Understanding refractory api 936 reading ii

Understanding REFRACTORY For API936 Personnel Certification Examination Reading 2- The ASTMs’ My Pre-exam Self Study Notes 20th September 2015

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Refractory for Petrochemicals

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Refractory for Petrochemicals

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Refractory for Petrochemicals

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Refractory for Petrochemicals

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The Magical Book of Acoustic Emission

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BODY OF KNOWLEDGE FOR API936 REFRACTORY PERSONNEL CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION API certified 936 refractory personnel must have knowledge of installation, inspection, testing and repair of refractory linings. The API 936 Personnel Certification Examination is designed to identify applicants possessing the required knowledge. The examination consists of 75 multiple-choice questions; and runs for 4 hours; no reference information is permitted on the exam. The examination focuses on the content of API STD 936 and other referenced publications.

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REFERENCE PUBLICATIONS: A. API Publications:  API Standard 936; 3rd Edition, Nov 2008 - Refractory Installation Quality Control Guidelines - Inspection and Testing Monolithic Refractory Linings and Materials.

B. ACI (American Concrete Institute) Publications:  547R87 - State of the art report: Refractory Concrete  547.1R89 - State of the art report: Refractory plastic and Ramming Mixes

C. ASTM Publications:  C113-02 - Standard Test Method for Reheat Change of Refractory Brick  C133-97 - Standard Test Methods for Cold Crushing Strength and Modulus of Rupture of Refractories  C181-09 - Standard Test Method for Workability Index of Fireclay and High Alumina Plastic Refractories  C704-01 - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Refractory Materials at Room Temperatures

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Fion Zhang at Shanghai 20th September 2015

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Video Time- shotcrete refractory

â–

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s81LE7XXZ4A&list=PLey7s_Oct4OK9-7tMIx5cp9-RjSdetDTq

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Reading II Content  Study note One: ASTM C113-02 Standard Test Method for Reheat Change of Refractory Brick  Study note Two: ASTM C133-97 Standard Test Methods for Cold Crushing Strength and Modulus of Rupture of Refractories  Study note Three:  Study note Four:

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Study Note 1: ASTM C113-02 Standard Test Method for Reheat Change of Refractory Brick

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1. Scope 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the permanent linear change of refractory brick when heated under prescribed conditions.

1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.

The values given in parentheses are for information only.

NOTE 1- Test methods incorporating additional provisions pertinent to specific refractory materials are given in the following Test Methods: C 179, C 210, and C 605.

1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards:  C 134 Test Methods for Size, Dimensional Measurements, and Bulk Density of Refractory Brick and Insulating Firebrick  C 179 Test Method for Drying and Firing Linear Change of Refractory Plastic and Ramming Mix Specimens  C 210 Test Method for Reheat Change of Insulating Firebrick  C 605 Test Method for Reheat Change of Fireclay Nozzles and Sleeves  E 230 Temperature-Electromotive Force (EMF) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples

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3. Significance and Use 3.1 Refractory brick and shapes of different compositions exhibit unique permanent linear changes after heating or reheating. This test method provides a standard procedure for heating various classes of refractories with appropriate heating schedules.

3.2 Linear reheat changes obtained by this test method are suitable for use in research and development, also often used to establish written specifications between producers and consumers.

3.3 Care should be exercised in selecting samples that are representative of the product being tested and that the schedule selected is appropriate to the product.

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4. Apparatus 4.1 Kiln, of such design that the specified heating schedule and atmosphere can be maintained throughout the heating zone.

4.2 Linear Measuring Device, capable of being read to 0.02 in. (0.5 mm) over a span of 10 in. (254 mm). (1) A hook-rule, as specified in Test Methods C 134, (2) a vernier caliper, or (3) a dial gage device may be used.

4.3 Gas Sampling and Analysis Equipment, capable of determining the (1) percent free oxygen and (2) total combustibles in the atmosphere of the test chamber.

Keywords: Hook rule, vernier caliper, dial gage % free O2, total combustible.

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Captain Hook- Once Upon a Time

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Hook rule

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Captain Hook- Once upon a time!

Vernier Caliper

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Vernier Caliper- Digital

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Dial Gage

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5. Test Specimens 5.1 For each test use three rectangular specimens measuring 9 by 4½ by 2½ or 3 in. (228mm x 114mm x 64mm or 76mm) in size, or, if smaller, shapes approaching these dimensions as closely as possible. These may be commercial brick of the specified size or test pieces cut out of larger shapes.

5.2 Using ceramic paint or crayon, label each specimen, and make a reference mark at each end on the center line of a broad face to indicate the exact position where the measurement is made. Measure the length on each of the three test specimens to the nearest 0.02 in. (0.5 mm).

3 or 2½”

+

+ 9”

4½”

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nearest 0.02 in. (0.5 mm).

3 or 2½”

+

+ 9”

4½”

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6. Procedure 6.1 Placing Specimens in Kiln- Place the test specimens in the kiln so that each rests edgewise, that is, on a 9 by 2½ or 3in. (228 by 64 or 76-mm) face and set only one course high. Place each specimen upon the corresponding face of a supporting brick that is from the same lot as the test specimen or at least of equal refractoriness. Place between the test specimen and the supporting brick a layer of suitable refractory material, that is non- reactive under the test conditions and passing an ASTM No. 16 (1.18-mm) sieve (equivalent to a 14-mesh Tyler Standard Series) and retained on an ASTM No. 40 (425-μm) sieve (equivalent to a 35-mesh Tyler Standard Series).

Place each specimen so that it is not less than 1½ in. (38 mm) from other test specimens or from the furnace wall. ≥1½ in

passing an ASTM No.16 Retain ASTM No.40 sieves Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

ASTM Sieve

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ASTM Sieve

6.2 Temperature Measurement- Measure the temperature within the kiln by means of an appropriate calibrated thermocouple. Refer to E 230, Tables 1 and 2, for the tolerances and upper temperature limits for use of various thermocouples. At higher temperatures, the thermocouple may be withdrawn and a calibrated optical or radiation pyrometer can be used. Place the hot junction of the thermocouple or sight the pyrometer so as to register the temperature of the test specimens. Make temperature readings at intervals not greater than 15 min. Check the kiln periodically by thermocouples, pyrometers or pyrometric cones to ensure that temperatures over the hearth do not differ by more than 25°F (14°C) or one-half cone (?) .

T1,2,3..

To

∆T = To- T1,2,3, ≤ 25°F

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6.3 Test Atmosphere- At all temperatures above 1470°F (800°C) the furnace atmosphere shall contain a minimum of 0.5 % oxygen and 0 % combustibles.

Take gas-analysis samples from the furnace chamber proper.

6.4 Test Temperature Schedule- Operate the kiln so as to conform to the appropriate heating schedule for the class of refractory being tested as shown in Table 1. Adjust the firing during the hold period so that the temperatures will average the specified temperature within 5°F (3°C). After completion of the heating schedule, cool the specimens in the closed kiln to below 800°F (425°C) before removing.

6.5 Measuring Fired Specimens- Remeasure the test specimens at room temperature in accordance with 4.2 after rubbing the ends with an abrasive block to remove small blisters, if necessary.

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7. Calculation and Report 7.1 Calculate the percentage linear change based upon the original length of each specimen. Report the average of the three individual values as the reheat change in the test.

specimen.

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8. Precision and Bias 8.1 Interlaboratory Test Data- An interlaboratory roundrobin test was conducted between eight laboratories at three different reheat temperatures.

8.1.1 In the interlaboratory study, four types of brick were tested, three samples each, a total of seven sets at each laboratory.

8.1.2 Heating schedules, brick types tested, averages of all determinations, and precisions are given in Table 2.

8.2 Precision- For the components of variation given in Table 2, a test result composed of three samples should be considered significantly different at a confidence level of 95 %, if the repeatability or reproducibility exceeds the precision data given in Table 2.

8.3 Bias- No justifiable statement on bias is possible since the true physical properties of refractories cannot be established by an acceptable reference material.

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9. Keywords 9.1 heating schedule; refractory brick; reheat change; temperature measurements; test atmosphere

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TABLE 1 Heating Schedule for Reheat of Various Types of Refractories

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TABLE 2 Precision of Interlaboratory Test Results Relative precision does not apply since values pass through the point of zero.

NOTE- Relative precision does not apply since values pass through the point of zero.

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Corundum Mullite Castable High Strength Wear-Resistant Corundum Mullite Refractory Castable has high crushing strength, good high temperature volume stability and thermal shock stability, excellent wear resistance and erosion resistance. It is can be used in lining of large power station boiler and other lining of high temperature furnace .

Applications: 1. Steel furnaces 2. Iron making furnaces 3. Glass kiln 4. Ceramic tunnel kiln 5. Cement kiln

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http://castable.cc/

Corundum Mullite Castable

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http://castable.cc/

Study Note 2: ASTM C133-97 Standard Test Methods for Cold Crushing Strength and Modulus of Rupture of Refractories

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1. Scope 1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the cold crushing strength and the modulus of rupture (MOR) of dried or fired refractory shapes of all types.

1.2 The test methods appear in the following sections: Test Method â– Cold Crushing Strength â– Modulus of Rupture

Sections 4 to 9 10 to 15

1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.

The values given in parentheses are for information only.

1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: • C 862 Practice for Preparing Refractory Concrete Specimens by Casting • C 1054 Practice for Pressing and Drying Refractory Plastic and Ramming Mix Specimens • E 4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines3

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3. Significance and Use 3.1 The cold strength of a refractory material is an indication of its suitability for use in refractory construction. (It is not a measure of performance at elevated temperatures.)

3.2 These test methods are for determining the room temperature flexural strength in 3-point bending (cold modulus of rupture) or compressive strength (cold crushing strength), or both, for all refractory products.

3.3 Considerable care must be used to compare the results of different determinations of the cold crushing strength or modulus of rupture. The specimen size and shape, the nature of the specimen faces (that is, asformed, sawed, or ground), the orientation of those faces during testing, the loading geometry, and the rate of load application, may all significantly affect the numerical results obtained. Comparisons of the results between different determinations should not be made if one or more of these parameters differ between the two determinations.

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Factors Affecting Test Results 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

The specimen size and shape, the nature of the specimen faces (that is, as- formed, sawed, or ground), the orientation of those faces during testing, the loading geometry, and the rate of load application, The relative ratio of the largest grain size to the smallest specimen dimension

may all significantly affect the numerical results obtained. Comparisons of the results between different determinations should not be made if one or more of these parameters differ between the two determinations.

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3.4 The relative ratio of the largest grain size to the smallest specimen dimension may significantly affect the numerical results. For example, smaller, cut specimens containing large grains may present different results than the bricks from which they were cut. Under no circumstances should 6” by 1” by 1in. (152mm by 25mm by 25mm) specimens be prepared and tested for materials containing grains with a maximum grain dimension exceeding 0.25 in. (6.4 mm).

3.5 This test method is useful for research and development, engineering application and design, manufacturing process control, and for developing purchasing specifications.

1” x 1” x 6”

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OLD CRUSHING STRENGTH 4. Apparatus 4.1 Testing Machine- Any form of standard mechanical or hydraulic compression testing machine conforming to the requirements of Practices E 4 may be used.

NOTE 1- For low-strength materials (such as insulating bricks or castables), a sensitivity of 20 lbf (67 kN) or less is required. The use of a hydraulic testing machine is also preferred over the mechanical type for these materials.

4.2 Spherical Bearing Block- The plane surface of the spherical bearing block (see Fig. 1) shall have an area which is equal to or greater than the cross section of the test specimen.

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FIG. 1 Recommended Design for Crushing Test Assembly, Including Bearing Block

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5. Test Specimens 5.1 Brick and Shapes (bulk density greater than 100 lb/ft3 (1.60 g/cm3)The test specimens shall be 2 in. (51mm) cubes or cylinders, 2 in. in diameter by 2 in. (51 x 51mm) high. The height should be parallel to the original direction of pressing of the brick or shape. In the case of special shapes, only one specimen shall be cut from a single shape and as many of the original surfaces as possible shall be preserved. In preparing specimens from irregular or large refractory shapes, any method involving the use of abrasives, such as a high speed abrasion wheel, core drill, or rubbing bed, that will produce a specimen with approximately plane and parallel sides without weakening the structure of the specimen may be used.

2 in x 2 in x 2 in

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Keywords:  The height should be parallel to the original direction of pressing of the brick or shape.  In the case of special shapes, only one specimen shall be cut from a single shape and as many of the original surfaces as possible shall be preserved. (?) Ф 2 in

2 in x 2 in x 2 in

2 in

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5.2 Insulating Brick or Shapes (typical bulk density of 100 lb/ft3 (1.60 g/cm3), or greater than 45 % total porosity, or both)- The test specimens shall be 4½ by 4½ by 2½ or 3 in. (114 by 114 by 64 or 76 mm), each taken from a different brick. It is permissible to prepare these specimens from the half-brick resulting from the modulus of rupture test (see Sections 10-15). The selected compression test section shall be free of cracks, chipped surfaces, and other obvious defects. The test surfaces shall be approximately parallel planes.

Keywords: Dimensions: 4½ x 4½ x 2½ or 3 in.

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5.3 Castable Refractories- The test specimens shall be 2” x 2” x 2” (51mm x 51mm x 51mm) cubes or cylinders 2 in. (51 mm) in diameter by 2 in. (51 mm) high, prepared by casting or gunning. It is permissible to prepare one specimen from each 9” x 2” x 2”. (230mm x 51mm x 51mm) bar after the modulus of rupture test (MOR) (see Sections 10-15). The selected compression test section shall be free of cracks, chipped surfaces, and other obvious defects. The loaded surfaces shall be approximately parallel planes.

All samples must be dried at 220 to 230°F (105 to 110°C) for 18 h (overnight).

Upon removal from the oven, allow the sample to cool naturally until cool to the touch. Complete testing within 2 h of removal from the drying oven. (See Practices C 862 and C 1054.)

2 h max Cured?

Testing dried at 220 to 230°F (105 to 110°C) for 18 h (overnight).

cool naturally until cool to the touch

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4.2.5 As directed by the contractor, test sample refractories shall be mixed and formed using metal or plastic forms at the required specimen dimensions, or larger dimensions and then cut to the required dimensions after 24-hour cure:

4.3.2 Casting

4.3.1 Pneumatic Gunning: The test panel shall be constructed with a removable back for visual inspection of the castable.

The panel shall also be sectioned and cut surfaces inspected for voids, laminations, non-uniformities, and rebound entrapment.

Sectioning or breaking of the panel is permitted 18 hours after completion of the panel unless otherwise directed by the owner.

4.3.3 Placement of Thin Layer, Erosion Resistant Refractories Hexmesh or hexalt anchoring system (as the case may be) shall be attached to a backing plate such that the backing plate may be removed and the applied refractory lining examined from the backside. Examination of the panel may be performed immediately after ramming, or within 24 hours, as directed by the owner.

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Refractory cast in the mock-up shall be cured for 12 hours minimum and then stripped of forms for visual inspection only.

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4.3.4 Thick Layer, Plastic Installations After refractory installation is completed, the test panel backing plate shall be removed immediately and examined for consolidation and voids.

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6. Procedure 6.1 At least five specimens from an equivalent number of refractory shapes compose a sample.

NOTE 2- For relatively weak specimens like insulating castables or insulating firebricks, a minimum sample size of ten specimens is preferred.

6.2 Brick and Shapes- Place a cellulose fiber wall board (for example, Masonite4) 0.25 in. (6.4 mm) in thickness and extending 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) or more beyond the edges of the loaded faces of the specimen. Apply the load parallel to the direction in which the brick was originally pressed.

Comments: 1 sample = 5 specimens (10 specimens for very weak materials!)

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6. Procedure 6.1 At

least five specimens from an equivalent number of refractory shapes compose a sample.

Comments: 1 sample = 5 specimens (10 specimens for very weak materials!)

Minimum

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7. Calculation and Report 7.1 Calculate the percentage linear change based upon the original length of each specimen. Report the average of the three individual values as the reheat change in the test.

ASTM C113-02 Standard Test Method for Reheat Change of Refractory Brick

specimen.

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6.3 Regular and High Strength Castables- Place a cellulose fiber wall board 0.25 in. (6.4 mm) in thickness and extending 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) or more beyond the edges of the loaded faces of the specimen. Apply the load on the 2- by 2in. (51- by 51-mm) or 2in. (51-mm) diameter face and perpendicular to the depth of the specimen as originally cast or gunned.

6.4 Insulating Brick or Shapes- Apply the load directly to the 4½- by 4½ in.

(114mm x 114-mm) surface of the test specimen.

6.5 Insulating Castables (typical bulk density of 100 lb/ft3 (1.60 g/cm3), or greater than 45 % total porosity, or both)- Apply the load directly to the 2” x 2” x2”. (51mm x 5mm) face and perpendicular to the depth of the specimen as originally cast or gunned.

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6.6 Use the bearing block on top of the test specimen, and position it so that the center of the sphere is in alignment with the vertical axis of the specimen (see Fig. 1). Keep the spherical bearing block thoroughly lubricated to ensure accurate adjustment which may be made by hand under a small initial load for each specimen.

NOTE 3- The spherical bearing block may not be necessary on test machines having mechanical linkages which ensure that the stress applied is colinear with the axis of the specimen.

6.7 For dense refractories with sufficient strength to require greater than about 3 min per test, initial loading to one-half of the anticipated failure load may be accomplished at any convenient rate exceeding the specified rate.

Subsequently, each specimen shall be crushed with a compressive load applied at the standard rates specified in Table 1. The rates shall not vary by more than Âą10 % of the specified rate for the type of refractory being tested.

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FIG. 1 Recommended Design for Crushing Test Assembly, Including Bearing Block

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TABLE 1 Standard Loading Rates for Cold Crushing Strength

A. Where possible, loading at a constant stress rate is preferable to constant strain rate loading.

B. For dense refractory brick and shapes requiring more than a 3-min test duration, specimens may be loaded to one half of the anticipated fracture strength at any convenient rate exceeding that specified.

C. These sizes are preferred for insulating firebricks.

D. These pieces may be cut from broken halves of MOR specimens.

E. These sizes are preferred for insulating castables.

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6.8 When using a mechanical testing machine, keep the balance beam in a constantly floating position.

6.9 Specimens are loaded, as specified, to failure. Failure is defined as the collapse of the specimen (failure to support the load), or the reduction of the specimen height to 90 % of its original value. The maximum applied load is recorded.

Keywords: Failure is defined as: â– the collapse of the specimen (failure to support the load), or â– the reduction of the specimen height to 90 % of its original value.

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7. Calculation 7.1 Calculate the cold crushing strength using Eq 1:

S= W/A

(1)

• S = cold crushing strength, lbf/in.2 (MPa), • W = total maximum load indicated by the testing machine, lbf (N), and • A = average of the areas of the top and bottom of the specimen perpendicular to the line of application of the load, in.2 (mm2).

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8. Report 8.1 Report the following: 8.1.1 Designation of the materials tested (that is, manufacturer, brand, description, lot number, etc.); 8.1.2 Specimen configuration, including size, shape, location in the original brick or shape, the character of the faces (that is, cut, drilled, as-pressed, ascast, etc.), and the specimen orientation during testing; 8.1.3 Pretreatment, if any, given to the test pieces (for example, curing, firing, coking, etc.); 8.1.4 Number of specimens in a sample; 8.1.5 Individual specimen dimensions, the maximum applied load, and the calculated cold crushing strength for each specimen (see 7.1); 8.1.6 Mean cold crushing strength and standard deviation for each sample.

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9. Precision and Bias 9.1 Precision- The precision of this test method is currently being investigated.

9.2 Bias- No justifiable statement can be made on the bias of the test method for measuring the cold crushing strength of refractories, because the value of cold crushing strength can be defined only in terms of a test method.

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MODULUS OF RUPTURE 10. Apparatus 10.1 Testing Machine- Any form of standard mechanical or hydraulic compression testing machine conforming to the requirements of Practices E 4 may be used.

NOTE 4- Properly calibrated portable apparatus may be used.

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FIG. 2 Recommended Design of Bearing Cylinders for Modulus of Rupture Test

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FIG. 3 Alternative Design of Bearing Cylinders for Modulus of Rupture Test

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10.2 Bearing Surfaces, that shall have a radius of curvature of 5/8 in. (16 mm) or be cylindrical pieces 1¼” (32mm) in diameter. For 6” x 1” x 1”. (152mm x 25mm x 25mm) specimens, the radius of curvature shall be 3/16”. (5 mm) or cylindrical pieces 3/8”. (10mm) in diameter. All such bearing surfaces shall be straight and of a length at least equal to the width of the test specimen.

The supporting members for the lower bearing surfaces shall be constructed so as to provide a means for the alignment of the bearing surfaces with the under surface of the test specimen because the test brick may have a longitudinal twist. Apparatus of the design shown in Fig. 2 is recommended, although other types may be used, provided they conform to these requirements. A satisfactory alternative design is shown in Fig. 3.

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11. Test Specimens 11.1 Brick and Shapes (bulk density greater than 100 lb/ft3 (1.60 g/cm3)The preferred test specimens shall be standard 9” x 4½” x 2½” or 3”. (228mm x 114mm x 64mm or 76mm) bricks, or specimens of equivalent size ground or cut from refractory shapes. In the case of special shapes, only one specimen shall be cut from a single shape. As many original surfaces as possible shall be preserved. Where brick sizes are impossible or impracticable, alternative specimen sizes of 9” x 2” x 2”. (228mm x 51mm x 51mm) or 6 “ x 1” x 1”. (152 mm x 25mm x 25mm) may be prepared. In preparing specimens from irregular or larger shapes, any method involving the use of abrasives, such as a high- peed abrasion wheel or rubbing bed, that will produce a specimen with approximately plane and parallel sides without weakening the structure maybe used.

9” x 4½” x 2½” or 3” Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

11.2 Insulating Brick or Shapes (typical bulk density of 100 lb/ft3 (1.60 g/cm3), or total porosity greater than 45 %, or both)- The test specimens shall be whole brick measuring 9 by 4½ by 2½ or 3 in. (228mm x 114mm x 64mm or 76mm), or specimens of equivalent size cut from larger shapes.

9” x 4½” x 2½” or 3”

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11.3 Castable Refractories- The test specimens shall be 9” x 2" x 2". (228 x 51mm x 51mm) bars prepared by casting or gunning. The top and bottom, and the side faces, respectively, shall be approximately parallel planes. All samples must be dried at 220°F to 230°F (105°C to 110°C) for 18 h (overnight). Upon removal from the oven, allow the sample to cool naturally until cool to the touch. Complete testing within 2 h of removal from the drying oven. (See Practices C 862 and C 1054.)

9” x 2” x 2” 2 h max Cured?

Testing dried at 220 to 230°F (105 to 110°C) for 18 h (overnight).

cool naturally until cool to the touch Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

12. Procedure 12.1 At least five specimens from an equivalent number of refractory shapes compose a sample.

NOTE 5- For relatively weak specimens like insulating refractories, a minimum sample size of ten specimens is preferred.

12.2 Place a test specimen flat on the bearing cylinders with a span as specified in Table 2 and with the load applied at mid-span. Whenever possible, use an original, unbranded surface of a brick or shape as the tension face, that is, the face in contact with the two bottom bearing cylinders.

For castable pieces, the depth dimension of the specimen as originally cast or gunned is horizontal; that is, the top surface of the casting or gunned sample becomes a side of the properly oriented test specimen.

Minimum

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TABLE 2 Standard Loading Rates for Modulus of Rupture

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12.3 Each specimen shall be broken at mid-span in flexure with a loading applied according to the standard loading rates given in Table 2. For high strength materials requiring longer than about 3 min to perform a test, initial loading to one half of the anticipated failure load may be accomplished at any convenient rate exceeding the specified rate. Subsequently, the specimens should be loaded at the standard rate specified in Table 2. The rates shall not vary more than Âą10 % from the stated rate for the type of refractory being tested. The maximum applied load is recorded.

12.4 When using a mechanical testing machine, keep the balance beam in a constantly floating position.

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13. Calculation 13.1 Calculate the modulus of rupture using Eq 2:

MOR = 3PL/2bd2

(2)

where: MOR = modulus of rupture, lbf/in.2 (MPa), P = maximum applied at rupture, lbf (N), L = span between supports, in. (mm), b = breadth or width of specimen, in. (mm), and d = depth of specimen, in. (mm). ∆ d ∆

∆

L

ȼ

∆ b

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FIG. 2 Recommended Design of Bearing Cylinders for Modulus of Rupture Test b d L

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14. Report 14.1 Report the following: 14.1.1 Designation of the materials tested (that is, manufacturer, brand, description, lot number, etc.); 14.1.2 Specimen configuration, including size, location in the original brick or shape, the character of the faces (that is, cut, ground, as-pressed, as-cast, etc.), the specimen orientation during testing, and the load span; 14.1.3 Pretreatment, if any, given to the test pieces (for example, curing, firing, coking, etc.); 14.1.4 Number of specimens in a sample; 14.1.5 Individual specimen dimensions, the maximum applied load, the location of the fracture plane, and the calculated modulus of rupture for each specimen (see 13.1); 14.1.6 Mean modulus of rupture and standard deviation for each sample.

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15. Precision and Bias 15.1 Interlaboratory Test Data- An interlaboratory study was completed among eight laboratories in 1995. Four different types of refractories were tested for cold crushing strength and cold modulus of rupture by each laboratory. The four types of refractories were a dense firebrick, an insulating firebrick, a dense castable, and an insulating castable. The dimensions of the firebricks were 9 3 4.5 3 2.5 in., and the dimensions of the castables were 9 3 2 3 2 in. Before testing, bulk density and sonic velocity were measured on all refractory bricks to ensure uniformity. Refractory bricks were then randomly selected for distribution to the participating laboratories.

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15.2 Precision- Table 3 and Table 4 contain the precision statistics for the cold crushing strength and cold modulus of rupture results, respectively.

15.2.1 Repeatability- The maximum permissible difference due to test error between two test results obtained by one operator on the same material using the same test equipment is given by the repeatability interval (r) and the relative repeatability interval (% r). The 95 % intervals are given in Table 3 and Table 4. Two test results that do not differ by more than the repeatability interval will be considered to be from the same population; conversely, two test results that do differ by more than the repeatability interval will be considered to be from different populations.

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15.2.2 Reproducibility- The maximum permissible difference due to test error between two test results obtained by two operators in different laboratories on the same material using the same test equipment is given by the reproducibility interval (R) and the relative reproducibility interval (% R). The 95 % reproducibility intervals are given in Table 3 and Table 4. Two test results that do not differ by more than the reproducibility interval will be considered to be from the same population; conversely, two test results that do differ by more than the reproducibility interval will be considered to be from different populations.

15.3 Bias- No justifiable statement can be made on the bias of the test method for measuring the modulus of rupture of refractories because the value of the modulus of rupture can be defined only in terms of a test method.

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16. Keywords 16.1 crushing strength; modulus of rupture; Monolithic refractories; Refractory brick; room temperature

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TABLE 3 Precision Statistics for Cold Crushing Strength

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TABLE 4 Precision Statistics for Cold Modulus of Rupture

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I was watching yesterday: Mission Impossible 2015/09/21

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Study Note 3: C181-03 Standard Test Method for Workability Index of Fireclay and High-Alumina Plastic Refractories

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1. Scope 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the workability index of fireclay and high-alumina plastic refractories by measuring the plastic deformation of a molded test specimen when subjected to impacts.

1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: D 2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for Textiles

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3. Significance and Use 3.1 Workability index serves as a measure of the facility with which plastic refractory materials can be rammed, gunned, or vibrated into place.

3.2 Workability index is commonly used to control consistency of plastics during manufacture. It has also been found useful for specification acceptance by the consumer.

3.3 The workability index determination can provide information for developing a plastic body. When a sample splits under impact at various water contents, it is an indication that the material is “short� or lacking in plasticity.

3.4 Determinations on samples that split during impact will be difficult to reproduce. If the sample splits, the measurement is not a true indication of deformation. This should be noted in the report.

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4. Apparatus 4.1 Rammer- The apparatus shall consist of the device known as the rammer for refractories3 (see Fig. 1). It shall consist essentially of a steel cylindrical mold 2.00 in. (50.8 mm) in inside diameter and 4.75 in. (120.6 mm) in length, supported in a vertical position on the same axis as a shaft to which shall be fastened a plunger that fits inside the mold. A 14-lb (6.4-kg) cylindrical weight slides on the same shaft and is arranged to fall a distance of 2 in. (51 mm) before engaging a collar fastened to the shaft.

As shown in Fig. 1, the weight may be raised by a manually rotated cam.

Provision shall be made to support the weight, thereby removing the load from the vertical shaft by the installation of two hooks (having a 10-32 screw thread) in the top side of the weight in a position that enables them to engage with pins (having an 8-32 screw thread) placed on each side of the upper portion of the framework, as shown in Fig. 1 and in detail in Fig. 2. A steel rule,4 one edge graduated in 0.02in. (0.5-mm) increments, shall be attached (Note 1) to the rammer so that the position of the end of the vertical shaft can be read.

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FIG. 1 Apparatus for Workabilityindex Test

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FIG. 2 Upper Portion of the Sand Rammer Showing Close-Up of Modifications Required

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The portion of the rule to be used shall be adjusted so that when the vertical shaft is in the lowest position, its machined end is in alignment with the graduation on the rule that represents the exact distance between the top and bottom of the bottom plate of the mold (approximately 1.7 in. (43 mm)). The upper end of the scale may be cut off flush with the top of the rod (see Note1), which provides a rule of sufficient length for measuring the maximum distance obtainable between the ends of the mold (Note 2).

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NOTE 1- One method of mounting the rule is to install in a vertical position a 3/8”. (9.5mm) square rod, 4 1/8”. (105 mm) in length, in that part of the framework which constitutes the top bearing for the shaft. One end of the rod is reduced to a ¼”. (6.4mm) round section for a length of 3/8”, and this is threaded for a ¼ - 20 screw. A tapped hole, to receive the threaded rod, is made in the framework and on the center line (from front to back) of the apparatus. When tightening the rod in place, one face must be in a position so that the rule can be sweat-soldered to it as shown in Fig. 2.

NOTE 2- The apparatus as described in this section is capable of measuring workabilities up to about 32%. For products of higher workability a suitable spacer block5 may be installed under the specimen.

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4.1.1 Mounting for Rammer- The rammer shall be mounted on a 27in. (686m) high concrete column, having a base measuring at least 8 by 11 in. (200 x 279 mm). Four Ÿ�. (6.4mm) bolts, at least 3 in. (76mm) in length, shall be cast in the top of the column and shall be grouted with a suitable mortar.

Variable results are obtained from the test unless the described mounting or an acceptable alternative mounting6 is used for the rammer.

4.1.2 Maintenance and Calibration- As needed, depending on use, clean all moving parts and lubricate with SAE 10 oil. Make periodic checks of the height that the weight drops to insure the weight is being raised 2 in. (51mm).

Inspect the rammer to determine whether it and the foundation are producing full ramming energy. This is accomplished by using calibrated impact rings.7 NOTE 3- Variation in the smoothness and dimensions of the specimen tube may cause variation in workability values. For referee testing the specimen tube may require periodic comparison with a master precision specimen tube.8

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5. Test Specimens 5.1 Temperature of Plastic Refractory- Since the workability index may vary with a wide spread of temperature, the temperature of the material to be tested must be between 65°F and 75°F (18°C and 24°C) to reduce this variable. Record temperature of material before forming the cylinder.

NOTE 4- As much as a 3-point change in the workability index may occur within the 10°F (6°C) stated range.

5.2 Number of Specimens- Five cylindrical test specimens shall be molded from the sample (Note ) of plastic refractory.

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5.3 Molding of Specimens- The interior of the mold shall be cleaned and coated with a light film of suitable parting agent9 prior to the preparation of each specimen. To facilitate filling the mold, the sample shall be broken into pieces varying in size, the largest dimension being about 1 in. (25 mm). The sample weight shall be chosen to provide a sample height of 2.5 Âą0.1 in. (64 Âą3 mm). For a super-duty plastic, the sample weight is approximately 300g; for an 85 to 90 % alumina plastic, approximately 375g. After placing the material in the mold, it shall be subjected to ten impacts by turning the handle, which causes the weight to be raised 2 in. (51 mm) and then dropped upon the collar attached to the plunger shaft. The mold containing the sample shall then be upended and an additional ten impacts given to the specimen. The formed test specimen shall then be extruded from the mold by the use of a suitable auxiliary plunger.

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6. Procedure 6.1 Remove the load on the plunger of the mold by suspending the weight from the framework. Do this by slightly rotating the weight while engaging the hooks on the pins in the framework. After raising the vertical shaft, place the test specimen on the bottom of the mold and lower the shaft until the plunger is in firm contact with the specimen. Obtain the length of the specimen to the nearest 0.02 in. (0.5 mm) by sighting on the rule and the end of the shaft.

Disengage the weight from its support and carefully lower it until it is at rest in its normal position. Then apply three impacts from the weight to the test specimen. Read the final length of the specimen from the scale, and record the difference in inches or millimetres between the two measurements.

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7. Calculation and Report 7.1 Calculate the percentage deformation for each of the five test specimens on the basis of the original length and report the average value as the workability index. The workability index shall be calculated by the following equation, and shall be rounded off to one decimal place.

where L = length of specimen prior to deformation, L1 = length of specimen after deformation, and W = workability index.

7.2 State the temperature of the sample, the specimen weight used, and whether any test specimen crumbled as a result of the three impacts.

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8. Precision and Bias 8.1 Interlaboratory Test Data10- An interlaboratory test was run in 1975, in which two laboratories each tested ten specimens from each of two plastic materials: a super-duty and a high-alumina phosphate-bonded plastic.

Samples were selected from the same container of plastic and tested in each laboratory at the same time. The components of variance for workability index results calculated by the procedures given in Practice D 2906 are as follows: Within-laboratory component 4.1% of the average Between-laboratory component 5.1% of the average 8.2 Precision- For the components of variance given in 8.1, two averages of test values should be considered significantly different at the 95 % probability level if the difference equals or exceeds the critical difference listed as follows (for t = 1.96):

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8.3 Bias- No justifiable statement on bias is possible since the true value of the workability index cannot be established by an accepted reference material.

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9. Keywords 9.1 refractories; refractory plastic; workability

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Foot Notes 1. This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.09 on Monolithic Refractories. Current edition approved November 1, 2003.

Published January 2004. Originally approved in 1943. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as C 181-91 (1997) e 1.

2. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.

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3 The rammer for refractories, Model 315-R, is available from Dietert Foundry Testing Equipment, 9190 Roselawn Ave, Detroit, MI 48204. Accessory parts required for conduct of this test and calibration of the rammer include: Test Equipment

Part Number

Specimen tube Cup pedestal 1.000 in. cup pedestal spacer block 3 Stripping post Specimen tube conditioner Replacement swab for 315-30 Liquid parting pattern spray

315-9 315-11 15R-8 315-14 315-30 315-02006 315-02007

Calibration Equipment

Part Number

Rammer foundation tester (includes impact rings, micrometer, and test anvil) Replacement impact rings 307-3A Master precision specimen tube

307 315-18

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4. A suitable rule is the Lufkin Rule Co. Rule No. 2103-R, which is 6 in. (152 mm) in length and must be cut off at each end so that the desired portion of the graduations aligns with the shaft.

5. A suitable 1in. (25-mm) spacer block is listed in footnote 4.

6. An acceptable alternative mounting is available from Dietert Foundry Testing Equipment; use the rammer base, part no. 315-27, and the rammer pedestal, part no. 315-45.

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7. Part number 307 as provided by Dietert Foundry Testing Equipment, consists of a set of precision steel rings, a steel anvil and a micrometer, has been found suitable for this purpose. To determine full ramming energy, the anvil is positioned in the specimen tube locating hole in the base of the rammer. A test ring is then placed in the center of the anvil with the axis of the ring being horizontal. The ring is then subjected to 3 impacts of the rammer head. A measurement across the center of the deformed ring is then made and compared to the limits specified on the box containing the rings. Detailed instructions are included in the calibration kit.

8. Part number 315-18 as provided by Dietert Foundry Testing Equipment, has been found suitable for this purpose.

9. A suitable parting agent is provided by Dietert Foundry Testing Equipment, as described in footnote 4.

10. Supporting data are available from ASTM International Headquarters.

Request RR: C 08 – 1003.

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Study Note 4: C704-01 Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Refractory Materials at Room Temperature

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1. Scope 1.1 This test method covers the determination of relative abrasion resistance of refractory brick at room temperature. This test method can also be applied to castable refractories (see Metric Dimensions C 861 and Practice C 865) and plastic refractories (see Practice C1054).

1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.

1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: • C 134 Test Methods for Size, Dimensional Measurements, and Bulk Density of Refractory Brick and Insulating Firebrick • C 179 Test Method for Drying and Firing Linear Change of Refractory Plastic and Ramming Mix Specimens • C 861 Practice for Determining Metric Dimensions of Standard Series Refractory Brick and Shapes • C 862 Practice for Preparing Refractory Concrete Specimens by Casting • C 865 Practice for Firing Refractory Concrete Specimens • C 1054 Practice for Pressing and Drying Refractory Plastic and Ramming Mix Specimens

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3. Summary of Test Method 3.1 This test method measures the volume of material in cubic centimetres abraded from a flat surface at a right angle to a nozzle through which 1000 g of size-graded silicon carbide grain is blasted by air at 448 kPa (65 psi).

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4. Significance and Use 4.1 This test method measures the relative abrasion resistance of various refractory samples under standard conditions at room temperature.

4.2 The abrasion resistance of a refractory material provides an indication of its suitability for service in abrasion or erosive environments.

4.3 The results obtained by this test method could be different than those obtained in service because of the different conditions encountered.

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5. Apparatus 5.1 Abrasion Tester, used for measuring the abrasion resistance of refractory specimens, consisting of the following (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2): 5.1.1 Blast Gun, modified for this equipment as shown in Fig. 3.

5.1.2 Nozzle- A piece of glass tubing is used to replace the steel nozzle supplied with the sand-blast gun to permit control of nozzle size through nozzle replacement after each determination. Flint-glass tubing, 115 mm (4½“) long, 7 mm (¼”) in outside diameter, with a nominal 1.1 mm (1/16”) wall, is used. This piece of glass tubing is held in place by a 70 mm (2¾”) long piece of stainless steel tubing. The I.D. (inside diameter) of this tubing, which should be flared at one end to sit snugly inside a 9.53 mm (3/8in.) tubing nut, should be 7.15 mm (9/32”). The O.D. (outside diameter) should be 9.53 mm (3/8”).

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NOTE 1- Identified by number in this figure are: (1) cabinet pressure manometer, (2) dust collector vent, (3) test pressure gage, (4) grit feed tunnel, and (5) vacuum gage. FIG. 1 Abrasion Tester

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FIG. 1 Abrasion Tester

NOTE 1- Identified by number in this figure are: (1) sand blast gun, (2) air pressure regulator, (3) glass tube and metal stabilizing sleeve, (4) test sample, and (5) adjustable platform. FIG. 2 Abrasion Tester

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FIG. 2 Abrasion Tester

NOTE 1- Identified by number in this figure are: (1) glass tube adjustment rod, (2) metal stabilizing sleeve, (3) glass tube with grommet, and (4) sand blast gun. FIG. 3 Modified Blast Gun Breakdown

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FIG. 3 Modified Blast Gun Breakdown

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This sleeve is glued in place along with a rubber grommet of proper size, inside the 9.53 mm (3/8”) tubing nut, and is used primarily to hold the glass tubing perpendicular to the test sample, assuring a proper vacuum within the gun. The end of the glass tube, through which the abrading media enters the nozzle in the venturi chamber, is placed at a distance of 2 mm (0.08”) from the air-generator nozzle. This is done by placing the glass tubing on a brass rod, 4.5 mm (0.175”) in diameter with a shoulder 7.9 mm (5/16 in.) in diameter, 117 mm (4.68”) from the tip. This will allow the operator to push the glass tubing up through the rubber grommet until the rod touches the nozzle, assuring a 2 mm(0.08”) gap between the nozzle and the glass tubing.

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5.1.3 Venturi- The air-generator nozzle should have an inlet inside diameter of from 2.84 to 2.92 mm (0.112 to 0.115 in.) and an outlet inside diameter of from 2.36 to 2.44 mm (0.093 to 0.096 in.). The surface of the air-generator nozzle within the venturi chamber of the gun is protected from the abrading media with a 9.4 mm (3/8 in.) long piece of vinyl tubing 4.7 mm (3/16 in.) inside diameter with a 1.5 mm (1/16 in.) wall thickness. The inside diameter of the venturi chamber should not exceed 10 mm (3â „8 in.) and should be checked periodically for wear.

5.1.4 Air Supply- The air line pressure shall be maintained at the desired pressure at the gun through the use of a standard suppressed range air gage indicating 6.9 kPa (61 psi) mounted as close to the gun as possible. Only clean dry air should be used.

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5.1.5 Abrading Media- No. 36 grit silicon carbide having a screen analysis as shown in Table 1.

5.1.6 Feeding Mechanism- Two acceptable mechanisms for feeding the abrading media are shown in Fig. 4. The feed funnel must contain a suitable orifice to obtain a flow time of 450Âą15 s while delivering 1000 g of abrading media into the gun supply funnel. Metal, glass, or plastic orifices can be used to regulate the flow. There must be an air gap between the orifice and the gun supply funnel to allow secondary air to enter with the abrading media.

5.1.7 Test Chamber, consisting of a tightly sealed closure with a door to permit ready access for mounting and removing the test specimens. A 13mm ( Â˝â€œ) hole shall be cut in the top of the test chamber to permit the vertical mounting of the blast gun such that the downward stream of abrading media will travel 203mm (8 in.) from the glass nozzle tip to the test specimen. Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 show the design of an acceptable chamber.

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TABLE 1 Screen Analysis for Abrading Media

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NOTE 1- Identified by number in this figure are: (1) main supply funnel with metering insert, (2) gun supply funnel, (3) main supply funnel, (4) metering funnel, and (5) gun supply funnel. FIG. 4 Feeding Mechanisms

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FIG. 4 Feeding Mechanisms

5.1.7.1 Dust Collector- A standard dust-collecting cloth bag of adequate capacity may be used on the 52 mm (2 1/16 in.) exhaust port of the chamber.

This port is equipped with a butterfly valve to regulate the pressure in the chamber during the test. Alternate dust handling systems are acceptable as long as the chamber pressure is maintained at the desired level.

5.1.7.2 Manometer- During the test the chamber pressure shall be measured with a water manometer having a scale such that 311 Pa (1Âź in.) of water may be readily measured. A 6 mm (Âź in.) inside diameter pet cock shall be mounted in the top of the chamber to permit manometer connection.

5.2 Balance, capable of weighing the sample to an accuracy of Âą0.1 g, used for weighing the abrading media and test specimens. Typically a 2000 g to 3000 g capacity balance is required.

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6. Test Specimens 6.1 Test specimens shall be cut from refractory brick or shapes, or molded from monolithic refractory materials and measure from 100 by 100 by 25 mm (4 by 4 by 1 in.) to 114 by 114 by 65 or 76 mm (4½ by 4 ½ by 2½ or 3 in.).

Only the most abrasion resistant materials can be 25 mm (1 in.) thick since the test is invalid if a hole is eroded completely through the specimen.

6.2 Castable refractories shall be molded in accordance with Practice C 862 and fired to anticipated service temperatures in accordance with Practice C 865.

6.3 Plastic refractories shall be molded and fired to anticipated service temperature in accordance with Test Method C 179 (see the sections on apparatus and test specimens).

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7. Procedure 7.1 Dry the test specimens to a constant weight at 105°C to 110°C (220 to 230°F) before testing.

7.2 Weigh the specimens to the nearest 0.1 g. Determine the volume of the specimens by measurement of length, width, and thickness to the nearest 0.5 mm (1⁄50 in.) in accordance with the apparatus section of Test Methods C 134.

7.3 Place the nominal 114mm by 114 mm (4½ by 4 ½ in.) face of the test specimens at a 90° angle to the glass nozzle with the unbranded surface to be abraded 203 mm (8 in.) from the tip of the glass nozzle. With monolithic refractory specimens, the surface (that is, top troweled face or bottom mold face) that most accurately reflects the actual field situation should be the test surface.

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7.4 Turn on the air pressure and regulate it to 448 kPa (65 psi). Check the air pressure before and after the abrading media is run through the system.

7.5 Measure the cabinet pressure using the water manometer and maintain the pressure in the chamber at 311 Pa (1Âź in.) of water by means of the butterfly valve in the exhaust vent.

7.6 After the air pressure to the gun and the chamber pressure have been adjusted, disconnect the media line to the gun and place a 30 in. of mercury vacuum gauge in position. If the vacuum gauge does not show a minimum of 15 in. Of mercury, check the position of the glass tubing or the condition of the air-generator nozzle. After obtaining the proper vacuum pressure, reconnect the feed tube and recheck the cabinet pressure before placing 1000 Âą 5 g of dry abrading media in the reserve funnel. The feed funnel to the gun must not fill completely or flood with material. The feed mechanism when connected with the test apparatus must deliver the abrading media in the specified time of 450 Âą 15 s.

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7.7 Use the silicon carbide abrading media no more than 5 times before discarding. Remove the material retained on No. 20 (850Îźm) and passing No. 50 (300Îźm) sieves after each run.

7.8 Remove the refractory specimens from the test chamber, blow off the dust, and weigh to the nearest 0.1 g.

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8. Calculation and Report 8.1 From the weight and volume, calculate the bulk density of the specimens in grams per cubic centimetre.

8.2 Calculate the amount of refractory lost by each specimen by abrasion in cubic centimetres, A, as follows: A = (M1 - M2)/B = M/B Where: A = volume of refractory lost cm3 B = bulk density, grams per cubic centimetre (g/cm3), M1 = weight of specimen before testing, g, M2 = weight of specimen after testing, g, and M = weight loss of specimen, g.

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8.3 Report the average of the individual results as the abrasion loss for that sample.

8.4 Record and report the time required for 1000 g of abrading media to flow through the gun.

8.5 Report which surface was abraded.

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9. Precision and Bias 9.1 Interlaboratory Test Data- An interlaboratory study was completed among eight laboratories in 1999. Five different types of refractories, along with a plate glass standard, were tested for abrasion resistance by each laboratory. The five types of refractories were a high-alumina brick, a silica brick, an abrasion-resistant castable, a super-duty fire brick, and a conventional high-cement castable. All specimens were 4.5 by 4.5 in. in cross section. Additionally, both castables were fired to 1500째C. Prior to testing, bulk density and sonic velocity were measured on all specimens to ensure uniformity. Specimens were then randomly selected for distribution to the participating laboratories.

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9.2 Precision- Table 2 contains the precision statistics for the abrasion resistance results.

9.2.1 Repeatability- The maximum permissible difference due to test error between two test results obtained by one operator on the same material using the same test equipment is given by the repeatability interval (r) and the relative repeatability interval (%r). The 95 % repeatability intervals are given in Table 2. Two test results that do not differ by more than the repeatability interval will be considered to be from the same population; conversely, two test results that do differ by more than the repeatability interval will be considered to be from different populations.

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9.2.2 Reproducibility- The maximum permissible difference due to test error between two test results obtained by two operators in different laboratories on the same material using the same test equipment is given by the reproducibility interval (R) and the relative reproducibility interval (%R). The 95 % reproducibility intervals are given in Table 2. Two test results that do not differ by more than the reproducibility interval will be considered to be from the same population; conversely, two test results that do differ by more than the reproducibility interval will be considered to be from different populations.

9.3 Bias- No justifiable statement can be made on the bias of the test method for measuring the abrasion resistance of refractories because the value of the volume loss can be defined only in terms of a test method.

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TABLE 2 Precision Statistics for Abrasion Resistance

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10. Keywords 10.1 abrasion resistance; blasted by air; castable refractories; flat surface; monolithic refractory materials; Refractory brick or shape; room temperature

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Good Luck

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