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the body of the victim; it varies much in form and colour, some eggs being stalked and of peculiar shape. The larvae issuing from the eggs are legless maggots with a delicate integument of pallid white or creamy colour. If the eggs are laid on the surface of the body, the resulting larvae (except in the cases of the external parasites) soon bore into the interior of their victim, and disappear therein. The changes that take place in the lifetime of the larvae have been studied in only a few cases; but if we can judge from Ratzeburg's history[469] of the changes that take place in Anomalon, they are of great interest. From observation of the differences existing amongst a great number of larvae of A. circumflexum he distinguished four stages. It is of course impossible to follow directly the growth of one individual, because it is concealed in the interior of the caterpillar in which it lives, and to open this involves the death of both caterpillar and Ichneumon-larva. The life history must therefore be constructed from a great number of separate observations; and it is not ascertained that the four instars described by Ratzeburg represent the number of moults of the larva that actually take place. He, however, entertained no doubt that all the forms he observed were stages in the development of one species. In the earliest stage, when only one millimetre in length and about as thick as a horsehair, the larva is free in the interior of the caterpillar's body, and has a small head armed only with a pair of mandibles. There are, in addition to the head, thirteen segments, and the last of these is an elongate tail forming nearly one-half the length of the creature. No trace of tracheae can be discovered. In the second stage the larva is still free, an elongate tracheal tube exists, the tail has diminished to half the length, the head has become much larger, and rudimentary antennae of one joint are visible; possibly stigmata are present at this stage, though they cannot afterwards be detected. In the third stage (Fig. 361, C) the larva is encysted, the head is large, the parts of the mouth are all developed, the tracheal system is extensive, and the caudal termination of the body is quite short; notwithstanding the extensive development of the tracheal system, no stigmata can be found. In the fourth stage the larva is still encysted, the tail has disappeared, the head and mouth parts are reduced in size and development, and the creature has now the appearance of a normal

larva. The changes to pupa and perfect Insect take place within the body of the victim, in some cases, if not usually, after it has undergone its metamorphosis into a chrysalis. Very little information is extant as to the duration of the various stages, but it appears to be the rule that only one generation appears annually, though in some cases there are pretty certainly two.

It is very difficult to observe the act of oviposition; the Ichneumonflies usually decline to notice caterpillars with which they are placed in confinement. Ratzeburg thinks they will only attack caterpillars that are in a deficient state of health or vitality. Occasionally we may by a happy chance observe the act in Insects at large, and from the records of observers it may be deduced with tolerable certainty that the sense of sight takes no part in the operation. Ratzeburg relates that he saw a Pimpla alight on a leaf of Rhus and thrust its ovipositor through the leaf. On looking to the under-side of the leaf he found that a cocoon of Bombyx neustria was concealed there in such a position that it could not have been seen by the Ichneumon.

Fig. 362.—Thalessa lunator. Oviposition. (After Riley.)

Among the most remarkable of the Ichneumon-flies are the Insects of the genera Rhyssa and Thalessa. These fine Insects have an ovipositor three or four inches in length, and are parasitic on species of the family Siricidae, which, as we have previously described, live in solid wood. In order therefore to deposit the egg in a suitable place, the wood must be pierced by the Ichneumon. The ovipositor is not only of extreme length, but is also furnished with serrations on its apical part, so that it forms a very effective boring apparatus. It is

brought into use by being bent on itself over the back of the Insect (Fig. 362), so as to bring the tip vertically down on to the wood, through which it is then forced by a series of efforts; the sheaths do not enter the wood. The egg is laid anywhere in the burrow of the Sirex; the young larva seeks its prey, and lives on it as an external parasite (Fig. 342, D). Erne, however, states[470] that the young larva of Rhyssa persuasoria enters its victim, and remains within the latter till its death occurs. This happens when the young Rhyssa is two or three lines in length, and it then makes its exit from the interior of the body and gradually eats it up. Should the larva it has attacked be of large size, it of itself affords sufficient food for the completion of the growth of the Rhyssa. Should the Rhyssa, however, have attacked a small larva, this does not furnish it with sufficient food, and it consequently dies without seeking another larva. Erne says, indeed, that it will not eat another if offered to it, so that in order to rear the Rhyssa in captivity, the victim it has first attacked must always be given to it. The same observer states that the Rhyssa larva is sometimes transported by the Sirex deep into the wood, so that when it has completed its metamorphoses the Ichneumon-fly may find itself buried in solid wood to a depth of about two inches. In that case it excavates the wood with its mandibles, and should it fail to gain the exterior after three days of work, it dies. In the case of Thalessa it is stated that it sometimes bores into wood where there are no larvae, but Riley thinks this erroneous; it is, on the other hand, certain that the Insect after penetrating the wood is frequently unable to withdraw the ovipositor, and consequently dies.

Packard has recorded,[471] without mentioning the species, the oviposition of an Ichneumon of which the egg is deposited externally.

It was placed on the head of the caterpillar, and speedily hatched; the young larva at once bored through the prothoracic segment of the victim, the head of the latter then became swollen, and covered the opening into the prothorax, made by the parasite.

Fig. 363.—Young larva of Paniscus in position of feeding on the skin of Mamestra. (After Newport.) a, The egg-shell.

The history of an Ichneumon larva that feeds as an external parasite has been sketched by De Geer and Newport. The observations of the latter[472] refer to Paniscus virgatus; he found small, shining, black bodies attached to the skin of the larva of a moth, Mamestra pisi; these were the eggs of the Ichneumon. They are furnished with a short peduncle, which is implanted in the skin of the victim; the egg, according to De Geer, being retained more firmly by the peduncle subsequently swelling, so as to form two knobs. The hatching takes place by the egg-shell splitting longitudinally, while from the split protrudes the little head of the destroying larva. This becomes fixed to the caterpillar, from which the nutriment is to be drawn; the Paniscus larva does not, however, leave the egg-shell, but, on the contrary, becomes adherent to it, so that the parasite is in this manner fixed by the two ends to its victim. In fifteen days the parasite was full-grown, and had become half an inch in length. At first no tracheae were to be seen, but these were detected after the second day. Moulting took place three times, and in a peculiar manner, very different from that described by Ratzeburg as occurring in the internal parasites (which, he states, change their very delicate skin by detaching it in almost imperceptible fragments). In the external parasite the skin remains entire, and is shuffled down to the extremity of the body, but cannot be completely detached owing to the anchoring of the posterior part of the body to the caterpillar; the cast skins thus remain as envelopes to the posterior part of the body.

Newport states that if the mouth of the parasite be detached, it usually cannot again seize hold of the victim, and consequently perishes. It is a curious fact that more eggs than one caterpillar can support are habitually placed on it, and some of the resulting larvae of necessity perish during the period of growth. Poulton, who has recently made some additional observations on the development of Paniscus,[473] says that if three larvae are close together, it is the

middle one that perishes, and suggests that this is due to some simple physical condition. From Newport's account it may be gathered that the Mamestra retains sufficient vitality to form its cocoon, and that the Paniscus larvae likewise construct their own cocoons within that of the Mamestra. In the case of Paniscus cephalotes feeding on Dicranura vinula, Poulton relates that the latter died after the twelfth day of attack. The parasites, having relaxed their hold on the victim just previous to this event, then thrust their heads into the dead body, and devoured the larva, leaving only a dried and empty integument. These larvae span a loose sort of web in which to undergo their metamorphosis. In a natural state, however, they form cocoons inside the cocoon of the Dicranura. The period passed in the pupal condition was about four weeks. This parasite only attacks the Lepidopterous larva during the last stage of its existence as a larva, but the eggs may be laid on the victim in an earlier stage; and in such case De Geer has stated, and Poulton has confirmed the observation, that though the larva sheds its skin it does not get rid of the eggs.

The little Ichneumons of the genus Pezomachus are quite destitute of wings and somewhat resemble ants; they are common Insects in Britain. Only the female sex is known, and it is believed that the winged Ichneumons assigned to the genus Hemiteles—of which no females are known—are the males of Pezomachus. Repeated efforts have been made to place this beyond doubt, but they have usually failed, for when a brood of these parasites is reared, the individuals generally prove to be either all Hemiteles or all Pezomachus. It is to be hoped that this interesting case will be fully elucidated.

Although the Ichneumonidae are perhaps the most purely carnivorous of all the great families of Hymenoptera, there is nevertheless reason for supposing that some of them can be nourished with vegetable substances during a part at any rate of the larval existence, Giraud and Cameron[474] having recorded observations that lead to the conclusion that some species of the

genus Pimpla may inhabit galls and live on the substance, or juices thereof.

Fig. 364.—Agriotypus armatus, female. Britain. (After Curtis.)

Over 1200 species of Ichneumonidae are known to inhabit Britain, and there can be no doubt that this number will be increased as a result of further observation. Unfortunately no general work has yet been published on this department of our fauna, and the literature is very scattered.[475] The species of North America have not received so much investigation as those of Europe, and the Ichneumon fauna of the tropics remains almost uninvestigated. Six sub-families are recognised: Agriotypides, Ichneumonides, Cryptides, Tryphonides, Pimplides, Ophionides. Of these the first is the most remarkable, as it consists of an Insect having aquatic habits. It has for long been known that the unique species Agriotypus armatus, a rare Insect in our islands, is in the habit of going under water and remaining there for a considerable period, and it has now been satisfactorily ascertained that it does this for the purpose of laying its eggs in the larvae of Trichoptera.[476] The resultant larva lives inside the cases of species of Silo, Goëra, etc. It undergoes a sort of hypermetamorphosis, as its shape before assuming the pupal condition is very different to what it was previously. It changes to a pupa inside the case of the Trichopteron in a cocoon attached to the walls of the case. Previous to making this, however, the Agriotypus forms a curious, elongate, string-like process attached to the anterior extremity of its cocoon. The use of this is unknown. Full information as to the life-history of this aquatic Hymenopterous larva, especially as to its respiratory functions, would be of great interest. The affinities of this remarkable Insect are still doubtful. It may probably prove to be between Proctotrypidae and Ichneumonidae.

Fig. 365.—Metamorphosis of Agriotypus. (After Klapálek.) A, Larva; B, sub-nymph; C, case of the Silo with the string of attachment formed by Agriotypus; D, section of the case: v1, operculum of case; v2, cocoon; ag, pupa of Agriotypus; e, exuvia of Agriotypus; w2, wall of cocoon; s, remains of Silo; w1, closure of case.

Remains of Insects that may be referred with more or less certainty to Ichneumonidae have been found in some abundance in various tertiary strata both in Europe and North America, but nothing indicative of the existence of the family has yet been found in the older rocks.

Fam. V. Braconidae—Supplementary Ichneumon-flies.

Antennae with many (nearly always more than fifteen) joints, not geniculate. Wings with a moderate number of cells, which on the anal part of the front wing are more or less imperfect, the anal (i.e. the second posterior) cell being separated from the cubital cells by a large space in which there is no cross-nervure.

Abdomen with but little mobility between the segments; the suture between the second and third usually absent, or obsolete.

Larvae living parasitically in—possibly exceptionally outside— the bodies of larvae or pupae of Insects.

Fig. 366.—Bracon palpebrator, female. Europe. (After Ratzeburg.)

Fig. 367.—Diagram of wing of Ichneumonid (A) and of Braconid (B). 1, 2, 3, 4, series of cells extending across the wing; a, b, divided cell of the Ichneumonid wing, corresponding with a, the undivided cell of the Braconid wing.

The Braconidae are the Ichneumones, or Ichneumonides, adsciti of the older Hymenopterists. They are extremely similar to the Ichneumonidae, but the hind body has a much less degree of mobility of its segments, and there are some constant distinctions in the wings. Although there is a great deal of difference in the various forms of each of the two families, yet there are two points of distinction easily appreciated; the series of cells running across the wing (Fig. 367) being only three in the Ichneumonides (Fig. 367, A), but four in the Braconids (Fig. 367, B); besides this the space a of the Braconid wing is divided into two (a, b) in the Ichneumonid wing.

A glance at these characters enables us at once to separate correctly the thousands of species of the two families.

The habits of the Braconidae are similar to those of Ichneumonidae, it being believed that all are parasites. Usually they attack larvae, but they are bred in great numbers from pupae, and even from imagos of other Insects. Elasmosoma is one of the few parasites known to attack ants. As many as 1200 specimens of Microgaster have been reared from a single Lepidopterous larva. Although such parasitism raises a feeling of repulsion, yet there is reason for supposing that there may be little or no cruelty or acute suffering connected with this mode of life. The victim attacked is not eaten, the parasites in the interior taking in the lymph of the caterpillar either by the mouth or by endosmosis, but not biting their host. The latter displays no sign of sickness, but eats voraciously, so that it serves merely as a sort of intermediary between the juices of the plant and the larvae inside itself. It is only when the metamorphosis is at hand that the host

sickens, but this does not always happen: parasitised larvae frequently change to pupae, and they may occasionally even become perfect Insects. Cases are known in which imagos have appeared with some of the small parasites embedded in some of the outer parts of their bodies. These cases are, however, very rare; in the enormous majority of instances the host is destroyed either when it is in the larval stage or before the pupa has advanced to any great extent on its metamorphosis to an imago. Particulars as to various species will be found in the valuable work of Ratzeburg we have already referred to.[477] Reference may also be made to Goureau's account of Microgaster globatus,[478] this latter including some suggestions by Dr. Boisduval on some of the difficult physiological questions involved in the lives of these parasites.

Fig. 368.—Stalked cocoon of Apanteles formosus. (After Marshall.)

The metamorphosis of Microgaster fulvipes has been studied by Ratzeburg, and an epitome of his observations is given by Marshall.

[479] The larva goes through a series of changes somewhat similar to those we have already sketched in Anomalon circumflexum. Usually these Insects after emerging from the body of their host spin a mass of cocoons more or less loosely connected together. A most curious case has, however, been recorded by Marshall[479] of a stalked cocoon (Fig. 368) being formed as an exceptional act by Apanteles formosus. Mr. Marshall has recently received other specimens of this cocoon as well as the Insects reared therefrom in France, and inclines to the opinion that the stalked cocoon may be the usual form, and is sometimes departed from by the Insect for unknown reasons.

This family is of enormous extent; we have several hundred species of it in Britain,[480] and there are no doubt many thousands of undescribed exotic forms. To Apanteles glomeratus we are indebted for keeping our cabbages and kindred vegetables from destruction by the caterpillars of the white butterflies. The larvae of the various species of Pieris, as well as those of other Lepidoptera, are attacked by this little Insect, the masses of whose cocoons may frequently be found in numbers in and near cabbage gardens. The tropical species of Braconidae are greatly neglected, but many large and remarkable forms—some of brilliant colours—have been brought from there, so that we are justified in believing that Insects of this family will prove to be very numerous. There are but few apterous Braconidae. Both sexes of Chasmodon apterus are destitute of wings; the females of one species of Spathius, and also those of Pambolus and Chasmodon are apterous; in a small number of species of various genera the wings are so minute as to be incapable of serving as organs of flight. In the genus Alloea the wings of the male are shorter than those of the female.

Fig. 369.—Stenophasmus ruficeps, female. Aru Islands. (After Westwood.)

Fam. VI. Stephanidae.

Antennae composed of many (thirty to seventy) joints; hind body attached to the lower and posterior part of the median dorsal plate. Wings with a distinct costal cellule; head globose, posterior femora frequently toothed.

This is a doubtful family, consisting of a few anomalous Insects.

Schletterer assigns to it only two genera, Stephanus and Stenophasmus;[481] both have a wide distribution over the world, though we have no species in Britain. Nothing is known of their habits, and they are apparently all very scarce Insects. The definition is compiled from those of Cameron and Schletterer. There seems very little to distinguish these Insects from Braconidae.

Fam. VII. Megalyridae.

Hymenoptera with short broad hind body, which is not separated by a pedicel from the thorax. The female has a very long bristlelike ovipositor. Antennae with fourteen joints.

This family is constituted by the Australian genus Megalyra,[482] one of the most interesting of the numerous extraordinary Insect-forms found in that region; the species appear to be very rare and not numerous. Apparently nothing is known as to their habits. It is quite possible that these Insects will prove to be anomalous Braconidae.

Fam. VIII. Evaniidae.

Petiole of the abdomen attached to the upper part of the median dorsal plate; antennae not elbowed, of thirteen or fourteen joints.

Wings with a moderate number of nervures. Larva of parasitic habits.

This family is composed of only three genera—Evania, Gasteruption, and Aulacus, each possessing a considerable number of species; they agree in the characters mentioned above, and may be readily recognised by the peculiar insertion of the hind body. This character occurs outside the limits of the Evaniidae only in one or two genera of Chalcididae and Braconidae; it is to this latter family that the Evaniidae must be considered most closely allied.

The species of the genus Evania are believed to live at the expense of cockroaches (Blattidae), and to deposit their eggs in the eggcapsules of those Insects. The species of Gasteruption live, in the larval state, on the larvae of other Hymenoptera, more especially of such as form nests in wood. Very little is known as to the habits of the species of Aulacus, but it is believed that they are parasitic on members of the Hymenopterous families, Siricidae and Oryssidae.

Only the most meagre details as to the life history of any of the Evaniidae have been recorded. The species of Evania are met with most freely where cockroaches abound, and are said, hence, to be frequently observed on board ship. Two or three species of each of the two genera Evania and Gasteruption occur in Britain. The latter genus is more widely known under the name of Foenus.[483] Fam. IX. Pelecinidae.

Sexes very different; the female without exserted ovipositor, but with extremely long abdomen. Articulation between the femur and trochanter oblique and elongate, but without division of the trochanter.

Fig. 370.—Pelecinus polyturator, ♀. Mexico.

This family at present comprises, according to Schletterer,[484] only the three genera Pelecinus, Ophionellus, and Monomachus. The systematic position of the Insects is very doubtful, and their habits are but little known. Pelecinus polyturator (Fig. 370) appears, however, in the female sex, to be a common Insect over a large part of the warmer regions of the New World; it is in all probability parasitic in its habits, the elongate ovipositor of the female Ichneumon being in this Insect replaced by an extraordinary linear extension of the abdomen itself. Doubleday has recorded that he saw twenty or thirty specimens of this species that had perished with their elongated hind bodies inserted into the stem of a tree, from which they could not extricate themselves. On the other hand, Patton thinks they are parasitic on locusts.[485] The male in Pelecinus has the proportions of the parts of the body normal, there being no elongation of the abdomen; it thus differs very much in appearance from the female. There seems to be very little to distinguish Pelecinus from Proctotrypidae. The undivided trochanters have led to these Insects being placed, by some, among the Aculeate Hymenoptera. This character, as we have already shown, occurs also in Proctotrypidae.

Fam. X. Trigonalidae.

Abdomen ovate, not separated by a pedicel from the thorax.

Antennae twenty-five-jointed. Trochanters imperfectly twojointed. Both the anterior and posterior wings provided with a well-developed neuration. Abdomen composed of only five apparent segments. Larva (in some cases) parasitic on Aculeate Hymenoptera.

Fig. 371.—Trigonalys maculifrons Cam. i.l. Mexico.

This family is chiefly constituted by the very rare Insects contained in the genus Trigonalys, of which we have one species in Britain.

Although, so far as appearance goes, they have little in common with the parasitic Hymenoptera, and look quite like members of the Aculeata, yet the late F. Smith found a species in the cells of Polistes lanio, thereby showing it to be of parasitic habits. Although some Aculeate Hymenoptera are also of parasitic habits, yet the characters of Trigonalys perhaps agree, on the whole, better with the Hymenoptera parasitica. The British species is very rare. The South American genus, Nomadina, looks still more like a bee, and the trochanters are even more imperfectly divided than they are in some of the Aculeate group, Nyssonides, the outer portion being merely a small piece imperfectly separated from the base of the femur.

Note.—The citation of Saint Augustine on p. 85 is made in the words used by Wasmann in Der Trichterwickler, eine naturwissenschaftliche Studie über den Thierinstinkt, 1884.

The authenticity of the passage we have adopted as the motto for this volume is somewhat doubtful. It is explained in an "admonitio ad lectorem" of the soliloquy, that this work is probably a compilation by a later writer, from two, or more, works

of Saint Augustine. Father Wasmann has been so kind as to inform the writer that the idea of the passage quoted occurs frequently in the undoubted works of the Saint, as, for instance, de Civitate Dei, lib. xi. cap. 22; Serm. ccxiii. in traditione symboli II. cap. i.; contra Faustum, lib. xxi. cap. v. etc. The passage quoted is, however, the only one in which "angeli" and "vermiculi" are associated.

INDEX Every reference is to the page: words in italics are names of genera or species; figures in italics indicate that the reference relates to systematic position; figures in thick type refer to an illustration; f. = and in following page or pages.

Abdomen, 109; of Hymenoptera, 492 f.

Abdominal appendages, 188, 189, 190 Acantherpestes, 74, 76 Accessory glands, 392, 404 Acheta, 330, 338 Achorutes murorum, 194 Acini, 126 Acoustic orifice, 317 Acridiidae, 201, 279-310, 309 Acridiides, 310 Acridium peregrinum, 298; growth, 156; at sea, 297 —see also Schistocerca Acrophyllides, 278 Aculeata, 520 Aculeates and Proctotrypids, 535, 564 Adler, on alternation of generations, 530; on galls, 526 f.; on useless males, 498 Aeschna cyanea, 412; A. grandis, labium, 411; nymph, 420, 421 Aeschninae, 416, 426 Agaonides, 547 Agathemera, 274, 276 Agrion nymph, 426 Agrion pulchellum, 412 Agrioninae, 412, 426 Agriotypides, 557 Agriotypus armatus, 557 Air sacs, 128, 282, 283, 294, 495 Alaptus excisus, 537; A. fusculus, 538 Alar organs, of earwigs, 206; of Blattidae, 225;

of Mantidae, 245; of Phasmidae, 269; of Acridiidae, 281; development of, in earwigs, 212; in Mantidae, 248 —see also Tegmina, Wings, Elytra Alary muscles, 134 Albarda on Raphidiides, 448 Alder flies, 444 Aleuropteryx, 471 Alimentary canal, 123-127, 403, 446; of may-flies, 438 f.; of Panorpa, 450; closed, 457, 466, 496, 544 Alitrunk, 489 f., 490, 492 Alloea, 561 Alternation of generations, 497, 530 Amber, Myriapods in, 74, 76, 77; Insects, 179; Aptera, 196; Blattidae, 239; Mantidae, 258; Phasmidae, 276; Psocidae, 397; Perlidae, 407; Phryganeidae, 485; Tenthredinidae, 518; Cynipidae, 533 Ambua, 40 Ameles, 245 Ametabola, 158, 174 Amnion, 148, 545 Amnios, 291 Amorphoscelides, 251, 259 Amorphoscelis annulicornis, 251 Amphibiotica, 342 Amphientomum paradoxum, 397

Ampulex, abdomen, 492 Ampulla, 290 Amylispes, 76 Anabolia furcata, mouth-parts, 475; A. nervosa, larva, 476 Anabrus purpurascens, 321 Anaplecta azteca, folded wing, 227 Anaplectinae, 240 Anatomy—see External Structure and Internal Anatomy Anax formosus, 410, 414 Anderson, Dr. J., on Gongylus, 254 Anechura scabriuscula, 208 Anisolabis maritima, 205; A. moesto, 205; A. tasmanica, 216 Anisomorpha pardalina, 274 Anisomorphides, 278 Anisopterides, 412, 414, 426; nymphs, 421 Anomalon, metamorphosis, 552 Anomalopteryx, 484 Anostostoma australasiae, 326 Anoura, 190 Ant, brain, 119; nervous system, 495; castes, 500 Ant destroyer, 545, 559 Ante-clypeus, 93 Antennae, 97; growth of, 212 Anthophora retusa, parasites of, 544, 545 Anthophorabia retusa, 545 Ant-lions, 453, 454 Anurida maritima, 194, 195 Aorta, 133, 134 Apanteles glomeratus, 561 Apatania, 481;

A. arctica, A. muliebris, 481 Apex, 112 Aphilothrix, 531 Apocrita, 519 Apodeme, 103 Apophysis, 103, 520 Appendages, 91, 188, 189, 190 Aptera, 172, 180-189 Apterous Insects, 205, 216, 217, 220, 234, 235, 252, 261, 262, 264, 269, 272, 274, 277, 299, 302, 303, 307, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 329, 518, 556, 561 —see also Wingless Insects Apterygogenea, 175, 196 Aquatic Acridiidae, 301, 303; Aq. Hymenoptera, 538, 557; Aq. Phasmids, 272 Arachnides antennistes, 77 Archidesmidae, 76 Archidesmus, 76 Archijulidae, 76 Archipolypoda, 74, 76 Arolium, 105, 223 Arrhenotoky, 141, 498 Arthromeres, 87 Arumatia ferula, anatomy, 262 Ascalaphides, 459 f.

Ascalaphus coccajus, 459; A. longicornis, 459; A. macaronius, 460; eggs, 460 Aschipasma catadromus, 263, 266 Aschipasmides, 278 Ashmead, on Mymarides, 537; on Proctotrypids, 537; on Scleroderma, 536 Astroma, 300 Asymmetry, 216