Scaling Down the City Charlotte Marie Henrich

Scaling Down the City The Significance of a Civic Architecture that acts on a Microorganism Scale The Case of Belo Horizonte

Charlotte Marie Henrich

Scaling Down the City INTRODUCTION

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The Case of Belo Horizonte

Whilst South Korea received the maize planted in Madagascar, the African Island was left without compensation showing how food has become a new weapon.

Architects such as Atelier d’Architecture Autogérée challenge themselves to find a more resilient and holistic approach towards food sovereignty. In their Agrocité micro-farm, global concerns are addressed locally on a neighbourhood scale (Petcou; Petrescu, 2015). Yet, the omnipresent issue of food security reaches far beyond the boundaries of a neighbourhood.

It is hence crucial to draw attention to Belo Horizonte.

Brazil’s third largest, fast-expanding multimillion metropolis can be identified as the pioneer city for food security. This is due to their Municipal Law No. 6352 which came into force in 1993 introducing the Municipal Secretariat of Supply stating the people’s right to food and regulates production and trade

Brazil’s third largest, fastexpanding multimillion metropolis can be identified as the pioneer city for food security.

In 1986 Bookchin might have been right to say whilst humankind “must acquire the conditions of

(Leis Municipais, 1993). However, as promising as that sounds, the case of Belo Horizonte is highly multifaceted and not straightforward.

life in order to survive” (1986, p.62), responding to the continuing climate crisis. However, 37 years later

This is already apparent considering the Law was

humankind has gone too far. The industrialization of

implemented at a time when the city had 3 million

the agricultural sector has caused a desertification of

inhabitants as opposed to over 6 million today

soil (Basso, 2018), which Bookchin himself points out

(UN, 2023). Belo Horizonte’s underdeveloped

is required for human survival. As a result, the welfare

infrastructure to accommodate the means to produce,

of microorganisms and the soil’s natural nutrient

grow and transport food is failing to keep pace with

systems is at stake prevailing a concerning issue of

rapid urbanization and therefore undermines the

global food security. Hence, reoccurring phenomena

right to food. It is nonetheless notable that the city

of land grabbing are paramount. Figure 1 reflects

finds itself in a state of metamorphosis evidencing

the interconnectivity of the countries’ attitudes

progress in food accessibility and implementation

towards soil in the global context of food security.

of aspects of urban agriculture (Barriga, 2018). This

Such ecologically unsustainable measures taken by

development is critical to be regarded in tandem with

developed countries to secure their food stability

Belo Horizonte’s central socio-economic factors

oftentimes exploits developing countries as the

influencing the city’s development, illustrating the

x-marked link between South Korea and Madagascar

significance of a civic architecture that facilitates a

shows in 2008 (Lim, 2014).

pathway towards food sovereignty.

2

Scaling Down the City RIGHT TO THE CITY – RIGHT TO FOOD

low separation, medium to high income

high separation, low income

Figure 2

historic city centre

*data from 2015 3

The Case of Belo Horizonte RIGHT TO THE CITY – RIGHT TO FOOD

This contradiction propagates the illegal occupation of vacant houses known as squatting. Squatted settlements hence constitute the interconnectivity of the right to housing and the right to the city. One can only exist with the other and yet even if both are given, the question of the provision of adequate infrastructure can compromise these rights.

To elaborate, figure 2 highlights how separated settlements have a greater distance from the city centre as opposed to low-separated neighbourhoods.

The consequent question of access to food is a

Food security in Belo Horizonte is an overarching issue affecting several sectors including but certainly not limited to the environment, politics, and society which have been addressed through programmes but demand critical improvements.

Whilst all cities are “accelerators of change”

quintessential factor influencing the dwellers’, including squatters’, security of livelihood and

(Lefebvre, 1969, p. 4), Belo Horizonte has a historic

subsequently right to the city. Oftentimes located

interest in social reforms expressed through a series

in the favelas (slums, outskirts) of Belo Horizonte

of urban movements. The consequences of Brazil’s

depicted within the low-income area, such illegal

dictatorship from 1964 to 1985 stretch deep into

settlements host their own public events featuring

the re-democratization era, where housing has

communal kitchens to “ensure adequate access to

been recognized as a constitutional right and thus

food” (Campos; Martinéz, 2020, p. 115).

uncontrolled urban sprawls threaten people’s survival.

This is foremost due to the displacement of farmers

Despite Municipal Law No. 6352 explicitly stating that

from Belo Horizonte’s city centre, forced to sell their

with the introduction of the Municipal Secretariat of

land to make space for residential developments

Supply, there comes another level of social justice

(Filipe; Norfolk, 2017).

expressed through equal access to healthy foods, the

Here, the conversation about the right to the city

squatters are purely an introductory example of the

finds its place. Lefebvre (1969) outlines the idea of

city’s struggles. Food security in Belo Horizonte is an

a social production space where the citizen does

overarching issue affecting several sectors including

not only have the right to occupy the space but also

but certainly not limited to the environment, politics,

decides how it is developed and managed. Squatting

and society which have been addressed through

activism is the expression of such. Whereas Belo

programmes but demand critical improvements.

Horizonte’s Estatuto da Cidade (Portuguese: City

It is necessary to note that the origin of all these

Statue) recognizes the right to the city, its efficiency is

matters has a common factor: soil. Consequently, the

questionable as both housing deficits and the number

relationship between food security and soil health in

of vacant dwellings are increasing simultaneously

the complex political context of Belo Horizonte is

(Campos; Martinéz, 2020).

crucial to discuss.

4

Scaling Down the City A CONVERSATION ABOUT SOIL

farmland 1984

farmland 1995

Figure 3 5

farmland 2007

The Case of Belo Horizonte A CONVERSATION ABOUT SOIL

By doing so, the plant requires nutrients in the soil provided by microorganisms crucial for the plant’s health. The microorganisms and the plant form a bilateral pact where one cannot operate without the other (Sottilo, 2015). This synthesis increases the soil’s structure and food-making capacities.

Several Studies (Basso, 2018; Filipe; Norfolk, 2017) echo this phenomenon proving how urban population growth and soil depletion are interlinked and consequently put food security at risk such as in the case of Belo Horizonte. To emphasize this point,

...urban population growth and soil depletion are interlinked and consequently put food security at risk ...

As Bookchin (1986) preaches, soil is life and

figure 3 visualizes the reduction of farmland over the last 40 years triggered by the retreat of farmers and

indispensable to human survival. To amplify this

destroyed arable land by residential developments.

statement, one must understand the basics of soil

Thus, the city cannot merely rely on its distant rural

and food production. Most plants that bear fruits

space. Instead, the municipality started to invite soil

and vegetables grow in soil. During the process of

into its centre making space for urban agriculture

photosynthesis, the plant cells transform carbon

(Barriga, 2018). These procedures are complex and

dioxide into food in the form of sugars, proteins, and

require agents to manage these spatial planning

carbohydrates.

processes.

6

Scaling Down the City ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE

nutrient cultivation

nutrient transport

Figure 4 7

nutrient consumption

The Case of Belo Horizonte ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE

Herewith, the city is equipped to face environmental challenges such as the excessive scale of urban farming and the subversion of space to grow “large amounts of food in small places” (Koscica, 2014, p.

181). Furthermore, the integration of supply chains of entire food systems where local producers are linked with local consumers poses another hurdle towards food sovereignty. There is thus a need to control Belo Horizonte’s physical resources, land and water which can be done through programs embedded in

Although Lefebvre (1969) expresses that the right to the city irrefutably contradicts the right to nature, one might argue that - considering climate change and urbanization - both rights undergo a phase of rapprochement.

Such agents can be architects. Where architecture

the Smart City Plan. This way, principles of A Pattern

is used as a catalyst to provide an infrastructure

Language’s urban scale dialogues can be transferred

responding to a microorganism level, the potential to

to Belo Horizonte.

regenerate soil health and promote food sovereignty is paramount. Since architects can look at a problem at

The significance of such civic architecture is already

various scales simultaneously (Alexander et al., 1977),

apparent illuminating how the above-mentioned

they can employ a level of care for the integration

environmental challenges are responded to and

and welfare of soil health whilst not losing track of

evidenced through the implementation of several

the overall town planning strategies. These principles

projects enhancing not only the natural environment

outlined in the urban design guide “A Pattern

but also the inhabitants’ quality of life. The “Zone

Language” already in the 70s are as omnipresent as

30” project addresses soil health at an urban level. In

ever today. Looking at a city not as a whole but rather

the historic borough of Santa Tereza, urban gardens

as a system of nutrient cycles, figure 4 suggests acting

have been incorporated into its densely built fabric

on an infinitesimal scale to transform space. Every

promoting a local circular economy (Barriga, 2018).

action carried out in the process of food production –

This project reduces greenhouse gas emissions by

from cultivation to consumption can be broken down

42tCO2 per annum (UN-Habitat, 2018) and bridges

into nutrient flows.

agroecology with well-being by providing regional and seasonal food residents have cultivated and offers

The reason why such architectural approaches are

safe access to everybody.

significant is first manifested through environmental improvements. Although Lefebvre (1969) expresses

Alongside the food aspect comes a training program

that the right to the city irrefutably contradicts the right

teaching the residents how to properly grow, cultivate

to nature, one might argue that - considering climate

and prepare vegetables and fruit as well as manage

change and urbanization - both rights undergo a

subsequent waste. The environmental benefit of the

phase of rapprochement. Belo Horizonte exemplifies

response to a microorganism scale hence goes far

this argument considering its latest 2018 masterplan

beyond the obvious mitigation of climate change and

“Smart City” incorporates aspects of nature into the

comprises resilient community growth, education,

wider urban context (UN-Habitat, 2018).

and social cohesion.

8

Scaling Down the City POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE

18.2km 13.8km

7.8km 13.2km

15.2m

favelas, social housing

irregular, private housing

Figure 5

organized

*data from 2017 9

The Case of Belo Horizonte POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE

destruction of arable land and the subsequent crop production that sustained thousands of farmer

The farm holding fragmentation, let alone theestruction of arable land and the subsequent crop production that sustained thousands of farmer families, is putting the entire city at risk, undermining a stable food supply chain.

Incidentally, the community aspect may appear

families, is putting the entire city at risk, undermining a stable food supply chain. Therefore, one might

to be only a positive outcome of Belo Horizonte’s

argue that although architecture is not in the position

new master plan but is needed to transform as it is

to subvert an entire political system and it is neither

a “collective exercise and not individual” (Harvey,

implied here, there is nonetheless the case of a civic

2008, p. 23). It is vital to discuss this in the city’s

system integration that indicates how farmland

political context. Belo Horizonte acknowledges

employing urban agriculture can be incorporated at

this by institutionalising food distribution for

the heart of the city.

collaborative planning (Delgado, 2018). Whereas architectural interventions such as the EcoZone

Similar to EcoZone, farmers would be active

were able to show positive environmental impacts,

members of an inclusive community increasing urban

the city struggles to bring about lasting positive

life quality. Moreover, the Minha Casa, Minha Vida

political change. Exactly for this reason, architecture

(Portuguese: My house, my life; Campos; Martinéz,

employing civic interventions and urban planning that

2020) initiative from 2009 illustrates how a housing

perform on a nutrient level is capable of improving

scheme, despite its good intentions, collapses without

the people’s political satisfaction by providing what

the provision of an infrastructure that connects

can be identified as the main driver of political and

to the rest of the city and ensures stable access to

economic dissent: adequate infrastructure.

food for its residents. Figure 5 visualizes the sociospatial segregation in urban areas which is “not only

Foremost, Brazil is known for politicisation, where

reflected in dwelling distribution but also in the daily

clientelism plays a major role in its political culture.

movements” (Aguiar; Mont’Alvão, 2009, p. 222) of

One moves to a city, and votes for the governing

the citizens and thus urges the need for a considerate

municipal body in exchange for favours and support

urban planning strategy. The distance between the city

from the elected (Friendly, 2017). Nevertheless, Belo

centre and the favelas reaches 18km, only possible to

Horizonte’s city council is more “prone to meet [the]

overcome by car (34 minutes) or train (1 hour +).

needs of global capital than [those of the] most deprived parts of the population” (Campos; Martinéz,

To elaborate, Belo Horizonte’s citizens average 6% of

2020, p. 122). This is evident in the inefficiency of the

their daily time travelling. What is notable, is the fact

2001 Federal Law No. 10.257, allegedly declaring the

that the poorer strata live further away from work,

citizens’ right to the city but equally compromising

but still travel less than the richer whilst spending

such by tolerating property speculation and capitalist

20% of their monthly income on their commute

interests that let 8 million dwellings stay vacant (as of

(Aguiar; Mont’Alvão, 2009). One might question the

2015). As a result, the local peasant association Kape

point of mentioning these numbers, however, they

Kape confirms that nearly all farmers were displaced

unveil greater systemic issues. These infrastructural

out of the city to make room for high-class residential

obstacles are similarly the reason why accessibility to

developments (Filipe; Norfolk, 2017).

food is not presumed depending on where one lives

The farm holding fragmentation, let alone the

and thus destabilize food security.

10

Scaling Down the City SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE

productive gardens

food distribution centre

food flow

Figure 6 11

patch of unstable access to food

accesssibility to food

The Case of Belo Horizonte

Despite being centrally located near public transport, studies (Delgado, 2018; Lim, 2014; Rocha, 2003) show that only 38% of the municipal population is reached...

SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE

It is thus increasingly important to “[treat] food as [a]

However, yet again, the question of public accessibility

right, [as] farmers and urban residents [will] benefit”

is decisive to ensure a level of stability in the matter

(Rocha, 2003, p.31), Belo Horizonte being the prime

of food security. Despite being centrally located near

example. The enhancement of the city’s social

public transport, studies (Delgado, 2018; Lim, 2014;

emancipation is a result of various urban interventions

Rocha, 2003) show that only 38% of the municipal

that acknowledge the significance of soil health.

population is reached, which patches of unstable

Before 1993, the food supply was unregulated leaving

access in Figure 6 prove.

3 million people starving (Delgado, 2018). Contrarily, the introduction of Food Security Programmes within

Hence, the aspect of accessibility and inclusivity is

the Municipal Law No. 6352 propagated various small

questionable and lets conclude that although the

to large-scale civic interventions which do not only

restaurants appear to be connected to a functioning

respond to the pressing issue of food insecurity but

network, the underlying concern goes back to greater

also catalyse the formation of new and enhancement

systemic infrastructural issues. Notwithstanding, the

of existing communities throughout the city.

scheme has achieved success in improving lives on many levels, including the United Nations (1999)

The initiation of

the so-called “Restaurantes

recognizing the right to food as a right to citizenship.

Populares” reflect this radical movement of food justice and democratic emancipation. Owned by the

Whilst other projects within Belo Horizonte’s Food

government and run by the local residents, these

Security Programme successfully address social and

communal restaurants highlighted in Figure 6 are

political emancipation as in the case of Zone30,

located along public transport and obtain their region-

where open-air markets and urban gardens are used

specific food from local farmers and small-scale

for educational purposes, individual interventions

producers (Rocha, 2003). Therefore, the map shows

are being voiced in the media age. In line with the

an exchange of nutrients between the soil of the

Restaurantes Populares, it is worth mentioning how

farmers as producers and the food of the residents

individuals contribute to the greater state of food

as consumers. The created micro-network is working

security. Featured in the Netflix Production “Street

as it has its own infrastructural system. With the city’s

Food” (2020), Donna Suzanna runs a one-person

commitment to food security, the meals provided

restaurant in her home in Salvador. Glorified for her

must be nutritious (Rocha, 2003), which shows once

hard labour as a cook, in reality, Donna is fighting

more the significance of direct access to nutrient-

for survival every day. The implications of such work

rich soil and the pivotal role of such interventions.

are not portrayed. Although her restaurant is situated

The explicit integration of public health awareness is

in Salvador, the principles can be transferred to Belo

equally echoed in this project, making the case for a

Horizonte. It is not to be disdained that this is only

stronger resilient community.

possible with adequate access to nutritious resources, such as the sea for Donna’s fish or the soil for the

Moreover, as Lim (2014) mentions the restaurants

restaurant’s vegetables. Nevertheless, it is people like

are completely public and with the cost of 1 Real per

Donna who “offer their soul” (Street Food: Latin

meal (£0.16), it is made affordable for everyone from

America, Ep. 2, 27:20) to give their city life - an

the unemployed to bank clerks..

identity.

12

Scaling Down the City CONCLUSION

13

The Case of Belo Horizonte CONCLUSION

The absence of civic urban planning strategies thus provokes such tragedy and calls for a more active integration of soil systems to facilitate urban agriculture. In turn, this is partially achieved in Belo Horizonte’s city centre through places such as the Restaurantes Populares. Affordable, safe access to nutritious food is propagated, whilst the majority of the municipal population is not reached. Comparing all maps illustrates the hurdle of infrastructure must be overcome to raise the efficiency of the metropolis’

Ultimately, the results of Belo Horizonte’s food

food programmes.

programme interventions show how architecture

All these examples emphasize that the employment

with its urban planning strategies acts as a catalyst to

of architectural methods is indeed situation specific

facilitate lasting positive change at various levels when

as they respond to local issues in the cities’ and

integrating the care for soil. Such levels comprise

countries’

foremost the environment, as the implementation

Municipal Law No. 6352 and City Statue Law No.

of the EcoZone has proven by not only reducing

10.257 are dominating the city’s attitude towards the

greenhouse gas emissions but also providing locally

right to the city and subsequent right to food taking

grown food for the community. Unlike these successful

after Lefebvre as well as Harvey. Nevertheless, as

environmental implications, Belo Horizonte’s political

the France-based Agrocité shows, the principles of

culture is yet dominated by social injustice. Precisely,

integrating food systems into urban planning are

projects such as Minha Casa Minha Vida in line

universally applicable. Especially in today’s context,

with the right to housing were doomed to fail due

these strategies take one step closer to tackling the

to insufficient infrastructure that would grant its

overshadowing issue of land grabbing in response to

inhabitants stable access to food.

achieving food security.

14

statutory

context.

Belo

Horizonte’s

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Images: Figure 1: Henrich, C. (2022). Land Grabbing. [digital drawing]. Personal Collection

Figure 2: Henrich, C. (2023). The separation of Belo Horizonte’s poorer neighbourhoods. [digital drawing]. Data from: Lopes, M., Caiaffa, W., Andrade, A., Malta, D., Barber, S., Friche, A. (2019).

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Figure 3: Henrich, C. (2023). Soil Depletion. [digital drawing]. Personal Collection.

Figure 4: Henrich, C. (2023). Belo Horizonte’s Nutrient Flows. [digital drawing]. Personal Collection.

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Figure 6: Henrich, C. (2022). Food Accessibility Belo Horizonte. [digital drawing]. Personal Collection.

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The Case of Belo Horizonte

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CMH