning to spring up all over the hinterland of the Kowloon peninsula and on the hillsides of Hong Kong island.

126

ENVIRONMENTAL CRIMINOLOGY The Kowloon Walled City is known by many as the informal settlement that once existed seemingly out of place within modern Hong Kong. Many d a re d n ot e nte r t h i s lawless zone that had developed a reputation as a place to be avoided, somewhere that harbored vice and illicit trades. A place where triads and criminals were in control and those brave enough to enter risked having their cameras smashe d or worse their throats slit; apparently at odds with the rest of Hong Kong.

This is a representation of the environmental criminology. It stated that crime is influenced, if not caused, by a p e r s o n's s p at i a l environment. The basis is specifically how individuals, with all their diverse attributes, become influenced t o c o m m i t c r i m e s by the elements in their imme diate lo cation.

The narrow dark alleys and connections of the buildings are the important cause of the triadâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s illegal activities.

There are a lot of group of community and types of connection within the walled city. As we know, there were serious crime of drugs, violence and propstitution etc in

this walled city. It is interesting to see the structure of different spaces from interiror to exterior through various form and how they cause the local crime.

128

Timeline 2019.9.28

II. MOBILE HAWKERS

Street trading has been a kind of local culture in Hong Kong since the early establishment period. There is no solid spaces of fixed areas for those stalls because of the limited land issues and management policies.

Different types and structures of hawkers stalls or trolleys are resulted in because of the short period time of operation. This section will further studying how people build and interacting with those relevant temporary spaces in the hawkers.

130

HAWKER CONTROL IN HONGKONG https://www.legco.gov.hk/research-publications/english/1718issh05-hawkercontrol-in-hong-kong-20171201-e.pdf

Background Street trading has been a feature of life in Hong Kong for over 100 years.

For many years, the Administration's policy has been to properly regulate the hawking activities of licensed hawkers and take enforcement action against illegal hawking. Since the early 1970's, the former Urban Council had stopped issuing new hawker licences under normal circumstances. Following the hawker licensing policy review concluded in early 2009, the Director of Food and Environmental Hygiene had, during the period from July 2009 to April 2012, completed the issuing of 61 new Itinerant (Frozen Confectionery) and 218 new Fixed Pitch (Other Classes) Hawker Licences.

In the early post-war years, hawkers were generally regarded as a means of making a living for the grassroot and a convenient and non-expensive source of daily necessities. During Hong Kong's development towards modernity, hawking, as it does not involve shop rentals and renovation, is a retail mode of low entry threshold, and offering an opportunity for the lower class to start a business and move socially upward. While many customers might find on-street trading convenient, onstreet hawking activities might cause obstruction, environmental nuisance or even hazards relating to hygiene and fire risks for the residents living nearby.

As the community became more affluent in the course of time, other forms of retail outlets and food premises are available in the market. There is also an increasingly keen competition for land as population and economic activities grow.

as evidenced by the ranking of Ladies' Market and Temple Street among Hong Kong's top five places most visited by tourists in 2016 (Figure 1).

Notwithstanding the above, it has been a long-standing policy of the Government to regulate the growth of hawkers in view of the various problems possibly arising from street hawking.

The Government has since the 1970s stopped issuing new hawker licences and imposed restrictions on the succession and transfer of hawker licences, as well as implementing voluntary licence surrender programmes since 2002 to buy back licences from hawkers. As a result, the total number of licensed hawkers decreased from some 50 000 in 1974 to 9 200 in 2000 and to fewer than 6 000 in recent years (Figure 2).

Amid the virtual freeze in the issue of new hawker licences, there were 5 496 fixed-pitched hawker licences across the territory at end-2016. They were concentrated on Hong Kong Island and Kowloon, accounting for 96% of the total (Figure 3). The New Territories accounted for the remaining 4%, of which more than half of them were in Tsuen Wan. Against the above, there have been calls for the Government to relax the existing territory-wide restriction and consider the issue of new hawker licences in the less crowded New Territories.

According to the Government, its hawker management policy is to strike a proper balance among the needs to allow legal hawking activities, maintain environmental hygiene and re duce nuisance. As shown in Figure 4, the business types of licensed hawkers are diversified and their impact on H a w k e r s C o n t r o l T r e a t m e n t s environmental hygiene and nuisance Nowadays to nearby residents vary. Hence, there are views that the Government should In Hong Kong, hawking provides job replace its existing "across-the-board" opportunities for the grassroots and restriction with a licensing policy based offers a cheaper source of goods for on the business types for issuing hawker the public at large. Some hawker areas licences. Indeed, the Government had, are also popular tourist attractions, between July 2009 and April 2012

i s s u e d 6 1 n e w I t i n e ra nt ( Fro z e n Confe ctionery) and 218 new Fixe d Pitch (Other Classes) Hawker Licences following the hawker licensing policy review concluded in early 2009.

As regards unlicensed hawking activities, the Government estimated that there were 1 454 unlicensed hawkers operating in 45 blackspots at end-2016 (Figure 5).

Hawker Control Teams of the Food and Environmental Hygiene Department ("FEHD") are deployed to deal with illegal hawking, and the number of prosecutions against unlicensed hawkers averaged 24 218 per year during 2012-2016. The figure represented an annual average of 16 prosecutions per unlicensed hawker during the period.

Notwithstanding the stringent enforcement action against illegal hawking and the manpower and exp enditure devote d by FEHD, the number of unlicensed hawkers showed no visible signs of easing during 2012-2016 (Figure 6). Added to this, Yau Tsim Mong and Sham Shui Po remained the top two blackspots, where both taken together accounted for about half of unlicensed hawkers in 2016 as shown in Figure 5 above.

132

Timeline 2019.9.28

D i sp ose t he st or e b a gs

Timeline 2019.9.28

S e l li n g pro je ct

134

Timeline 2019.9.28

Dispose some pro d u cts

Timeline 2019.9.28

E x pa n d i n g s e l l i n g a re a

136

Timeline 2019.9.28

Use sec o nd c hair

Timeline 2019.9.28

U nb o x i ng f o am b o x

138

Timeline 2019.9.28

Put f o am b o x away f r o m t r o lley

Timeline 2019.9.28

set t le p r o duc t s and li st o n t hem

140

Timeline 2019.9.28

Put t i ng p r o duc t s o n t o p o f f o am b o x

Timeline 2019.9.28

Selli ng p r o ducts

142

Timeline 2019.9.28

Keep on d is pos e

144

Wood c a r

Wo o d ca r ts ca n be tra n sfo r m ed into di fferent hawker to o ls Wo o d ca r ts ca n be d e s i gned in different st y les dep ending o n th e t y pe o f h aw k e r- s e l ling i tem s. They are f ully co m p at i b le w i th th e n e e d s o f h awker s, co nvenient and p rac t i c al.

Wood Pannel

Stove

Pot

trolley

Plastic box

146

Sett i ng i n ear ly m or ni ng

L ine up t o p i c k up

148

St ar t c lo sing i n m i dnig ht

P ut t i ng w o o d e n B ox on th e t r ol l e y

150

A d d i n g co o k i n g to o l s

Sta rt s e l l i n g i n m o rn i n g

152

U s i n g trolley t o tra n s f e r p r o duc t s

Pe o p le st ar t ed t o line up

154

W ait ing f o r c o o king

Peo p le ar e go ne

156

U si ng t r o lley t o t r ansf er p r o duc t s

1000mm

1130mm

mm

1

0 80

158

830mm

300mm

1800mm

preparing trolley 10:35 am

160

building with wooden pannel 10:41 am

Adding Tools for cooking 12:02 am

162

Woo d c a r & trol l e y

Wo o d ca r ts ca n be tra n sfo r m ed into di fferent hawker to o ls Wo o d ca r ts ca n be d e s i gned in different st y les dep ending o n th e t y pe o f h aw k e r- s e l ling i tem s. They are f ully co m p at i b le w i th th e n e e d s o f h awker s, co nvenient and p rac t i c al.

Wi th Tro l l e y, i t w i l l b e m o re easy to sell p ro duc t o n st reet b e ca s e i t w i l l b e m o re easy to m ove yo ur hawker b o o t h.

164

Oil Bucket

Stove

Trolly

Wooden Pannel

Plastic Box

Sett i ng i n ear ly m or ni ng

166

L ine up t o p i c k up

St ar t c lo sing i n m i dnig ht

168

P ut t i ng w o o d e n B ox on th e t r ol l e y

P ut ti n g Sto re b o x i n t h e w o o d e n bo x

170

Pu tti n g G a s co n ta i n e r inside

Pu tti n g p e tro l e um c o nt ainer n e x t to w o oden b o x

172

p ut t ing selling m ac hi ne on top

Put t i ng selling p r o duc t s on top

174

Peo p le st ar t ed t o li ne up

W ai t ing f o r seller to cook

176

1140mm

210mm

1650mm

1000mm

1350mm

mm

1

0 65

178

preparing trolley and remove his handle 10:35 am

Building with wooden pannel 10:52 am

180

Adding cooking tools next the wood car 12:03 am

182

Trol l e y

Tro l l e y i s e a s y to h a n d l e and m ove. I t c an c ar r y heav y p ro du c t o r to o l s. H aw k e rs ca n Esc ap e f aster and m o re easy when po l i ce s a re co m i n g. M oreover, Tro lley c an let hawker c ar r y l a rg e r to o l s a n d s to ra g e. Thus m o re p ro duc t c an b e p rovi ded fo r t he c usto m er s.

Trolley

Iron plate

Suitcase

Plastic box

184

Sett i ng i n ear ly m or ni ng

P ut t i ng i r on p a n n e l o n t he t r o l l e y

186

A d d i n g Sto re a re a

Sta rt s e l l i n g i n m o rn i n g

188

U s i n g tro lley t o tra n s fe r pr o duc t s

Peo p le st ar t ed c ho o si ng p r o duc t s

190

Disc ussing

Peo p le ar e go ne

192

U si ng t r o lley t o t r ansf er p r o duc t s

Pic king i t em s

194

St ar t c lo sing i n m i dnig ht

820mm

210mm

2100mm

196

1000mm

1030mm mm

2

0 10

preparing trolley and add another handle 10:35 am

198

putting iron pot on top 10:52 am

Putting Storage below 11:13 am

200

Sui tc a se

Su i tca s e i s ve r y e a s y to handle. Hawker s c an disp lay t he pro d u c ts s i m pl y by o p e ning t he sui tc ase. M o reover, hawker s ca n cl o s e th e s u i tca s e i mm edately and p retend just p assingby o n s tre e t w h e n Po l i ce are co m ing. They do no t need to r un and esc ap e.

202

Picnic mat

Wooden stand

Suitcase

Cardboard

Plastic box

Sett i ng i n ear ly m or ni ng

204

P ut t i ng su i tca s e o n c a r d bo a rd

A d d i n g d i s pl a y a re a

206

Sta rt s e l l i n g i n m o rn i n g

U s i n g tro lley t o tra n s fe r pr o duc t s

208

Peo p le st ar t ed c ho o sing p r o duc t s

Disc ussing

210

Peo p le ar e go ne

U si ng t r o lley t o t r ansf er p r o duc t s

212

Pic king i t em s

St ar t c lo sing i n m i dnig ht

214

800mm 700mm

2300mm

1300mm

mm

0 380

216

Setting up supporting material 10:35 am

using suitcase and net to display 10:41 am

218

Adding wooden stand and box to expend area 10:58 am

220

Diagram Analysis After studying in microspace of street trading culture, I tried to use diagrams to analysis different elements in a larger scale. I chose “Tin Sau Bazaar” as my study target because it is the first twilight market that is offically hold by the givernment.

0

25m

Tin Sh u i Wa i , w he re haw k e rs h e l p b r i g hte n u p gr im live s Five ye ars ago, 65-year- o ld C h i n ese - her b hawker Lo Ko ng- ch i n g drowne d when he j um ped i nto t he nullah to escape pursu i n g office rs. Af ter that the o fficer s b ecame less zealo us.

L i u said when the o fficers st ro l l up to the mar ket slowly the h aw kers understand they m u s t l eave q uick ly.

C hief S e cretar y Car r ie Lam Cheng Yue t-ng or m ade a sur pr ise ann ouncement that the gove r n me nt would establi sh a flea mar ke t to be run by t he n on- p rofi t Tung Wah Gro up o f H osp itals.

There will be 200 stalls chargi n g p roposed rents o f HK$800 to H K$1,000, and thi s has draw n i ntere st f ro m residents beyo nd t he daw n m ar ket hawkers.

ht t p s://w w w.scmp.co m/news/hong-kong/ar t ic le/1031044/t in-shui-wa i -w h e re - h aw ke r s - h e l p - b r i g hte n - gr i m- l i ve s

222

Tin Sh u i Wa i m a r ke t force s s ta l l Ti n Shui Wai 's new o pen-a i r h awke r mar k et o pened yesterd ay - h astily and with li ttle fanfare.

O n ly a hand ful o f peo ple were s e en walk ing aro und the mar k et a f ter its 8am o peni ng, as hawker s comp lained o f rushed ar rang em ents, insuffici ent adver ti sing a n d r igid rules. " I ' m still seeing how it go es. I f b usiness over here i s bad, I 'l l p ro b ably spend my mo r nin g s b a ck ove r by the watersi de," sa i d L a u Siu- mui, 68, who sells a ra ng e of dr ied and pick led her b s, a s well as go o ds like rubb er gl oves. " I f the waterside m ar ket was l e galised, of co urse I 'd prefer to b e over the re. That area is more convenient fo r peo ple."

ht t p s : //w w w.scmp.co m/n ews/hong-kong/ar t ic le/1141390/t in-shui-wa i - ma r ke t- fo rce s - s t a l l

LCQ1 9: O p e rat i on a nd m a n a g e m e nt o f Ti n S a u B azaar (1 )(i) The number o f stalls avai l a ble for leasing was 182 at the commencement o f T WGHs' o per ation of Tin S au Baz aar i n e ar l y 2 013. T W G Hs has since co ns o l i d ated some o f the stalls fo r o pt i mising Tin S au Bazaar. Cur rentl y, t he number o f stalls fo r leasing i s 1 77; (i i) the total num bers o f appli c a t i ons for leasing the vacant st al l s (i .e. not includi ng renewal ap pl i c ations) received by Tin S a u B azaar in 2014, 2015 and 2 0 1 6 were 100, 185 and 224 resp ec t i ve ly, w hile the num ber o f appl i c ations re ceived i n 2017 up to S ep temb e r was 158; (i ii) tak ing July i n 2013, 2015 a nd 2 017 as exam ple, the stall vac a nc y rate s were 7 per cent, 14 per ce nt and 4.5 per cent respec ti vely;

ht t ps://w w w.i n fo.gov.h k/gia/general/201710/18/P2017101800590.ht m

224

LCQ1 2: Ti n S a u B a za a r (b) To imp rove the capacit y o f ra inwate r d ispo sal i n the Baz a ar, t he Architec tural S er vices D ep ar tment (ArchS D) had instal l ed a bout 30 addi tio nal draina g e p oints on site i n ear ly Apr i l 201 3 . (i i) To improve the shading i n the B azaar, T WGHs has installed 1 3 l arg e sun u mbrellas o n site si n ce e a r ly Ap r il this year. I t is now ex p l or ing the installatio n o f c u r t ains at the stalls. (v i) T WGH s has secured the co n s ent of the M ass Transi t R ailway Cor poration to di splay di rec ti o na l signs fo r the Baz aar in t he n ear by railway statio ns. (d ) T W GHs has put up public i t y b anners near the Baz aar and o n var ious streets in TS W. I t has a l s o a pp lied to the Leisure and Cu l t u ral S e r v ices D epar tm ent fo r p utting up such banners in Ti n S au R oad Par k . ht t p s://w w w.i n fo.gov.h k/gia/general/201306/05/P201306050202. ht m

Leave our d aw n m a r ke t i n pe a ce, re s i d e nts b e g Vendors and resi dents h ave urg ed the gover nment to leg al i se a p op ular dawn m ar ket in Ti n Shui Wai, where sellers still p l ay c at and mouse with hawker co nt rol office r s six years af ter an e lde r ly hawker drowned whi l e t r ying to avo i d the o fficers.

M ost of the hawkers are Tin Sh u i Wai house wives.

L i u, 62 said the ' t yranny' o f pro pe r t y de velo pers had pushed u p t he cost of items in super mar k ets a nd chain sto res.

Athe na Wo ng Wi ng- chi , a so c i a l wor ker wit h Co m muni t y D e vel opment Alli ance, said: ' Th e mar ke t has a lo ng histo r y. We j oine d forces wi th the hawk er s t wo years ago to nego ti ate w i th t he g over nment depar tm ents, h oping that they wi ll designate a l eg al hawk i ng area fo r the mar ke t nex t to Tin Yan Estate.' ht t p s://w w w.scmp.co m/ar t ic le/1005095/leave - our- d awn-m ar ket-p e a ce - re s i de nt s - b e g

226

J ust tr y in' to m a ke a l i vi n g An e lder ly vendo r, Law Kwong - ching, hawk i ng hi s wa res at “ Tin Kong Hui ” (Dawn M ar k et) n ear the banks o f the Tin Sh u i Wai R iver d rowned, whi le the au t hor itie s were pressi ng a c amp a ign to clear the streets o f u n l i censed sellers. Law had n o l i cense. He k new he wasn’t s u pp o sed to be there. And at fir s t sig ht of th e hawker patro l the old man too k to hi s heels a nd b efore the autho r ities co u l d c atch him, he j umped into the r i ve r, and was swept away by the muddy tor rent.

A wave of gr i ef fo r the drowned man swe p t over the cit y, fo l l owe d close o n by an up welli n g of public indignatio n. Law, a f ather of seven, in death became a n iconic fi gure, hailed as a c h amp ion of the o ppressed.

ht t ps://ch i n a da i l y h k .co m /op inion/2012-08/17/content _75247. ht m l

228

Privacy Level After studying in microspace of street trading culture, I tried to use diagrams to analysis different elements in a larger scale. I chose “Tin Sau Bazaar” as my study target because it is the first twilight market that is offically hold by the givernment.

High privacy: hard to observe ac�vi�es Moderate privacy: able to observe par�al av�vi�es Low privacy: ac�vi�es completely exposed

0

25m

Accessibility After studying in microspace of street trading culture, I tried to use diagrams to analysis different elements in a larger scale. I chose “Tin Sau Bazaar” as my study target because it is the first twilight market that is offically hold by the givernment.

Inaccessible Accessible

0

25m

230

Block Dimension After studying in microspace of street trading culture, I tried to use diagrams to analysis different elements in a larger scale. I chose “Tin Sau Bazaar” as my study target because it is the first twilight market that is offically hold by the givernment.

1000mm below 1800mm 3200mm 3200mm above

0

25m

Propulation After studying in microspace of street trading culture, I tried to use diagrams to analysis different elements in a larger scale. I chose “Tin Sau Bazaar” as my study target because it is the first twilight market that is offically hold by the givernment.

1-3

9-12

4-6

13-15

7-9

15+

0

25m

232

Parcellation/Grid After studying in microspace of street trading culture, I tried to use diagrams to analysis different elements in a larger scale. I chose “Tin Sau Bazaar” as my study target because it is the first twilight market that is offically hold by the givernment.

0

25m

Circulation After studying in microspace of street trading culture, I tried to use diagrams to analysis different elements in a larger scale. I chose “Tin Sau Bazaar” as my study target because it is the first twilight market that is offically hold by the givernment.

0

25m

234

Zoning After studying in microspace of street trading culture, I tried to use diagrams to analysis different elements in a larger scale. I chose “Tin Sau Bazaar” as my study target because it is the first twilight market that is offically hold by the givernment.

Wet Goods Zone Services/ Gi�s Zone Dry Goods Zone Refreshment/ Special Stalls Zone

0

25m

Noise After studying in microspace of street trading culture, I tried to use diagrams to analysis different elements in a larger scale. I chose “Tin Sau Bazaar” as my study target because it is the first twilight market that is offically hold by the givernment.

30dB

60dB

40dB

70dB

50dB

80+dB

0

25m

236

Transportation After studying in microspace of street trading culture, I tried to use diagrams to analysis different elements in a larger scale. I chose “Tin Sau Bazaar” as my study target because it is the first twilight market that is offically hold by the givernment.

0

25m

Activity After studying in microspace of street trading culture, I tried to use diagrams to analysis different elements in a larger scale. I chose “Tin Sau Bazaar” as my study target because it is the first twilight market that is offically hold by the givernment.

si�ng

manicuring

cha�ng

Buying

ea�ng

0

25m

238

Previous Study But then I tried to step back and think of why and how would space formed by the street traders. Because all of us can tell the space is changing when there is street traders and without.

When there are street traders, we will call that place “twilight Market”. If there are not, we will simpily call there “street”.

I wonder why “Same location, Different space” would happened.Is it because of the changing of propose? Or is because of how people define them? From this starting point, I tried to find a suitable definition for space.

China ShenZhen

Mainroads & Highways Hawkers’ stalls Population of Residences

N 0

5

10

15

20km

Theory Reference According to the theory by Edward Relph in Place and Placelessness 1976.

The recognition of spaces as separate entities, with spaces frequented described as places dependent on two components of goal-orientated behaviour: (1) the quality of the place in terms of social and physical resources to satisfy goal-directed behaviour, and (2) how it compares to other alternative places. Comparisons described as involving both the emotional bonds to the setting and the activities afforded by the setting that are not always conscious or continuous but come into play when circumstances heighten awareness.

- Edward Relph

240

Theory Reference According to the theory by Edward Relph in Place and Placelessness 1976.

The activities compare to other alternative places

SPACE Social and physical resources to satisfy goal-directed behaviour

Emotional bonds compare to other alternative places

Theory Reference From Theory of Place in Public Space, the author also try to use Edward Relphâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s theory to analysis place in public space. And I can take some reference from it.

242

Theory Reference From Theory of Place in Public Space, the author also try to use Edward Relphâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s theory to analysis place in public space. And I can take some reference from it.

Theory Reference From Theory of Place in Public Space, the author also try to use Edward Relphâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s theory to analysis place in public space. And I can take some reference from it.

244

Individual Question From this theory, I came up with a question which can lead me in further research study. I want to apply the theory into Hong Kong to see if things really work as what it claimed to be. Can it help to deďŹ ne space in Hong Kong?

How street trading culture in Hong Kong effect the deďŹ nition of space under Edward Relph Theory?

Videos Study

鏗鏘集：深水步天光到午夜

I watched three “Hong Kong Connection”《鏗鏘集》 that about how street traders work daily and how they feel about their job and place. And tried to apply those theories into these twilight markets to see if it fit the definition.

246

Videos Study

In Sham Shui Po, day and night, many neighbourhoods are living on the streets. They have different ages and backgrounds. They are illegally selling on the streets for different reasons, so that they can live their lives with self-reliance and dignity.

The existence of the Tianguang Market and the Midnight Market is a kind of tacit understanding that allows for sale. From 5 am to 7 pm, the Tianguang Market, which is getting deserted, sells the elderly. In the past fifteen years, Chen’s mother-in-law has come here every day to sell and sell all the second-hand items that her neighbours gave her. Although the business is difficult to do, she still does not change the weather every day. She earns one yuan for one dollar and another common one in the afternoon. Street life - pick up paper.

鏗鏘集：深水步天光到午夜

From 10:00 to 12:00, more and more people come to the midnight market to make a living, and it is even harder to eat.

After retiring eight years ago, Chen Tai relied on his own cost of living and put the following to the midnight market. Time is coming, not only accepting more feelings about the night market life. She meets with the night market neighbourhood. Some of the neighbourhoods are for the care of their children. Some of them are sold at the midnight market for the sake of income instability. Everyone is warm and help each other, and the small community has a strong human touch. In order to make it easier for later people to make a living on the streets, Chen Tai and some of the night market neighborhoods actively participated in the legalization of the market.

They claim to be shun people, and they finally go to the streets to fight for their rights. In addition to asking for government dialogue, they have the same wish as other neighborhoods in the market. They hope to be a hawker with dignity.

Videos Study

鏗鏘集：深水步天光到午夜

I watched three “Hong Kong Connection”《鏗鏘集》 that about how street traders work daily and how they feel about their job and place. And tried to apply those theories into these twilight markets to see if it fit the definition.

The activities compare to other alternative places

SPACE Social and physical resources to satisfy goal-directed behaviour

Emotional bonds compare to other alternative places

Sham Shui Po has been one of the places where the grassroots lived intensively for many years, and the problem of regional poverty is particularly serious.

SPACE When stalls were not legalized, street tranders risked being driven away

by FEHD staff at any time, just to earn that meager income and lead a life of necessity.

Sham Shui Po Market has gathered a lot of grass-roots stall owners, not only setting up stalls, but also selling cooked food. Kai Xin is a single mother with a five-year-old daughter. She joined the market mainly because she wanted to get out of CSSA

248

Videos Study I watched three “Hong Kong Connection”《鏗鏘集》 that about how street traders work daily and how they feel about their job and place. And tried to apply those theories into these twilight markets to see if it fit the definition.

鏗鏘集：趁墟

Videos Study

鏗鏘集：趁墟

During the Lunar New Year period, the street cooked food market in various districts is a major feature of Hong Kong. However, in recent years, hawkers have been accused of generating serious noise nuisance and the source of a large amount of garbage.

The tolerance of cooked food hawkers in the past during the New Year has not been seen. Different groups have implemented bottom-up policy initiatives to set up market stalls in various districts to accommodate hawkers. However, the process of running the market is difficult.

Is there a contradiction between the environmental hygiene and the festival tradition? During the Lunar New Year period, the two cooked food markets successfully held in Sham Shui Po but is that what street trader and publics wanted?

250

Videos Study

鏗鏘集：趁墟

I watched three “Hong Kong Connection”《鏗鏘集》 that about how street traders work daily and how they feel about their job and place. And tried to apply those theories into these twilight markets to see if it fit the definition.

The activities compare to other alternative places

SPACE Social and physical resources to satisfy goal-directed behaviour

Mong Kok Twilight Market in luna new year is famous for street trading food.

SPACE People will go to the street during lune new year and they will buy food from the street traders

Citizens condier those food they bought from the street traders are so-called “Hong Kong local traditional food” therefore, they prefer street trader rather than shops.

Emotional bonds compare to other alternative places

Videos Study

鏗鏘集：身邊人身邊事 - 天光墟

I watched three “Hong Kong Connection”《鏗鏘集》 that about how street traders work daily and how they feel about their job and place. And tried to apply those theories into these twilight markets to see if it fit the definition.

252

Videos Study

Every morning at three or four o'clock in the morning, when most of the people are dreaming, in the different regions, there are also large and small Tianguang Markets starting to operate.

At the age of eighty-six, Li Bobo, who had two days in a week, went to the Shenshui Market in Sham Shui Po at four o'clock in the morning, and the goods he sold were picked up by the back stairs of his residence. If you don't apply for CSSA, you only get a thousand yuan of old people, and Li Bobo thinks that it is the most delicious meal that he can earn with his own strength.

There is also a Twilight Market in Tai Po District. The operation time of this farmhouse is from 6 to 9:30. Every morning, many elderly people from inside and outside the city bring their own hand-grown agricultural products to sell, so that the neighbors can buy all kinds of fruits. Vegetables, the elderly can not only earn the life needs, but also share the hard work of the neighborhood.

鏗鏘集：身邊人身邊事 - 天光墟

Videos Study

鏗鏘集：身邊人身邊事 - 天光墟

I watched three “Hong Kong Connection”《鏗鏘集》 that about how street traders work daily and how they feel about their job and place. And tried to apply those theories into these twilight markets to see if it fit the definition.

The activities compare to other alternative places

SPACE Social and physical resources to satisfy goal-directed behaviour

Emotional bonds compare to other alternative places

Sham Shui Po has been one of the places where the grassroots lived intensively for many years, and the problem of regional poverty is particularly serious.

SPACE When stalls were not legalized, street tranders risked being driven away

by FEHD staff at any time, just to earn that meager income and lead a life of necessity.

Sham Shui Po Market has gathered a lot of grass-roots stall owners, not only setting up stalls, but also selling cooked food. Kai Xin is a single mother with a five-year-old daughter. She joined the market mainly because she wanted to get out of CSSA

254

Government Report Study I had studied about the government Sham Shui Po Market Research Report 深水步墟市研究.

During this report, they had listed out some useful directions that I could use in the future study.

50.5% Agree

·Reasonable price ·Convenient location ·Product type is suitable ·Can buy in small quantities ·Can chat with the trader

The proportion of respondents who agree going street trading market in Sham Shui Po is their lifestyle

Respondents selected the proportion of the three market benefits

Proportion of opinions on opening public spaces to become street market at specific times 55.1% Agree

Market Types study I tried to list out different types of street markets that are existing in Hong Kong. I had also listed out some elements that may be considered. I then tried to compare those different types of street markets.

Non-regular street market

Regular street market Street Market types Target Groups

Exsamples

Organizer Application

Goods and Service types

Open Everday, Fixed location

Not everyday, Have regular date and location

Not everyday, NO regular date and location

Not everyday, have specific date time and location

Local residents

Specific Goods Traders

Public. Visitors

Low-income residents

Pai dong (Sham Shui Po) Holiday formar Market Holiday Market through Tenglong Market (Wong Tai (Mei Foo) lending football field Cultural Centre Market (Lunar New Year Fair, etc) Sin) (Tsim Sha Tsui) Tin Sau Bazaar (Tin Shui Wai) Government, Community group

Government, Community group

Government

Need to apply throught differnet departments for differnet kinds of lience and permition

Twighit Market (Sham Shui Po, Hung Hom, Tin Shui Wai) N/A N/A

·Wet goods ( Vegetable etc) ·Dry goods ( Toys, dry seafood etc) ·Culture, Art, Craft ( Drawings, Accessories etc) ·Sundry Goods, Daily Commodies ( Cothes, Candles, Plants etc) ·Service ( Tailoring, hair cutting, massage etc) ·Second-hand goods ( Bicycle, Furniture, Kitchenware etc) 256

Market Types study I tried to list out different types of street markets that are existing in Hong Kong. I had also listed out some elements that may be considered. I then tried to compare those different types of street markets.

Street Market types

Twilight Market

Holiday Market

Cultural Centre Market

Tin Sau Bazaar

Direct trading activities in specific time and location

Have specific date time and location

Only in specific date, no fixed location

Not everyday, Have regular date and location

Open Everday, Fixed location

Trader's participation autonomy

Can participate freely, No application needed

Application limit is low, Citizen can participate as Part-time

Application limit is low, Citizen can participate as Part-time

Application limit is low, Citizen can participate as Part-time

Meeting the shopping, leisure and production needs of low-income residents

Connceted with specific holidays

Connceted with specific consumption or culture needed (Art, create, Carft and Organic produce)

Meet the general consumption needs of the citizens

Reuse the public space in midnight or early moring

Public space will change its funtion through specific time

Public space will change its funtion through specific time

Government plan the use of space

Elements

Connected with Culture and demands

Public space operation

Sites Study

Mong Kok Twilight Market

I also tried to analaysis through my own research and study on different twilight markets 天光墟 in different location.

And tried to apply those theories into these twilight markets to see if it fit the definition.

The Mong Kok Tin Kuk Market is located near the Flower Market at Boundary Street. It is sold from Monday to Sunday and is open from 5:30 am to 7:00 am. The street traders will put bags of goldfish on top of styrofoam box. This scene was spectacular.

At about 5 am every day, when everyone was still asleep, the traders of Twilight Market arrived and began to prepare for the stalls. There are many types of sales in Twilight Market, not only goldfish, tropical fish, but also aquarium supplies, shrimps, turtles and aquatic plants.

258

Mong Kok Twilight Market

Sites Study I also tried to analaysis through my own research and study on different twilight markets 天光墟 in different location.

And tried to apply those theories into these twilight markets to see if it fit the definition.

Mong Kok Twilight Market is differnet because of it is the only one twilight market that sell goldfish

SPACE Boundary Street has a flat surface for the traders to list up their products.

It is a long path that visitors can walk along to find our interest.

Mong Kok Twilight Market had 60 years history.

With the accumulation of the years, the street traders and regular customers meet and chat every week to form a neighborhood relationship and continue the cultural scene of the market.

Sites Study

Sheung Shui Twilight Market

I also tried to analaysis through my own research and study on different twilight markets 天光墟 in different location.

And tried to apply those theories into these twilight markets to see if it fit the definition.

In 1984, the Shangshui Agricultural Products Sales Market (commonly known as Sheung Shui Twilight Market) was established. The low-regulated Tianguang Market is designated by the government to seal the open space and sell agricultural products produced by the villagers in the shangshui. It also allows individual street traders to sell for free on a first-come, first-served basis. This kind of low cost, simple administration, local conditions and the traditional style of the market in the community, in fact, can immediately facilitate the sale of traders and customers in need.

260

Sites Study

Sheung Shui Twilight Market

I also tried to analaysis through my own research and study on different twilight markets 天光墟 in different location.

And tried to apply those theories into these twilight markets to see if it fit the definition.

Shangshui twilight market is a legal Market ran by the governent that still keep the original mobile trading culture

SPACE Shangshui Twilight Market is held in a government area that was surrounded by fence. The area is very clear and Traders do not need to run away from police.

In addition to providing another shopping option, the market also allows neighbourhood to have a happy family time. It carries the feelings of tarders and residents in shangshui, and allows them to share their handicrafts and ideas with others through the market

Sites Study

Aberdeen Twilight Market

I also tried to analaysis through my own research and study on different twilight markets 天光墟 in different location.

And tried to apply those theories into these twilight markets to see if it fit the definition.

The Twilight Market in Aberdeen has been in operation since the sunrise. It is located next to the Aberdeen Fishery Market.

Sometimes seafood is sold at 5 am. It is a marketplace with different seafood sales that becomes a hotspot for citizens.

There is no specific closing time for such street traders. As long as the seafood is sold out or they want to, the fish market will generally only accept wholesale purchases. However, this type of small street trades in Tianguang Market is different, so you can buy seafood in lower prices.

262

Sites Study

Aberdeen Twilight Market

I also tried to analaysis through my own research and study on different twilight markets 天光墟 in different location.

And tried to apply those theories into these twilight markets to see if it fit the definition.

Aberdeen Twilight Market is famous for it selling seafood activity.

SPACE Aberdeen Twilight Market is next Aberdeen Fishery Market and ocean.

Therefore Traders can directly sell their seafood once they catched.

Aberdeen Twilight Market has a deep history background. It had already became a consensus between the residents and traders..

Diagram Analysis

Sheung Shui Twilight Market

After studying about the thoery and apply it on analysising, I step back to diagram analysis which i can try to compare two different Twilight Market in Hong Kong. The second location I chose is Sheung Shui Twilight Market which is called the most suceesful Twilight Market in Hong Kong. I can use it to compare with Tin Sau Bazaar which is called a failure.

0

25m

264

Privacy Level

Sheung Shui Twilight Market

High privacy: hard to observe ac�vi�es Moderate privacy: able to observe par�al av�vi�es Low privacy: ac�vi�es completely exposed

0

25m

Accessibility

Sheung Shui Twilight Market

Inaccessible Accessible

0

25m

266

Block Dimension

Sheung Shui Twilight Market

300mm below 301-400mm 401-500mm 600mm above

0

25m

Propulation

Sheung Shui Twilight Market

1-3

9-12

4-6

13-15

7-9

15+

0

25m

268

Parcellation/Grid

Sheung Shui Twilight Market

0

25m

Circulation

Sheung Shui Twilight Market

0

25m

270

Zoning

Sheung Shui Twilight Market

Seafood Zone Vegetable Zone dry food Zone Meat Zone

0

25m

Activity

Sheung Shui Twilight Market

si�ng

manicuring

cha�ng

Buying

walking

0

25m

272

III. CARDBOARD UNITS

Domestic helpers who are mostly from the Philippines go out and gather on Sunday and public holiday. They use cardboard pieces and other materials to build up a small temporary space for a group of friends to rest and entertain, killing a whole dayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s time there. In countries such as Singapore, government has provided a area specially for domestic helpers on holiday, yet there is no such a place in Hongkong. So it is quite amazing to see how these domestic helpers build up a their own place, some attaching to the walls or handrails, and some just coming out without any supports from the environment. Therefore, this research is going to look at various aspects of domestic helpersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; gathering on podium of HSBC building in Central, including the construction process, humanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s activities, and so on.

274

CARDBOARD UNITS

Using cardboard pieces and other materials, foreign domestic helpers build up a small temporary space for groups to rest ,entertain and kill time.

China ShenZhen

Mainroads & Highways

Domestic helpersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; gathering Zones

N 0

5

10

15

20km

276

LCQ3:

FOREIGN DOMESTIC HELPERS GATHER IN PUBLIC PLACES ON HOLIDAYS

https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201805/23/P2018052300422.htm?fontSize=1 The following is a question by the Hon Lau Kai-yan and a reply by the Secretary for Labour and Welfare, Dr Lo Yik-kuk, in the Legislative Council today (May 23):

objectives, operational difficulties and effectiveness of the project; if so, of the results, and Of the improvement measures; whether the Administration will consider setting up additional Q: At present, there are more than centres in various districts to facilitate 350,000 foreign domestic help ers the use of foreign domestic helpers; and (hereinafter referred to as foreign domestic helpers) in Hong Kong. Every (c) Under the premise of balancing holiday, a large number of foreign the rights of foreign domestic helpers d o m e st i c h e l p e rs g at h e r i n p u b li c and the public to use public space and p la ce s s u ch as pa rks, fo otb r id g es related obligations, what new thinking a n d p e d e st r i a n b r i d g e s . T h ey s i t is there to alleviate the problems on the ground, eat and sleep, thus caused by foreign domestic helpers affecting the daily life of the citizens, gathering in public places on holidays? t h e b u s i n e s s o p e rat i o n s a n d t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l s a n i t at i o n o f t h e A: At present, nearly 380,000 foreign public places. This problem has been domestic workers (FDHs) are working g o i n g o n fo r m a ny ye a rs a n d h a s in Hong Kong. Domestic helpers help deteriorated. In this connection, will local families with household chores the Government inform this Council: and care for the elderly and young, thus releasing the labour potential of the (a) whether it knows the details of the local population and contributing greatly hot gathering places of the foreign to the development of Hong Kong. The domestic helpers, including the average government has been committed to number of gatherings, the gathering enhancing the protection and support time, the general activities of the of foreign domestic helpers through foreign domestic help ers, and the various channels, such as publicity and number of staff assigned to the various education activities, and maintaining locations by the various government H o n g Ko n g a s a p l a c e t o at t ra c t d e p a r t m e nt s d u r i n g t h e re l e v a nt foreign domestic help ers to work. period (by District Council District) (available separately); if there is no such (1) The government does not have information, why and whether it will be detailed statistics on the gathering of collected; in the past three years, how foreign domestic helpers in public places many relevant complaints were received during holidays. Generally speaking, by the Administration each year and t h e n u m b e r o f fo r e i g n d o m e s t i c how many foreign domestic helpers were helpers is more than on Saturdays and involved in these places for various Sundays. They hold social or religious offences? Verbal warnings, notices of gatherings and activities in the parks fines and summons, and convictions; or footbridges in the Midwest and Yau Tsim Mong District, Victoria Park ( b ) I n v i e w o f t h e G o v e r n m e n t ’ s (Victoria Park) in Wan Chai District and launch of the FDH in 1994, the school its vicinity, as well as at the bottom premises which were vacated by the of Kwai Chung Road Flyover in Mobil. s eve n s c h o o l s we re c o m m i ss i o n e d There is no special place for government as FDH activities centres. However, departments to be stationed where only one centre is still operating. Or foreign domestic workers are gathered. the details of the past, including the In the past three years, the Leisure and opening and closing of the year, the Cultural Services Department (UNESCO) facilities provided, the number of open h a s r e c e i v e d c o m p l a i n t s , v e r b a l hours and the average usage rate, and warnings, fine notices, summonses and the reasons for the closure; whether convictions concerning foreign domestic the Administration has reviewed the helpers gathered at UNESCO facilities,

as shown in the attached table. Other government departments do not keep relevant sub-statistics on cases involving foreign domestic helpers.

joint action in accordance with their respective terms of reference, at the request of the district council, District personages and relevant departments.

(2) In 1994, with the cooperation of various departments, including the then Municipal Administration (now the Food and Environmental Hygiene Department), the Police Department, the Education Department (now the E d u c at i o n B u re a u ), t h e Tra n s p o r t Department and the Civil Affairs Bureau/ General Administration of Civil Affairs, the Government rented an old school site in Kennedy City to Hong Kong to pay a visit. Renliheng Trust Association (RITA) establishes overseas domestic workers’centers for foreign domestic workers to gather and hold activities during their holidays. The Association is a non-profit organization composed of a group of Philippine businessmen in Hong Kong. It is fully responsible for the funding, publicity and management of overseas domestic workers’centers.

The centre is open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. from Monday to Thursday, and from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. on Saturdays and from 9 a.m. to 7 p.m. on Sundays. It provides facilities such as auditorium, classroom, library, music room and photocopier.

The centre has been operating so far, attracting 1,800 foreign domestic workers to use its facilities on Sundays and public holidays. According to the a r ra n g e m e nt, t h e a s s o c i at i o n c a n apply to six schools to rent venues for activities on Sunday according to its needs and actual conditions. At present, the government has no plans to add overseas domestic workers’centers.

In joint operations, the Civil Affairs Department, together with relevant law enforcement agencies, will educate relevant persons and liaise with relevant foreign domestic help ers associations as needed to improve the above problems. For example, in the case of illegal cooking by foreign domestic helpers in and around the Uygur Garden, the Wanchai District Management Committee, together with the Food and Environmental Protection Department, the Kangwen Department, the Immigration Department, the Police Department and District Councillors, sent leaflets to the Uygur Garden area to exhort foreign domestic helpers not to sell illegally, and not to cook in public places and block roads.

(3) The problems caused by the gathering of foreign domestic helpers involve many law enforcement agencies, such as the Food and Environmental Protection Department, the Kangwen Department, t h e I m m i g rat i o n D e p a r t m e nt (t h e Immigration Department) and the Police Department. When necessary, the Civil Affairs Office will liaise and coordinate with the relevant law enforcement departments in the district to take

I n a d d i t i o n to g at h e r i n g i n p u b li c places, as other citizens and/or groups, individual FDH and/or FDH groups may apply to relevant departments for renting different public venues and facilities, such as recreational and sports cultural venues and community h a ll fa c ili t i e s, to u s e o r o rg a n i ze different types of venues and facilities, subject to the relevant regulations on rental of venues. Activities.

May 23, 2018

The number of complaints, verbal warnings, notices of fines, summonses and convictions received by the Leisure and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in relation to the arrangement of foreign domestic helpers (FDHs) at the LCSD facilities are as follows: 2015 2016 2017 Complaint • Block public places • Block public places • Block public places （9） （2） （12） • Unlicensed sale • Unlicensed sale • Unlicensed sale （2） （2） （4） • Noise nuisance • Noise nuisance • Noise nuisance （2） （1） （1） • Suspected gambling in • public places (1) • Sleeping and playing music on the park lawn (2) • Too many foreign domestic helpers using toilet facilities (1) • Gathering in the park to occupy the venue (1) verbal warning

• • • •

Block public places （1455） Unlicensed sale （280） Hinder street cleaning（140） Noise nuisance （3）

• • • •

Block public places （1604） Unlicensed sale （292） Hinder street cleaning（140） Noise nuisance （3）

• • • •

Block public places （1958） Unlicensed sale （321） Hinder street cleaning（140） Noise nuisance （4）

Fine notice

• •

Littering (26) Smoking（25）

• •

Littering (21) Smoking（18）

• •

Littering (1) Smoking（16）

Summons

•

Unlicensed sale （7）

•

Unlicensed sale （4）

•

Unlicensed sale （2）

Conviction

•

Unlicensed sale （7）

•

Unlicensed sale （4）

•

Unlicensed sale （2）

278

SCMP:

FOREIGN DOMESTIC HELPERS IN HONG KONG deserve a proper place to meet on their days off https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/2148690/foreigndomestic-helpers-hong-kong-deserve-proper-place-meet A l b e r t C h e n g s ay s a l e g i s l at o r ’ s i n s e n s i t i ve re m a r ks n eve r t h e l e s s highlighted a real need in Hong Kong – our 380,000 foreign domestic workers should have somewhere to meet, rest and enjoy themselves, rather than being forced to gather in public spaces

Hong Kong today hosts about 380,000 foreign domestic workers, who make up 5 per cent of the population. They are mainly from the Philippines and I n d o n e s i a . O n S u n d ays a n d p u b li c holidays, they gather in such numbers that businesses now provide goods and services to tap their buying power, such as the foreign exchange services and shops selling ethnic food. Popular hangout spots like World-Wide House in Central and Victoria Park in Causeway Bay turn into a “mini Philippines” and a “mini Indonesia” during the holidays.

L a w m a ke r E u n i c e Yu n g H o i -y a n ’ s observation in the Legislative Council last week that foreign domestic workers i n H o n g Ko n g affe c te d t h e c i t y ’ s “environmental hygiene” by gathering in large numbers in public places during holidays has ignited a firestorm of criticism.

This is not unique to Hong Kong. Around the world, ethnic minority groups To be fair, Yung was addressing a known establish themselves in certain parts of fact; however, the responsibility for the a city, creating cultural and economic “problem” lies not with the workers who value for their host society. contribute to Hong Kong’s economy and stability, but with the government and Mindful of Hong Kong’s reputation employers who give them no choice but as an inclusive and diverse city, the to gather in public spaces. government should help foreign domestic workers establish themselves here.

Since the Hong Kong economy took off However, in response to Yung’s concern in the late 1970s, foreign domestic at the Legco session, the Secretary for workers have become a key contributor Labour and Welfare, Dr Law Chi-kwong, to the smo oth running of so ciety. said a former school site in Kennedy Without their help in doing housework, Town had already been turned into a and taking care of the old and the centre for foreign domestic workers, young, the female labour force would and there were no plans for any more. not have been unlocked. These foreign workers laid a solid foundation for the But why not? In fact, since Central city to transform itself to a prosperous has become a main gathering place for service economy. domestic helpers, why not turn PMQ or a similar venue in the area into a A lot of Hong Kong people acknowledge centre hosting cultural activities for their contribution and, in return, are the workers? It would be a win-win willing to accept the “problem” raised solution: the workers would have a

by Yung. Hong Kong people see domestic fixed gathering spot on holidays, and workers congregating in public spaces, PMQ, a creative hub housed in a former but they take a lenient attitude to any compound for police officers, would draw inconvenience caused. in more people. After all, businesses at the PMQ could use a lift.

According to the figures provided by the Leisure and Cultural Services We should not ignore the needs of Department, in the past three years, t h e s e w o r ke r s, w h o a r e v a l u a b l e only a total of 40 complaints were made members of our society, too. Over regarding domestic workers causing the weekend, about 150 workers took a public nuisance. The small number part in a protest march against Yung’s of complaints shows Hongkongers’ discriminatory remarks. As suggested tolerance towards the workers. in a commentary in the Post, if the domestic workers came together and

staged a strike for one week, the impact on society would be equivalent to that of Occupy Central.

Last but not least, all things change.

With the booming economy in Asia, c o u nt r i e s li ke t h e P h ili p p i n e s a n d Indonesia are going to become prosperous one day. And with the low wages Hong Kong offers to foreign domestic helpers, they will not choose to work here. The number of Thai workers here have already dropped over the years. If the racism and discrimination towards these workers remain, one day, they, too, will leave Hong Kong, just like the Thais. So, Hong Kong people, please treat your domestic workers well.

280

Materials

Cardboard pieces: basic element

Clip: clip things together

Nylon strips: junction material between cardboards

Umbrella: block the sun and keep privacy

Cloth: block sun as cover

Plsstic cloth: replace cardboard

BUBBLE DIAGRAMS

food zone

Heavy bags: pack things and support side cardboard

rest zone

Access

Leisure zone

Trading zone

art zone

Entrance

Public Gathering Square

Bus Sta�ons

USERS’ DIAGRAM Concepts/aims

w ro /public

SPATIAL EXPERIENCE

ering

Gath

om ics Police

Local Resid e

Stree t Cult ure

ing

Lo ca l

er

rs

nts

pe

op le

rs

ge en av Sc

ty Proper

emen t

pe tic Hel Domes

st re et

ag

Ec on

Ol d

an

nw er s

s

Street scape

PROGRAM & USERS

r lla Co te

hi

ian

Ethnic g in Gather

CULTURE

base Home-ops Sh

s ur

W r et ds Pe

M et re St

e ag ck ry Pa live De

SOCIETY

owners

Manag

e Centr Social

bo La

riv at e

opened

ps o

Traffic cone: hold tubular cardboard

et

Sh o

Front stre

mi -p

e

Se

St re et Tr ad

Al ley

i ng rk wo gle nit Sin u

Ba ck

lg Assemba

s ce

a Sp

Sm al Owl Bu ne sin rs ess

r Na

Users & identity

Trolley Wood

Programmes

Wand eres

Box: define the space and used as table

LEISURE PARK

Domes�c helpers group

Commercial buildings

282

Construction process

Cardboard box

Trolley to transport folded cardboard pieces

Unfold cardboard into a flat piece

284

Fold the bottom part to make an L shape

Add another cardboard piece with one side folded to reinforce corner

286

Cover the floor with more flat cardboard mats

Allow sitting and entertainment

288

Add more partition cardboards

4 sides of partition with entrance

290

Unit with 3 sides of partition suppoted by other unit

Construction details

292

How to connect unit to unit?

Poke holes in cardboard with scissor

294

Drop nylon strip through the holes

Knot

296

OR

How to connect cloth cover to cardboard?

298

Use clip

Use nylon strip

300

Cardboard dimension 2600

3460

650

1200

size (mm)

1200

650

500

Smallest cardboard unit on site: 0.78m2 Maximum human capacity: 2

302

3460

2600

Largest cardboard unit on site: 9m2 Maximum human capacity: around 20

0

300

400

500

304

800

1000

height (mm)

760

300

306

790

400

800

500

308

800 800

1000

800

310

Site plan

Podium of HSBC Building, 1 Queenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Road Central, Central

2017

Podium of HSBC Building

312

measured area

column

Domestic helper layout plan

domestic helper cardboard mat cardboard unit with sides

314

2019.9.14-15

the back of HSBC Building

Plan

Domestic helper layout plan

316

domestic helper cardboard mat cardboard unit with sides warning handrail umbrella

Specific unit/group

318

Details 320

Section

2019.9.14

Umbrella

Cloth cover

Handrail

Cardboard Traffic cone

Interview

When: Every Sunday and public holiday Arrive at 6 to 8am, some stay over night Leave at 7 to 8pm, but recently at 3 Where: Gather on the ground floor inside HSBC HSBC closed for months for protest so they gather in front and at back of HSBC At the same spot every week and no one else will take the place.

What activity: Singing, chatting, playing cards, sleeping, Manicuring (nail salon: 10 nails/$30) How much: How much is the cardboard?

They rent cardboard every time from the seller. $1.2 for 1kg, $10 for one piece of big cardboard should return to the seller who will collect after gathering, should not keep the cardboard except for a two-day holiday.

322

Timeline 2019.9.15 Construction line Activity line

6:40

Only Cardboards for sitting are left here without people

7:02

The first comer 324

7:11

The second comer

7:12

326

7:13

Start their ‘constrution’

Details 328

7:16

More friends come and join their â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;construtionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Details 330

7:21

New comer

7:28

Chatting

332

7:54

Having breakfast

Details 334

8:02

One is leaving to church; Start raining so they collect back the side cardboard and open umbrella

8:05

Friends in other group come to chat with them for a while

336

8:19

Add cardboard supported by body to shelter them from rain

8:34

Rebuild side cardcoard, increase the height to block the rain

338

Details

Details 340

8:46

Most of them left

9:19

One of the original girl come back; two new comers; two purchase service (manicure)

342

Details

Timeline Space change

6:40

Only Cardboards for sitting are left here without people handrail

cardboard mat

floor tile

2400 344

7:21

boxes with suplly

packages

side cardboard

8:02

Start raining so they collect back the side cardboard and open umbrella

346

8:19

Add cardboard supported by body to shelter them from rain

8:34

Rebuild side cardcoard, increase the height to block the rain

348

9:19

Most people on site during time, finish building

Mapping diagram

350

Infrastructure D2 D1

G

H

J3 J1 Entrance Landmark Prince’s

Entrance

L J2

Statue Square

Court of Final Appeal

Public toliet

Lambeth Walk Rest Garden

HSBC Building

Queen’s Road Cetral

Store Public Toilet

Eat & drink Park/Garden Cheung Kong Park

Church

St. John’s Cathedral Book Store

St. John’s Cathedral

Entrance

HSBC Building

Queen’s Road Cetral

Public Toilet

Pedestrian pathway MTR line Busline

St. John’s Cathedral Book Store

St. John’s Cathedral

352

354

Mapping diagram

cardboard mat cardboard unit with sides warning handrail umbrella warning line

356

Privacy level

Accessibility

Inaccessible Accessible

358

Block dimension

N/A

-7.5m²

-1.5m²

-9.0m²

-3.0m²

-10.5m²

-4.5m²

-12.0m²

-6.0m²

1-3

9-12

4-6

13-15

7-9

15+

360

playing cards singing laying down manicuring

362

364

CONC LUSIO N

366

368

370

Construction line Activity line

6:40

Only Cardboards for sitting are left here without people

Setting in early mo rning

Setting in early mo rning

7:02

The first comer

P u tti ng i r on pannel on the tr olley

Putting suitcase on card b oard

The seco

A

A

7:13 7:11

7:12

ond comer

Ad d i n g Store a r ea

Adding display area

Start their â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;construtionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

St art selli n g i n m orn i n g

Start selling in morning

U si ng trolley to tra nsfer products

U si n g trolley to tra n sfer products

372

7:16 7:21

More friends come and join their â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;construtionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Peo ple started c ho o sing pro duc ts

New comer

Having br

Di scussi n g

D i scu ssi ng Peo ple started c ho o sing pro duc ts

7:54

8:02

One is leaving to church; Start raining so they collect back the side cardboard and open umbrella

reakfast

Pe ople are g one

U s i n g t ro lley t o t ra n s fer p ro du c t s

Peopl e ar e g one

U si ng trolley to tra nsfer products

8:05

Friends in other group come to chat with them for a while

P ic king ite m s

P i ck i ng i t ems

374

SCALE & MODULARS From the research, the difference in the scales and scope of the selected sites plays an important role on creating types of disruptive microspaces.

Their units and surrounding environment a re h i g h l y re l ate d to the pro grammes and durations. For the canopies and alleys which are assumed in a LINEAR

unit, those in-between spaces and spaces under the shelters create a space for the shortest time of usage. It is not a space for stay but a pathway and transition instead. For the markets and hawkers, they are mostly settled in a plaza or a wide street that afixed area is preserved

fo r t h e i r o c c u p at i o n .

Despite the illegality, most of the hawkers set up their own spaces with an easy and convenient method through a 1 - p e r s o n m o d u l a r.

For the cardboard gathering units, it is a big scale that the whole ecosystem is settled in a plaza or park as a unit of planar. From these three

studies, although all of them are involved with the time changes due to the spaces construction a n d h u m a n a c t i v i t e s, their areas and scales can be an indication of the frequency of time changes and durations.

CONTEXT & CONSTRUCTION T h e d i s r u pt i ve l eve l s of a microspace is h i g h l y r e l at e d t o i t s s p at i a l e l e m e nt s a n d constructions. There are simple construction of the temporary covers and cardboard units. These create a more flexible spaces that the users can change their spaces easily according to their demands. Unlikely, some

mechanics parts or technical connections c an b e fo u n d in so m e hawkers or shelter. They are not easy for quick disassemblage. In other words, the users in those spaces have a lower frequency of changes.

TIME & SPATIAL EXPERIENCE The users in different s p a c e s a n d h o w t h ey interact with each other a re t h e m a i n fa c t o rs of forming disruption.

Shortly conclude, types of users including passengers, wanders or residents are found i n d i ffe re nt t y p e s of disruptive microspaces.

They present different types of active or

passive programmes with their demands. There is a wide range of relevant d u rat i o n o f st ay a n d the frequency of time changes of the spaces.

These studies also figure out the problem of lack of spaces for multimodals

376

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