Architecture Thesis_Ho Chi Minh City: Trade, Infrastructure and Zones

HO CHI MINH CITY — CONTEXT | NARRATIVE POST-ZONE SCENARIOS FOR HO CHI MINH CITY

PART 1. CONTEXT— HO C

CHI MINH CITY

NEW YORK CITY

New York City | Area = 304,6 mi 2 | Population = 8.538 mil (2016)

5 mile

HO CHI MINH CITY

Ho Chi Minh City | Area = 809 mi 2 | Population = 8.426 mil (2016)

5 mile

HO CHI MINH CITY HISTORICAL CONTEXT HO CHI MINH CITY TIMELINE

French Colonial Time (1864-1940) The town was drawn up in a regular rectangular grid-like pattern with city blocks modelled on Paris, boulevards and avenues and main axis, the port depicted the core of the grid

After the capture, the French transformed the town into the admin center of Conchinchina, expanded the town to 2,500 hectares and raise the number of inhabitants to 500,000

The Frennch also built important buildings such as the Opera and the Notre Dame Cathedral, market, and town hall, etc.

1968

During the civil war, Saigon was a place of refugee for rural dwellers.

Tet Offensive

1967 Population rose to 1.75 million.

Saigon grew radially along the arterial roads.

1975-1986 After the reunification of the country, process of de-urbanization took place. The communist regime decided to schink large urban centers.

1975

1965 Until 1965 the municipal area was filled up, especially between Saigon-Cholon and the main roads running from east to west.

1976

April 30, 1975, “the fall” or “the liberation” of Saigon, population rose to 2.5 million.

Dwellers were dislocated, refugees returned to their places. Urban growth slowed down.

400,000 people left the city.

Saigon was officially renamed as Ho Chi Minh City.

The town was taken its industry, its population and all investments in all sections.

Town planning measures were cancelled.

Adapted from the article by Thanh Bao Nguyen, D. Ary A. Samsura, Erwin van der Krabben, Anh-Duc Le, Saigon-Ho Chi Minh City, In Cities, Volume 50, 2016, Pages 16-27, ISSN 0264-2751, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2015.08.007.

1698 Settlements were sparse and consisted mostly of wooden huts at the west banks of the Saigon River

6th century

Fishing village, trade center with ties to China, India, Malaya. Port plays an important role in trading activities

Saigon had developed from a small market town to the thriving colonial metropolis of Indochina.

1980

The French also built infrastructure such as tramways and railways

1954

1956: Saigon Cholon were united.

During WWII: many people fled from the surounding villages into the city. Housing shortage problem arised.

Vietnam signed Geneva Accords and was divided into two countries.

US miliatary took over

1986-current time A new housing policy was started an the secondary centers were upgraded. This led to a strong influx to those areas.

Precolonial Time

Khmer times

Viet people capture the area.

A kind of threefold town developed: the port and administration town Saigon, Gia Dinh as citadel and garrison town (Northwest), and the Chinese trade spot Cholon (Southwest)

Saigon was referred to as “Perle de l’Extreme Orient”, with 20,000 trees planted to follow the French urban planning model of a “Ville Parc”.

1956

1st century

After the war, many people returned to their villages and Saigon’s population decreased but housing shortage persisted.

1986 Doi Moi Period Economic Reform The government introduced policy to create a more market-oriented economy to improve the coutnry’s economic power.

1940-1975 During this period: no town planning initiatives but the Americans invested in admin, schools and universities. This led to a population increase.

At present, the city development follows the model of a decentralized concentration which includes the satellite towns of Bien Hoa and Thu Dau Mot, some 50 km away

Infrastructure projects concern different communes, new industry and high tech parks such as the thriving Quang Trung Software City, the upgrade of the airport, new town development projects in urban and suburban areas.

CONTEXT COLLAGES — HISTORIAL, SOCIAL, IDEOLOGICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, ECONOMIC, POLITICAL, CULTURAL

Colonial Legacy

Social Transformation During Colonial Time

Production — Aspiration

Production Production Production

Urban Growth and Enclaves

Urban Growth and Zones

Realities

...and Contradictions

The City That We are Familiar With...

...and the New City | Bypassing

THREE ZONES | CASE STUDIES

Vietnam

Ho Chi Minh City

SAIGON HI-TECH PARK DISTRICT 1 CITY CENTER THU THIEM

PHU MY HUNG

Saigon River

SAIGON SOUTH NEW URBAN AREA Political Context The initial initiative of the PMH project was to build an export processing zone (EPZ) to attract foreign direct investment and generate export revenue and it has been evolved over time. In 1988, the Friday Group – led by Mr. Phan Chanh Duong, who later became a founder of the PMH project – conducted “ The Study of Building EPZs in HCMC” the Central Trading and Development Corporation (CT&D)-owned by Kuomintang (KMT), the ruling party in Taiwan at the time.

The reason CT&D assumed this venture was due to the special context transpiring within Taiwan at the time.

The tension across the Taiwan Strait was serious. From the Taiwanese perspective, especially government officials, a preparation for unexpected scenarios was not redundant. It would not be surprising if Taiwan’s government had plans to build backup facilities abroad (Nguyen et al., 2006). Because of its political and security concerns, it was explainable for KMT to spend some venture capital in one of the least developed real estate markets in the world at the time (Kim, 2008)

Infrastructure as Platform for Economic and Urban Development Construction of the EPZ was completed in 1992. However, the main objective was the PMH urban area.

The excuse for building the 17.8 km road 10-lanes wide was to connect the EPZ to the national highway No. 1. Commercially developing land along two sides of the road was to partly finance the road along with the toll revenue.

The arrangement was that the developer would receive 600 ha of land with a 50-year lease term for real estate development in exchange for the road and 150 ha of built infrastructure land for public use. This public land is mixed in with the commercial land of PMH and the 600 ha of PMH’s land are divided into five lots A, B, C, D and E as illustrated in Fig. 3. Another joint venture named Phu My Hung Corporation was established in May 1993 to pursue the project. CT&D also holds 70% of the interest while the municipal government holds the remainder.

However, due to the political change in Taiwan, the KMT completely pulled out its investments in 1994. Eventually, a megaproject was formed. It consisted of four key components: a 300 ha EPZ, a 600 ha real estate project, a 375 MW power plant, and a 10-lane road besides the municipal government’s ambition to develop an area of 2000 ha.

Scale As mentioned above, the designed plan is for an area of 2600 ha (10.04 mi), which is equivalent to the area of five districts in the downtown (1, 3, 5, 10, and Phu Nhuan). This is equivalent to half size of Manhattan (22.82 mi), 10x Central Park.

PMH’s five lots of land are dispersed across this area. This was a wise intention for the city because if PMH successfully develops their land, and the remainder as expected goes according to plan, a good and solid urban area for over two million people would be created.

Many pieces of land have been divided fragmentally and assigned for numerous developers dispersedly to build some types of real estate and sell them quickly without concern for the impact on other infrastructure or amenities.

Current / Future Concerns 1. Future financial sustainability - funding inside services 2. Urban sprawl, which is defined as the wasteful use of land through uncontrolled, uninterrupted monotonous expansion.

3. Segregation and gentrification.

4. Building towns on wetland causes environmental problems and exacerbates the potential danger of flooding due to rising sea levels.

THU THIEM

The Thu Thiem new urban area, master-planned by Sasaki Associates in 2012, will be a new modern central district, which enlarges the existing center of Ho Chi Minh City. Thu Thiem will be a center of finance, commerce, high-class services of the city and will be an international strategic area, as well as a center of culture, leisure and entertainment, which are inadequate in the existing center. The development of Thu Thiem presents one of the largest scale cleaning up in Ho Chi Minh City’s urban developments – a dislocation of 14,000 families. The eviction was completed in 2012, although the plan was met with much resistance from local residents.

2010

2012

Harms, Erik. Luxury and Rubble: Civility and Dispossession in the New Saigon. Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2017.

PAST AND FUTURE VISION

Harms, Erik. Luxury and Rubble: Civility and Dispossession in the New Saigon. Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2017.

SAIGON HI-TECH PARK

Saigon Hi-tech Park, located in district 9, is one of Vietnam’s only 3 state-owned national hi-tech parks.

It is envisioned to strengthen the economic, technological foundation of HCMC and Southern Economic Region of Vietnam. With a total area of 913 hectares (3.525 mi2), the complex composes of hi-tech services, housing area for experts, hi-tech supporting industries, logistics and bonded warehouse, hi-tech manufacturing, and research-training-incubation function. Boasting its accessibility to over 40 industrial parks and export processing zones, HCMC downtown, Tan Son Nhat airport, Cat Lai Port, Vietnam National University campus, as well as redundant and reliable utilities infrastructure, it aims to attract foreign entities to invest and do business in HCMC.

CONNECTIONS - ELEMENTS So taken as a whole, these zones and developments, in which sometimes the physicality or appearance of the master plan doesn’t matter as much as the components, the active forms that are widely promoted: infrastructure, internet connection, offices, warehouses, zones, etc. This dichotomy creates contested realities, of what is visible there versus the invisible software that runs and governs the system and creates this type of incentivized urbanism. This in turn produces the new locality, which might be seen as another form of colonization, similar to that of the French 100 years ago. The studio will explore what this new locality is in twenty first century neoliberal development.

Thu Thiem New Urban Area

Phu My Hung New Urban Center

Saigon Hi-tech Park

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK - INFRASTRUCTURE & URBAN TRANSFORMATION

Forms of Circulations Circulations of forms

ROI

Economic Reform 1986

4b

GDP

Open door policy

INFRASTRUCTURE

Socialism/Communism

Transportation

Colonial legacy

Logistics

Colonization Vietnam War

T M L

Ports

New lifestyles

Tr

Network

6

Airports International institutions

5 Culture transformation Economic transformation Rural-urban migration

Urban Extension Urban Population Growth

1

Economic

Transnational corporations

Supply/demand

Mast

Export/Import Centralized Decentralized Distributed

10

Culture

CBD

Ideology

Politics Geopolitics Environment

Rise of middle class

ICT

Brain drain

Labor

Displacement

Services workers

Saigon Street Clean up Backpackers’ town

New u

R&D

7

Emerging Global City

Trade Manufacturing Labor

Global city

Migration

Globalization

Flow of capital

Western ideas

Foreign investment

Western culture

Human investment

High rises Warehouses Universities Factories Highways/Parkways Workers’ housing Banks

raining

Business Incubations

4a

Zone 3.0 ?

Zones 1.0, 2.0

Vietnam Metropolitan area

ter plan

Ho Chi Minh City Saigon

Edge city

8

EPZ | IZ | EZ | HTZ

2

Old/New Policy

3

Urban spatial structure

Thu Thiem new urban area Phu My Hung new urban center Quang Trung Software park First new metro system

9

Incentivized Urbanism

D / New CBD

Incentives

urban centers

Tax holiday

D

Borders/Territories Multipliers Node Plug-ins Special zones Distribution Network

Import/ Export VAT Law

Tang Cang real estate zone Saigon Hi-tech Park Field conditions Points of intensification

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK - FLUID, MUTABLE TERRITORY

Forms of Circulations Circulations of forms

ROI

Economic Reform 1986

GDP

Open door policy

Infrastructure Transportation Network Logistics Ports Airports

Socialism/Communism

Colonial legacy

Colonization Vietnam War

1

Tra Man

Lab

New lifestyles

Train International institutions Transnational corporations

Culture transformation Economic transformation

Supply/demand

Rural-urban migration

Export/Import

Urban Extension Urban Population Growth

Master p Centralized Decentralized Distributed

Economic Culture Ideology

CBD / Ne

New urba

Politics Geopolitics

Rise of middle class

ICT

Brain drain

Labor

Environment

Displacement

Services workers

R&D

Saigon Street Clean up Backpackers’ town

Invisible Urbanism

6

ade nufacturing

2

Emerging Global City

Global city

Migration

High rises

Globalization

Flow of capital

Warehouses

Western ideas

Foreign investment

Universities

Western culture

Human investment

Factories Highways/Parkways Workers’ housing

bor

ning

plan

ew CBD

an centers

Banks Business Incubations

TERRITORY 7

Edge city EPZ | IZ | EZ | HTZ

3 Vietnam Metropolitan area

Thu Thiem Phu My Hung SHTP

Old/New

Ho Chi Minh City

Policy

Saigon

Urban spatial structure

Quang Trung Software park First new metro system Tang Cang real estate zone

Disposition Active Forms Multipliers Switches Governor Node Plug-ins Special zones Distribution Network

Saigon Hi-tech Park

Incentives

5

Tax holiday Borders/Territories Import/ Export VAT Law

4

Field conditions Points of intensification

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK - PRODUCTION OF LOCALITY

Forms of Circulations Circulations of forms

ROI Economic Reform 1986 Open door policy

2

GDP

PRODUCT LOCALITY 1

Socialism/Communism

Infrastructure

8

Colonial legacy

Transportation

T

Colonization Vietnam War

Network Logistics

M L

New lifestyles

Ports

T

Airports International institutions Transnational corporations

3

Culture transformation Economic transformation

Supply/demand

Rural-urban migration

Export/Import

Mas

Urban Extension

Centralized

Urban Population Growth

Decentralized Distributed

Economic Culture Ideology

CBD

Politics

Rise of middle class

Geopolitics

Brain drain

Environment

4

Displacement

ICT Labor Services workers

Saigon Street Clean up Backpackers’ town

Production

5a

New

R&D

Emerging Global City Global vs. Local Tensions 7

TION OF Y

Global city

Migration

High rises

Globalization

Flow of capital

Warehouses

Western ideas

Foreign investment

Universities

Western culture

Human investment

Factories

Trade

Highways/Parkways

Manufacturing Labor

Workers’ housing Banks

Training

Business Incubations

Contested Realities 6

Edge city EPZ | IZ | EZ | HTZ

Vietnam Metropolitan area

ster plan

Ho Chi Minh City Saigon

Thu Thiem new urban area Old/New

Phu My Hung new urban center Quang Trung Software park

Policy

First new metro system

Urban spatial structure

Tang Cang real estate zone Saigon Hi-tech Park

/ New CBD urban centers

5b

D

Disposition Active Forms

Incentives

Multipliers

Import/ Export VAT

Node

Law

Plug-ins Special zones

5c

Distribution Network

Office Space Politics

Tax holiday Borders/Territories

Field conditions Points of intensification

CONTEXT | VIETNAM TRADE

USA

Chile

Russian Federation

Belarus Kazakhstan

South Korea

Armenia China

India

Japan

Myanmar Laos Vietnam Thailand

Philippines

Cambodia Malaysia Brunei Singapore Indonesia

Australia

New Zealand

Vietnam’s Existing Trade Partners ASEAN Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, Cambodia China, India, South Korea, Japan, New Zealand, Australia, Chile, United States, Eurasian Economic Union

VIETNAM TRADE

South Korea China

India

Japan

Myanmar Laos Vietnam Thailand

Philippines

Cambodia Malaysia Brunei Singapore Indonesia

Australia

New Zealand

The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) ASEAN Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, Cambodia Plus Three: China, Japan, South Korea Plus Six: India, Australia, New Zealand Not yet in force

3.4 Billion People 39% of Global GDP

VIETNAM TRADE

Canada

USA (Withdrawn)

Mexico

Peru

Chile

Japan

Vietnam

Malaysia Brunei Singapore

Australia

New Zealand

The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, Vietnam United States withdrew in 01/23/2017 Date: 02/04/2016 Not yet in force

800 million People 40% of Global GDP (before USA’s withdrawal)

VIETNAM TRADE

EU2

28 Countries

Vietnam

The EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement EU28, Vietnam Not yet in force

19% of Global GDP expected to add 4.6% to Vietnam GDP by 2025

CONTEXT — ASIA — TRANS-ASIAN RAILWAY NETWORK

RUSSIAN FE

KAZAKHSTAN

UZBEKISTAN

KYRGYZSTAN

TURKMENISTAN TAJIKISTAN

TURKEY

AFGHANISTAN

SYRIA IRAQ ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN

PAKISTAN NEPAL

SAUDI ARABIA

U.A.E OMAN YEMEN

1,676 mm 1,520 mm

Broad Gauge

1,435 mm

Standard Gauge

1,067 mm 1,000 mm

Meter Gauge

1,000/1,435 mm

Double Gauge

TAR Link - planned/under construction Potential Tar link Break-of-gauge Ferry Crossing

INDIA

117,500 km of railway lines serving 28 member countries.

EDERATION

MONGOLIA

NORTH KOREA

SOUTH KOREA

JAPAN

CHINA

BHUTAN BANGLADESH

Kunming Nanning

Hanoi

MYANMAR

TAIWAN

LAO PDR VIETNAM THAILAND PHILIPPINES CAMBODIA Ho Chi Minh City MALAYSIA BRUNEI SINGAPORE

INDONESIA PAPUA NEW GUINEA

CONTEXT — ASIA — TRANS-ASIAN HIGHWAY NETWORK

RUSSIAN FE

KAZAKHSTAN UKRAINE ROMANIA

GEORGIA

BULGARIA

UZBEKISTAN ARMENIA

KYRGYZSTAN

TURKMENISTAN TAJIKISTAN

TURKEY

AFGHANISTAN

SYRIA IRAQ ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN

PAKISTAN NEPAL

SAUDI ARABIA

U.A.E OMAN YEMEN

Asian Highway Route Potential Asian Highway Route Ferry Link Capital City

INDIA

EDERATION

MONGOLIA

NORTH KOREA

SOUTH KOREA

JAPAN

CHINA

BHUTAN BANGLADESH

Kunming Nanning

Hanoi

MYANMAR

TAIWAN

LAO PDR VIETNAM THAILAND PHILIPPINES CAMBODIA Ho Chi Minh City MALAYSIA BRUNEI SINGAPORE

INDONESIA PAPUA NEW GUINEA

CONTEXT — VIETNAM | ASEAN PORT CAPACITY

500 mil. ton 150 mil. ton

70 mil. ton 40 mil. ton 20 mil. ton 10 mil. ton

CONTEXT — VIETNAM | ASEAN EXPECTED PORT TEU CAPACITY IN 2025

Intra-ASEAN Container Volume (teu/yr) 320,000 - 400,000 240,000 - 320,000 160,000 - 240,000 80,000 - 160,000 2,000 - 80,000

CONTEXT — VIETNAM | ASEAN ZONE NUMBER

Industrial Zone Special Economic Zone Science/Technology Park Innovation District

Vietnam

292

18 3

Indonesia

Malaysia

Philippines

Thailand

Myanmar

Cambodia

Brunei

Singapore

Lao PDR

CONTEXT — VIETNAM ZONES

325 Industrial Zones 18 coastal economic zones Zones Already in operation: 220 Occupancy rate: 73% Total Area: 94,900 ha (366 mi²) or 16x Manhattan

Quang Minh (344) Kim Hoa (50) Khai Quang (262)

Song Cong I (69)

Dinh Tram (230) Quang Chau (426) Thanh Binh (70) Sai Dong B (73) Noi Bai (100) Ha Noi - Dai Tu (40) Thang Long (274) Nam Thang Long (30)

Thuy Van (306) Trung Ha (127)

Tien Son (349) Que Vo (637) Dai Dong - Hoan Son (284) Yen Phong (341) North Phu Cat (307)

Hanoi

Luong Son (70)

Dai An (171) Nam Sach (64) Phuc Dien (87) Viet Hoa - Kenmark (46) Tan Truong (200)

Pho Noi A (390) Pho Noi B (95) Thang Long II (220) Dong Van (374)

Cai Lan (62) Viet Hung (301) Hai Yen (193)

Nomura (153) Dinh Vu (164) Do Son (155)

Le Mon (88) Ninh Phuc (334)

Bac Vinh (60) Nam Cam (79)

Phuc Khanh (120) Nguyen Duc Canh (68) Hoa Xa (328) My Trung (145)

South Dong Ha (99)

North West Dong Hoi (66) Hon La (98)

Phu Bai (185)

Tan Thuan (300) Linh Trung I (62) Linh Trung II (62) Binh Chieu (27) Tan Tao (444) Cat Lai II (117) Tan Binh (151) Tan Thoi Hiep (29) Le Minh Xuan (100) North West Cu Chi (220) Hiep Phuoc (332) Cat Lai IV (134) Phong Phu (163) Tan Phu Trung (552)

Song Than I (180) Song Than II (319) Dong An (132) Binh Duong (17) Tan Dong Hiep A (53) Tan Dong Hiep B (164) Viet Huong (46) Binh An Garment and Textile (26) Viet Huong II (250) Vietnam-Singapore (500) My Phuoc (377) Mai Trung (51) My Phuoc II (471) South Tan Uyen (331) Rach Bap (279) Linh Trung III (204) Trang bang (191)

Duc Hoa I (274) Thuan Dao - Ben Luc (114) Xuyen A (306) Vinh Loc II (226) Tan Kim (117) Tan Duc (273) Thanh Duc (255) Long Hau (142)

Dien Nam - Dien Ngoc (390)

Sao Mai (79)

Tinh Phong (139) Quang Phu (100) Tra Da (109) Phu Tai (348) Long My (100) Tam Thang (181)

Hoa Hiep (102)

Loc Son (93)

Suoi Dau (78) Ninh Thuy (206)

Chon Thanh (115) Minh Hung (194)

Phuoc Nam (370)

Ho Chi Minh City

My Tho (79) Tan huong (197)

Sa Dec (132)

Giao Long (96) Long Duc (100) Tra Noc I (135) Tra Noc II (165) Hung Phu I (350) Khanh An (180)

Existing Zones Zones Under Construction

Lien Chieu (374) Hoa Khanh (572) Da Nang (50) Hoa Cam (137)

Song Hau (126)

Hoa Phu (121) Binh Minh (162) An Nghiep (257)

Phan Thiet (124)

My Xuan A (270) Dong Xuyen (161) Phu My I (954) Cai Mep (670) My Xuan A2 (313) My Xuan B1 (572) Phu My II (572)

AMATA (361) Nhon Trach I (430) Nhon Trach II (533) Nhon Trach III (368) Go Dau (184) LOTECO (100) Bien Hoa II (365) Bien Hoa I (335) Song May (227) Ho Nai (230) Nhon Trach Garment (184) Dinh Quan (54) Tam Phuoc (323) Long Thanh (510) Nhon Trach V (302) An Phuoc (130) Nhon Trach VI (320) Tan Phu (54) Thanh Phu (177) Xuan Loc (97) Bau Xeo (502) Nhon Trach II-Loc Khang (70) Nhon Trach II-Nhon Phu (183)

CONTEXT — VIETNAM LOGISTICS AND TRANSPORT

to

C

hi n

a’s Ku n

m

ing

to C

hin

a’s

nn Na

ing

D a

National Highway 1 Part of Trans-Asia Highway Netowrk

Highway

N P m

Railway 1435(standard 368 1067 1000

435

Double gauge rail (meter and standard gauge)

North-South rail line Planned to be upgraded from meter gauge to standard gauge

Waterway & Ports

Ports handling >50,000 TEU Ports handling up to 50,000 TEU New ports planned

Context — HCMC

Binh Duo

Long An Province

Ho Chi Minh City

Mekong River Delta

ong Province

Dong Nai Province

Ba Ria - Vung Tau

EXISTING ZONES IN HCMC 7. Dong Nam Industrial Park

6. Tan Phu Trung IP

Operation Period: 2008-2058 Type of Industry: general industries with foreign investment supporting Industries, high-tech Industries, mechanical industries, electronic industries, car Industries.

Total land size: 343 ha Rate of occupancy: 69% Nearest Highway: Asia-Trans Highway, IP Developer: Sai Gon VRG Investment Corp.

Major tenants: New Toyo (Singapore), Freetrend (Taiwan), Vinawood (US), Theodore Alexander (BV Islands)

Operation Period: 2004-2054 Type of Industry: multi-industries: Electric and Electronics, IT, Mechanics, Medical Appliances, Bio- Chemical & Pharm aceutical, Food Processing, All non-pollution manufacturing industrial Total land size: 542 ha Rate of occupancy: 30% Nearest Highway: Highway 22 (Trans-Asia) IP Developer: Northwest Saigon City Development Corporation Major tenants: Binh Vinh Sai Gon Food Co., Ltd (Taiwan), Nippon Paper Industries Ltd. (Japanese), Nghia Sai Gon Nippers Joint Stock Company (Vietnamese)

8. Tay Bac Cu Chi IZ Operation Period: 1997-2047 Type of Industry: general industries with foreign investment supporting Industries, high-tech Industries, mechanical industries, electronic industries, car Industries.

Total land size: 150 ha Rate of occupancy: 99% Nearest Highway: Asia-Trans Highway, Major Enterprises: Aerotech (UK), A.T.K.M (US), Caravans (Australia), Chieh-lin (Taiwan), Hansae (Korea), EFFORT (Taiwan), Chuanplus (Malaysia).

9. Vinh Loc Industrial Park Operation Period: 1997-2047 Type of Industry: general industries with foreign investment supporting Industries, high-tech Industries, mechanical industries, electronic industries, car Industries.

Total land size: 207 ha Rate of occupancy: 69% Nearest Highway: National Highway 1A IP Developer: CHOLIMEX Major tenants: DAPTO-CO (Hong Kong), Golden Stars (USA), Hsian Tai (Taiwan), International Cap (Korea), L & D Enterprise (USA), Parapex (UK), Sheng Kai (UK)...

10. Tan Binh Industrial Zone Operation Period: 1997-2047 Type of Industry: general Total land size: 128 ha Rate of occupancy: 100% Nearest Highway: National Highway No. 1 Current Investors: 105 Major tenants: Acecook (VN), Asia Poly Tec (Korea), Avery Dennision (UK), Minh Viet (Vietnam-Russia), Decotex (Germany), Jordan Manufacturing (USA), Kimono E Japan (Japan), Saigon Diamond (Brussel), MGA (japan), New-Trend (Taiwan), Toyo Piano (Japan), Toyoitec (Japan)

11. Le Minh Xuan III Industrial Park Operation Period: 2014-2064 Type of Industry: High-technology, electricity, supporting industries‌ Total land size: 231 ha Rate of occupancy: 0% Nearest Highway: National Highway No. 1A Current Investors: 105 IP Developer: Saigon VRG Investment Corporation, Major tenants: N/A

12. Tan Tao Industrial Zone

Operation Period: 2000-2050 Type of Industry: general industries with foreign investment supporting Industries, high-tech Industries, mechanical industries, electronic industries, car Industries.

Total land size: 344 ha + 161 ha (extension) Rate of occupancy: 97% + 78% Nearest Highway: Asia-Trans Highway Enterprises: Akira (Singapore), Lexor (US), Zuellig Pharma (Switzeland)

-

5. Linh Trung 2 Export Processing Zone Operation Period: 1997-2050 Type of Industry: general, light industry Total land size: 62 ha Rate of occupancy: 100% Nearest Highway: National Highway 1A, North-South Railway IP Developer: Sepzone-Linh Trung (Vietnam) Major tenants: New Toyo (Singapore), Freetrend (Taiwan), Vinawood (US), Theodore Alexander (BV Islands) 4. Binh Chieu Industrial Zone Total land size: 27.4 ha Rate of occupancy: 100% Nearest Highway: National Highway 1A, North-South Railwa IP Developer: Ben Thanh Group Major tenants: Stolz-Miras (Vietnam), Hunter Douglas (Vietnam), Vijalco, Toan Thang, Tan A, Toyo (Vietnam)

3. Linh Trung 1 Export Processing Zone Operation Period: 1992-2042 Type of Industry: general, light industry Total land size: 62 ha Rate of occupancy: 100% Nearest Highway: National Highway 1A, North-South Railway IP Developer: Sepzone-Linh Trung (Vietnam) Major tenants: Saigon Precision (Japan), Freetrend (Taiwan), Yujin (Korea)

2. Cat Lai II Industrial Zone Operation Period: 2003-2061 Total land size: 137 ha Rate of occupancy: 100% Nearest Highway: Ha Noi Highway, North-South Railway Major tenants: T.A.T Machinery Corporation (Vietnam); ALC Corporation (Vietnam); Nam Thai Son Export Import Joint Stock Company (Vietnam); May Cosmedic Joint stock Compant (Vietnam); National Day Pharmaceutical Joint Stock Company (Vietnam); Saigon Cosmetics Corporation (Vietnam)

1. Tan Thuan Export Processing Zone Operation Period: 1991-2041 Type of Industry: light, clean, un-polluted industry, high value added industries, bio-tech, trading and services Total land size: 300 ha Total Enterprises: 146 Rate of occupancy: 80% Nearest Highway: Nguyen Van Linh Current Investors: 184 Major tenants: Nidec Tosok of Japan, Juki (Japan), Mtex(Japan, Nissey (Japan), Renesas (Japan), Danieli (Itali), VNG (Vietnam), AMCC (USA),

13. Hiep Phuoc Industrial Park Operation period: phase 1: 1998-2048, phase 2: 2008-2058 Total land size: phase 1: 331 ha + phase 2: 597 ha Rate of occupancy: 93%, 10% Nearest Highway: National Highway No.1, Southern Highway of HCMC Residential Area: Phu My Hung new urban area (20km away) IP Developer: Hiep Phuoc Industrial Park Joint Stock Company, Major tenants: Cai Lan Oil Company, Nam Duong, Lafarge, Maseco, Tan Cang port, SPCT container company...

PART 2. NARRATIVE OF

CITY DEVELOPMENT DYNAMIC

The Narrative chapters are set up to understand socio-economic context of Ho Chi Minh City. The tions and speculations of what is happening in th

Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13

The Zones Are Sprea Top down Decision: P Real Estate Boom. Ne Economic Crisis. Slow Informality and Preca Environmental Crisis.

City Government Res Trade Boom. Infrastru Conversion of Factor Ecnomic Reform 2.0* Deregulation. Growth New Government. Ne Conclusion. New City

the dynamic, the complexity, contradiction of zone development and the e narrative weaves in facts and fictions, realities and projections, prediche city. The narrative contains 13 chapters:

ading. Introduction to the Three Zones Port and Shipyard Move ew Masterplan for Tan Thuan Export Processing Zone w Investment. Plan Half-finished arity. Community Appropriation of Unfinished Estate. . Pressure for Actions from Different Stakeholders sponds to Environmental Problems. Double Agency ucture Boom. ries and Warehouses for Services Work. Newcomers Start Coming In

h of the New Public Private Partnerships ew Era of Public Works y Chapter

Chapter 1.

The Zones Are Spreading Introduction to the Three Zones

Stakeholders

City Government

Zone Investors

Zones In Vietnam

So we are going to proceed with more zones right? Where is the best location to invest in?

Yes, which one do you want to invest in? Here is the map of the existing and new zones in Vietnam

Zones In Ho Chi Minh City

These are the zones in Ho Chi Minh City

Infrastructure to Support Zones Power

Long An Province

Ho Chi M

These sones are surrounded by major Power Lines and Transformer Stations. Don’t worry about electricity

Long An Pro

Binh Duogn Province

Minh City

ovince

Dong Nai Province

Ba Ria Vung Tau Province

Infrastructure to Support Zones Current and Future Metro and Railway

Long An Province

Ho Chi M

The first Metro line will be in effect in 2020, and more potential rail lines to link more zones to the ports and infrastructure

Long An Pro

Binh Duogn Province

Minh City

ovince

Dong Nai Province

Ba Ria Vung Tau Province

Infrastructure to Support Zones Current and Future Ring Roads and Highways

Long An Province

Ho Chi M

As the ring roads develop, we can move more things and resources between zones and to the ports.

Long An Pro

Binh Duogn Province

Minh City

ovince

Dong Nai Province

Ba Ria Vung Tau Province

Some of the Most Potential (Successful) Zones

1. Tan Tao Industrial Z

2. Tan Thuan Export Processing Zone

Zone

3. Phu My Industrial Zone

Tan Tao Industrial Zone

Power Line

Asian Highway 1

500 kV Power Station

Tan Tao Industrial Zone

Tan Thuan Export Processing Zone

Thu Thiem New Urban Area Tan Thuan Bridge 1

Tan Thuan Bridge 2

Nguyen Van Linh Highway

Huynh Tan Phat Major Road

Canal System

Port and Shipyard

Saigon River

Phu My Bridge

Tan Thuan Export Processing Zone

Phu My Industrial Zone (Cai Mep Thi Vai Port Zone)

Environment Degradation

Power Line

500 kV Transformer Station

e

Asian Highway 51 Potential Trans-Asian Rail Network

Phu My Industrial Zone (Cai Mep Thi Vai Port Zone)

Chapter 2.

Top down Decision: Port and Shipyard Mov

ve

Stakeholders

Shipyard Worker

City Government

Japan External Trade Organization Investors

PDI Design Group CEO Minneapolis, MN, USA

Tan Thuan Export Processing Zone

Thu Thiem New Urban Area Tan Thuan Bridge 1

Tan Thuan Bridge 2

Nguyen Van Linh Highway

Huynh Tan Phat Major Road

Canal System

Port and Shipyard

Saigon River

Phu My Bridge

Top Down Decision - Moving of Shipyard

The ports here in the center can not compete with the new ones down south in Cai Mep Thi Vai and Hiep Phuoc. We can move them out there and make space for real estate development!

Government Decision - Moving of Shipyard

New Planned Port and Satellite City - Hiep Phuoc

Current

The Hiep Phuoc port will be developed into a major harbor city in the future. We are dredging the river to open space for more boats to come in.

New Planned Port and Satellite City - Hiep Phuoc

Future

This is our masterplan for the harbor city.

PDI Design Group CEO Minneapolis, MN, USA

New Planned International Port - Cai Mep Thi Vai Port

Japan External Trade Organization will invest in this port. Let’s move the inner city ports out. This is the future!

Current

JETRO

The Cai Mep Thi Vai Port will be the international seaport in 2025. It is much closer to the South China Sea.

Shipyard Worker Loses His Job

What are we going to do now? We will lose our jobs soon!

Chapter 3.

Real Estate Boom. New Masterplan for Tan

n Thuan Export Processing Zone

Stakeholders

City Government

Rea

al Estate Investors

Design Consultant (Sasaki Associates)

Top Down Planning - Thu Thiem Real Estate Boom as Motivator to Transform Tan Thua

Look! Thu Thiem’s real estate is doing very well now. I think we can start turning the other side of the river, the Tan Thuan EPZ’s waterfront into park and luxury housing, and promote tourism...

Planning Department

Nguyen Thien Nhan

City Government

an

THU THIEM ESTATE BOOM!

Thu Thiem Houses Sold Out!

Thu Thiem Location

C

City Center

Thu Thiem New Urban Area

What is Thu Thiem?

2010

2012 (dislocated 14,000 families)

Thu Thie

Thu Thiem is historically undevelopped, now it is conceived as an extension of the city center across from the Saigon river. It will be a center of finance, commerce, high-class services of the city, an internatinal strategic area, and center of culture, leisure, and entertainment.

Thu Thie

by Sasak

Thu Thiem New Urban Area From “La perle D’extrême Orient” to the “Pudong of Saigon”

em ca. 1960

em new masterplan ki Associates http://www.sasaki.com/project/139/thu-thiem-new-urban-area/

New Masterplan for the Tan Thuan Export Processing Zone

Sounds great!

Show me more!

Here is our plan for the waterfront and shipyard area...

This will be converted to Container housing yard

Clean Up for Future Tourism Development

This is going to be a waterfront Park

Container Housing Plan

What about container housing yard? That would look cool! Then we can say we are being environmentally conscious and do adaptive-reuse..You can market this new concept to the young newcomers....

Container Housing Plan

This is our proposal for the floor plan of 1 apartment.

900 ft2 apartment

Container Housing Plan

...and the plan for the housing complex...

Looks great!

Go ahead with the plan!

How do you like our vision for the waterfront park?

http://www.sasaki.com/project/394/xuhui-runway-park/

Chapter 4.

Economic Crisis. Slow Investment. Plan Hal

lf-finished

Stakeholders

City Government

Taiwanese Investors

Japan External Investors

Trade Organization

Investors

News Channel Lady

Economic Crisis. Slow down in investment from Japan

Tokyo

We are not doing well in Japan right now, so we are going to slow down our investment in Vietnam for awhile.

Japan External Trade Organization

Economic Crisis - Slow down and Stalled Investment - Plan Half-finished

Maybe we can wait for the funds from Taiwanese investors...

Waterfront Residential

Economic Crisis. Slow down in investment from Taiwan and Others

I’m sorry Prime Minister, but we are going to slow down our investment in Vietnam too...

What are we going to do now?

Let’s sell these estate. Invest in China instead.

You told me this masterplan is going to be great. And now it is stalled. I am withdrawing my investment...

Economic Crisis. Slow down in Investment

Japanese, Taiwanese, and other foreign investors slow down their investment in Vietnam...A lot of construction projects are left unfinished

The Waterfront Housing Are Left Unfinished

Container Housing Yard Got Abandoned

It can always come back. Be positive!

Container Housing Yard Got Abandoned

Maybe we can ask for another loan....

Container Housing Yard — Before

Container Housing Yard — After (Abandoned)

Chapter 5.

Informality and Precarity. Community Appro

opriation of Unfinished Estate.

Stakeholders

Shipyard Worker

Construction Worker on Site

Resid

dents by the Canal

Manufacturing Workers

Bottom Up - Community Take Over and Appropriate the Failed Estates

Wife, Let’s move to the container yard, I heard it is abandoned now. But they have very nice living space, maybe we can temporarily live there and I can work around there too.

I heard the Japanese investors withdraw their funds, so now they don’t have any money to continue building. Now it’s half-finished. But the living space is 4x larger than our house, maybe we will move there for awhile.

Okay, But will they let us come in?

Let’s go occupy the residential tower!

Bottom Up - Community Take Over the Waterfront Housing Framework

I heard they say we are the coolest kids on the block now...

Bottom Up - Community Take Over and Convert Container Houses to Live

I helped building these, but now I live here...comes full circle...

An apartment for 3 people can now house 16 people! Little small but hey, it’s Free!

This bathroom is as big as our old room! Now we are so close to our factory! only 3 minute walk...

900 ft2 apartment

Rumors spread, and more people start coming in...

We have clean water everyday. All from the city, not from the canal...

I heard they say we are the coolest kids on the block now!

More space for

I move here with my kids, they live next door. Now we can be close by...

More space to hang clothes!

Buddha, please let me stay in here for a long time!

r my balloons!

This place is ideal for my business. I’m going to sell so much ice cream here!

One more episode and we go to sleep, okay?

Informality Community Taking Over Vacant Lot

Chapter 6.

Environmental Crisis Pressure for Actions from Different Stakeho

olders

Stakeholders

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

City Government

VTV 1 News Channel Man

Pressure for Environmental Remediation

College Students

ICT and Services Investors

Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism

New Investors

Local Services Sector Employer

Environmental Problem — Flood

The city faces serious flood problem, pollution, the government has to do something...

City’s River and Canal System

The river and canals use to be the main way to get around, but since roads are put in, most of these are not used for transport anymore....

Flood Vulnerability Map 2025

These are the areas that are vulnerable of flooding in 2025

http://uda.com.vn/News/Print/26/145/vi-VN/vai-tro-cua-quy-hoach-do-thi-trong-viec-giai-quyet-tinh-trang-ngap-lut-va-thich-ung-voi-bien-doi-khi-hau-tai-thanh-pho-ho-chi-minh.aspx

Environmental Problem — Canal Pollution and Slums

There are 10,000 slum dwellers along the canal need to be moved too. They are considering where to move them to...

City’s Canal System Then and Now

During French Colony Period The canal system used to be an important infrastructure back in the French colony...but now it is so polluted. We can revive them.

Now

Environmental Problem —Air Pollution

We also have serious problems in traffic and air pollution!

Pressure from the Different Stakeholders Double Agency

We need more cultural and leisure spaces in the center of the city. I suggest moving the industry out and and remove the slums on the canals to create a better city’s image.

Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism

3 months ago...

You hav about t problem

You Agency for Environment can pressure the government to move the manufacturing industry out for the good cause of environmental protection. And we will do our part of persuading for econmic reform....

Yes, we will make sure to pressure the city government. But wait for a little bit...

Secretary

ICT and Services Investors

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

Ministry of Natural Resourc and Environment

I suggest skill training for local workers. We need more people in services...

Let’s invest more in the Services sector, Vietnam is on the rise with many eligible tech and services workers.

Local Services Sector Employer

ve to do something these environmental ms! Here is the plan...

ces

New Investors

I guess we have to listen to them...

Yes ,

liste

n to

them

!

Chapter 7.

City Government Responds to Environment Double Agency

tal Problems

Stakeholders

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

Residents by the Canal

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment’s Suggestions

Here is the top priority to help with environmental problems in the city:

Clean the Canal and the Saigon River

Relocate the Canal Slums Move Heavy Industry and Manufacturing out of the City.

Reduce Pollution Mitigate Flood indicates level of importance

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

Pilot Canal Relocation and Clean-up: Doi-Te Cnal Nhieu Loc Canal Ong Lon Canal

s

District 4 District 6 District 8

Canal Clean Up Locations

Tan Tao Industrial Zone

First, we need to clean up the canals. Here are the 3 pilot canal clean up locations in Tan Thuan EPZ, Tan Tao IZ, and Phu My IZ...

And then we can employ these local migrants, it will make us look good!

Phu My Industrial Zone

Tan Thuan Export Processing Zone

Prioritized area for cleaning up

Canal Clean Up — Technology

With these technology, cleaning up is going to be a blast! I have faith in these technology!

Water Wheel Trash Collector

Canal Clean Up — Technology

With these technology, cleaning up is going to be a blast! I have faith in these technology!

We can also employ local people living by the canal while moving them out, this will make us look good!

Trash Collection Machine

Dredging of the Canal for Flood Control

And then we can dredge the canals to control flood. It is the cheapest way! We can get ODA loan for this...

Dredging Mechanism

Canal Slum Relocation

I heard we are being cleaned up to make way for new development

I guess I won friends anymo

Where are we going to go now?

I hope they compensate us well, but I’m not sure, because this place is illegal...

Slums By Canal Map of HCMC

n’t be seeing my ore.

When they clean up the canal, will they let us operate on the floating market? I’ve been doing this for 25 years...

They asked me to work on the canal clean up as a temporary job to help my family while we are moving out.

Moving Some Industries Out Tan Tao Industrial Zone

Power Line

These areas can be later converted to new development, housing and work places when the area increase in denstiy

Area for Moving

Asian Highway 1

500 kV Transformer Station

Canal Being Cleaned Up

Moving Some Industries Out Tan Thuan Export Processing Zone

These areas can be later converted to new development, housing and work places when the area increase in denstiy

Nguyen Van Linh Highway

Area for Moving

Future Waterfront Area

Thu Thiem New Urban Area

Saigon River

Phu My Bridge

Moving Some Industries Out Phu My Industrial Zone

These areas can be later converted to new development, housing and work places when the area increase in denstiy

Area for Moving

Chapter 8.

Trade Boom. Infrastructure Boom.

Stakeholders

City Government

Ministry of Tr

Transport

Executive Secretary United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific

Trade Boom New Trade Deals

EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement

Secretary, look all the new tra de deals we just signed on. I expect a boom in investment in the coming years...

Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP 11, without USA)

Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership

Infrastructure Growth — Ring Roads and Highway

Long An Province

Ho Chi M

As the ring roads and highway grow, they will connect the zones, the new airport and and down south to the new Cai Mep port.

Long An Pro

Ministry of Transport

Binh Duogn Province

Minh City

ovince

Dong Nai Province

Ba Ria Vung Tau Province

Infrastructure Growth — New Long Thanh AIrport

The old airport overexceed its capacity in 2016, this new Long Thanh airport will help facilitate logistics and material exchange for the city, and bring more people in....

Ministry of Transport

Infrastructure Growth — New Long Thanh AIrport Airport City Concept

For the first time, in Vietnam we have a chance to develop a new airport city concept....

Ministry of Transport

Infrastructure Growth — New Long Thanh AIrport FIrst Phase Finished in 2025

The new airport will be planned together with a logistics zone, a manufacturing zone, an ecological tourism area, a theme park, a train line, a new residential neighborhood and a business park.

Ministry of Transport

Infrastructure Growth — Railway and City Metro

Long An Province

Ho Chi M

The new rail line will help move manufacturing goods to Cai Mep port, it will also run between the new planned airport and Nhon Trach industrial zone.

Long An Pro

Ministry of Transport

Binh Duogn Province

Minh City

ovince

Nhon Trach Industrial Zone Dong Nai Province

Ba Ria Vung Tau Province

Infrastructure Growth — Railway — Connection to the Trans-Asian Railway Network

We advise Vietnam to facilitate the building of the new standard railway as part of the Trans-Asian rail network. This will open up so many opportunities for moving goods and people...

Executive Secretary United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific

Yes sure, we will try to put the plan out and see what the government says...

Ministry of Transport

Trans-Asian Railway Network

Infrastructure Growth — Power

Long An Province

Ho Chi M

This is the major power line and transformer stations in the city.

We have the potential to add more zones along these lines.

Long An Pro

Ministry of Transport

Binh Duogn Province

Minh City

ovince

Dong Nai Province

Ba Ria Vung Tau Province

Infrastructure Growth — Power Many More Potential Zone Development

Long An Province

Ho Chi M

And more zones can grow like this.... It doesn’t have to be manufacturing zones, we can also have hi-tech zone!

Long An Pro

Potential New Zones

Ministry of Transport

Binh Duogn Province

Minh City

ovince

Dong Nai Province

Ba Ria Vung Tau Province

Infrastructure Growth — Power New Zones Development Following Power Infrastructure

Such as this is an example of a potential mixed-use zone...logistics, manufacturing, residential, business park, you name it...

Manufacturing Residential Logistics Ministry of Transport

Business

Infrastructure Growth — Bridges and Highway and Consequences — Before

When the roads run through, we can connect the zone with Thu Thiem and the rest of district 7

Thu Thiem Bridge no.4, connects to Thu Thiem New Urban Area

Infrastructure Growth — Bridges and Highway and Consequences — After

Where are we going to go now?

Shipyard Working Lives in the Neighborhood

Then we can put new residential buildings here to pave way for more real estate developments later...

City Government

Thu Thiem Bridge no.4, connects to Thu Thiem New Urban Area

Chapter 9.

Ecnomic Reform 2.0*

Stakeholders

General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam (1986-1991)

Executive Secretary United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia

City Government

Factory Workers

F

Factory Workers

Stakeholders that Pressure the Government

Factory Workers

First Economic Reform in 1986 (Doi Moi Period) Before Doi Moi

Subsidy Period (before 1986)

To save the country, we need to open our market and allow for more economic freedom

Nguyen Van Linh General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam (1986-1991)

First Economic Reform in 1986 (Doi Moi Period)

Work Work Work

Vietnam is now one of the fastest growing economy in the world.

Our average GDP growth is 6-7%

Look at all the money we attract, and all the work we create in the last 30 years (1986-2016)

Nguyen Van Linh General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam (1986-1991)

Work Work Work

Work Work Work

Pressure for Another Economic Reform

Now that you already move some factories out from the city center, we can push for policy reforms to allow more tech and services sectors in the city...

Yes, we will make sure to pressure the city government. But wait for a little bit...

Considering the boom in infrastru investment in the city, we need re allow for public-private partnersh fund transport infrastructure in th and boost logistics!

ICT and Services Investors

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

There is not enough work for us college graduates. We need more high-skilled jobs...

Ministry of Transport

Tech sectors and entrepre booming, but there is not e workspaces for us. Take th out and convert the space

College Graduates

Local Entrepreneurs

We need reform to increase our services work portion.

We want to buy estates in the city, but currently there is not much support from the government to help with buying and owning. The paperwork are too convoluted, and bureaucracy is too much!

Local Services Sector Employer

ucture eform to hips to he city,

eneurs are enough he factories es for work!

We advises Vietnam to facilitate the building of the new standard railway as part of the Trans-Asian rail network. This will open up so many opportunities for Vietnam in the new trade deals...

Real Estate Investors

Executive Secretary United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific

We need to allow more investment to the tourism sector, boost tourism and employ more workers in this sector. I think tourism is important to the city’s economy.

Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism

New Economic Reform Policy

Single WIndow Port Customs

One ASEAN ICT Market Aspiration...Build new Network infrastructure.

Extend leasing period from 50 years to 100 years for zone investors...

New Z for mo reloca

Allow for more public private partnerships as infrastructure investment in the city!

Create more jobs for college graduates and high-skilled workers.

City Go

Zoning Law to allow ore mixed use and ate heavy industry...

overnment

ICT and Logistics Boost!

Turning the economy towards services and information, communications and technology sectors.

New Estate law to allow foreigners to have more leeway in owning estate in the city...

Train low-skilled workers to work in services jobs...

Chapter 10.

Conversion of Factories and Warehouses fo Newcomers Start Coming In

or Services and Information, Communications and Technology Work.

Stakeholders

Tech Workers

College Graduates

Creative Desig

Services Worke

gner

er

Local Investors on Services Work

Entrepreneur

Building Conversion Strategy

Extend

About the existing buildings in the zones, we can skin them, extend, renovate or add...to convert them to workplaces.

Extrude

Duplicate

Demolish

Combine

Divide

Skin

Renovate

Cloak

Conversion Locations in the Zones Tan Tao Industrial Zone

There are locations along the canal, which can aleviate the current pollution problem. We can also employ the workforce that just moved to the neighborhood.

Area for Conversion

Power Line

Canal Being Cleaned Up

Asian Highway 1

500 kV Power Station

Conversion Locations in the Zones Tan Thuan Export Processing Zone

This area is along the major road, very close to the waterfront, we can attract a lot of young tech workers trying to move to the waterfront area.

Nguyen Van Linh Highway

Area for Conversion

Future Waterfront Area

Thu Thiem New Urban Area

Saigon River Canal Being Cleaned Up

Phu My Bridge

Conversion Locations in the Zones Phu My Industrial Zone

This area will be great because it is next to the National Highway 51, future highspeed rail, and the neighborhood is also next to it.

500 kV Power Transform Station

Area for Conversion

Asian Highway 51 Potential Future Trans-Asian Rail Network

Canal Being Cleaned Up

Adjacent Neighbordhood

Conversion Locations in the Zones Phu My Industrial Zone

And we can further move people to live here in the future, create a work-live zone.

Live Work

Conversion —Adaptive Reuse Existing Structure

We can also use the old warehouse frame as a space dividing tool, to host many functions, such as coworking spaces.

I just want to work...

Looks like from a movie!

Love this! So sustainable!

Chapter 11.

Deregulation.

Growth of the New Public Private Partnersh

hips

Stakeholders

Ministry of Tran

nsport

What is Public Private Partnerships?

A public-private partnership (P3) is a contractual arrangement between a public agency (federal, state or local) and a private sector entity. Through this agreement, the skills and assets of each sector (public and private) are shared in delivering a service or facility for the use of the general public.

These are the projects that use public-private partnership: transport infrastructure, public service accommodations...

Ministry of Transport

Roads and Highways

Mixed Used Building

Tunnels

Privately Maintained Park

New Public Private Partnerships — Locations

The area along the Asian highway is ideal for these projects!

Ministry of Transport

Area for Conversion

New Public Private Partnerships — Locations

This is also along the Nguyen Van Linh parkway, it has potential to grow in the future...

Ministry of Transport

Area for Conversion

New Public Private Partnerships — Locations

And this one is along the Asian Highway 51. This area will see a lot development in the coming years...

Ministry of Transport

Area for Conversion

Zooming Into One Transformed Area Tan Thuan Export Processing Zone

If we relax the regulations as we have now, one potential area can be turned to be like this....

Ministry of Transport

Zooming Into One Transformed Area

Look at how original all these forms are! We have never seen this in Vietnam!

Ministry of Transport

Chapter 12.

New Government New City Prospects

Stakeholders

Candidate 1 Campaign Manager

Candidate 1

Candidate 2

Voters

Election of the New City Government

Today is the last day to vote for the new city government. We have 2 major candidates this year.

Election of the New City Government

I like nal tra a lot f

Go granddaughter!

Her policy on foreign affairs with China and the South China Sea issue will help ease the regional tension...

Looks like our candidate is dominating!

her policy on exterade, we will benefit from that...

I like her policy on creating new jobs and skill training for us.

He just looks like a great candidate...

I’m still watching out for Vietnam’s future...

I like her policy for us ethnic minority...

Ecnomic Mobility More Jobs and Skill Training for Services Workers

They told me I can learn basic computer in here, and then they will provide jobs in offices work....

Love house

Look at all the new jobs posts!

I have hope again!

this space. The waree vibe is so cool!

Japanese side urged us to have it all by tonight!

How do we even make that deadline?

I moved here from Spain 2 years ago and worked as a freelance graphic designer. I love working in Vietnam

Post-Industrial Park

Ice cream anyone?

I love this industrial park!

Such original artwork!

Now I can start selling my birds in this park.

Ice Cream! Ice Cream!

Summary of All Stakeholders

Chapter 13.

Conclusion The New City Chapter

Considering City Dynamic

Precarity - Self-built houses

City New Economy and the Swtich to Services Sector

Real Estate Bust

Public-Private-Partnership Developments in the City

Bottom Up as a Protocol

PART 3. POST-ZONE SP

PECULATIONS FOR HO CHI MINH CITY

POST-ZONE SPECULATIONS FOR HO CHI MINH CITY Strategy: Armature Urbanism for City and Infrastructure Growth Both Physical and Protocol

Armature

Grow

Absorb

Connect

Contain

Supply

Transfer

Organize

Strategy: Diffuse Edges

Strategy: New Hybrid to Take Advantage of Public Private Parnerships to Fund Public W Both Physical and Protocol

Works

POST-ZONE SPECULATIONS FOR HO CHI MINH CITY

1. Canal Repopulation and Economic Mobility

2. Water as Armature for G

4. Energy Production and Productive Landscape

5. Logistics, Data Center H

Growth and Remediation

3. Food Production, Productive Landscape and Culture

Hub and Post-Industrial Play-scape

6. Remediation, Recycle, Restore Post-industrial Landscape

1. Canal Repopulation and Economic Mobility Condition: The removal of the canal slum population which makes up of 14,000 families that need to be relocated and provided for economic and social opportunities and relief in the transition period.

The scheme is envisioned as a 10-20 years period to help with the transition period for the canal people while they are removed from the canal slums.

Eventually, it is envisioned that the people populate the canal will have enough social and economic freedom, and support from the government to move into the permanent housings being constructed along the canal. By moving all canal slum (14,000 families), and making the zone an educational complex, and make part of the riverfront become a tourist zone, it helps generate money and work for students and canal people, and provide economic relief and mobility for them in the transition period.

2. Water as Armature for Growth and Remediation Condition: extreme flooding and water pollution issue makes the government decide to deal with water to alleviate environmental issues in the city.

Water (river and canal) are channel into the zone, create a system that connect and open it to the neighborhood and surround. Water and landscape system to retain, slow down flood, and has a water treatment facility to treat polluted water. Water provides leisure and civic space, grow fish and food, transports people and goods and activities. The strategy involves diffusing the edges on site, by working with the buildings, open space, the river, and the street grid and a host of operations: step, absorb, cut, stretch, filter, and canopy. Water also infiltrate the self-built houses as a relief zone with play spaces and connect them to the riverfront. The streets now also converted to contain a system of bioswale to further slow down water.

3. Food Production, Productive Landscape and Culture This speculation considers productive landscape+food production+ open space and culture as an armature for growing and strengthen local food network and local vendor’s economy. This continues the prospect for canal people’s work in the economic mobility speculation. By employing locals and previous manufacturing workers to work in growing, producing, packaging, logistics in food production, culture and education, the project considers a network of productive landscape that infiltrate the buildings, open space, by the water, the neighborhood and along transport system. An open framework of farms allow for future’s farming needs.

4. Energy Production and Productive Landscape Condition: Paris summit pressure Vietnam for clean energy reform, result in a boom in all new types of energy. The scheme is envisioned to be the future for some fragments in the zone, using utilities, energy and productive landscape as an armature to help remediate the zone and the guide informality growth. by the self-built houses are the supporting infrastructure, as the first step of intervention are telecommunications tower, water tower, and energy hybrid playground. Next to the house density are a complex/system of small data center, greenhouses, which feed fishfarm, telecommunications tower, open space. The zone also contain hybrid of farms, greenhouses and energy production complex, and a solar farm. Along the canal are the recreation and landscape/ walk zone, create a new public park inside the zone. Also along the canal is a system of solar-activated floating water purification system, and a logistics/data hub, using the energy from geothermal energy to heat the data center, whose excess heat further produce heat for the fish farms and greenhouses above.

5. Logistics, Data Center Hub and Post-Industrial Play-scape Condition: the switch to services economy makes many heavy industry in zone 3 out of operation, turned into industrial park, and a zone of logistics and data center. A transport system serves as an armature that weaves through the whole complex of logistics, data center, playscape and connects people and the movement of goods. Along the transport loop is also a series of platform that connects and go down to the roof of the transport line. Attached to the transport loop is also a series of solar-powered lighting system, and a series of pods serving as hotels for tourists and workers.

In the center of the site (fragment), below the data center is also a worklive zone, import/export zone for goods and produces grown in the new reclaimed lots here. Marsh land system is utilized to revitalize the habitat here, growing different species, food, and serve as flood control. A complex of water treatment treats the contaminated river and canal here. Industrial complex such as thermal power plant and water tanks are also incorporated into the play-scape.

6. Remediation, Recycle, Restore Post-industrial Landscape Condition: the switch to services economy makes many heavy industry in zone 3 out of operation, turned into industrial park, and a zone of logistics and data center. A transport system serves as an armature that weaves through the whole complex of logistics, data center, playscape and connects people and the movement of goods. Along the transport loop is also a series of platform that connects and go down to the roof of the transport line. Attached to the transport loop is also a series of solar-powered lighting system, and a series of pods serving as hotels for tourists and workers.

In the center of the site (fragment), below the data center is also a worklive zone, import/export zone for goods and produces grown in the new reclaimed lots here. Marsh land system is utilized to revitalize the habitat here, growing different species, food, and serve as flood control. A complex of water treatment treats the contaminated river and canal here. Industrial complex such as thermal power plant and water tanks are also incorporated into the play-scape.

POST-ZONE SPECULATIONS FOR HO CHI MINH CITY

1. Canal Repopulation and Economic Mobility

2. Water as Armature for G

4. Energy Production and Productive Landscape

5. Logistics, Data Center H

Growth and Remediation

3. Food Production, Productive Landscape and Culture

Hub and Post-Industrial Play-scape

6. Remediation, Recycle, Restore Post-industrial Landscape

APPENDIX

APPENDIX

IF THE ZONE KEEP GROWING, HERE ARE SOME OF THE SCENARIOS OF WHERE AN

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ND HOW THEY MIGHT GROW...

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SCENARIO ELEMENTS | CATALOG

LO G

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ZONE GROWTH SCENARIOS — COLLAGES

S1.1

S1.2

S2.1

S2.2

S3.1

S3.2

S5.1

S5.2

S1.3

S1.4

S2.3

S2.4

S3.3

S4

S5.3

S5.4

SCENARIO 1 — ZONE TAKING OVER THE CITY

Site 1

Site 3

Site 2

Site 4

Site 1 — West of HCMC/ Border with Long An Province

Warehouses

Urban Enclaves

Urban Grid Plug-ins

Manufacturing Zone

Site 2 — South East of HCMC — Dong Nai Province

Manufacturing

Science Park

L

Urban Enclaves

g Zone

Logistics Zone

Manufacturing Zone

Site 3 — South of HCMC — Soai Rap River Edge

Business Park

Logistics Zone

Manufacturing Zone

Science Park Waste Treatment

Luxury Housing

Site 4 — South of HCMC — Can Gio Ecosystem

Luxury Housing Manufacturing Zone

Science Park

SCENARIO 2 — PORT MOVE - SOUTHERN REGION BOOM

HO CHI MINH CITY

Saigon Port 1. Saigon New Port 2. Bason Ship Builder 3. Saigon Port (NRKH) 4. Saigon Port (TT) 5. Tan Thuan Dong Port 6. Ben Nghe Port 7. VICT 8. Lotus Port 8. Veggie Port

1 2

3

Cat Lai Port

4 5

7 6 9 8

Long Tau channel HCMC ports with

Hiep Phuoc Por (sea port)

Dredging to 12m Soai Rap Channel, currently inaccessible with draft limits of 6-8m

l, only access to h draft limit of 10m

Cai Mep - Thi Vai Port (CMTVP) - deep sea

rt

Underutilized due to lack of transportation

Can Gio Ecosystem

Site 1 — City Center’s Saigon Port Group - NRKH Port

Converted Warehouses for Housing

Logistics Ya

Yard

Urban Enclaves

Site 2 — City Center’s Saigon Port Group - Cat Lai Port

Logistic

Logistics Yard Manufacturing Zone

Urban Enclaves

cs Zone

Luxury Housing

Tech Campus

Site 3 — Hiep Phuoc Port

Container Yard

Heavy Industry

ICT Services

Urban Enclaves

Urban Enclaves

Manufacturing Zones

Business Park

Site 4 — Cai Mep-Thi Vai Port (future international sea port)

Manufacturing & ICT Zone

Logistics & Warehouses

SCENARIO 3 — ONE ASEAN ICT NETWORK TECH BOOM! The association of South East Asia countries tries to establish a One Asean ICT network to boost ICT exchange and production in ASEAN. To follow that, the Vietnamese government has decided to build huge ICT infrastructure and zones in the country, training centers for workers, establish easy path for skill transfer and learning, such as sending skilled workers to Singapore, India, and Japan to train, and establish Vietnam’s first innovation district in HCMC’s center (similar to Singapore or Boston ones). Also, major tech companies decided to offset their work towards ASEAN (what happen when Amazon, Apple, Google and Facebook decided to extend their headquarters in HCMC?). For instance, Samsung is looking forward to move its workload from Malaysia and South Korea to Vietnam. The production of a total of 40% of Samsung products has boosted Vietnam’s GDP from 7% to 8% in 2016.

Result: boom in tech, Saigon silicon city, one ASEAN citizen concept, strengthened logistics for moving people between countries for training, across border labor from Cambodia and Lao, or vice versa. ASEAN becomes a large “call center” competing with India, and the world’s electronics and services sweatshops, competing with China, India, etc. Building new submarine cables for ICT exchange. Most zones in HCMC are turned into tech hubs or manufacturing zones for electronic goods. Workers’ housings turned into data centers and work spaces. Saigon ports, which consists of small ports, somewhat lose their importance, turned into logistics, tourism, tech centers, and luxury living areas….

Submarine Cables Running Through Vietnam — Danang (Central)

Submarine Cables Running Through Vietnam — Vung Tau (South)

Site 1 — Adaptation of Ba Son Ship Building SIte Into Real Estate and Logistics Zone

Urban Enclaves

Warehouses & Containers

Science & ICT Park

Warehouses & Containers

Site 2 — Adaptation of Tan Thuan Export Processing Zone into Logistics, Technology Pa

Science & IC

Urban Enclaves

Warehouses & Containers

ark, Educational, and Real Estate Site

ICT Services

Existing Warehouses

Warehouses & Containers

CT Park

Data Centers

Site 3 — Adaptation of Tan Tao Industrial Zone into ICT and Logistics Sectors

ICT Services

Warehouses

Logistics Zone

Science & ICT Park

Existing Warehouses

Data Centers

SCENARIO 4 — AEROTROPOLIS

Aerotropolis. Decentralization. Boom of airport city in Dong Nai province, then link to southern regions.

When the main airport of the South moves out, from city center to Long Thanh (completed phase 1 in 2025), the city experiences decentralization of industry. Meanwhile, inner city ports also lost its importance, moving its load to Cai Mep and Hiep Phuoc ports. Most zones in HCMC are abandoned and adapted into ICT workplaces.

BRVT also expands its airport size, linking with Long Thanh airport. The region surround, and link with these 2 airports are populated with new zones. It becomes the new business center and settlement.

BRVT is an emerging region besides HCMC. When the Long Thanh-Dau Giay expressway is done and links it to the new Long Thanh airport (2025), Highway 51 linking it to CMVT port, it will be a well-connected area. The region is also known for natural resources (gas, oil), logistics, and is a place for many heavy industry (Japanese thermal power plants, oil and gas plants), tourism, consumer products, and ship building industry. It has a sea port with largest capacity. This forsees the further exploitation of the area in the future.

BINH DUONG PROVINCE

National Highway 1

Bien Hoa Urban Area

Hoc Mon Di An

Bien Hoa-Vung Tau Expressway To be constructed

DONG NAI PROVINCE Go Vap Long Thanh Urban Area

Current Airport Tan Son Nhat Airport HO CH I MINH CITY Tan Binh

JBIC Section Second Ring Road Under Construction

Nhon Trach

Ria Ba To g Tau Vun

Third Ring Road Under Construction

To Dalat

To Hanoi

ADB Section

Long Thanh - Dau Giay Expressway

Long Thanh Airport

Proposed Site for New Airport

National Highway

New Airport in Dong Nai Province

T

Urban Center Manufacturing Zone Airport Zone

Existing Residential

Train to HCMC

Recreation

Transport Node Airport Logistics

Business Park

Logistics Zone

New Residential

SCENARIO 5 — VIETNAM TRADE BOOM | CROSS BORDER PRODUCTION ZONES

After joining the TPP, EVFTA and RCEP, Vietnam enjoys a surge in its foreign direct investment and GDP, as well as international institutional investment and policy reform (such as from UNESCAP…). FDI from South Korea, Japan, US, EU boost Vietnam’s top 4 sectors: electronic productions, automotive production, textile, and agribusiness.

Result: Increase in zone areas, concentrated for automotive, textile, electronics and agribusiness.

Environmental degradation, over-exploit resources such as wood, rubber, oil, gas, and land…

Increase partnership/ relationship with other countries, exchange and export labor

Regional HCMC with 7 provinces become big hub, to link to Hanoi, needs to upgrade highway and railway (the one existed in

the North South rail line is the 1000mm gauge, different from the standard gauge of the world)

For logistics and infrastructure: needs more waste treatment and landfill

More labor needed, Vietnam allows migration from Cambodia, Laos and ASEAN countries to boost production. Zones are set up

between borders with Cambodia, Laos, and China.

Density: around main transport lines (highway, rail, and zones) become more populated

New ports and airports built and upgrade to allow for goods movement.

Vietnamese sent to work and train in foreign countries bring back wealth to home. Increase in middle class.

Conflicts over land and natural resources remain the most contentious issue in Cambodia today. Since the early 2000s, large swathes of land have been allocated by the government to domestic and foreign investors in the form of economic land concessions (ELCs). Vietnamese owns 356,560 hectares (1376 square mi, or 4.5 times NYC) and 55 concessions, most of which are for rubber plantations.

Total Land Concessions Owned

by Vietnamese: 356,560 ha total area =1.7 times HCMC or 4.5 x NYC

Site 1 Border with China Along Asian Highway 14

Site 2 Border with China Along Asian Highway 4

Site 3 Border with Laos Along Asian Highway 16

When the Trans Asia highway and railway are completed, Vietnam sees a surge in cross border exchange in labor, production and trade with Cambodia, Laos, and China. There is already a border economic zone in Guangxi autonomous region in China which allows for migration of Vietnamese workers to this zone. More zones and urban settlement are populated along the border with Cambodia and Laos, and along the trans Asian transport network.

Site 4 Border with Cambodia Along Asian Highway 1

Site 1 — Border with China in Lao Cai International Border — Along Asian Highway 14

Data Centers

Logistics Zone

Warehouses

ICT Services

Science & ICT Park

China

Vietnam

Logistics Zone

Site 2 — Border with China in Muc Nam Quang Border — Along Asian Highway 4

China

Data

a Centers

ICT Services

Science & ICT Park Warehouses

Logistics Zone

Vietnam

Site 3 — Border with Laos at Laos Vietnam Border 605 — Along Asian Highway 16

Manufacturing Zone Data Centers

Manufacturing Zone

Vietnam ICT Services Manufacturing Zone

Manufacturing Zone

Science & ICT Park

Logistics Zone

Laos

Site 4 — Border with Cambodia — Along Asian Highway 1

Cambodia

Vietnam

Manufacturing Zone

Science & ICT Park ICT Services Warehouses

Logistics Zone

Manufacturing Zone Urban Enclaves

Data Centers

ALL SCENARIOS (COLLAGE IMAGES)

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S3.2

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S1.4

S2.3

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S4

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