Report on the 8th Annual Child and Family Poverty Surveys 2024

Report on the 8th Annual Child and Family Poverty Surveys 2024

Karen McFarlane | October 2024

Fatiha Ali, Anna Westall, Rachel Beddoe

In partnership with

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the ECPN steering group members and Parents Connect Wales for their collaboration and support.

Children in Wales would like to sincerely thank all of the parents, carers, children, young people, practitioners and professionals who participated in the survey. Without them our surveys and this report would not be possible. Thank you.

In memory of Karen McFarlane, who authored the reports from 2021-2024.

The quotes used in this report are those kindly provided by the survey respondents.

This report is funded by Welsh Government. The views expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the funder.

The views in this report are those of respondents to the questions in the survey and do not necessarily represent the views of Children in Wales.

This report forms the main publication of the findings from the Children in Wales Annual Child & Family Poverty Surveys 2024. In addition, the findings have been published into separate, smaller reports and are all available on the Children in Wales website:

Children and Young People: Findings report

Parents/ Carers: Findings Report

Practitioners and Professionals: Findings report

Infographic summaries

Children and Young People’s Version of their findings

Contact details: info@childreninwales.org.uk

About Children in Wales

Our Vision: Building a Wales where all children and young people have all their rights fulfilled.

We are the national umbrella body for organisations and individuals who work with children, young people and their families in Wales. We work closely with Welsh Government and others in Wales to ensure that children's rights are at the forefront of policy and decision making.

To do this we focus on ensuring that children and young people in Wales have a voice, we fight for sustainable and equitable services, advocate for policy changes in Wales and connect and represent the work being undertaken by our membership.

Our membership includes individuals and organisations from the voluntary, statutory and professional sectors. We also work directly with children and young people on a number of different projects and have a dedicated membership for our young audience.

To find out more about our work or to become a member of Children in Wales, contact membership@childreninwales.org.uk

About Parents Connect Wales

Parents Connect Wales (PCW) is a project led by Children in Wales and funded by Welsh Government. It is aimed at empowering the voices of parents/ carers to promote children’s rights.

Parents Connect Wales has established:-

• A professionals’ forum with 110 members to date

• A parent advisory group with 6 parent representatives

• 22 local representatives, one in each of the local authorities in Wales

• An online platform called the ‘Parents Connect Wales’ Online Hub

To find out more about the Parents Connect Wales project, then please visit the online hub or contact parentsconnect@childreninwales.org.uk

NB When we refer to ‘parents’ we use this as an inclusive term that includes parents (both mothers and fathers), carers, grandparents, foster parents, adoptive parents or anyone with parental responsibility.

About End Child Poverty Network Cymru

The End Child Poverty Network (ECPN) Cymru is a coalition of organisations focused on the eradication of child poverty in Wales, co-ordinated and managed on a day-to-day basis by Children in Wales.

Its Steering Group includes representation from across the voluntary and statutory sectors, and the wider network has over 1200 supporting members from a broad cross-section of agencies.

If you would like to join the wider End Child Poverty Network Cymru, please visit the website or contact info@childreninwales.org.uk

Children’s Rights and Poverty

Poverty contravenes a number of Articles laid out in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC).

The UNCRC is an international agreement setting out the rights of children and young people up to the age of 18 years. It is based on three principles: participation, protection and provision.

In 2011, the UNCRC became enshrined in Welsh law through the Rights of Children and Young Persons (Wales) Measure 2011. This Measure places a duty on Welsh Ministers to have a due regard to the UNCRC when developing or reviewing legislation and policy.

Poverty denies children and young people many of their rights:

• Their rights to develop their full potential (Article 6)

• Their rights to the best possible health and nutritious food (Article 24)

• Their rights to benefit from social security (Article 26)

• Their rights to an adequate standard of living that meets and supports their needs (Article 27)

• Their rights to an education and on the basis of equal opportunity (Article 28)

• Their rights to play and leisure opportunities (Article 31)

The Social Services and Well-being Act 2014 places a similar due regard duty on named public bodies, including local authorities and health boards, to the UNCRC when discharging their functions regionally and locally.

In March 2021, the Socio-economic Duty came into force in Wales. This duty means that specific public bodies must consider how their strategic decisions can improve inequality of outcome for people who experience socio-economic disadvantage.

In January 2024, Welsh Government published their updated Child Poverty Strategy to help prevent and mitigate child poverty.

Parents/ Carers and Children’s Rights

The UNCRC mentions the words ‘parents’ and ‘families’ more than ‘children’ and recognises that children’s rights are protected first within families.

The following articles recognise the crucial role of parents and families in protecting and caring for children:-

• Their right to have their best interests considered in all decisions that affect them (Article 3)

• Their right for the role of their parents/ carers to be recognised and respected so that children can access all their rights (Article 5)

• Their right to be bought up by both parents if possible (Article 18)

Poverty can deny parents/ carers’ the ability to fulfil their children’s rights and ensure that they are being met.

You can find out more about how parents can support children’s rights here;UNCRC_Understanding_Childrens_Rights.pdf (childreninwales.org.uk)

Introduction

“People are losing hope and being pushed further and further into poverty.”

The findings from the 2024 surveys paint a very bleak picture of the impact poverty is having on thousands of babies, children, young people and families across Wales. Whilst the latest statistics show that 29% of children in Wales are living in poverty, this tells us very little about the impact poverty is having on day to day lives. Respondents to successive annual surveys have been fairly consistent in identifying the challenges and barriers families are facing. Given this context, rather than repeating much of the information contained in previous reports, this 2024 report provides a brief summary of the main findings for each of the themes surveyed.

This year we very much welcome the addition of information from our new parents/ carers survey. Hearing the views of parents and carers directly is essential in helping us to gain a better understanding of the impact and challenges they are facing from their own perspectives.

Across all 3 of our surveys, many of the findings are very similar, despite different questions being posed to the 3 distinct groups. The overriding theme emerging from this year’s surveys was the impact that poverty related issues are having on people’s emotional and mental health, affecting babies, children, young people and their parents. Regardless of the topic, mental health was raised throughout all 3 surveys. Children and young people repeatedly used words such as ‘sad’, ‘depressed’, ‘anxious’ and ‘upset’ in their comments, and practitioners reported an increase in the numbers of parents and children needing mental health support, often in immediate crisis situations. Practitioners stated that the ‘poverty situation has been so bad for so long, that resilience is at an all-time low’. For parents, their comments reflect the very real challenges they face on a daily basis and they also recognise the impact this is having on their children. Inevitably, this increases their own feelings of guilt and anxiety.

“Every parent wants the best for their children and feel guilt when they can’t even cover the basics.”

Children and young people continue to report experiencing or witnessing poverty related bullying, with some sharing the direct impact this has had on them, their mental health and their school attendance. The overwhelming majority of children and young people referred to issues around school uniform as the greatest cause of bullying, as 79% report that uniforms still have to include badges and logos, despite the greater costs than non-branded items of clothing. A number remarked that as they did not earn the money to buy their uniform, why should they receive punishment for being unable to comply. Quite frankly, it is difficult to argue against their stance on this.

Parents were concerned about the stigma of poverty, experiencing the impact of this first hand, and for their children and young people they were worried about isolation both inside and outside of school and how those living in poverty were treated. Children and young people also highlighted significant differences in educational opportunities for those living in poverty, which included access to school trips, activities and events and the ability to afford transport to get to school.

Practitioners, professionals and parents cited the cost of living as having the overall greatest financial impact on those living in poverty, correlated with many other factors, such as the high costs of rent, transport and utilities, as well as the impact of low wages and accessing welfare benefits.

This year’s findings saw a considerable increase in comments about the impact of funding and cuts to essential support services. Whilst these mainly focused on mental health services, particularly for children and adolescents, many highlighted the loss of capacity and offer of early intervention services which help prevent problems from escalating.

Parents highlighted how current systems are failing, of postcode lotteries with Flying Start support and reliance on benefits. Many living in low-income households reported struggling with little or no financial support and commented on the impact this has across their daily lives.

There were significantly more references made to housing issues than previous survey results. Affordability of rent, poor housing conditions and increased use of temporary accommodation was commented on most frequently.

As previously stated, the findings from our surveys remain bleak and continue to highlight how we as a society are continuing to fail children and young people who live in low-income households. It cannot, therefore, be surprising that many of those responding use terms such as ‘hopelessness’ and ‘despair’ and describe uncertain, unchanging futures.

Finally, all 3 surveys provided an opportunity for respondents to identify solutions and priorities to help tackle the scourge of child poverty, which it is hoped will prove invaluable for decision makers when determining the actions they will take to prevent and mitigate the impact of poverty on children and their families. It is however within all of our powers to consider what more we can do to better support babies, children and young people in low-income households, by maintaining and strengthening access to core essential services, as well as through adopting an empathetic approach throughout our practice and increasing our own awareness and understanding.

Practitioners and professionals survey findings

About the survey

Our survey sought to gain an insight into the experiences and observations of those working directly or indirectly with children, young people and their families. The survey ran for a period of 5 weeks (30 April – 7 June 2024) and was completed anonymously.

Respondents were asked to respond to poverty related questions across a number of areas and included a combination of multiple-choice and open questions, enabling them to share their views and experiences. This report is the 8th in the series, enabling us to track trends and developments annually across Wales.

Who responded

Practitioners and professionals responded from 21 local authority areas across Wales. A total of 194 responses were received, with 82% of respondents working directly with children, young people and families.

All respondents had a remit for children, young people and/or families. Those directly involved with children and families, work with a minimum of 62,000 families each year. This figure is a cautious, adjusted estimate and care has been taken to exclude the possibility of ‘double counting’ across organisations and local authority areas. The original, unadjusted minimum figure is 98,000 families.

The remaining 18% of respondents worked indirectly with children and families in areas such as policy development, managerial roles and academia.

Services & Other

Childcare Provider

Roles of respondants

A wide range of sectors and services across Wales responded to the survey.

Responding Sectors

Other

Housing

Childcare

Youth Work

Early Years

Advisory Services

Families First Health

Flying Start

Local Authority

Schools

Third Sector

Respondents were asked to identify the age ranges that they predominantly work with or have a remit for. Please note that some respondents had a remit for more than one age group.

Age

range remit of respondents

Findings

Overarching poverty issues: 3-year comparison (2022-2024)

“We are working with increasing numbers of children and young people who are homeless, vulnerably housed, utilising food banks,….disengaged from mainstream education and taking on caring responsibility for adults no longer able to work due to mental health issues”.

The questions asked in our surveys each year include both core questions (repeatedly annually) and new ones that help to further understand specific issues or emerging trends. Together these provide an overview of the poverty situation in Wales as observed and experienced by practitioners and professionals.

Has the situation changed in the last year?

The first of our core questions considers the overall situation in comparison to the previous year. When asked to comment on their answer, the majority focused on increasingly poor mental health of both children and adults; the rising costs of everyday living; lack of food and poor nutrition; and loss of support due to cuts in services.

“More children are coming in to school with severe health issues due to the lack of money the family is able to spend on feeding them properly. They come in [having] not eaten since lunch time the day before, in dirty clothes having not washed due to the costs of washing clothes and heating water.”

Those reporting that the situation had remained the same as last year, still described a bleak picture, again mainly focusing on the issues reported above.

“Most families we encounter are still discussing their financial struggles and the worry is that it is getting worse and not better. Most still have no idea how they are going to manage in the future if the trajectory remains the same."

In the 2nd of our core questions, respondents were presented with a wide range of poverty related issues (see chart below). From these, they were asked to identify 5 issues that were of most concern and rank these in order of the greatest impact on the children, young people and families they work with, or have a remit for. Respondents were not asked to rank the remaining issues.

“Families are trapped in a negative cycle of debt, poor housing and stress relating to very basic living needs; all of which contributes to a complete lack of control over their own life outcomes. We know that stress and poverty has a significant impact on children, their wellbeing and early childhood experiences and yet we become completely familiar with seeing this on a daily basis.”

To build upon the findings from our 2023 surveys, new issues have been introduced this year. Despite these changes, trends remain relatively similar over the past 3-year period. However, there are significant increases in ‘fuel/energy costs’ and ‘loss of support/services’ reported. These increases align with the comments provided by respondents.

Top 5 ranked poverty related issues - 3 year comparison

Insecureorirregular income/employment Debt Impactofbenefitchanges(2024notincluded)LowwagesLowincomefrombenefits(2024)Foodinsecurity Fuelpoverty/EnergycostsLossoflocalservicesandsupportRisingcostoflivingChildcarecosts/availability/accessCostsofdigitalinclusionHousingbarriers (suitability&aordability)RuralisolationHealth(physical)Health(emotional)2024onlyTransportcosts/availabilityEducationcosts(uniform,trips,transport)PerioddignityAccesstoadulteducation/trainingLackoffamilytime (multiplejobs/workhours) Other RemovalofUCuplift(2024notincluded) Costofleisure activities

Overarching poverty issues: 2024

“The issue we are facing as practitioners is the support needed for these families is significant but also often without an end in sight. It has a huge impact on the emotional wellbeing and overall health of the family as a whole”.

The following section provides greater details of the overarching poverty related issues that were identified in this year’s findings. From the list given, respondents chose 5 issues, ranking these in the order of greatest impact on babies, children and young people and their families.

Top 5 identified poverty related issues

Insecureorirregular income/employment DebtLowwagesLowincomefrombenefits(2024)Foodinsecurity Fuelpoverty/EnergycostsLossoflocalservicesandsupportRisingcostoflivingChildcarecosts/availability/accessCostsofdigitalinclusionHousingbarriers (suitability&a ordability)RuralisolationHealth(physical)Health(emotional)2024onlyTransportcosts/availabilityEducationcosts(uniform,trips,transport)PerioddignityAccesstoadulteducation/trainingLackoffamilytime (multiplejobs/workhours) Other Costofleisure activities

The rising cost of living was identified as a top 5 issue by 93% of respondents and chosen by 58% as the top issue (last year, these figures were 96% and 59% respectively).

“We are seeing first-hand the effects cost of living rises are having on children and families. We are noticing that a lot of young people are accessing drop in hungry and we see a more than 100% increase in demand for our hot healthy meal provision….We have also scrapped the 25p of the meal as many young people did not have the 25p.”

Respondents recognised that parents and carers are doing their best within the circumstances they face. Many are going without food in order to provide for their children; are facing unrelenting financial pressures; significant debt; and uncertainty for their family. The strains this places on parental mental health cannot be underestimated.

“Children regularly attend session hungry or parents [are] not eating. School feeding some parents a slice of toast at drop-off.”

All of this in turn, has a direct impact on babies, children and young people. For example, respondents repeatedly commented that children are hungry; unable to attend clinic appointments and school due to transport costs; are bullied because of their lack of school uniform; and are increasingly isolated from peer groups, opportunities for social interactions and services. Of particular concern for practitioners, is the number of children and young people experiencing deteriorating mental health who are at risk.

“Mental and physical health cannot be separated. The undoubted physical detriment of living in a household where there is not enough money for heating, food and clothing has a massive detrimental effect on mental health. The stigma and shame of always being the one who can’t afford [trips and clothes] and get teased for being poor, all load more strain on children…. on top of this, stressed parents with inevitable mental health issues in such circumstances [cannot] support the children and so the downward sprial continues. This is a broad brush sketch…….the true picture for individual children is so much more intense than this describes.”

Other common issues cited focused on the lack of suitable, affordable social housing and the loss of, or cuts to services. Respondents noted that temporary accommodation is all too frequently being used for long periods of time, some stating years. Families are unable to afford rents, and housing conditions were cited as poor, unsafe and unhealthy, particularly within the private rented sector. This was also true for young people leaving care.

“The rent for private properties is extortionate, upwards of £1000 per month for something of such a poor standard, often very cold and damp with inadequate heating such as electric heaters….The whole situation pushes families into debt.”

This year, there was a significant increase in comments around service provision, budget cuts, accessibility of services and waiting times. Practitioners within their own services were frustrated with the budget cuts that they were experiencing and the impact this was having on the support they were able to provide. They cited that demand for services was rapidly increasing, whilst funding remained stagnant, or in many cases reduced. This applied to a wide cross section of services and support provision and was directly impacting all age ranges of children and their parents. The most commonly stated areas of support needed included; CAMHS (Child & Adolescent Mental Heath Services); Early intervention services; Advice Services; Community services; and School support staff, particularly for those with additional learning needs.

“Every single service and support available for families is stretched and offering limited services. As a result, when families are struggling, there is nowhere for them to turn or they have a long wait for support, or the support they receive is minimal. This can often mean that situations get worse. Problems could be sorted quickly if families got the support they need when they need it.”

Practitioners also cited the need for more face-to-face support, rather than remote support or ‘self-help’. With many struggling with the affordability and accessibility of transport, the need to return to delivering provision within communities, for example; baby clinics, was identified.

Budget spend

“Reducing leisure for children has an effect. This affects their social development as they do not have the opportunity to mix with peers as much. Affects physical development as many leisure activities have a physical element and children are missing out on this. Child health and fitness is noticeably decreased, as well as self confidence.”

Inevitably, the rising costs of living and low incomes means that families are having to make very difficult decisions on where their limited budgets are spent. To understand this further, respondents were asked which 3 areas families were currently reducing their spend.

Most common areas for budget/spend reduction

Debt repayment

Clothing (non school)

Phone service & data

School uniforms

Transport costs

Leisure activities for children (including extra curricular & clubs)

School meals

Rent/mortgage

Electricity (power)

Heating

Food spend

Echoing the findings from our 2023 survey, the greatest impact of spend reduction was on after school clubs and leisure activities for children, where parents were unable to afford the associated costs. Professionals expressed their concerns about reducing these activities for children and young people and the impact upon their social, emotional and physical health and wellbeing. Social isolation was cited as an issue for children and young people as they were unable to attend clubs or activities where they would have opportunities to socialise with their peers. In their survey, children and young people also expressed similar concerns.

“It is so challenging for families to try and prioritise what they spend their money on. Speaking to parents, many choose to not put the heating on due to the high costs, some have also said they are going without food to ensure their children eat. Parents have reported not being able to afford activities with the children, school trips etc.”

Professionals expressed concerns that reducing spending was impacting upon children and young people as their basic needs were not being met. They are seeing children who are reporting being hungry and parents stating that they are going without food to ensure their children are fed. Parents are also facing difficult choices between heating their homes and feeding their family. As such, the conditions within homes have deteriorated, with mould and damp increasingly present.

Some respite has become available through the introduction of free school meals in primary schools and practitioners noted that parents are voicing relief that their children get a hot meal whilst they are in school.

“We have had parents tell us that they can’t bathe their children as they can’t afford the gas/electric. Since the introduction of free school meal across primary age children, we haven’t had so many parents worrying about food.”

Debt repayments were identified as an area where some parents are reducing their spend. Many comments were made about the spiral of increased debt and arrears, and the impact this has. Concerns over mental and physical health were expressed by respondents, who noted the impact stress, anxiety, and unhealthy food choices were having on families. An increasing number of families were also reaching out for support around the cost of the school day, with more parents accessing help with uniforms and school trips, where support is available, including those provided by government and public bodies. Request for foodbank vouchers and referrals was also said to be increasing.

“Children are wearing clothing and shoes that are too small and worn. Parents and children are often ill prepared for the weather. We provide a lot of support with uniform, especially winter clothing and shoes. Many of our families do not undertake leisure activities, they rarely leave the estate that they live on.”

The impact of ‘juggling’ budgets and reducing spend in essential areas are clearly reflected in practitioners’ comments throughout the survey and they expressed deep concern of the consequences, both now and for the future.

In Wales, many families do not claim all of the benefits and support they are entitled to. This includes both UK benefits and those specific to Wales. The survey sought to understand a little more about the barriers to claiming. Based on their experience and understanding of the families they work with; respondents were asked to identify the 3 most common reasons for this.

Most common reasons for unclaimed benefits

Not aware of what they are entitled to

Don't know how to claim

Don't know who to ask

Don't think they are entitled (other reasons)

Don't think they are entitled because they work

Process of claiming is too di cult (real or perceived)

Stigma of claiming

Unaware of what support they could receive

Don't have the technology to claim

Other

Number of responses

A reduction in support services and consequently capacity and reduced access, along with complex forms, ‘fear of statutory services’ and previous experiences of being ineligible for support were common factors related by practitioners and professionals.

Debt

“Some children are refused food in school because of debts with the local authorities.”

Respondents again noted that debt, the impact of it and its subsequent outcomes, remains of particular concern. Given low incomes and high living and housing costs, practitioners noted that some families simply can’t meet their basic essential needs without incurring debts on a daily basis.

Debt was seen to be one of the most significant factors in relation to increased stress, worry and anxiety and the decline in parental mental health. Respondents noted a reduction of parental family engagement due to debt related stress and increased isolation of the whole family. They also cited the emotional impact this continued to have on children and young people. Many said children were highly aware of the financial situation and were worrying about their parents.

“We have an increase of families we support at crisis point and in debt and unable to meet children’s basic needs.”

Often children and young people were not asking for food because this caused further anxiety within the home and relationships became further strained. There were also comments relating to children being scared when debtors come to the house or worried about becoming homeless. Some young people were also said to be ‘turning to risky behaviour’ in order to try to better the financial situation for their whole family

“Feeling effects of their parents’ mental health issues and stress exacerbated by worry of their debts. Going without new clothes and shoes. Being at risk of eviction.”

Will debt levels change for families over the next 12 months?

Stay the same Get worse Reduce Not sure N/A

As in our previous years, debt was seen as a significant risk factor with parents having little or no choice but to continue ‘sinking’ further into debt.

The cost of basic and necessary essentials far exceeds incomes. In most circumstances, parents and carers are unable to increase their income. Reasons for this varied, but many focused on mental health; limited capacity as already working multiple jobs; transport and childcare. This was for both those in receipt of benefits and those in low-income employment.

“Unfortunately we have to suspend the child’s place at the setting until the debt is cleared. This could mean parents aren’t able to go to work as they to look after their child, then they are unable to pay the debt.”

‘In-work’ poverty was again said to be increasing. Respondents believed that the current overall poverty situation and its impact will continue to worsen over the next 12 months.

Barriers to accessing services

“Exhaustion – many people in poverty feel they are on a treadmill, so can lose motivation. Bureaucracy is a nightmare. It’s hard to get help from a real person, passed from pillar to post. People give up.”

It is known that many families living in poverty and on lower incomes do not access the support they need or are entitled to. This can be both for financial and emotional support. In this year’s survey, we wanted to explore this a little further. Practitioners and professionals were asked to share their experiences on the types of barriers, if any, that those living in poverty face. Many barriers were cited.

“There are a number of barriers, many people don’t know what support is out there or how to access it. A lot of services have extremely long waiting lists and people can be waiting years to access support. Many people feel there is a stigma around accessing services and this can prevent them from reaching out.”

Most commonly noted barriers were lack of knowledge of services and access to them, funding cuts; depletion of staff and services; centralisation of support; and reduced face to face contact. When parents are reaching out, they are often ‘turned away’ or can only access the services on a very limited basis, such as food banks (3 times in any 12 month period). Some services were only available on-line, for example, mental health and financial advice, and this was a definite barrier for a number of parents.

“There are also limits in place with ‘council’ services, for example how many times a family can access a food bank, DAF or energy vouchers, which create a barrier for families asking for help.”

Respondents noted that service budgets are so stretched, the eligibility criteria to access services are ever changing. This often results in children, young people and their parents without access to early intervention and in absolute crisis at the point of accessing the service. Practitioners also noted that this necessarily increases the provision needed for each individual or family, thereby reducing capacity to support others.

“We have a limited staff capacity and to accept a referral it has to fit certain criteria so that we can keep our waiting lists manageable.”

Inevitably, given the above comments, long waiting lists and times was regularly referred to across a wide breadth of service and support provision, including mental health for children and adults; housing provision; advice services; additional learning needs support and diagnosis; health services; and family support. There was concern that the true picture of the challenges are not reflected in the statistics.

“Stressed services, eg early intervention and preventative services are under pressure and very often the advice from managers is to submit a ‘multi-agency’ referral form with a view to social services assessment about concerns. This moves them from the books as a successful intervention, but leaves little room for much work to be done to help the family improve matters. It also leaves the families feeling betrayed. They asked for a little help and find themselves dumped into the sphere of statutory services which they feared.”

Many respondents referred to some families feeling ‘hopeless’ about accessing support and that it was ‘pointless’ trying to contact services as nothing would change. This was for both emotional and financial support, even when they were at risk.

Other barriers highlighted were a lack of local service and transport costs; administrative processes, complex application forms and ‘too much’ repeated paperwork. There were also many comments about short-term support programmes and projects. Whilst additional support was welcomed, they were often only funded for a very short time period. The ad hoc, sporadic nature of this meant that families were left without continuing support and left feeling hopeless and devalued. Some practitioners stated that families were then frequently reluctant to engage with other programmes, even if they were more extensive.

“It increases the stigma and places blame on families, when in most cases the issue is the cost of rent rather than an issue with the way in which families are able to manage.”

Comments also focused on the stigma, worry and anxiety that parents face when asking for support. Parents are concerned about how they are viewed by services, if their children will be ‘removed’ or if they will be referred to social services. Previously perceptions of being treated with little dignity and respect also had an impact on their willingness to engage with services or seek help.

To remove or reduce barriers, respondents advised:

• Increased service in the local community and in families’ homes

• Better promotion of current services

• Increased funding periods for services. Annual funding does not allow for strategic service planning and provision

• Reduce bureaucracy. Create simpler processes that are easier to navigate and understand.

• No wrong door approach. Families should not be moved from pillar to post in order to access support.

• Increased early intervention support. This would be more effective, both financially for services and emotionally for babies, children and young people

• Transportation costs to be considered in service budgets

• Respect and discretion. Everyone accessing services should always be treated well, by caring and approachable providers who “properly listen” to the issues and needs of families. This should be across all sectors, including statutory.

• Increased face to face provision.

• A fully holistic approach to poverty. This should be at national and local levels and include how services are funded and how they should work collaboratively. Removing funding and practice silos is necessary.

Education and poverty

“[Poverty] affects everything – concentration, ability to come to school ready to learn, difficulties with peer/friendship groups, self esteem, confidence, aspirations, not wanting to ask for anything extra related to school; eg trips, equipment”.

Practitioners and professionals believed that poverty negatively affects children and young people’s experience of school and learning, as well as their educational outcomes.

Does poverty affect children & young people's experience of school and learning?

As with the findings from our 2023 poverty report, the issues most frequently cited were hunger; bullying; stigmatisation; social isolation; school costs (uniform and transport); tiredness and inequity of opportunity. Linking these together was the overarching theme of “poverty leading to poor mental and emotional health” and the impact this has on pupils ability and capacity to learn.

This year saw an increasing number of comments relating to ‘poor’ behaviour within the school environment. Respondents identified that behavioural issues were generally a result of the above poverty related factors and for many children and young people, this can be a perpetual cycle if they remain in poverty.

“Hungry children equals tired children, equals lack of concentration, equals lack of retention, equals lack of inclusion, leads to failing, leads to loss of confidence, leads to anger, leads to exclusion, leads to isolation. Poverty and social isolation is, in my experience, the root cause.”

Respondents also highlighted an increase in absenteeism, directly relating this to poverty. They noted that children are “missing school due to the cost of getting there”; that rather than receiving punishment for wearing incorrect uniform, they are not attending; and children and young people take days off to “avoid the activity or event as parents can’t afford it”.

“School staff spend so much time dealing with young people’s mental health concerns and safeguarding, that it eats away at learning time.”

There were also concerns about the growing demands being placed on schools and their staff, particularly in relation to mental health and challenging behaviour. Some described their schools as being unable to meet the demand because of the “amount of children that are currently in need”.

“If they are hungry then they are not concentrating. If they cannot afford the correct uniform, they are not allowed in class so they are not learning properly.”

The survey asked which aspect of education had the greatest financial impact on families Respondents were asked to choose one area from the list provided.

Which of the following has the biggest impact or is most difficult for families to manage?

As in previous years, school uniform was identified as being the most difficult cost to manage. As shown in the children and young people’s responses in this report, the impact of incorrect uniform usually resulted in bullying from their peers and various forms of punishment from the school, including detention and/or isolation. Children and young people felt this to be unfair as they were not in control of family budgets or spend. The section on school uniform looks at this in more detail.

Free school meals

“This has been a huge positive for families. They feel less pressure to provide healthy and nutritious packed lunches during the day. Children enjoy eating together and are prepared to learn.”

In September 2022, through the Co-operation Agreement, Welsh Government began a 3 year phased roll-out of free school meals to all children in primary schools across Wales.

Over 72% of respondents worked with families where at least one child was receiving this benefit, and their responses were overwhelming positive to this initiative. They report seeing a significant, tangible difference in both children and their parents, not just through nutritional value, but in helping to reduce the financial burden on parents’ mental health; better engagement from children; greater equity and socialisation during mealtimes and a reduction of poverty related stigma for the whole family.

“It has made a big difference in terms of anxiety. It has also ensure children are getting at least one good meal a day.”

Practitioners commented that parents are using this financial saving to buy other essentials and in many cases it appears to support better attendance at school as parents know that their children will be fed.

Whilst universal free school meals within primary school is a much needed and welcomed initiative, it was noted that families are still having to pay school meal debts incurred prior to this programme starting.

An issue raised by respondents was that some families are now missing out on other benefits, grants and support. Prior to the programme, families in low income needed to register in order to receive free school meals. If eligible, this then enabled them to access other means of support and assistance, such as the Schools Essential Grant (SEG). It was noted that parents remain confused about whether or not, and indeed how, to apply for other financial support.

“Due to the FSM being rolled out to all, the families that are in need are not clear that they need to apply for other supportive funds to assist with uniforms etc. It has caused confusion for many.”

Whilst many schools are regularly promoting the continued need for applications, others are not and some families have therefore seen a reduction in the amount of financial support they are receiving.

The final question on free school meal provision asked if more children in secondary education should receive them. The majority (86%) of respondents said ‘yes’ with just 5% saying ‘no’.

Should more children in secondary education receive free school meals?

Don’t know: 18%

Yes: 86%

“A child doesn’t stop being in poverty when they go to secondary school. They need energy to learn and become the best they can be.”

There was very strong opinion around the need for free school meals in secondary schools. Those who stated yes described secondary school meals as being expensive and reported that costs were continuing to rise. They also noted that the current eligibility threshold was too low and that there are ever greater numbers who are in need, but remain ineligible. This was also commented on by those who thought universal frees school meals should not be provided.

“Why is age a factor in the argument of poverty?”

In their own survey findings, children and young people gave identical comments and also agreed with practitioners that a universal offer would remove stigma, anxiety and worry. When asked what they would do if they were First Minister, they included the provision of free school meals for all children and young people as a key priority.

“All school meals should be funded without children having to be finger printed to get a school meal or have a card payment system. I find it abhorrent that a child whose parents has either forgotten or cannot afford to top up a card, is refused food in the school canteen. All school children should have a healthy meal irrespective of their situation.”

A few comments highlighted the need for children who are on a reduced timetable to be considered, either under the current system, or for any future provision. It was reported that those on a reduced timetable often went without food at school, even if they were eligible for free school meals.

“Teens are already experiencing stigma and struggling to fit in, which can be so isolating and detrimental. Free school meals for everyone will mean children are not further isolated from others..”

Of the 5% stating that free school meals should not be universal for all in secondary schools, the majority felt that with funding cuts and tight budgets within local authorities, families who can afford to pay for free school meals, should.

Mental and emotional health

“The persistent challenges associated with poverty…can contribute to feelings of hopelessness, helplessness and depression.”

The impact poverty has on mental and emotional health cannot be underestimated. For so many living with these circumstances, stress, anxiety and worry are a constant, inevitably affecting the whole family. Without exception, all respondents noted that poverty has an enormous impact on the mental health of babies, children, young people and their parents. It was recognised that even the youngest babies were affected, as parents are increasingly unable to emotionally and mentally engage with, or fully meet the developmental and emotional needs of their children.

in emotional health over the last 12 months

Throughout all of the findings, regardless of the questions, the issue of poor mental health has dominated, with respondents directly relating this to poverty. They noted the impact in all areas of children’s lives, from engagement with nursery, through to school and within family and peer relationships.

“Huge [impact] as despite families trying to hide their issues from their children, children know what is going on and this means that they are insecure and this negatively impacts on their wellbeing on a daily basis.”

Children & young people Parents & carers

Changes

Improved Got worse Same as last year N/A

A significant number of comments included marked differences this year in relation to poor behaviour, fractured family and peer relationships, isolation and self-risk. Practitioners described this as a trajectory that is continuing to spiral.

In their survey, children and young people related their own stress and anxiety, along with concerns about their parents. Some felt angry, upset and ashamed, sometimes blaming parents for their situation, but equally worried about their mental health because of the stress.

These findings have been consistent over the last few years and therefore in our 2024 survey, we asked practitioners and professionals about the impact of poverty on family relationships.

Do poverty related factors negatively impact relationships between parents/carers and their babies, children and young people?

Practitioners reported that they are seeing an increase in family conflict at home due to stress and anxiety caused by poverty, with children and young people feeling angry and resentful towards their parents and carers, with an increasing number of parents who are emotionally unavailable.

“When the parents are stressed, they are less likely to manage challenging situations. This has an impact on how they parent, the relationship becomes un-attuned and breakdown in relationships occur.”

They also noted that some parents are finding it harder to bond with babies because of their declining mental health. Again, respondents were very clear that parents were trying their utmost to be supportive and engage with their children, but that this was all too often difficult in the circumstances and regularly led to parents feeling even more guilty which had a negative impact on children.

“More children are coming to school with severe digestive issues caused by malnutrition and more and more are on medication for anxiety and depression.”

There were significant numbers citing the urgent need for improved access to early intervention support, alongside more timely and increased mental health support for all members of the family. Many concerns were raised that the current CAMHS provision was inadequate to meet the demand and that this demand, would inevitably increase at pace. The situation was described as ‘chronic’

“I see pupils every day who have worries at home. As they approach exams, I see behaviour which directly corresponds with the stress they feel at not having the ability, environment or resources to do well. Anxiety in children has increased, aggression in pupils is increasing, self esteem is low.”

Poor mental health was heavily interlinked with poverty. Practitioners stated that routes out of poverty were usually ‘blocked’ by poor mental health. For example, parents were often unable to work, engage with or seek support because of their mental health; children and young people regularly had poor attendance at school, because of the stress of school costs and bullying, frequently leading to low educational attainment.

Poverty and safeguarding

“Children presenting as unkempt, saying that there is no food in their house, parents have poor mental health, children saying that they share beds or sleep on inappropriate furniture (mats, chairs etc), housing in disrepair (mould, damp) and never get taken out anywhere.”

Do poverty related factors give you safeguarding concerns?

By far the most common area of concern was the lack of money to be able to afford essentials, such as food, heating, clothing, sanitary products and transport. There were concerns that children’s basic needs were not being met and that they are going without food, appropriate clothing and adequate conditions at home. This leads to concerns over neglect as children appear undernourished and in clothing that is often dirty or too small.

“Children need food, heat, a stable environment, appropriate clothes and hygiene products. If these needs are not being met, it’s concerning. It’s definitely not the families’ fault and more support is needed.”

Professionals felt that poverty and concerns about finances and the ability to afford essentials impacted upon parental mental health, which in turn impacts upon children’s wellbeing.

“That children from families struggling with debt are living with parents who are stressed. Children are disadvantaged from the start and don’t have full access to all the positive experiences of other children. This can impact on their mental health and cause behavioural problems.”

Housing was highlighted as an area of concern for babies, children, young people and their families living in poverty. The concerns went beyond the living conditions within the home, where there was not enough money to buy basics such as beds and mattresses, with homes being unkempt because of a lack of money to buy essential cleaning products. Professionals felt that housing issues, such as high rent, poor and unsafe housing standards, insecure tenures and rent/mortgage arrears negatively impacted families living in poverty.

“Have to deprioritise basic essentials like food and clothes and this being long term in response to the rental costs, rather than an acute, short term issue relating to employment of lack of benefits.”

Some professionals mentioned the vulnerability of children and young people living in poverty and their susceptibility to partake in risk taking behaviour, leaving them open to exploitation. They also cited that the issues that arise through poverty, and the struggles that parents face, can lead to a breakdown in family relationships and raise tensions within households.

“Increased family pressures due to increasing costs results in more potential friction within the family home and increased risk of domestic violence.”

Mitigating the impact of poverty: What do practitioners need?

“More opportunities to hear what families want from services, what they need help with. We would also like to be able to evidence that their opinions are listened to at the highest government levels and are part of the change.”

Through our surveys over the years, it is clearly evident that practitioners and professionals want to do more to address the impact of poverty and provide better support and understanding to babies, children, young people and their families they work for. They understand that they have a vital role to play but are unsure what more they can do.

The survey this year asked them specifically what information, knowledge, skills or training would help them to further their understanding and strengthen the support they provide to families to help mitigate the impact of poverty as part of their roles.

“Many courses are about what to look for and how to report issues, but don’t spend much time on what we can do to help.”

The overwhelming majority of respondents, regardless of their role, wanted to know how to approach poverty related issues with children and parents, how to listen to them and engage with them in a supportive way. Poverty conversations felt ‘off limits’ for some, but there was recognition that in order to support a family’s needs, these were necessary.

“As Family Engagement Officer, there is no training. Training around how to engage with families from a variety of backgrounds would be good.”

Whilst most cited the need for training, others commented on the need for further information relating to service provision. They would specifically like both national and local information about where to signpost to and what is available to support families and importantly, how this can be accessed. Many comments were made around overarching welfare benefits knowledge as well as the need for detailed training on this topic.

Respondents stated there was a need for guidance and information directly from Welsh Government. In particular, the need for Welsh Government to provide guidance in support of their Child Poverty Strategy (2024), around what works and how to implement it. These comments referred not just to national or local programmes, but to a wide variety of roles and practice. The recent establishment of a ‘Community of Practice’ approach to better connect services is a positive step towards helping connect services and become better aware of existing provision and where gaps exist.

Important to a number of respondents was the need to evidence that children, young people and parents are being listened to at the highest level, whether this is in national policy and practice, or at a more local level. It was reported that families often ‘feed-in’ to services and policies, but rarely are outcomes ‘fed-back’ to them. Lived experiences need to be heard, respected and used to inform outcomes.

It is worth noting that those responding to this survey also requested feedback directly from Welsh Government. They too expressed the need to know that their experiences have been heard at the highest level and what, if any impact this has had.

Engagement should be two-way and always including feedback to those who took part.

Children in Wales would like to thank everyone who took part in this survey. We appreciate the time you have taken to complete it, but more than that, your considered and thoughtful responses.

Once again, through the responses provided in this year’s survey, it is evident that some practitioners themselves are on low incomes and on a daily basis, face many personal poverty related challenges. We would like to recognise and thank those who set aside their own stress and anxiety in order to continue to support, often in very difficult circumstances, children, young people and their families they work with. Thank you.

Children & Young People’s Survey Findings

Introduction

The Children and Young People’s survey is an important element of our annual poverty report, giving them a voice and ensuring that their views and experiences around poverty are heard.

The survey findings provide a greater understanding of the poverty related issues that are important to children and young people and the impact these issues may have on their lives. Sadly, the majority of the narrative remains similar to our report in 2023, as does the cited impact. Given this context, this 2024 report provides a brief summary of this year’s findings for each of the areas surveyed.

About the survey

The survey was live for a period of 5 weeks from 30 April – 7 June 2024. It was open to all children and young people in Wales and was completed anonymously by respondents. The survey did not specifically target children and young people who live in poverty and/or live in deprived areas; nor did the survey ask if they themselves lived in or had experienced poverty. Instead, the survey sought their views on how poverty might affect different aspects of children’s lives.

All questions were asked in the third person and the survey provided children and young people with careful and easily understood explanations of specific terminology, such as what is meant by the terms ‘poverty’ and ‘debt’. Inevitably, completion rates for individual questions varied from 93%-100% completion. Therefore, all figures are based on the numbers responding to each individual question.

A total of 250 children and young people responded, with ages ranging from under 10 years up to 25 years.

Age range of respondents

Of the respondents, 4% stated they did have a disability, 3% preferred not to say, 9% were unsure and 84% described themselves as not having a disability.

Children and young people were also asked about their ethnicity and whilst some did not complete this question, those who did identified as: Asian from another country (6%); Asian Welsh or British (12%); Black from another country (5%); Mixed Heritage (5%); White from another country (10%); White Welsh or British (51%); Any other ethnic group (2%); Not sure (6%); and Preferred not to say (2%).

Given the number of responses to the survey, it is not possible to establish if the findings from those identifying as disabled or in minority ethnic groups, are significantly different from those of other respondents.

Findings

Poverty issues

“Many young people are reliant on adults and so cannot change the circumstances they are in which leads to more worrying and distress.” (19-25yrs)

Children and young people were asked an overarching question about what they thought affected children living in poverty the most. They were asked to choose 2 options from the list shown in the chart below.

"In school, what affects children who live in poverty the most?"

Nothavingenoughmoneytopayfor food,heatingorelectricWorryingaboutmoneyallofthetimeBeingindebtHavingtousefoodbanksNothavingenoughmoneyforholidays,computers,trainersNothavingenough moneytogooutwithyourfriends,liketo thecinemaorintotown

“If you’re in debt, that brings more problems since you need money to pay for bills and once you pay those off, you won’t have enough for food.” (10-13yrs)

Children and young people were asked to comment on their choices and as in previous years, they overwhelmingly highlighted the mental and emotional impact of poverty. This most commonly included feeling anxious about not having enough money, being unhappy and isolated, being in debt and feeling left out. They also frequently referred to feeling ashamed and trying to hide their circumstances from peers and adults.

“Being in debt and not affording a house and not being able to go to school because you have to feed your siblings.” (10-13yrs)

As in previous surveys, children and young people repeatedly raised issues around poverty related bullying, both in and out of school. Whilst this question did not specifically mention the school environment or education, children and young people did comment that poverty affected their education, experiences and life chances.

“Witnessing parents dealing with financial stress, that stress in turn affecting familial relationships….missing out on school trips, missing out on events or weekend activities with peers. Hiding their financial situation for fear of being bullied or shamed at school.” (19-25yrs)

Poverty and school

“Some kids starve in school or go hungry until the end of the day, then when they get home they might not have enough food to fill their belly or worry about if they’re going to eat when they’re home, or worry about their parents giving up food for them.” (10-13yrs)

In relation to school, the survey asked what is most likely to affect those living in poverty. Again, multiple choice options were given, and respondents were asked to choose 2 options. The options provided were based on issues raised by children and young people in previous surveys.

"In school, what affects children who live in poverty the most?"

BeingbulliedorlookeddownonNotenoughmoneytotakepartinschooltrips/clubsNotenoughmoneytobuytherightuniformorequipment

“[Poverty] makes school live unbearable.” (10-13yrs)

When asked to comment on their choices, the majority of children and young people, regardless of their choices, commented on poverty related bullying in school and the impact this has on mental health. They noted not wanting to go to school because of this and cited the lack of correct school uniform or being unable to afford school trips as the major cause of poverty related bullying. These issues are further explored in subsequent sections of this report.

“It hurts. I know.” (10-13yrs)

Children and young people noted being sad, isolated and lonely at school and regularly commented on being bullied by peers or ‘picked on’ by teachers. They were upset that poverty did affect their learning and access to opportunities or simply ‘joining in’, for example through school trips and other activities.

“Being bullied is one thing, but not having money to barely pay for food or the school uniform can bring many problems and concerns.” (10-13yrs)

There were also a significant number of comments about being unable to learn if they were cold or hungry as they felt it was difficult to concentrate on schoolwork. A few noted that this increased the frequency of punishment for some learners, often resulting in detention or ‘negative behaviour points’ or ‘concerns’*.

“The school will fine them if they are too scared to go to school because of the bullying and they won’t have proper school uniform and get concerns or other form of punishment.” (10-13yrs)

* ‘Negative behaviour point’ or ‘concerns’ appear to be frequently used by schools to note lowlevel behaviour incidents, such as talking instead of listening in class, being impolite or unkind. From our survey findings, it is evident that incorrect school uniform is also included in this.

Schools vary as to whether they use this method of recording and reporting behaviour incidents and also in their follow-up actions or punishment. It is not known if all schools apply this system, however it was cited by around 90% of our survey respondents from across Wales.

School uniform

“Kids might not have enough for a school skirt but then they will get told off for not wearing one even though the school skirts cost £20.” (10-13yrs)

Following the comments made by children and young people in our previous two surveys, we began exploring the issues around school uniforms and the potential impact this had on children and their families living in poverty or on lower incomes. As shown in the previous section, not having the correct school uniform was cited as being the main cause of poverty related bullying and for many, leading to poor emotional and mental wellbeing.

“They shouldn’t get in trouble because things cost money.” (10-13yrs)

Uniforms are expensive and this is exacerbated when school badges or logos are a requirement of that uniform and must be purchased from specialist retailers. In our 2023 survey report, we looked at uniforms costs in more detail, identifying that average costs ranged from £75.50 for a ‘non-badged’ uniform purchased from a supermarket, rising to £183.50 for ‘badged’ uniforms requiring one or more items to be purchased from a specialist retailer. For families living on lower incomes, this cost difference is extremely impactful.

Do you have to wear a school badge or school logo on your uniform?

9%

89% Not sure: 2%

The survey asked children and young people what happens if they don’t wear the correct uniform. The most common response to this was being bullied and/or punished. Children and young people shared examples of the punishment which commonly included: detention, negative behaviour points, concerns, sent home and ‘being told off’.

A few described being put into isolation and not being allowed to interact with or be part of classes and break times. Some others expressed concerns that parents were called in to ‘bring in the right uniform’. This created anxiety for them knowing that their parents could not afford to purchase the correct uniform.

“We get a green card and if the green card expires we get a negative point and a detention.” (10-13yrs)

Other, less frequent outcomes included ‘Green cards’, phone confiscation and attending the uniform hub at the school. Learners described ‘Green cards’ as a pass which had to be carried by the learner, or in some cases, worn externally. These cards include reasons why the learner is not wearing the correct uniform and a date by which it must be rectified. The learner must show this card to staff members when challenged about their uniform. Should the uniform not be rectified by the specified date, learners are then punished

The uniform hub was predominantly explained by respondents as a place that they could ‘borrow’ the required item, returning it at the end of the school day. This appeared to be acceptable to some, whilst others stated that items were often unwashed, which led to further bullying. Those choosing not to wear this item, commonly said that they were then put into isolation for the day.

“We are given warnings, exclusion can be made, always sent to the uniform hub.” (14-16yrs)

On a more positive note, there were comments that highlighted understanding and consideration for children whose families could not afford the school uniform.

“Nothing [happens], the school is very tolerant to having lots of families from low socioeconomic backgrounds.” (10-13yrs)

Uniform items requiring a school badge or logo

Blazer Jumper Tie Trousers/ skirt Shirt PE Kit

School bag Other

Number of uniform items requiring a school badge or logo

As the chart above shows, nearly a third (31%) of those responding are required to wear school badges on at least 2 items of their uniform, closely followed by 27% who are required to wear 4 badged items. It should be noted that for 2 items and above, PE Kits were often included. For the purposes of this survey, PE kits are regarded as 1 item, however from the comments made by children and young people, it is evident that this category includes at least 2 items, but more commonly 4-5 badged pieces.

Given the parameters of this survey, it is not known whether badges, such as iron/sew-on, can be purchased by parents and applied to the required items. However, given that such a large percentage (73%) of uniforms are purchased from a specialist uniform retailer, this seems unlikely.

"Where do you get your uniform from?"

Welsh Government has produced School Uniform and Appearance Policy Guidance which includes advice to schools on ways they can address the cost of school uniforms. However, the findings from our surveys over the last couple of years identify the urgent need for greater and more effective implementation of this guidance in many schools across Wales.

“Make silly things like uniform that don’t need to be as expensive as they are, less expensive and more affordable.” (14-16yrs)

To help raise awareness and further understanding of the financial and emotional impact of current uniform practice in schools, Children in Wales has produced a briefing and case studies Supporting Change: School Uniforms. This was published in June 2024, disseminated to all schools in Wales and promoted by the Cabinet Secretary for Education alongside the Schools Essential Grant. In addition to these resources, Tackling the Impact of Poverty in Education provides schools with information on how to mitigate the impact of poverty in all aspects of school life.

Bullying and poverty

“Having to worry about food and money is enough to process for children and having people bully you for it can make you shut down, become isolated and depressed.” (10-13yrs)

Questions about poverty related bullying were first included in our 2022 survey. Prior to this, we did not specifically ask about it, yet so many children and young people included this in their responses, regardless of the question. As a result, poverty related bullying is now included as a core part of our survey.

Two years on, the narrative from children and young people has not changed and still dominates their responses, regardless of the questions. As in previous findings, children and young people described feeling isolated, depressed and sad, feeling unsafe and of ‘hiding away’. Others described feeling hopeless or ‘a burden’ and just wanting to give up.

“Very sad because it happens every single day since yr 7.” (10-13yrs)

They reported that poverty related bullying led to lower self-esteem, not being accepted in school, having no-one to talk to about it, being less likely to want to take part in education and activities and not wanting to go to school at all.

“Scared to come to school.” (10-13yrs)

Do you see children and young people being bullied because they don't have as much money or the same things as others?

Prefer not to say: 1%

No: 34%

Don’t know: 27%

Yes: 38%

The consequences of bullying were clearly identified by children and young people. There was understanding and recognition of the negative impact this has on mental health, physical health and the ability and/or willingness to engage with and do well at school.

As shown in the previous section, School Uniforms, it is clear that being unable to afford the correct school uniform leads to increased bullying, however other factors were also cited. These included having to ask for sanitary products, being ‘told off’ for poverty related issues, such as incorrect uniform, and being unable to afford school trips.

“It makes them vulnerable from bullying since they may not have money to buy personal basic hygiene stuff. No teenager would want to go up to a teacher and ask for basic hygiene need.” (14-16yrs)

Punishments linked to poverty related issues were also likely to increase the severity or frequency of bullying, for example detention, being sent home, isolation and green cards.

Children and young people were asked what should be done to stop poverty related bullying in school. Unsurprisingly, many of the measures suggested related to the issues they had raised, but predominantly focused on the need for school to take actions. These included; reducing school uniform costs; reducing school trip costs; educating the whole school, including teachers about the causes and impact of poverty; creating a better understanding and culture of empathy within the school; stringently following through on anti-bullying policies in school; and better, non-stigmatising practice by teachers and staff.

“Educating children about the economic state of the country, destigmatising poverty and focusing on community and wellbeing.” (19-25yrs)

Throughout their responses, children and young people repeatedly noted the need for respect, understanding and both emotional and practical support for children and their families living in poverty or on low incomes.

“Reinforcing anti-bullying ideologies and showing that people are all equal despite their economic status.” (14-16yrs)

Poverty and home

“Being around arguments over and over about money and worries can make children aggressive and lonely.” (17-18yrs)

The survey asked respondents to consider what they thought would affect children who live in poverty the most, when they are at home. Again, the question format asked respondents to choose 2, from the list provided.

“Children get lonely and hungry.” (Under 10yrs)

As in previous years, the chart below shows that children and young people are or would be worried about being unable to stay where they live. For other issues, there does appear to be significant fluctuations in their choices. For this survey, additional options were included which may account for these changes. These additional choices are based on last year’s findings and have been included to better reflect the children and young people’s comments and experiences captured in previous years.

At home, what affects children who live in poverty the most?

Livinginahomethatisnotwarmenoughhaven'tBeingworriedthattheygotenoughmoney tostaywheretheyliveNotbeingabletohavefriendsover

As with many of the responses given throughout the survey, emotional and mental health was commented on throughout this section. Children and young people noted loneliness, sadness, stress, isolation and dealing with mental health issues. Other issues frequently raised were a lack of social life and being unable to interact with friends; not being able to focus on school work; being hungry when at home and also having to go without the basic essentials.

“Effects their mental and physical health.” (10-13yrs)

There were also references to ‘having to help the family’, with comments including the need to take care of siblings or earn money in order to ‘help out’. All of these findings align with responses from previous years.

Poverty in the community

“It affects young people as it means they are essentially ‘trapped’ in their homes. They can’t engage in things that would increase their quality of life and general wellbeing and they can’t enjoy life and be a child.” (19-25yrs)

Poverty and low incomes can affect all aspects of children and young people’s lives, including how they are able to interact within their local and wider communities. Their responses to our question about poverty and their community follows similar trends across the years, with ‘Living in a place where they don’t feel safe to go outside’ being cited as having the greatest impact on children and young people.

Over the last couple of years, children and young people have increasingly expressed concern that they cannot afford to see their friends or family. This option has therefore been included in this year’s survey and may account for decreases in other areas, particularly around transport.

"Outside in the community, what do you think would affect children living in poverty the most?"

“Feeling unsafe and depressed.” (14-16yrs)

It is evident from their responses that poverty can be an isolating experience and as with responses throughout the survey, children frequently noted ‘depression’ and ‘sadness’. Comments around isolation focused on not being able to afford to see friends or family members or not feeling safe to go outside because they worried about being bullied or ‘gangs’. One 10–13-year-old expressed being “very anxious all the time and very tired”

“They can’t see the people who care about them.” (10-13yrs)

Their responses also showed that children and young people’s wider family provide a muchneeded source of support. This was predominantly emotional support and being unable to see them meant that “there was no one to talk to or support you”. For some, extended family members provide financial support, for example through food and clothing.

“If you might want to see your nan and she might be in hospital and you won’t have enough money to get there.” (10-13yrs)

Leisure and activities

“Rarely go out with my family, sometimes with my friends, but can’t do very much to be honest.” (14-16yrs)

This year, a new question was introduced around leisure and activities. The survey asked children and young people about their activities during the weekend. We wanted to understand more about whether poverty has an impact on what they do, who they do this with and what barriers or challenges they may face during their leisure time.

We asked “What do you normally do at the weekend?” The majority of children and young people stayed at home or spent time with friends. For those spending time with friends, this appeared to be predominantly in-person, although a number interacted with their friends through on-line games. Going for walks or ‘playing out’ was also a common activity and where stated, the most common place to do this was ‘the park’.

A few children and young people mentioned seeing a parent at the weekends or spending time with extended family members. Playing or watching sport, usually rugby or football was also cited, with around 12% normally doing this over the weekend. There were also a number that stated that they didn’t go out at the weekend at all.

Who do you do this with?

Other

A mixture of people in a team or group

Not sure

With my whole family

With my parent(s)/carer(s)

With my siblings

With my friend(s)

On my own

% of respondents

Overall, there was little difference across the age ranges as to who they did their activity with.

The survey asked children and young people “If nothing was stopping you, what would you like to do at the weekends?” Given the open parameters of this question, it is interesting that their responses predominantly focused on 2 areas: spending time with family and spending time with friends.

“I’d like to have a picnic when my Mum isn’t busy with work.” (10-13yrs)

For those wanting to spend more time with their family, they stated that their parents usually work over the weekends or that they cannot afford transport to visit relatives. Many would like to just “go out for the day” with their family and this included visiting national parks, beaches, the zoo, nearby towns and cities or simply going for long walks. The costs of travelling to and accessing these places were also identified as prohibitive.

“Go for a nice walk in the countryside or spend time with family who are far away.” (14-16yrs)

Children and young people conveyed that seeing friends more often and being able to ‘join in’ with their friends was important to them. Around half wanted to be with their friends more often, but could not afford the transport to do this, or their family “would not take them”. The remainder wanted to join their friends on visits into town or to go bowling or to the cinema. Whilst some were able to do this, many again cited transport and activity costs, alongside distance and family work commitments as barriers.

Reasons why you can't do this

Other

Prefer not to say I can do my favourite thing whenever I want to

The equipment costs too much

The kit costs too much

My family are saving money for something else

The snacks/food cost too much

My family won't take me

My family are working It's too far away It costs too much to get there

It costs too much to take part

Respondents were asked to choose up to 2 options

As the chart above shows, a significant proportion of children and young people (25%), were able to do their favourite thing whenever they wanted. The majority of these activities were spending time with their friends, ‘just hanging out’, playing in the park or visiting their homes. However, others choosing this option, preferred to stay inside by themselves.

The desire to take part in organised sporting activities was also expressed. This mainly included rugby and football, but also gymnastics, kayaking, horse riding and climbing. Reasons for being unable to do this were due to the costs of transport, equipment, fees and distance.

Some children and young people expressed an interest in experiencing different places and activities and a small number just wanted ‘stress free’ time to themselves.

“Honestly, just lay in and not worry about anything.” (14-16yrs)

If I was the First Minister……

“Put funding into school equipment and food for the children and families in need, to help them get the education they deserve to let them have a future.” (17-18yrs)

Each year, our survey asks children and young people, if they had the role of First Minister, what would they do to stop poverty happening. We describe the First Minister as the ‘person who is in charge of the whole of Wales’.

Across the years, their focus and responses have overall, remained very similar. They would seek to address bullying; school costs, including uniforms, transport and school meals; helping people into work with more and better paid employment and increasing childcare availability.

They also expressed the need to increase benefits, have better access to grants for more people and for a greater increase in grant application approvals. One young person would ensure that Universal Basic Income was implemented.

“Support the people who are going through it so they know they are not alone.” (10-13yrs)

Aligned with their responses throughout the survey, children and young people would address the issues around inequity and fairness, not just financially, but with a specific focus on ‘treating everybody the same’, and with kindness and respect.

“Make people more aware to open up and people to stand up more for others, to be there as a whole community. All humans have feelings and lives.” (14-16yrs)

“I would be kind to children.” (10-13yrs)

Other areas that were important to children included the need for secure tenancies and affordable housing, ensuring these were within safe communities and environments. They also cited the need to build more homes, so that everyone has a place to live.

“Improve council estates, families should be able to live safely no matter the situation. Having an unsafe home only makes matters worse.” (14-16yrs)

“Build more houses and make sure police patrol everywhere to make the city safe so people can live in peace and are not used for bad things.” (10-13yrs)

Once again, our children and young people have been amazing. Children in Wales would like to sincerely thank all the children and young people who took part in this survey. Listening to and actively hearing their voices is at the core of our work.

We will ensure their voices are heard by sharing their comments and findings from this survey with practitioners, professionals and policy makers, both locally and nationally, as well as Welsh Government officials, Cabinet Secretaries, Ministers, and of course, the First Minister.

Parents' survey findings

Introduction

This is the first year that our annual survey has included a parents’ survey. When we refer to ‘parents’ we use this as an inclusive term that includes parents (both mothers and fathers), carers, grandparents, foster parents, adoptive parents or anyone with parental responsibility.

Their direct insight, views and lived experience play a vital role in helping us to better understand the realities of the impact of poverty and the challenges faced by families. Parents welcomed and embraced the opportunity to have their voices heard, providing very detailed and heartfelt information.

The issues highlighted by parents’, their comments, concerns and experiences repeatedly echo those of the children and young and practitioners. This is also true of their suggested solutions in mitigating and reducing poverty and its impact.

About the survey

The survey sought to gain an insight into the experiences and observations of parents of children and young people in Wales. The survey ran for a period of 5 weeks from 30 April –7 June 2024 and was completed online anonymously by respondents.

Respondents were asked to consider poverty related questions across several areas and included a combination of multiple-choice and open questions, enabling them to share their views and experiences.

The response rates to the online survey differed from question to question and where relevant, percentages have been included and presented for comparison, rather than numbers.

Who responded

Parents and carers responded from 21 local authority areas across Wales. A total of 522 responses were received. All respondents had at least one or more children, up to a maximum of seven children living with them. The responses came from the parents' of 1084 children in total.

Respondents were asked to identify the age ranges of the children that lived with them. It should be noted that some respondents had children from more than one age group living with them. There were roughly equal numbers of responses came from parents of children aged 0-5 years, 6-10 years and 11-15 years. This means a range of different aged children and experiences were included.

Age Ranges of Respondents' Children

Number of responses

you receive Universal Credit or Tax Credit?

42% of the respondents said that they received Universal Credit or Tax Credit. This indicates household where parents are not in employment, or that they are a lower-income household.

Do you live in a Flying Start area?

Not Sure: 32%

Yes: 35%

No: 33%

35% of parents said that they did live in a Flying Start area which means that they are entitled to support from the Flying Start scheme. Interestingly though, 32% of parents were not sure if they lived in a Flying Start area or not.

Top 5 poverty issues

“If children aren’t fed/clothed and don’t have decent sleep they can’t learn.... they are our future and really are worth all our investment as a country.”

Parents were asked what the top issues are facing families on low income. The following issues were rated as the top 5 and have been presented in order of ranking.

Top 5 ranked poverty related issues

The majority of families, including working families, are struggling with increased costs in multiple areas. Many are barely surviving, and it is affecting their mental health and wellbeing

“My husband works full time, I work part time and we still struggle.”

“I manage every single penny. It’s exhausting, it’s hard to remain positive and I feel guilty that my children missing out on opportunities because I can’t afford them.”

Families are having to make tough choices as they are often unable to meet their basic needs due to the rising cost of living. Parents are having to limit food options, not eat themselves, choose between heating and clothing or sacrifice other essentials.

“It's a choice of roof over our head, food for electricity and gas.”

“Struggling to feed my child 3 meals plus snacks a day. I have to skip meals to feed my child.”

The rising cost of living is leading some families into debt and putting a huge strain on household finances.

“Rising costs make it difficult to budget properly; money going out often more than coming in so debt building up, or having to go without essentials.”

A lack of family time because of increased working hours closely followed in sixth place with 27% of respondents identifying this as a priority. Family time and leisure activities are limited to what is local and free and only if a parent can have time off work to take their children. Parents are working more and more hours, and family and bonding time is being adversely affected.

“Less disposable income to do nice things with the kids. less to look forward to.”

“We as a family work 100+ hours a week, quality time is limited.”

“With our busy schedules, there's little time for family bonding.”

Families are trying their best, but parents often feel like they are failing.

“We barely afford to get by. We can't afford to do anything nice as a family. If there is ever an unexpected expense, we have to bounce a bill to pay for it. This then results in us not affording anything. The children missing out and me constantly in a state of guilt, anxiety and worry.”

“Everything has doubled. There's no room for anything other than survival. This will affect wellbeing and thus the spiral starts.”

Findings

All 522 responses were analysed by Parents Connect Wales and there were several key themes that emerged during the process. These key themes will now be outlined, discussed and illustrated using direct quotes from the parents themselves.

Day to day living

“When we get any money it all goes on bills, fuel and shopping. We can't afford to get new clothes, haircuts, footwear or days out. We can't even afford to go to the cinema.”

Parents were asked about their current financial situation and if it had improved or worsened compared to last year. 68% of respondents said that their financial situation had worsened.

Financially, are things better or worse than last year?

Stayed the same: 27%

Got better: 5%

Got worse: 68%

When asked to elaborate on their response, some key themes emerged about the financial challenges that parents are facing.

Meeting basic needs

25% said that they are struggling to afford necessities due to extortionate living costs. Many parents are unable to afford essentials like food, clothes, transport and utility bills. They are having to rely on food banks and also charity shops for clothes.

Parents are unable to heat their homes properly or keep up with housing costs. They cited high rental costs, increased mortgage rates and a lack of affordable or suitable housing as key reasons for this.

“Everything has doubled. There's no room for anything other than survival.”

“Very little income left after paying bills and buying food. People must work more and sacrifice their quality family time just to make ends meet.”

28% of respondents said that they are experiencing financial stress. Parents reported difficulties with money and said they were being forced to dip into savings or work longer hours because of the strain on their household finances. They are also having to rely on extended family for support and get into debt to be able to afford living costs.

Rising costs and food insecurity

17% of parents said that the cost of food has made their financial situation worse this year. Parents report a dramatic rise in the price of food and said that they are struggling to manage the rising costs. In some cases, they cannot afford the food that they need.

“Rising food costs have really affected us, there is less food in the trolley.”

“The price of food in this country is disgusting.”

Skipping meals or opting for unhealthy, cheaper food options has become a common reality. In some cases, parents facing food insecurity have had to visit food banks. Often, they feel ashamed to do this but feel desperate and feel they have no choice.

“I barely eat because I save all the food I buy for my child..... I cannot afford to live.”

“It's absolutely heartbreaking that there's children going hungry. I have gone hungry to feed my kids.”

The lack of adequate food and nutrition has adverse impacts on the whole family and there is also a decline in the quality of food that they are accessing. Parents are aware of the consequences of not being able to provide healthy, nutritious food and meals.

“If you can’t eat, everything suffers, mental and physical health. The ability for children to achieve in school and the ability for parents to focus on their children.”

“Eating healthy is difficult, so we don’t have... energy to give our children attention...our children are crankier without as much fresh fruit and veg.”

Inflation and the cost of living

Families are doing their best to manage, but 24% of respondents said that rising inflation and stagnant incomes and benefits (such as Universal Credit) have made this difficult.

Even with slight wage increases, parents report being unable to improve their standard of living. The soaring cost of living is outpacing any pay rise or benefit increase that they might receive. In some cases, even with both parents working, the gap between income and rising costs means they are worse off than before.

“My wages stayed the same whereas cost of living is still going up so overall we are able to purchase less.”

“Even though we had a slight pay rise, it’s not seen as the cost of living keeps going up.”

Families often find themselves unable to afford anything beyond the basics and constantly living in fear of unexpected expenses. If inflation continues to rise, many families will remain trapped in a cycle of financial hardship with devastating effects for their children.

“I manage every single penny. It’s exhausting, it’s hard to remain positive and I feel guilty that my children missing out on opportunities because I can’t afford them.”

The Impact of Poverty

There were several key areas where parents reported poverty as having a clear and direct impact on their children and their family.

Family Life

“It's impossible to enjoy life when you're constantly stressed about making it to next month’s pay.”

Throughout the survey, parents shared how financial pressures and worries are having a direct impact on family life, due to having less disposable income and less time.

Families reported having less disposable income to enjoy hobbies, activities, days out and holidays. Family time and leisure activities are limited to what is local and free, and only when a parent can have time off work.

“Less time and money available to do hobbies and things we enjoy.”

“Less disposable income to do nice things with the kids. Less to look forward to.”

Alongside this, parents are working more and more hours to get by, and opportunities for family bonding are being negatively affected.

“With our busy schedules, there's little time for family bonding.”

“We, as a family, work 100+ hours a week, quality time is limited.”

This is causing stress, worry and sometimes guilt for parents, as they feel like their children are missing out on basic activities or life experiences. In turn, they are concerned this is affecting their children’s health and aspirations.

Overall, parents felt poverty diminished their children's social and educational opportunities, as well as their potential to achieve in life. Families are feeling like they are fighting a losing battle, and it is putting a strain on family relationships.

“It can cause a strain on relationships and family breakdowns.”

Families are trying their best, but they feel like the systems are failing them, and it is impacting their wellbeing.

“We barely afford to get by. We can't afford to do nothing nice as a family. If there is ever an unexpected expense, we have to bounce a bill to pay for it.”

“Everything has doubled. There's no room for anything other than survival. This will affect wellbeing and thus the spiral starts.”

The impact is felt by the whole family as parents who are stressed and continually counting every penny can feel anxious which leads to strains on family relationships and time.

“I manage every single penny. It’s exhausting, it’s hard to remain positive and I feel guilty that my children are missing out on opportunities because I can’t afford them.”

Parents did provide ideas and suggestions to support more family time. They recognised the importance of local and community-based services and the need to invest in these so families can enjoy free or low-cost days out. They wanted to see more places for families to meet and free trips and activities on offer for them to access.

Life as a Parent

“Parents are suffering in silence as you don't want people to know your struggling, you don't want your children to know your struggling. All this emotion is hidden away, and parents are losing sleep, not eating proper meals to make sure their children are getting what they need.”

Parental Identity and poverty

Child poverty deeply impacts parents’ sense of identity, often leaving them with overwhelming shame, guilt and a sense of failure. Many parents felt inadequate, questioning their abilities as caregivers. Parents felt like they were failing their children, especially when they are unable to provide for their children's basic needs.

“I feel ashamed that I can’t provide for my child as I would like to, I feel that I have failed my children.”

Children can be teased and treated badly if they don't have the items that their peers have. Parents put pressure on themselves to afford these items either through getting into debt or going without things themselves.

“It is very hard, being a parent.....when you can't afford things, it makes you feel like a bad parent.”

Poverty stigma intensifies these feelings, leading parents to hide their struggles and avoid seeking help due to fear of judgment. Parents report feeling looked down upon for their financial situation and dismissed as "bad parents," rather than receiving the support they so desperately need. Low self-esteem becomes common as parents feel judged on their parenting abilities.

“I don't want to ask for help...it is a matter of pride.... people look down on us because we are not able to provide. It makes me feel like less of a mum.”

“Stop making us feel like bad parents because we can’t supply everything that’s expected.”

This lack of empathy and support traps them in a cycle of silence and emotional isolation, making it even harder to improve their circumstances. The stigma affects their sense of identity and also contributes to the ongoing struggle with poverty.

The hidden poverty of parents

Parents were asked about meeting the costs of children’s educational needs. They revealed that they prioritise their children’s needs, but this comes at a significant personal cost. 22% of respondents said that they are making sacrifices to ensure that their children have necessities such as food, clothing, and educational resources.

Parents frequently put their children’s needs above their own. They don’t want their children to be bullied by their peers because of their financial circumstances.

They are skipping meals and going without necessities. In many cases, they turn to family members for support, asking for financial help. This can mean getting into debt to cover expenses, all to shield their children from their financial struggles.

“I frequently go without new clothes and shoes that are needed to ensure my children are dressed to “fit in” with their peers.”

“I find the money somehow even if it means having a basic meal instead of a full proper meal.”

The poverty of parents is often invisible. Their sacrifice is often hidden from view as children can present as not experiencing poverty. While the focus is on ensuring children don’t suffer, these sacrifices can lead to long-term stress and anxiety for parents, further trapping them in a cycle of poverty and isolation.

Working Families

“Poverty isn't just hitting low-income families, working families who receive little financial support in terms of benefits are also struggling.”

In-Work Poverty

Throughout the survey, it was clear that many working families are struggling with the increased costs of living. Many are barely surviving, as in-work poverty becomes a reality for many families, even those with above minimum levels of income.

“Very little income left after paying bills and buying food. People have to work more and sacrifice their quality family time just to make ends meet.”

Despite working long hours, households struggle to make ends meet due to high childcare costs and low wages. They suffer from the double burden of being time poor due to work commitments and still experiencing financial struggles.

Benefits threshold and inadequate support

Some parents are impacted by benefits threshold, where they are just above the eligibility criteria to qualify for additional benefit support but still have a low income. Working parents feel it is unfair that they cannot access any financial support, despite struggling with rising living costs.

“I work full time, there’s no help for working families... even though we are struggling too financially. There’s no help at all but we pay full for everything.”

“It doesn’t just affect families on lower incomes - higher income families that have higher outgoings.... and costs that were once affordable have now become harder to afford.... but are exempt from every benefit... including child benefit.”

Mental Health and Emotional Wellbeing

“It's hard, it's a disgrace, its soul destroying, heartbreaking, kids shouldn't be going hungry, kids are suffering unnecessarily, everyone struggling one way or another.”

The impact of financial hardship is negatively affecting families and their mental health and emotional wellbeing

Parents were asked if they felt that the mental health of parents/carers was negatively impacted by current financial situations. An overwhelming 96% said ‘Yes’, they felt that it was.

Do you feel parents'/ carers' financial situation negatively impacts their mental health?

Respondents were asked how often they thought parents/carers worried about being able to afford necessities. 53% said that they thought it was ‘All of the time’ with another 41% saying that they thought it was ‘Frequently’.

Parents/ carers worrying about being able to afford basic necessities

Never: 1%

On a few occasions: 5%

Frequently: 41%

All of the time: 53%

Parents mentioned the constant pressure to meet their children’s basic needs amidst financial hardship. This can lead to chronic stress and anxiety. Parents often feel overwhelmed and experience persistent worry and fear of failure.

“It’s a really big struggle and causes stress, anxiety and sleepless nights.”

Some parents reported struggling to provide everything their children need in their homes and to keep them happy, healthy and safe.

“My partner and I worry over every last penny.... we will always make sure our children have food....and a safe, warm home but some months it’s a struggle.”

These overwhelming responsibilities can create a sense of isolation, making it difficult for parents to protect their mental health. The day-to-day survival mode that parents must live in leaves little room for emotional self-care, intensifying the pressure that they face.

“...It affects people’s happiness and self worth. They say money doesn't buy happiness but no money can bring misery.”

“I’m no better off this year than I was last year, everything is still a struggle to keep our families head above water.”

Parents reported having to avoid social situations and events because of the cost implications. Consequently, many didn’t have a social life as they couldn’t afford it, leading to further isolation.

“I feel embarrassed when asked to go to some groups with friends.... I’m unable to attend due to the cost but feel like I can’t say this is the reason.”

Parents experiencing constant stress about finances reported experiencing sleep disruption, whilst also hiding their struggles from their children, bottling up feelings of anger and frustration.

Some parents found it heartbreaking to witness their children going hungry. They want those in power to do more.

“No child in the UK should be living in poverty. It’s a disgrace.”

“It's soul destroying.”

They felt that everyone is struggling in some way. The emotional toll on parents and families is immense, as they battle feelings of hopelessness because help seems distant and scarce.

Childcare

“Childcare costs a week would be my whole wage.”

“Childcare is more than a typical part time months wages. There is no support or help for people who work weekends. I...have no one to help with childcare hence I've had to leave work.”

One section of the survey asked parents about their childcare choices, the reasons behind these choices and the impact cost and accessibility on their financial situation.

Childcare in this instance is when a child is looked after by someone other than their parent, this can be paid childcare or informal childcare with family and friends.

34% of respondents were currently using childcare.

Do you use childcare?

Yes: 34%

No: 66%

Other

Childminder

Cylch Meithrin

Government funded

School nursery

Private Day Nursery

Breakfast/ After school clubs

Family or Friends

Which childcare options are you using?

The majority of respondents access informal childcare such as ’Family or Friends’ as their main source of childcare. Day Nurseries, breakfast and after-school clubs were also being regularly used.

Parents were asked more about why they used informal childcare on a regular basis. 34% said the reason for this was due to ‘paid-for’ childcare being unaffordable.

“It would not be worth my while working if I had to put my children into childcare.”

“Childcare is so expensive, I am unable to afford this even with me & my husband working.”

30% of parents are using a mixture of ‘informal’ and ‘paid-for childcare’. This was due to choice and wanting to involve family members. It was also due to affordability or availability of childcare.

“Family enjoy looking after the children and so we are lucky we have them.”

“To keep childcare costs to a minimum I use the childcare offer entitlement and then rely on family for childcare outside of the entitlement.”

“Cannot afford full time childcare in nursery so having to do a mix of formal and informal childcare.”

Parents shared how their choice of childcare was determined by settings not catering for their child’s specific needs due to ALN or disability.

“There are no childcare places for an 11 years old with additional needs.”

“Unable to afford childcare costs and have informal childcare for respite or to enable us to meet our disabled child’s needs , however unfortunately funded respite has not been offered.”

“My child’s costs are rising due to her additional needs and.... (I am) unable to work as I am a full-time carer.”

This was also impacted by their working hours, their location and limited accessibility, meaning they were left with no choice but to use informal childcare or not work.

“I live in a rural area and there are no childminders or nurseries that offer school wrap around with any availability.”

“Many child-care settings couldn’t meet the needs of my son so it wasn’t optional.”

Many families also reflected on the fact that they didn't have family or friend support and were unable to even consider informal childcare.

“I don’t have a “village” it’s me on my own.”

Does childcare stop you working or working more hours?

Unsure/Other: 11%

No: 34%

Yes: 55%

Concerningly, 55% of parents cited that childcare was stopping them working or working more hours.

For those families who pay for childcare, 60% of them said it is causing a huge strain of finances; their ability to afford basic necessities and was putting them into debt.

25% of parents have either had to reduce working hours; give up working or find that they can't afford to get job due to the costs which is restricting parental choice.

Ideas/ suggestions to improve childcare

Parents were asked to share ideas or suggestions on how low-income families could be supported. Many parents cited help with childcare costs as crucial.

“Provide more help whether it's allowing parents to work from home more so childcare costs can be cut completely or providing financial help to those who truly need it.”

“Help nursery settings, give them funding which passes through to the working family's.”

Parents also gave further ideas and suggestions including:

• After school clubs and extra-curricular activities for children

• Holiday childcare (including for older children)

• More funding for childcare from an earlier age (9mths)

• Universal childcare entitlements

• Universal Flying Start provision

• More flexible working options including options to work from home

• Childcare grants

• More community level support and local childcare options

• More specialist childcare for children with ALNs physical and disabilities

Education

“Schools expect parents to pay for things all the time.... they ask for money for trips, events or activities... You have to pay for your child not to miss out.”

“So far, I’ve been able to manage the costs... sometimes this means that I’ll skip meals to ensure I’ve got.. all the necessities.”

Parents were asked how they managed the additional costs of education. This was a very relevant question given that 91% of survey respondents had children that attended school. The responses revealed that school-related expenses are negatively impacting families.

Uniform costs

Parents identified uniforms as the most difficult school cost to manage. They said that the high cost of school uniforms, including shoes and bags, places a significant financial burden on families. As children grow, more than one set of uniforms is often required each year, increasing the expense. PE kits and uniforms with logos add to these costs, particularly for those with multiple children.

“I couldn’t afford school uniform and was refused the grant...I bought what I could and then... I got a few bits given to my children from the lost property bin, which is obviously embarrassing... (for) me and my children.”

Most difficult school costs to manage

Other school costs

Parents highlighted that school trips, residentials, fancy dress days, and event-related expenses are often unaffordable. Fundraising activities add pressure, as families feel obligated to contribute.

Some children were digitally excluded as they didn’t have laptops to complete homework properly. Parents also have significant food costs for school meals, packed lunches, breakfast clubs, snacks, and ingredients for cooking classes.

Many parents face high fuel and bus fare costs, with some children being refused bus passes. Inadequate bus services also force parents to have to drive their children to school.

“The older children walk one and a half miles to school because we couldn’t get a bus pass.”

Does your child/children miss school because of costs?

When asked if their children missed school because of costs, 25% of parents responded saying ‘Yes’

Schools costs that cause children to miss school

Sometimes parents felt that they had no choice but to give their children days off to avoid them feeling left out. They felt this negatively impacts their education and development. School costs are therefore limiting children's participation and leading to them being excluded from activities.

“I really want my child to go to school trips, to travel to learn as its good for his physical and mental health but the cost so high that I can't afford it’

“Sometimes we just can't afford another outfit just for one day. So ashamed to say we've given days off.”

Parents also expressed feelings of stress, as they struggle to meet the costs of education. The constant need to budget and make difficult financial decisions leads to ongoing worry and anxiety, which children often share.

Ideas to support parents with school costs

When asked for ideas to support low-income families, parents suggested more support with transport, school meals and uniform, particularly for secondary school students.

The eligibility criteria for uniform grants is restrictive and the value limited, leaving many lowincome families without sufficient support. Raising the threshold or offering non-means-tested financial help could help address this. Schools could also facilitate uniform banks and swap shops and change their policy to allow cheaper, non-logoed options.

Additionally, transport costs and eligibility could be reviewed and universal free school meals could be extended to secondary school students. During holidays, cash vouchers could replace free school meals. Schools should have budgeting classes and low-cost cooking skills classes.

Many parents expressed the need for more flexible payment plans and advance notice of costs which would help families with financial planning.

The rising costs of education are creating financial challenges for parents, particularly those already facing poverty. It is important to mitigate these to ensure that these costs do not negatively impact children’s well-being and attendance levels.

You can access free resources, produced by Children in Wales, that offer practical steps to help remove barriers and the 'cost' of learning in school settings here:Children in Wales | Price of Pupil Poverty Resources

Free school meals

“Great difference as I don't have to spend money on lunch food items, lunch bags and boxes... It all adds up with 3 children. I don't have to spend time on shopping... and making things each evening. I am able to spend quality time.... connecting with the family.”

In September 2022, the Welsh Government began rolling out a free school meals programme to all primary school children. This was a 3-year phased roll out through the Co-operation agreement with Plaid Cymru. Parents were asked for feedback on the scheme.

Do any of your children benefit from the Free School Meals programme in primary schools?

Around 66% of parents said that their children were benefitting from the free school meal programme. They also reported the positive benefits that they were gaining from this initiative. 55% of parents said that there had been a positive financial impact for them and that they were saving money and that it had eased their financial burden. Parents have used the money that they have saved on school meals to spend on their children.

“I used the money we would normally pay for school meals on days out with children giving them new experiences.”

21% of parents were also content that their children were receiving a hot, nutritional meal every day and welcomed the opportunity for children to try a variety of foods. Some parents felt that free school meals compensated for their inability to provide adequate food at home and guaranteed a daily hot meal for their child.

“It relieves the pressure of them having a large hot meal at home. Our weekly food bill has decreased. I’m very grateful that this initiative was for all children.”

“A huge difference because we know our child will be fed well at school even if food is minimal at home.”

As well as relieving financial pressure, free school meals also reduced mental health pressure and stress. 18% of parents said that it made their lives easier as they did not have to worry about finding money for lunches. They also saved time because they did not have to shop for food or pack lunches every day.

By providing free school meals for all children, it also removed the fear of being judged or stigmatised for taking a packed lunch or being identified as being eligible for free school meals.

“It has made a huge difference financially for us as well as reduced stress levels as it’s one less thing to think about.”

“... Greater flexibility with time because of not preparing lunches in the morning.”

Despite the overwhelmingly positive feedback, there were some parents who felt that the quality and portion sizes of free school meals needed to be improved. Parents reported that children were coming home hungry due to the small portion sizes. Some children did not like the school meals, meaning that parents were unable to fully benefit from them.

“The food choice and portion size are poor so it’s not as beneficial as it could be.”

“My children either do not like the menu or are still hungry as the portions are small.”

Additionally, 17% of parents said that they didn’t receive any benefit from the initiative. Some children had additional learning needs or were neurodivergent, meaning the food provided did not meet their specific needs. Others had specific dietary needs that were not met. A lot of parents had children who were also previously eligible for free school meals or had children in secondary school or nursery where universal free school meals are not available.

“Both my kids have learning disabilities... they are very fussy when it comes to food. I have to make them packed lunch.... as they don’t eat the food in school.”

“My daughter is being tested for autism and struggles with certain foods.”

There were also suggestions made by parents about how the scheme could be improved and be more beneficial for children and their families. The key suggestions made were

• Universal free school meals should also be extended to secondary schools

• The menu should be more varied and cover a greater range of dietary needs e.g. a gluten-free menu.

• Food or cash vouchers should be provided for those not benefiting from the initiative in the school environment, especially during school holidays.

• The provision should be means-tested rather than universal and limited to those on a low income and in the most financial need.

Barriers to overcoming poverty

Barriers to overcoming poverty

“They’re set up to fail. The government doesn’t want to help end the never-ending cycle.”

Throughout the survey, a range of barriers were identified by families or collectively recognised. These barriers are hindering the ability of families to overcome poverty. The key barriers are outlined below.

Childcare

As highlighted in the ‘Childcare’ section, the lack of accessibility, availability and choice of childcare are directly limiting parents’ ability to work or take on more hours to improve their financial situation. This is trapping them in a cycle of limited opportunities.

Inadequate maternity pay also makes it difficult for working mothers to afford living costs. This, coupled with the high cost of childcare, is leaving parents with little disposable income. They are also being forced to consider other working options.

“Maternity pay is a joke...I rushed back to work because you can’t afford to live on one wage.”

“It makes the balance of ‘child care costs vs working’ tip debate tip towards just looking after your children more as child care is a big chunk of the months budget.”

Inflation/rising cost of living

Another huge barrier impacting many families is the rising cost of living and the lack of pay rises or increase in benefits to compensate this.

“Everything except wages are increasing.”

“Cost of things rises quicker than wages so have to make the same amount of money go further.”

Even when families are receiving a small pay rise, this is going straight to rising costs so the benefits are unseen.

“Although minimum wage went up so did everything else, cost of living has gone through the roof.”

Systems not working

Some families felt that the systems in place to help overcome poverty or to support them were either unfair or not working.

An example of this is the Flying Start postcode lottery where some families can access childcare from 2 years old and others who can't.

Low income families who are working are struggling but are unable to access certain benefits and are therefore struggling with little financial support.

“Poverty isn't just hitting low income families, working families who receive little financial support in terms of benefits are also struggling.”

“On paper we are not in poverty. We are not entitled to benefits. In reality, we are struggling but miss out on any of the cost of living help that is available.”

Stigma

“Yes, trying to seek help is embarrassing but also difficult in rural Wales. When asking for help, you are made to feel like a waste of space receiving any form of benefits. People automatically assume you have 7 kids and are too lazy to work when in reality you'd work or work more if childcare didn't drain your wages.”

Previous surveys (with practitioners) have highlighted that some families living on low incomes are made to feel embarrassed about their financial circumstances or treated differently by services. In this survey parents were asked to share examples of this.

There was a strong response to this question, with parents sharing the stigma surrounding claiming benefits, visiting food banks and in day-to-day situations.

“When accessing food banks, I felt like I wanted the world to swallow me whole.”

“I’m desperate for food and there is a food bank near me but I do not know how to get help and I am embarrassed to ask.... it is soul destroying.”

“Feel looked down upon for being on benefits, treated like someone who is lazy and not someone who wants to work but can’t due to circumstances.”

32% of respondents reported feeling ashamed and embarrassed about their experiences of poverty. They also had feelings of failure and guilt that negatively impacted their sense of parental identity.

Suggestions for Support/ Ways Forward

Suggestions for Support/ Ways Forward

“It's

a terrible situation to be in. We need to try and educate and support families to break the cycle without judgement.”

Throughout this survey, parents were asked for ideas and solutions to support low-income families and improve their circumstances. They suggested a range of ideas for this.

Financial Support

Parents were asked to share suggestions or ideas on how families living on low incomes could be better supported financially. They suggested changes that could make a difference. These include:-

• Accessible support, which is free or low cost and non-judgmental.

• Better signposting to relevant support services with self-referral options and anonymity and confidentiality

• Budget management classes, financial advice and life skills workshops to help families maximize their income and meet basic needs

• Access to crisis funds for emergencies.

• Help with debt management

• Promotion of information on available support and benefit entitlements

Employment

“More opportunities = better self esteem = better mental health.”

Parents also want more support with getting into employment and accessing training and volunteering opportunities. This is a key driver for supporting parents out of poverty and building self-esteem and confidence.

Reducing the cost of living

Parents want more action taken to reduce living costs. Essential costs such as fuel, energy, food and housing currently place a huge financial burden on families.

Many suggested that governments could help by reducing inflation and income tax rates. This would help families to meet their basic needs and give them more space to focus on the care and wellbeing of their children.

Targeted assistance for lower-income households facing financial crises is also needed. Parents suggested increasing access to essentials through clothes banks, baby banks, food banks, cost-of-living payments, and crisis funds to support those most in need.

Increasing Household Incomes

With the rising costs of living, families need more money to manage costs. Increasing the living and minimum wages in line with inflation and providing an immediate uplift in benefits were suggested to achieve this.

A fair and equitable benefits system should be in place to support all families, and a Universal Basic Income should be introduced to alleviate financial insecurity. The two-child benefits cap should be removed as it disproportionately impacts larger families, pushing them into poverty. Additionally, ensuring fair Disability Living Allowance (DLA) rates for families of children with disabilities is vital due to the higher costs associated with care and support.

In-work poverty

Parents said there should be more help for working families to reduce in-work poverty. By increasing the tax threshold and the Universal Credit threshold entitlement for free school meals and uniform grants, working families can retain more of their income. Single working parents also need more help with childcare costs.

Enhancing statutory maternity and paternity pay is also crucial as some parents felt it was inadequate to cover costs. This, in conjunction with the options suggested in ‘Ideas/ suggestions to improve childcare’ would allow more working parents to increase their household incomes.

“Maternity pay should be better. Statutory maternity pay means I am losing £1,000 a month from what I used to receive.... it SHOULD reflect what you used to get paid!”

Emotional Support

Parents were asked to share suggestions or ideas on how families living on low incomes could be better supported emotionally.

Safe spaces

Parents wanted to feel listened to and said that it was important to have a safe space to share their concerns and their experiences. Suggestions for this were:-

• Fully funded family centres and hubs

• Parenting support groups and drop-ins with varied hours to accommodate working parents

• Childcare provision for all groups

• Mental health support helplines

• Access to counsellors and peer support groups

“Access to a parent group where we can get together, and just talk to people in the same boat. A no-judgment, safe space.”

Better Support Services

There was a call for increased funding for support services for children’s mental health and for families with additional learning needs (ALN) or complex additional learning difficulties (CALDS). Schools could be a base for these services, and this could be facilitated by family liaison officers who could also help with broader family needs.

• Family liaison officers in schools to help access support

• Digital apps and free courses

• Outreach family support officers

Empathy and Understanding

Parents wanted to be valued and understood without being blamed or judged because of their challenging situations.

“I don't want better emotional support I just want an understanding that times are hard.”

Professionals should be offered training on poverty to tackle stigmas and increase awareness to ensure that the right approach and support is being delivered. This would improve attitudes towards those in poverty and ensure they are more empathetic and emotionally sensitive.

Community Focused solutions

Parents also want better local, community-based provision where they can access low-cost or free services such as childcare or free gym access. They also wanted free or affordable activities for families in clean, safe spaces to help them spend quality time together, consequently reducing emotional stress and building resilience.

“To give children the best start in life – let’s all work together.”

They also suggested:-

• Free trips and activities

• Effectively funded family centers

• Local, accessible playgroups and youth centers

“Stop pressure on parents to do everything. Make council run gyms etc more accessible to families by cutting the cost. Help families enjoy time together.”

There was also a theme of sustainability and self-reliance, especially in relation to food. Parents suggested creating non-profit food co-operatives in the community where they can purchase food items in bulk and sell them at a cheaper cost. They also suggested better access to local allotments for families to grow their own food.

Conclusion

This report highlights so many real-life examples and lived experiences of poverty that families are facing on a daily basis. These insights must motivate everyone to look for ways forward to mitigate the impacts of child poverty.

Parents highlighted that there needs to be more investment in children and families but actions to address poverty also require more than financial solutions. To tackle the poverty cycle, there needs to be stronger government support and also community-based solutions.

Addressing child poverty requires societal change, empathy, reduced stigma and genuine support to help parents regain confidence and overcome shame. There must be a holistic approach that recognises the emotional and psychological impacts of poverty on children, parents and families.

Children in Wales would like to thank all of the parents who took the time to complete the survey. We really appreciate the time you have taken to complete it and for sharing your detailed thoughts and experiences, often under difficult circumstances. Thank you again.