Understanding api icp653 reading 8 worksheet 05 part2a

Understanding APIICP653 Reading 8 Worksheet-05 Part 2a of 2 My Pre-exam Self Study Notes 26th February 2015

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AST Tanks

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API 653 Exam Administration -- Publications Effectivity Sheet FOR: November 2015, March 2016 and July 2016 Listed below are the effective editions of the publications required for this exam for the date(s) shown above.

API Recommended Practice 571, Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry, Second Edition, April 2011

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API 653 Exam Administration -- Publications Effectivity Sheet FOR: November 2015, March 2016 and July 2016 Listed below are the effective editions of the publications required for this exam for the date(s) shown above.

API Recommended Practice 571, Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry, Second Edition, April 2011

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ATTENTION: Only the following sections / mechanisms from RP 571 are included on the exam: Section 3, Definitions Par. 4.2.7 Brittle Fracture 4.2.16 Mechanical Fatigue 4.3.2 Atmospheric Corrosion 4.3.3 Corrosion Under insulation (CUI) 4.3.8 Microbiologically Induced Corrosion (MIC) 4.3.9 Soil Corrosion 4.3.10 Caustic Corrosion 4.5.1 Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking (Cl-SCC) 4.5.3 Caustic Stress Corrosion Cracking (Caustic Embrittlement) 5.1.1.10 Sour Water Corrosion (Acidic) 5.1.1.11 Sulfuric Acid Corrosion

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API Recommended Practice 575, Inspection of Atmospheric and LowPressure Storage Tanks, Third Edition, April 2014 API Recommended Practice 577 – Welding Inspection and Metallurgy, Second Edition, December 2013 API Standard 650, Welded Tanks for Oil Storage, Twelfth Edition, March 2013 with Addendum 1 (September 2014), Errata 1 (July 2013), and Errata 2 (December 2014).

API Recommended Practice 651, Cathodic Protection of Aboveground Petroleum Storage Tanks, Fourth Edition, September 2014.

API Recommended Practice 652, Lining of Aboveground Petroleum Storage Tank Bottoms, Fourth Edition, September 2014 API Standard 653, Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and Reconstruction, Fifth Edition, November 2014.

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American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, 2013 Edition i.

ASME Section V, Nondestructive Examination, Articles 1, 2, 6, 7 and 23 (section SE-797 only) ii. Section IX, Welding and Brazing Qualifications (Welding Only)

See end of this study note for API Official BOK

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http://independent.academia.edu/CharlieChong1 http://www.yumpu.com/zh/browse/user/charliechong http://issuu.com/charlieccchong

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http://greekhouseoffonts.com/

The Magical Book of Tank Inspection ICP

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闭门练功

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che_Guevara

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che_Guevara

Fion Zhang at Xitang 26th February 2016

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Subject API Standard 650

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API650 Welded Tanks for Oil Storage API STANDARD 650 TWELFTH EDITION, MARCH 2013

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API650 Section 1 Scope

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Q1. API 650 covers the design, materials, fabrication, erection, and testing of aboveground steel storage tanks. What is the maximum internal pressure for tanks not covered by appendix F of this standard? a) Maximum pressure shall not exceed 15 psig b) Maximum pressure shall not exceed 15 psia c) Maximum pressure shall not exceed the weight of the roof plates d) Maximum pressure shall not exceed the weight of the floor plates ANS: c Q2. API-650 applies only to tanks whose entire bottom is uniformly supported and tanks in ___ that have a maximum operating temperature of _____°F. a) Any petrochemical service and temperature not exceeding 120°F b) Non-refrigerated service and temperature not exceeding 200°F c) Non-refrigerated service and temperature not exceeding 120°F d) Any petrochemical service and temperature not exceeding 200°F ANS: b

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Q3. An aboveground storage tank is to be subjected to a small internal service pressure. To which standard or Code may the tank be designed? a) API-650 providing the requirements of Appendix F are met b) API-653 providing the requirements of Appendix F are met c) ASME-Section VIII, Div. 1 providing the requirements of Appendix F are met d) ASME-Section VIII, Div. 2 providing the requirements of Appendix F are met ANS: a Q4. According to Table 1-1, what is the status of Appendix O? a) This Appendix is a Recommendation b) This Appendix is a Requirement c) This Appendix is Mandatory d) This Appendix is Purchaser’s option ANS: d

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Q5. What is the purpose of the (•) next to a paragraph number? a) The paragraph requires a decision or action by the API b) The paragraph requires a decision or action by the Inspector c) The paragraph requires a decision or action by the purchaser d) The paragraph requires a decision or action by the fabricator ANS: c Others F.1.3 Internal pressures that exceed the nominal weight of the shell, roof, and framing but do not exceed 18 kPa (21/2 lbf/in.2) gauge when the shell is anchored to a counterbalancing weight, such as a concrete ringwall, are covered in F.2 and F.7.

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Answers to API-Standard 650 Section 1, Scope

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API650 Section 2 Materials

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Q1. API-650 lists materials to be used in the construction of tanks covered by the standard. Is it permissible to use materials other than those listed in the standard? a) No only materials listed in API-650 may be used in tank fabrication b) Yes as long as the manufacturer accepts full liability for tank failure c) Yes providing it is certified as meeting all requirements of a material listed in API-650 and is approved by the API-653 Inspector d) Yes providing it is certified as meeting all the requirements of a material listed in API-650 and is approved by the purchaser ANS: d

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Q2. If a new or unused plate cannot be completely identified, may it still be used in the construction of tanks within the scope of API-650? a) Yes only if the material passes the tests prescribed in Appendix S b) Yes only if the material passes the tests prescribed in Appendix N c) Yes only if the material passes the tests prescribed in ASME Section V d) Yes only if the material passes the tests prescribed in ASME Section VIII, Div. 2 ANS: b Q3. What is the maximum permitted underrun for shell, roof, and bottom plates? a) 0.10 inch from the computed design thickness or minimum permitted thickness b) 0.01 inch from the computed design thickness or minimum permitted thickness c) 0.001 inch from the computed design thickness or minimum permitted thickness d) 0.02 inch from the computed design thickness or minimum permitted thickness ANS: b Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Q4. Shell plates are limited to what maximum thickness? a) Shell plates are limited to a maximum thickness of 1.250 inches b) Shell plates are limited to a maximum thickness of 1.875 inches c) Shell plates are limited to a maximum thickness of 1.750 inches d) Shell plates are limited to a maximum thickness of 1.075 inches ANS: c Q5. Which of the following is not a requirement for shell plates that are thicker than 1.5 inches? a) Plates thicker than 1.5 inches shall be free of mill scale and painted b) Plates thicker than 1.5 inches shall be made to fine-grain practice c) Plates thicker than 1.5 inches shall be impact tested d) Plates thicker than 1.5 inches shall be normalized or quench tempered ANS: a

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Q6. What is the maximum shell plate thickness permitted for a tank fabricated of ASTM A 36 material? a) This plate material is limited to 1.750 inches b) This plate material is limited to 1.075 inches c) This plate material is limited to 1.050 inches d) This plate material is limited to 1.500 inches ANS: d Q7. What is the maximum shell plate thickness permitted for a tank fabricated of ASTM A 285, Grade C material? a) This plate material is limited to 1.000 inches b) This plate material is limited to 1.250 inches c) This plate material is limited to 1.500 inches d) This plate material is limited to 1.750 inches ANS: a

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Q8. All welding to repair surface defects shall be done with ______. a) Cellulose coated electrode b) High nickel content electrode c) Low-hydrogen electrode d) Gas tungsten process ANS: c Q9. When conducting impact tests, how many specimens are required from a single test coupon? a) Impact tests shall be performed on a single specimen taken from a single test coupon b) Impact tests shall be performed on two specimens taken from a single test coupon c) Impact tests shall be performed on three specimens taken from a single test coupon d) Impact tests shall be performed on four specimens taken from a single test coupon ANS: c

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Q10. In situations where it is not possible to obtain full size specimens, what is the required width along the notch for subsize specimens? a) 60% of the material thickness b) 80% of the material thickness c) 90% of the material thickness d) 75% of the material thickness ANS: b Q11. Unless data is available to justify a different temperature, what must the design metal temperature be for an aboveground storage tank to be installed in Birmingham, Alabama? (0°F) a) The design temperature shall be assumed to be 25°F b) The design temperature shall be assumed to be 15°F c) The design temperature shall be assumed to be 20°F d) The design temperature shall be assumed to be 10°F ANS: b

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Q12. Unless data is available to justify a different temperature, what must the design metal temperature be for an aboveground storage tank to be installed in Indianapolis, Indiana? (-15°F) a) The design temperature shall be assumed to be 5°F b) The design temperature shall be assumed to be -5°F c) The design temperature shall be assumed to be 0°F d) The design temperature shall be assumed to be 10°F ANS: c Q13. What is the required average longitudinal impact value of three specimens taken from a 1.375 inch thick A 516M-60(415) normalized Group IIIA test coupon? a) 30 foot-pounds b) 20 foot-pounds c) 15 foot-pounds d) 13 foot-pounds ANS: c

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Indianapolis: -10°F or -15°F? — Design Metal Temperature*: Enter either lowest 1-day mean temperature plus 8°C (15°F) or a lower temperature as specified by the Purchaser if operating conditions and/or local atmospheric conditions control fracture toughness issues.

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Q14. What is the required average longitudinal impact value of three specimens taken from a 1.5 inch thick A 516M-70(485) as rolled Group V test coupon? a) 35 foot-pounds b) 25 foot-pounds c) 20 foot-pounds d) 30 foot-pounds ANS: d

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Q15. Longitudinal impact tests are performed on three specimens, taken from a 1.5 inch thick A 516M-70(485) as rolled test coupon with the following results: Specimen #1 – 42 foot-pounds, Specimen #2 – 18 foot-pounds, Specimen # 3 – 31 foot-pounds.

Is the impact test acceptable? a) Yes the average impact value exceeds 30 foot-pounds b) Yes only one specimen is less than 2/3 the specified minimum value c) No the average impact value of Specimen # 1 exceeds 2/3 the required average impact value and one specimen is less than 2/3 the specified minimum value d) No Specimen #2 is less than 2/3 the specified minimum ANS: d

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Answers to API-Standard 650 Section 2, Materials

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API650 Section 3 Designs

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Q1. According to API-650, tack welds _______ a) May be installed by welders who need practice b) Can be considered as adding to the strength of a welded joint c) Are not considered as having any strength value in the finished structure d) Have strength value in the finished structure provided they are performed by a qualified welder to a qualified welding procedure ANS: c Q2. What is the minimum size fillet weld permitted when joining a 1” thick plate to a ¾” thick plate? a) 3/16” b) 1/4” c) 3/8” d) 1/2” ANS: b 5.1.3.3 The minimum size of fillet welds shall be as follows: On plates 5 mm (3/16 in.) thick, the weld shall be a full- fillet weld, and on plates more than 5 mm (3/16 in.) thick, the weld thickness shall not be less than one-third the thickness of the thinner plate at the joint and shall be at least 5 mm (3/16 in.).

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Q3. For lap-welded joints that are tack welded, what is the minimum amount of lap permitted? a) The lap need not exceed 2� (double lapped) b) The lap need not exceed 1� (single lapped) c) The joint shall be lapped at least 5 times the minimum required thickness of the thinner plate d) The joint shall be lapped at least 5 times the nominal thickness of the thinner plate ANS: d Q4. The welded joint pictured here is defined as what type of joint? a) Double-V butt joint b) Square-groove butt joint c) Double-U butt joint d) Double-square butt joint ANS: a

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Q5. Vertical shell joints may be partial penetration groove welds welded from both sides. a) True b) False ANS: b Q6. API 650 requires the vertical joints in adjacent shell courses to be offset.

What is the minimum required offset between the first course of an AST, which is 1.25� thick and the second course which is 1� thick? a) The minimum offset shall be 5 times the second shell course height b) The minimum offset shall be 5 times the thickness of the second course c) The minimum offset shall be 5 times the first shell course height d) The minimum offset shall be 5 times the thickness of the first shell course ANS: d

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Q7. Three-plate laps in tank bottoms shall be at least ____ from each other, from the tank shell, from butt-welded annular-plate joints, and from joints between annular plates and the bottom. a) 1.2 inches b) 12 inches c) 1.2 feet d) 12 feet ANS: b Q8. What is the maximum size of fillet weld permitted in the attachment between the lowest course shell plate and the bottom plate? a) 3/8 inch b) 5/16 inch c) 1/2 inch d) 1/4 inch ANS: c

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Q9. What is the minimum size fillet weld required on each side of the shell plate attaching shell plate to the annular plate? The shell plate is 1.25� thick. a) 3/8 inch b) 3/16 inch c) 1/4 inch d) 5/16 inch ANS: d Q10. A 110 ft diameter tank shall have a top angle not less than ____ inches. a) 2 X 2 X 3/8 b) 2 X 3 X 3/8 c) 3 X 3 X 3/8 d) 3 X 2 X 3/8 ANS: c

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Q11. The ______ shall state the design metal temperature, the design specific gravity, the corrosion allowance, and the design wind velocity. a) The purchaser b) The fabricator c) The Inspector d) Erector ANS: a Q12. According to API-650, tanks meeting the minimum requirements of the standard may be subjected to a partial vacuum of _____. a) One inch of mercury b) One inch of water pressure c) One pound per square inch absolute d) One centimeter of water pressure ANS: b

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Q13. An AST is 116 ft in diameter and constructed of A 516M-70(485) Group V as rolled material. How many hardness tests are required on one circumferential weld? a) One b) Two c) Three d) Four ANS: πD = 4 (round up) D Q14. The purchaser orders an aboveground storage tank and insists on a corrosion allowance in the bottom plates of .125 inches. What is the minimum thickness permitted for bottom plates in this tank? a) Minimum thickness of bottom plate is 1/4 inch b) Minimum thickness of bottom plate is 1/2 inch c) Minimum thickness of bottom plate is 3/8 inch d) Minimum thickness of bottom plate is 5/16 inch ANS: 0.236+ 0.125 = 0.361 used C

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Q15. What is the minimum projection, of trimmed bottom plates, beyond the outside edge of the weld attaching bottom to the shell? a) Minimum projection is 0.01 inch b) Minimum projection is 0.10 inch c) Minimum projection is 1.00 inch (2�) d) Minimum projection is 10.0 inch ANS: c 5.4.2 Bottom plates of sufficient size shall be ordered so that, when trimmed, at least a 50 mm (2 in.) width will project outside the shell or meet requirements given in 5.1.5.7 d whichever is greater.

Q16. Annular bottom plates shall have a radial width that provides at least ____ between the inside of the shell and any lap-welded joint in the remainder of the bottom. a) 12 inches b) 24 inches c) 1.2 inches d) 2.4 inches ANS: b Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Q17. How far must annular bottom plates project outside the shell? a) Annular bottom plates shall project at least 1 inch when trimmed b) Annular bottom plates shall project at least 1/2 inch beyond the edge of the weld c) Annular bottom plates shall project at least 2 inches outside the shell d) Annular bottom plates shall project at least 5t (t = thickness of the shell course) outside the shell ANS: c Q18. The thickness of the first shell course of an aboveground storage tank is 1 5/8th inches. The hydrostatic test stress in the first shell course is 33,000 psi. What is the minimum permissible thickness of the annular bottom plates? a) Minimum permitted thickness is 5/8th inch b) Minimum permitted thickness is 9/16th inch c) Minimum permitted thickness is 3/4 inch d) Minimum permitted thickness is 11/16th inch ANS: c

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Table 5.1b—Annular Bottom-Plate Thicknesses (tb) (USC)

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Q19. According to API-650, what is the minimum allowable nominal shell thickness of an AST that is 86 feet in diameter? a) Minimum nominal shell thickness is 3/16th inch b) Minimum nominal shell thickness is 1/4 inch c) Minimum nominal shell thickness is 9/32nd inch d) Minimum nominal shell thickness is 5/16th inch ANS: b Q20. Unless otherwise agreed to by the purchaser, what is the minimum nominal width of shell plates? a) Minimum width of shell plates is 84 inches b) Minimum width of shell plates is 96 inches c) Minimum width of shell plates is 72 inches d) Minimum width of shell plates is 120 inches ANS: c

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Q21. Aboveground storage tank manufacturers are required to furnish a drawing to the purchaser listing all but which of the following for each course? a) The material specification b) The allowable stress c) The nominal thickness used d) The nominal thickness of coatings ANS: d Q22. In calculating the net plate thickness for an AST fabricated of A 516M Grade 450(60) material, what would be the product design stress value used in the calculation? a) 24,000 b) 21,300 c) 32,000 d) 23,300 ANS: b

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Q23. The fabricator of an AST obtains the approval of the purchaser to use the alternative shell design permitted in Appendix A in the design of a 60 foot diameter tank using 3/8th inch A 516M Grade 450(60) plate. What allowable stress would be used in the design calculations? a) 21,300 b) 24,000 c) 21,000 d) 32,000 ANS: c Q24. What is the maximum diameter of tank that permits the 1-foot method of calculation for required thickness? a) Tanks 50 feet in diameter and less b) Tanks 120 feet in diameter and less c) Tanks 180 feet in diameter and less d) Tanks 200 feet in diameter and less ANS: d

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Q25. Openings in tank shells, larger than that required to accommodate a ____ flanged or threaded nozzle shall be reinforced. a) 2 inch b) 2.5 inch c) 3 inch d) 3.5 inch ANS: a Q26. When installing openings in a shell plate, the edge of the fillet weld around the periphery of the reinforcing pad shall be spaced at least the greater of _______ from the centerline of any butt-welded shell joints. a) Eight inches or ten times the weld size b) Eight times the weld size or ten inches c) Eight times the weld size or six inches d) Eight inches or six times the weld size ANS: c

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5.7.3.1 For non-stress-relieved welds on shell plates over 13 mm (1/2 in.) thick, the minimum spacing between penetration connections and adjacent shell-plate joints shall be governed by the following. a) The toe of the fillet weld around a non-reinforced penetration or around the periphery of a reinforcing plate, and the outer edge of a butt-weld around the periphery of a thickened insert plate or insert plate, shall be spaced at least the greater of eight times the weld size or 250 mm (10 in.) from the centerline of any butt-welded shell joints, as illustrated in Figure 5.6, dimensions A or B. b) The toe of the fillet weld around a non-reinforced penetration or around the periphery of a reinforcing plate, and the outer edge of a butt-weld around the periphery of a thickened insert plate or insert plate, shall be spaced at least the greater of eight times the larger weld size or 150 mm (6 in.) from each other, as illustrated in Figure 5-6, dimension E.

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Q27. When installing openings adjacent to each other, how much space must there be between the welds around the periphery of the reinforcing plate? a) Eight times the larger weld or ten inches from each other b) Eight inches or six times the larger weld from each other c) Eight times the larger weld or six inches from each other d) Eight times the larger weld or eight inches from each other ANS: c Q28. A minimum distance of ____ shall be maintained between the toe of a weld around a non-reinforced penetration and the toe of the shell-to-bottom weld. a) Ten inches b) Eight inches c) Six inches d) Three inches ANS: a

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Q29. Subject to the acceptance of the purchaser, the manufacture may locate a circular shell opening in a horizontal butt-welded shell joint provided ______. a) Minimum spacing dimensions are met and a liquid penetrant examination of the welded joint is conducted b) Minimum spacing dimensions are met and a radiographic examination of the welded joint is conducted c) Minimum spacing dimensions are met and an ultrasonic examination of the welded joint is conducted d) Minimum spacing dimensions are met and a magnetic particle examination of the welded joint is conducted ANS: b

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Q30. All flush-type clean-out fittings and flush-type shell connections shall be thermally stress relieved after assembly and prior to installation in the tank.

What are the temperature range and time requirements for this stress relief activity? a) 1100°F to 1200°F for 1 hour per inch of reinforcing plate thickness b) 1100°F to 1200°F for 1/2 hour per inch of shell thickness c) 1100°F to 1200°F for 1 hour per inch of shell thickness d) 1100°F to 1200°F for 1 & 1/2 hour per inch of shell thickness ANS: c Q31. Subject to the acceptance of the purchaser, the fabricator may stress relieve at a temperature of 1000°F when it is impractical to stress relieve at a minimum temperature of 1100°F providing _____. a) The shell plate is first pre-heated to 300°F b) The holding time is increased to 2 hours per inch of thickness c) The holding time is increased to 4 hours per inch of thickness d) The holding time is increased to 10 hours per inch of thickness ANS: c

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Q32. What is the minimum required thickness for a manhole cover plate to be used with a 24 inch manhole? The maximum design liquid level of the tank is 45 feet. a) Minimum thickness of cover plate is 9/16th inch b) Minimum thickness of cover plate is 5/8th inch c) Minimum thickness of cover plate is 1/2 inch d) Minimum thickness of cover plate is 11/16th inch ANS: b Q33. What is the bolt circle diameter for a cover plate used with a 30 inch diameter manhole? a) 32 ¾ inch b) 36 ¼ inch c) 38 ¾ inch d) 42 ¼ inch ANS: b

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Table 5.3b—Thickness of Shell Manhole Cover Plate and Bolting Flange (USC)

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Q34. The purchaser has ordered a 36 inch manhole to be installed in the first course of an AST. The thickness of the shell plate and the reinforcing plate is 1.375 inches. What is the required hole diameter that must be cut in the tank to accommodate this manhole? a) 36 & 1/4 inch b) 36 & 1/2 inch c) 36 & 3/4 inch d) 36 & 5/8 inch ANS: c Q35. API 650 requires telltale holes in reinforcing plates. What is the required dimension of this hole and what should be done with it after the initial re-pad pressure test? a) The hole shall be 3/8 inch diameter and shall be left open to the atmosphere b) The hole shall be 1/4 inch diameter and shall be left open to the atmosphere c) The hole shall be 3/8 inch diameter and shall be closed after testing d) The hole shall be 1/4 inch diameter and shall be closed after testing ANS: b Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Q36. What is the maximum size un-reinforced opening permitted in flat cover plates without increasing the thickness of the cover plate? a) 4 inch pipe size providing the edge of the opening is not more than ¼ the height or diameter of the opening closer to the center of the cover plate b) 3 inch pipe size providing the edge of the opening is not more than ¼ the height or diameter of the opening closer to the center of the cover plate c) 2 inch pipe size providing the edge of the opening is not more than ¼ the height or diameter of the opening closer to the center of the cover plate d) 1 & ½ inch pipe size providing the edge of the opening is not more than ¼ the height or diameter of the opening closer to the center of the cover plate ANS: c

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Q37. What is the maximum size opening that may be placed in a cover plate? a) 12 inches pipe size b) 8 inches pipe size c) 6 inches pipe size d) 3 inches pipe size ANS: a Q38. An aboveground storage tank has a design liquid height of 40 feet. The purchaser intends to install product mixing equipment in the cover plate of a 30 inch manhole. What is the required minimum thickness of the cover plate? a) The minimum thickness shall be at least .625 inches b) The minimum thickness shall be at least .75 inches c) The minimum thickness shall be at least .9375 inches d) The minimum thickness shall be at least .875 inches ANS: c

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Q39. A 24 inch manhole is to be installed in a roof plate and it is anticipated that work may be carried on through the manhole while the tank is in use.

What is the diameter of the opening to be cut in the roof plate and what is the outside diameter of the reinforcing plate? a) The diameter of the opening is 24.625” and the OD of the reinforcing plate is 42” b) The diameter of the opening is 24.625” and the OD of the reinforcing plate is 46” c) The diameter of the opening is 24.750” and the OD of the reinforcing plate is 42” d) The diameter of the opening is 24.750” and the OD of the reinforcing plate is 46” ANS: b

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Q40. What is the minimum thickness permitted for rectangular roof opening cover plates? a) Minimum thickness shall not be less than .875 inches b) Minimum thickness shall not be less than .750 inches c) Minimum thickness shall not be less than .625 inches d) Minimum thickness shall not be less than .500 inches ANS: D 5.8.6.2 The cover plate thickness and/or structural support shall be designed to limit maximum fiber stresses in accordance with this standard, however, cover plate thickness shall not be less than 5 mm (3/16 in.). In addition to other expected design loads, consider a 112 kg (250 lb) person standing in the center of the installed/closed cover. The designer shall consider wind in the design of hinged openings and how removed covers will be handled without damage (adequate rigidity).

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Q41. Stiffening ring splice welds shall be located at least _____ from any vertical shell weld. a) 24 inches b) 18 inches c) 12 inches d) 6 inches ANS: d Q42. When stiffening rings are to be used as walkways, what is the required width of the stiffening ring? a) The width shall be not less than 36 inches clear of the projecting curb angle on the top of the tank shell b) The width shall be not less than 3 feet 6 inches clear of the projecting curb angle on the top of the tank shell c) The width shall be not less than 24 inches clear of the projecting curb angle on the top of the tank shell d) The width shall be not less than 2 feet 4 inches clear of the projecting curb angle on the top of the tank shell ANS: d Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Q43. How far below the top of the curb angle should a stiffening ring, that is to be used as a walkway, be located? a) 3 feet 6 inches b) 36 inches c) 6 feet 3 inches d) 63 inches ANS: a Q44. All roofs and supporting structures shall be designed to support dead loads plus a uniform live load of not less than _____ of projected area a) 25 pounds per square inch b) 25 pounds per square foot c) 25 pounds per square yard d) 25 pounds per square meter ANS: b

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Q45. What is the minimum nominal thickness permitted for roof plates? a) 3/16 inch or 5.76 pounds per square foot b) 3/16 inch or 6.75 pounds per square foot c) 3/16 inch or 7.65 pounds per square foot d) 3/16 inch or 12-gauge sheet (7-gauge?)

ANS: d Q46. A roof where the continuous fillet weld between the roof plates and the top angle does not exceed 3/16", the slope at the top angle attachment does not exceed 2" in 12", and the shell-to-roof compression ring details are limited to Figure F-2 (a)-(d) may be considered what type of roof? a) A 1 in 6 roof b) A dangerous roof design and should be avoided c) A roof with inherent compensation d) A frangible roof ANS: d

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API650: 5.10.2.2 Roof Plate Thickness: Roof plates shall have a nominal thickness of not less than 5 mm (3/16 in.) or 7- gauge sheet. Increased thickness may be required for supported cone roofs (see 5.10.4.4). Any required corrosion allowance for the plates of self-supporting roofs shall be added to the calculated thickness unless otherwise specified by the Purchaser. Any corrosion allowance for the plates of supported roofs shall be added to the greater of the calculated thickness or the minimum thickness or [5 mm (3/16 in.) or 7-gauge sheet]. For frangible roof tanks, where a corrosion allowance is specified, the design must have frangible characteristics in the nominal (uncorroded) condition.

API650: C.3.3.2 Unless otherwise specified by the Purchaser, all deck plates shall have a minimum nominal thickness of 4.8 mm (3/16 in.) (permissible ordering basis—37.4 kg/m2, 7.65 lbf/ft2 of plate, 0.180-in. plate, or 7-gauge sheet).

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API653: 9.11.2 Supported Cone Roofs 9.11.2.1 The minimum thickness of new roof plates shall be 3/16 in. plus any corrosion allowance as specified in the repair specifications. In the event roof live loads in excess of 25 lbf/ft2 are specified (such as insulation, operating vacuum, high snow loads), the plate thickness shall be based on analysis using the allowable stresses in conformance with API 650, Section 5.10.3 (see 9.11.2.2).

9.11.2.2 The roof supports (rafters, girders, columns, and bases) shall be repaired or altered such that under design conditions the resulting stresses do not exceed the stress levels given in API 650, Section 5.10.3.

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Q47. Rafters shall be spaced so that in the outer ring, their centers are not more than _____ apart measured along the circumference of the tank. a) 3π feet or 9.42 feet b) 2π feet or 6.28 feet c) 4π feet or 12.56 feet d) 2.5π feet or 7.85 feet ANS: b

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Answers to API-Standard 650 Section 3, Design

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Roasted Duck 烤鸭

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Roasted Duck 烤鸭

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Roasted Duck 烤鸭

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Stewed Duck 卤鸭

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Stewed Duck 卤鸭

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

番鸭

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

API650 Section 4 Fabrications

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Q1. What method(s) is/are permitted for straightening material? a) Pressing or other non-injurious method prior to layout or shaping b) Heating and hammering after layout or shaping c) Jacking into shape after final assembly d) Jacking into shape and holding with tack welds ANS: a Q2. When plates are to be butt-welded, shearing is limited to what maximum thickness? a) 5/8th inch b) 3/8th inch (9.5mm) c) 3/16th inch d) Shearing is not permitted ANS: b

3/8´´

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Q3. When plates are to be used in lap-welded joints, shearing is limited to what maximum thickness a) 3/16th inch b) 3/8th inch c) 1/2 inch d) 5/8th inch (15.88mm) ANS: D

5/8´´

Q4. What are the requirements regarding mill test reports according to API650? a) No material shall be used in the construction of an AST unless it is accompanied by a mill test report b) Mill test reports are required only on shell plate material c) Mill test reports shall be furnished to the purchaser only when specified in the original purchase order d) Mill test reports shall be furnished to the purchaser prior to final acceptance of the AST ANS: c

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Q5. Mill and shop inspection releases the manufacturer from responsibility for replacing defective material. a) True b) False ANS: b

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Answers to API-Standard 650 Section 4, Fabrication

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

API650 Section 5 Erection

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Q1. What welding process is not permitted when impact testing of the material is required? a) Shielded metal-arc b) Gas metal-arc c) Oxyfuel d) Submerged arc ANS: c Q2. Welding may be performed manually, automatically, or semiautomatically according to the procedures described in ____ of the ASME Code. a) Section VIII, Division 1 b) B31.3 c) Section VIII, Division 2 d) Section IX ANS: d

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Q3. No welding of any kind shall be performed when the temperature of the base metal is less than ____°F a) Sixty b) Thirty-two c) Zero d) Negative fifteen ANS: c Q4. When base metal thickness is greater than 1.25 inches or the base metal temperature is 0°F -32°F, what requirement must be met? a) The base metal within 3 inches of the starting point of the welding shall be heated to a temperature warm to the hand b) The base metal within 3 inches of the starting point of the welding shall be heated to a temperature of not less than 200°F c) The base metal within 3 inches of the starting point of the welding shall be heated to a temperature of not less than 60°F d) The base metal within 3 inches of the starting point of the welding shall be heated to a temperature of not less than 45°F ANS: a Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Q5. What is the maximum acceptable undercut for horizontal butt joints? a) 1/64th inch b) 1/32nd inch c) 3/64th inch d) 3/32nd inch ANS: b Q6. What is the maximum acceptable undercut for vertical butt joints? a) 3/32nd inch b) 3/64th inch c) 1/32nd inch d) 1/64th inch ANS: d b) Maximum permissible undercut is 0.4 mm (1/64 in.) in depth for vertical butt joints, vertically oriented permanent attachments, attachment welds for nozzles, manholes, flush-type openings, and the inside shell-to-bottom welds.

For horizontal butt joints, horizontally oriented permanent attachments, and annular-ring butt joints, the maximum permissible undercut is 0.8 mm (1/32 in.) in depth.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Q7. What is the maximum permissible weld reinforcement for a vertical joint in plate thickness 1.25�? a) 3/16th inch b) 1/8th inch c) 1/4th inch d) 3/32nd inch ANS: a Q8. When tack welds are used during the assembly of vertical joints, what requirement is stipulated by API-650? a) Tack welds that are to be removed do not require a qualified procedure or welder b) Tack welds that are to be left in place shall be made using a qualified procedure only c) Tack welds that are to be removed may be made using a welder in training d) Tack welds that are to be left in place shall be made using a qualified procedure and welder ANS: d Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Q9. What is the requirement when protective coatings are used on surfaces to be welded? a) The coating must be removed prior to welding b) The coating shall be included in the welder’s performance qualification tests c) The coating shall be included in the welding procedure qualification d) The coating shall be identified on the purchase order ANS:c Q10. The welding of the ____ shall be practically complete prior to weldingout the bottom joints. a) Nozzle reinforcement periphery welds b) Shell-to-bottom weld c) All vertical and horizontal shell welds d) All external attachment welds ANS: b

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Q11. In a vertical joint of an AST, what is the maximum misalignment of 1.5� thick plate? a) Maximum misalignment is .150 inch b) Maximum misalignment is .145 inch c) Maximum misalignment is .135 inch d) Maximum misalignment is .125 inch ANS: d Q12. In a horizontal joint of an AST, what is the maximum projection of an upper plate beyond the face of the plate below it? The plate thickness is .25 inch. a) Maximum projection is .0625 inch b) Maximum projection is .0500 inch c) Maximum projection is .1250 inch d) Maximum projection is .09375 inch ANS: a

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Q13. Multi-pass weld procedures are required for circumferential and vertical joints in tank shell courses constructed of material that is more than 1.5 inches thick. What is the maximum weld pass size permitted and what is the minimum pre-heat temperature? a) No weld pass over ¾ inch with a minimum pre-heat of 300°F b) No weld pass over ½ inch with a minimum pre-heat of 200°F c) No weld pass over ¾ inch with a minimum pre-heat of 200°F d) No weld pass over ½ inch with a minimum pre-heat of 300°F ANS: c Q14. The initial weld pass inside the shell of the shell-to-bottom weld shall be cleaned and examined for its entire circumference. This examination shall be visually and by which of the following? a) Magnetic particle or ultrasonic or suitable liquid penetrant process b) Magnetic particle or suitable liquid penetrant process or a vacuum box and bubble method c) Magnetic particle or radiography or vacuum box and bubble method d) Magnetic particle or acoustic emission or eddy current ANS: b Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Q15. The required examination of the initial weld pass as described in API650 may be waived subject to agreement between the purchaser and the AST manufacturer provided all but which of the following examinations are performed on the entire circumference of the weld(s) a) Examine either side of the finished weld by MT, PT, or right angle vacuum box b) Visually examine the initial weld (inside and outside) c) Visually examine the finished joint welded surfaces (inside and outside the shell) d) Examine either side of the finished weld by MT, PT, UT, or RT ANS: a Q16. What are the dimensions of a standard vacuum testing box? a) 6” wide by 30” long b) 6” wide by 24” long c) 6” wide by 36” long d) 6” wide by 32” long ANS: a

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API650: 7.2.4 Shell-to-Bottom Welds 7.2.4.1 The initial weld pass inside the shell shall have all slag and non-metals removed from the surface of the weld and then examined for its entire circumference both visually and by one of the following methods to be agreed to by Purchaser and the Manufacturer. If method “a� is applied, either inside or outside weld may be deposited first. If method b, c, d, or e is applied, the inside weld shall be deposited first: -------7.2.4.3 By agreement between the Purchaser and the Manufacturer, the examinations of 7.2.4.1 may be waived if the following examinations are performed on the entire circumference of the weld(s). a) Visually examine the initial weld pass (inside or outside). b) Visually examine the finished joint welded surfaces, both inside and outside the shell. c) Examine either side of the finished joint weld surfaces by magnetic particle, or liquid penetrant, or right angle vacuum box.

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Q17. In an examination of a tank’s bottom weld seams by vacuum box testing, what is the required partial vacuum pressure? a) At least 1 lbf/in2 gauge (psig) b) At least 2 lbf/in2 gauge (psig) c) At least 3 lbf/in2 gauge (psig) d) At least 4 lbf/in2 gauge (psig) ANS: c Q18. If an alternative to vacuum box testing is used, whose approval is required? a) The Manufacturer b) The API-653 Inspector c) The local jurisdiction d) The purchaser ANS: d

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Q19. After fabrication is completed but prior to filling an aboveground storage tank with test water, reinforcing plates shall be tested. What method of test and pressure shall be used? a) A hydrostatic pressure test at up to 15 lbf/in2 (psig) b) A pneumatic pressure test at up to 15 lbf/in2 (psig) c) A vacuum test at a partial pressure of 2 lbf/in2 (psig) d) A pneumatic pressure test at up to 25 lbf/in2 (psig) ANS: b Q20. A new aboveground storage tank must be tested. If water is available for testing the shell, the tank shall be filled to any of the following levels except? a) To the maximum design liquid level b) Tanks with tight roofs, to 2 inches above the weld connecting the roof plate of compression bar to the top angle of the shell c) To overflowing to ensure all air is vented from the tank d) To a level lower than specified in a) or b) when restricted by overflows or freeboard agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser ANS: c

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Q21. The purchaser of an AST that is designed to be gas tight required the roof to be tested pneumatically. What maximum pressure would be applied to a tank with ¼” thick roof plates? a) The maximum pneumatic pressure permitted is .053 psi b) The maximum pneumatic pressure permitted is .071 psi c) The maximum pneumatic pressure permitted is .083 psi d) The maximum pneumatic pressure permitted is .091 psi ANS: Solution: 3/16” thick plate = 7.65 lb/ft ∴1/16” = 2.55 lb/ft Q22. During the filling of an aboveground storage tank for testing, leakage was observed in a horizontal seam. Repairs are to be completed with the test water in the tank. The tank is 61 feet high and the leak is discovered 29 feet below the top of the tank. Where must the water level be during the repair? a) The water level shall be not less than 30 feet from the top of the tank b) The water level shall be not more than 32 feet from the bottom of the tank c) The water level shall be at the maximum design liquid level d) The water shall be removed from the tank ANS: d Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

API650: 7.4.4 Repairs of defects discovered after the tank has been filled with water for testing shall be made with the water level at least 0.3 m (1 ft) below any point being repaired or, if repairs have to be made on or near the tank bottom, with the tank empty. Welding shall not be done on any tank unless all connecting lines have been completely blinded. Repairs shall not be attempted on a tank that is filled with oil or that has contained oil until the tank has been emptied, cleaned, and gas freed. Repairs on a tank that has contained oil shall not be attempted by the Manufacturer unless the manner of repair has been approved in writing by the Purchaser and the repairs are made in the presence of the Purchaser’s inspector.

61 30’ water level

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

29’ leak

Q23. A 60 foot high aboveground storage tank is designed with an internal floating roof. What is the maximum out-of-plumbness permitted on the 54.5 foot fixed roof columns? a) 2.94 inches b) 3.27 inches c) 1.31 inches d) 1.18 inches ANS: b Q24. What is the maximum roundness tolerance (radius tolerance) permitted on an AST that is 110 feet in diameter and where is this tolerance applied? a) ¾” measured 10 feet above the bottom corner weld b) ¾” measured 1 foot below the top shell angle joint c) ¾” measured 1 foot above the bottom corner weld d) ¾” measured 10 feet below the top shell angle joint ANS: c

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Q25. Peaking at vertical welds and banding at horizontal welds shall not exceed ____. a) 1 inch b) ¾ inch c) ½ inch d) ¼ inch ANS: c Q26. Peaking and banding are determined using a horizontal sweep board for peaking and a straight edge vertical sweep board for banding. What is the required length of these sweep boards? a) 48 inches b) 24 inches c) 42 inches d) 36 inches ANS: d

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Q27. The top of the concrete ringwall (where installed) of an AST must be level within ± 1/8” in any 30 feet of circumference. What is the total circumferential tolerance measured from the average elevation? a) ±1/8” b) ±3/16” c) ±1/2” d) 1/4” ANS: d Q28. Where a concrete ringwall is not provided, the foundation under the shell shall be level to within what tolerances? a) ±1/8” in any 30’ of the circumference and ±1/2” in the total circumference measured from the average elevation b) ±1/8” in any 10’ of the circumference and ±1/2” in the total circumference measured from the average elevation c) ±1/8” in any 10’ of the circumference and ±1/4” in the total circumference measured from the average elevation d) ±1/8” in any 30’ of the circumference and ±1/4” in the total circumference measured from the average elevation ANS: b

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Q29. For foundations specified to be sloped from a horizontal plane, the actual elevation shall not deviate from the calculated differences by more than which of the following where concrete ringwalls are provided? a) ±1/8” in any 30’ of the circumference and ±1/4” in the total circumference measured from the average elevation b) ±1/8” in any 10’ of the circumference and ±1/2” in the total circumference c) ±1/8” in any 10’ of the circumference and ±1/2” in the total circumference measured from the average elevation d) ±1/8” in any 30’ of the circumference and ±1/4” in the total circumference ANS: d Q30. For foundations specified to be sloped from a horizontal plane, the actual elevation shall not deviate from the calculated differences by more than which of the following where concrete ringwalls are not provided? a) ±1/8” in any 30’ of the circumference and ±1/2” in the total circumference measured from the average elevation b) ±1/8” in any 10’ of the circumference and ±1/2” in the total circumference c) ±1/8” in any 10’ of the circumference and ±1/4” in the total

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Answers to API-Standard 650 Section 5, Erection

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

API650 Section 6 Method of Inspection Joints

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Q1. With regards to radiographic examination of welded joints, API-650 considers plates to be the same thickness when the difference in their specified or design thickness is not greater than ____. a) 1/32nd inch b) 1/16th inch c) 3/32nd inch d) 1/8th inch ANS: d Q2. Which of the following joints do not require radiographic examination? a) Bottom-plate welds b) Shell butt welds c) Flush-type connections with butt welds d) Annular-plate butt welds ANS: a

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Q3. Vertical butt welds in plates not greater than 3/8th inch thick, require one spot radiograph to be taken in the first _____ of completed vertical joint of each type and thickness by each welder or welding operator. a) 100 feet b) 50 feet c) 25 feet d) 10 feet ANS: d Q4. One additional spot radiograph shall be taken in each additional ____ of vertical joint of the same type and thickness. a) 10 feet b) 200 feet c) 100 feet d) 25 feet ANS: c

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Q5. What percentage of the selected spot radiographs must be at junctions of vertical and horizontal welded joints? a) 25 percent b) 50 percent c) 75 percent d) 15 percent ANS:a Q6. For butt welded joints in plates over 3/8” to not over 1” in thickness are required to be radiographically examined to the same extent as plates 3/8” and less. What additional spot examination does API-650 require for these welded joints? a) 50 percent of all vertical and horizontal junctions b) 75 percent of all vertical and horizontal junctions c) 100 percent of all vertical and horizontal junctions d) 25 percent of all horizontal joints between the first and second course ANS: c

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Q7. The radiographic film for all junctions of vertical and horizontal joints shall show at least ____ of weld length on each side of the vertical intersection. a) 3 inches b) 2 inches c) 1 inch d) 4 inches ANS: b Q8. The butt weld around the periphery of an insert manhole or nozzle shall be ____. a) Completely examined by liquid penetrant methods b) Completely examined by ultrasonic methods c) Completely examined by magnetic particle methods d) Completely examined by radiographic methods ANS: d

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Q9. After the initial spot radiograph in the first 10 feet of horizontal butt joint, additional spot radiographs shall be taken at what increment? a) One radiograph shall be taken in each additional 200 feet b) One radiograph shall be taken in each additional 100 feet c) One radiograph shall be taken in each additional 300 feet d) One radiograph shall be taken in each additional 150 feet ANS: a Q10. What is the minimum weld length that must be clearly shown on each radiograph? a) 2 inches b) 3 inches c) 6 inches d) 8 inches ANS: c

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Q11. Personnel who perform and evaluate radiographic examinations according to API-650 shall be qualified and certified by the manufacturer as meeting the requirements as generally outlined in _____. a) Level II or Level III of ASNT SNAT-TC-1B b) Level II or Level III of ASNT SNT-TC-1B c) Level II or Level III of ASNT SNAT-TC-1A d) Level II or Level III of ASNT SNT-TC-1A ANS: d Q12. The acceptance standards for radiographic examinations shall be in accordance with which of the following? a) Paragraph UW-51(b) in Section VIII of the ASME Code b) Paragraph PW-51(b) in Section I of the ASME Code c) Paragraph 341.3.2 in B31.3 Process Piping of the ASME Code d) Paragraph RB-3233 in the National Board Inspection Code (NBIC) ANS: a

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Q13. If a section of weld is shown by a radiograph to be unacceptable under the provisions of API-650, paragraph 6.1.5 or the radiograph does not define the limits of the deficient welding, which of the following requirements apply? a) One additional spot shall be taken and at least 3� of weld shall be represented b) Two spots adjacent to the section shall be examined by radiography c) Two spots ten feet from each side of the original radiography shall be examined d) Two spots, chosen randomly by the purchaser’s inspector, shall be examined by radiography ANS: a Q14. After an aboveground storage tank is completed, what shall be done with the radiographs? a) They shall become the property of the insurance company b) They shall become the property of the manufacturer c) They shall become the property of the purchaser d) They shall become the property of the API ANS: c Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Q15. According to API-650, magnetic particle examination shall be performed to a written procedure. The examiner shall have his/her vision checked and be able to read which of the following? a) The magnetic particle written procedure at a distance not less than 12 inches b) A Jaeger Type 3 standard chart at a distance not less than 12 inches c) A Jaeger Type 1 standard chart at a distance not less than 12 inches d) A Jaeger Type 2 standard chart at a distance not less than 12 inches ANS: d Q16. Ultrasonic examination shall be performed in accordance with a written procedure. Examiners shall be qualified and certified by the manufacturer as meeting the requirements of certification as generally outlined in which of the following? a) Level II or Level III of ASNT SNAT-TC-1B b) Level II or Level III of ASNT SNT-TC-1B c) Level II or Level III of ASNT SNAT-TC-1A d) Level II or Level III of ASNT SNT-TC-1A ANS: d Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Q17. Liquid penetrant examination shall be performed in accordance with a written procedure. The examiner shall have his/her vision checked and be able to read which of the following? a) The liquid penetrant written procedure at a distance not less than 12 inches b) A Jaeger Type 2 standard chart at a distance not less than 12 inches c) A Jaeger Type 1 standard chart at a distance not less than 12 inches d) A Jaeger Type 3 standard chart at a distance not less than 12 inches ANS: b Q18. Undercutting of welds attaching nozzles, manholes, cleanout openings, and permanent attachments shall not exceed which of the following? a) Undercutting shall not exceed 1/64th inch b) Undercutting shall not exceed 3/32nd inch c) Undercutting shall not exceed 1/32nd inch d) Undercutting shall not exceed 3/64th inch ANS: a

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Answers to API-Standard 650 Section 6, Methods of Inspecting Joints

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API650 Section 7 Welding Procedure and Welder Qualifications

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Q1. Who is responsible for preparing the welding procedure specification, performing the qualification tests, and preparing the procedure qualification record? a) The welding operator or welder b) The purchaser’s inspector c) The purchaser’s welding engineer d) The erection manufacturer or the fabrication manufacturer if other than the erection manufacturer ANS: d Q2. The manufacturer has the approval of the purchaser to use a material listed in API-650 but not included in the applicable table of ASME Section IX. What Group number would this material be included in if the minimum tensile strength is specified at 73,000 psi? a) This material would be included in Group number 2 b) This material would be included in Group number 1 c) This material would be included in Group number 3 d) This material can not be used in AST construction ANS: a Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Q3. When impact tests of the heat-affected zone are required, how shall this requirement be treated? a) Heat treated condition of the base metal shall be a non-essential variable b) Heat treated condition of the base metal shall be an essential variable c) Heat treated condition of the base metal shall be a supplementary essential variable d) Heat treated condition of the base metal does not need to be addressed on the welding procedure specification ANS: c Q4. If a protective coating has been applied to weld edge preparations, how is this condition treated on the welding procedure specification? a) The coating shall be removed and does not affect the weld and therefore does not need to be addressed b) The coating shall be included as an essential variable c) The coating shall be included as a non-essential variable d) The coating shall be included as a supplementary essential variable ANS: b Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Q5. Materials to be used at a design metal temperature below ____, the qualification of the welding procedure for vertical joints shall include impact tests of the weld metal. a) 50째F b) 32째F c) 60째F d) 0째F ANS: a Q6. Welder qualification tests conducted by one manufacturer shall not qualify a welder or welding operator to do work for another manufacturer. a) True b) False ANS: a

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Q7. Traceability to a welder or welding operator, either by welder’s identification stamp or “weld map”, is required on all but which of the following? a) Shell horizontal weld joints b) Shell vertical weld joints c) Annular plate butt welds (when annular plates are required) d) Roof plate welds and flange-to-nozzle neck welds ANS: d

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Answers to API-Standard 650 Section 7, Welding Procedure and Welder Qualifications

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API650 Section 8 Marking

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Q1. A nameplate shall identify aboveground storage tanks made in accordance with API-650. Where must this nameplate be located on the completed tank? a) This nameplate shall be attached to the tank shell adjacent to a manhole or to a manhole reinforcing plate immediately to the right of the manhole b) This nameplate shall be attached to the tank shell adjacent to a vertical weld joint at least 48� above the shell-to-bottom weld joint c) This nameplate shall be attached to the tank shell adjacent to a manhole or to a manhole reinforcing plate immediately above the manhole d) This nameplate shall be attached to the tank shell adjacent to a manhole or to a manhole reinforcing plate immediately below the manhole ANS: a

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Q2. The manufacturer of an AST is required to certify to the purchaser that the tank has been constructed in accordance with API-650. How is this certification accomplished? a) The manufacturer shall provide the purchaser with a U-1 Data Report form b) The manufacturer shall provide the purchaser with letter c) The manufacturer shall provide the purchaser with an ASME acceptable “Certificate of Compliance� d) The manufacturer shall provide the purchaser with a notarized certificate of compliance ANS: b 10.3 Certification The Manufacturer shall certify to the Purchaser, by a letter such as that shown in Figure 10.2, that the tank has been constructed in accordance with the applicable requirements of this standard. An as-built data sheet in accordance with Annex L shall be attached to the certification letter.

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Answers to API-Standard 650 Section 8, Marking

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API650 Appendix A Optional Design Basis for Small Tanks

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Q1. What is the maximum shell thickness including corrosion allowance permitted for tanks that comply Appendix A of API-650? a) 7/8th inch b) 3/4th inch c) 5/8th inch d) 1/2 inch ANS: d Q2. What is the maximum tensile strength, before the joint efficiency is applied, permitted in the design of small tanks in accordance with Appendix A of API-650? a) 21000 psi b) 21500 psi c) 21000 ksi d) 21500 ksi ANS: a

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Q3. When computing the tension in each ring (course) of a small tank designed in accordance with Appendix A of API-650, where is this tension computed? a) The tension shall be computed 12 inches above the centerline of the course in question b) The tension shall be computed 12 inches above the centerline of the lower horizontal joint of the course in question c) The tension shall be computed 12 inches above the centerline of the tank in question d) The tension shall be computed 12 inches below the centerline of the upper horizontal joint of the course in question ANS: b

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Q4. What joint efficiency factor shall be used in the design of small tanks designed in accordance with Appendix A of API-650 when spot radiographic examination is applied? a) 1.00 b) 0.90 c) 0.85 d) 0.70 ANS: c Q5. What joint efficiency factor shall be used in the design of small tanks designed in accordance with Appendix A of API-650 when spot radiographic examination is omitted? a) 1.00 b) 0.90 c) 0.85 d) 0.70 ANS: d

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Answers to API-Standard 650 Appendix A - Optional Design Basis for Small Tanks

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API650 Appendix B – Recommendations for Design and Construction of Foundations for Aboveground Oil Storage Tanks

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Q1. If the owner does not specify an alternative grade slope, the finished tank grade shall be crowned from its outer periphery to its center at a slope of _____. a) The slope shall be one inch in twelve feet b) The slope shall be one inch in ten feet (1:120) c) The slope shall be one inch in eight feet d) The slope shall be one inch in six feet ANS: Q2. The owner decides that an earth foundation will be installed under a new tank installation. According to API-650 Appendix B, there are specific items that an earth foundation should accomplish. Of the following, which is not one of those items? a) Earth foundations should provide a stable plane for support of the tank b) Earth foundations should limit settlement to values used in the design of the connecting piping c) Earth foundations should not settle excessively at the perimeter due to the weight of the tank d) Earth foundations should reinforced with steel reinforcing bar to prevent sagging ANS:

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Q3. When does Appendix B of API-650 recommend the use of a concrete ringwall foundations? a) When there is some doubt whether the foundation will be able carry the shell load directly b) When there will be an area in the foundation open for passing cathodic protection equipment through c) When the tank is located in an area that is easily accessible for pouring the concrete d) When the tank erector decides a concrete foundation will be easier to install ANS: a Q4. When a concrete ringwall is designed, what is the minimum thickness permitted? a) The ringwall shall not be less than 8 inches b) The ringwall shall not be less than 10 inches c) The ringwall shall not be less than 12 inches d) The ringwall shall not be less than 14 inches ANS: Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Q5. How far below the lowest adjacent finish grade must the bottom of the ringwall, if founded on soil, be located? a) The bottom of the ringwall shall be located 1 foot below grade b) The bottom of the ringwall shall be located 1.5 feet below grade c) The bottom of the ringwall shall be located 2.5 feet below grade d) The bottom of the ringwall shall be located 2 feet below grade ANS:

ringwall

adjacent finish grade

12 in.?

2 feet

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B.4.2.2 When a concrete ringwall is designed, it shall be proportioned so that the allowable soil bearing is not exceeded. The ringwall shall not be less than 300 mm (12 in.) thick. The centerline diameter of the ringwall should equal the nominal diameter of the tank; however, the ringwall centerline may vary if required to facilitate the placement of anchor bolts or to satisfy soil bearing limits for seismic loads or excessive uplift forces. The depth of the wall will depend on local conditions, but the depth must be sufficient to place the bottom of the ringwall below the anticipated frost penetration and within the specified bearing strata. As a minimum, the bottom of the ringwall, if founded on soil, shall be located 0.6 m (2 ft) below the lowest adjacent finish grade.

Tank foundations must be constructed within the tolerances specified in 7.5.5.

Recesses shall be provided in the wall for flush-type cleanouts, drawoff sumps, and any other appurtenances that require recesses.

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Answers to API-Standard 650 Appendix B - Recommendations for Design of Foundations for Aboveground Oil Storage Tanks

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API650 Appendix C External Floating Roofs

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External Floating Roofs

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External Floating Roofs

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External Floating Roofs

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Q1. Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, all deck plates shall have a minimum nominal thickness of _____. a) 1/4 inch b) 1/8 inch c) 3/16 inch (4.76mm) d) 3/32 inch ANS: c Q2. What is the minimum slope required for the top decks of double-deck roofs and of pontoon sections? a) 3/16 inch in 12 inches (1:64) b) 3/16 inch in 12 feet c) 3/16 inch in 10 inches d) 3/16 inch in 10 feet ANS: a

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Q3. Pontoon type floating roofs shall have sufficient buoyancy to remain afloat on a liquid with a specific gravity of ____. a) 1.0 b) .87 c) .85 d) .70 ANS: d Q4. What is the minimum size of roof drain required for a pan-type floating roof that is 110 feet in diameter. a) NPS 4 b) NPS 3 c) NPS 2 d) NPS 2.5 ANS:

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Q5. Floating roof support legs and attachments shall be designed to support the roof and a uniform live load of at least _____ per square foot. a) 100 pounds b) 75 pounds c) 50 pounds d) 25 pounds ANS: Q6. Manholes are required in floating roofs for access to the tank interior and for ventilation. What is the minimum nominal diameter of these manholes? a) 24 inches b) 20 inches c) 18 inches d) 15 inches ANS:

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Q7. If the sealing device between the outer periphery of the roof and the tank shell employs steel shoes, what material shall these shoes be made of and what is the minimum nominal thickness permitted? a) The shoes shall be made from galvanized sheet ASTM A 924 with a minimum thickness of 14 gauge b) The shoes shall be made from galvanized sheet ASTM A 924 with a minimum thickness of 16 gauge c) The shoes shall be made from galvanized sheet ASTM A 924 with a minimum thickness of 18 gauge d) The shoes shall be made from galvanized sheet ASTM A 924 with a minimum thickness of 20 gauge ANS:

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Q8. Drainpipe and hose systems of primary drains shall be tested with water at a pressure of ___. a) 0.5 psig b) 5.0 psig c) 50 psig d) 50 ksig ANS:

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Drainpipe and hose systems of primary drains

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Answers to API-Standard 650 Appendix C - External Floating Roofs

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API650 Appendix G – Structurally Supported Aluminum Dome Roofs

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Supported Aluminum Dome Roofs

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Supported Aluminum Dome Roofs

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Q1. Aluminum dome roofs may be added to an existing tank. Who has the responsibility for providing reinforcement to enable the tank to support the roof? a) The fabricator if other than the erector b) The erector if other than the manufacturer c) The manufacturer d) The purchaser ANS: Q2. Aluminum dome roof shall be supported only from the rim of the tank.

The design of the connection shall allow for thermal expansion. What is the minimum temperature range that must be used for the design? a) ±110°F b) ±120°F (67°C) c) ±125°F d) ±130°F ANS:

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Q3. Aluminum panels shall be designed in accordance with ___ and Appendix G of API-650. a) AA ASM-35 b) AA ASM-135 c) AA ASM-53 d) AA ASM-315 ANS: Q4. The internal pressure of tanks with aluminum dome roofs shall not exceed the weight of the roof. In no case shall the maximum design pressure exceed ____ a) 9 psig b) 9 inches of mercury column c) 0.9 psig d) 9 inches of water column ANS:

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Q5. The maximum dome radius shall be ____ times the diameter of the tank.

The minimum dome radius shall be ___ times the diameter of the tank unless other wise specified by the purchaser. a) 1.2 and 0.9 b) 1.2 and 0.5 c) 1.2 and 0.7 d) 1.2 and 0.8 ANS:

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Answers to API-Standard 650 Appendix G - Structurally Supported Aluminum Dome Roofs

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API650 Appendix H – Internal Floating Roofs

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Internal Floating Roofs

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Q1. Internal floating roofs may be designed and built to float and rest in a reasonably flat position. A rim or skirt shall be provided around the roof periphery and all columns, ladders, and other roof openings. How far must this rim extend above the liquid? a) 3 inches b) 6 inches c) 9 inches d) 12 inches ANS: Q2. Internal floating roofs shall be designed to safely support at least _____. a) 500 pounds over 1 square foot b) 500 pounds over 1 square inch c) 500 pounds over 1 square yard d) 500 pounds over 1 square meter ANS:

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Q3. What is the minimum required thickness, excluding corrosion allowance, for a steel internal floating roof in contact with vapor? a) The minimum thickness shall be 0.094 inches b) The minimum thickness shall be 9 gauge c) The minimum thickness shall be 0.07 inches d) The minimum thickness shall be 7 gauge ANS: Q4. A peripheral seal shall be designed to accommodate ____ of local deviation between the floating roof and the shell. a) ±2 inches b) ±3 inches c) ±4 inches d) ±5 inches ANS:

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Q5. Which of the following is not permitted as a design for internal floating roofs in contact with the liquid? a) Double deck b) Pontoon c) Metallic Pan d) Metallic on floats ANS: Q6. Metallic internal roofs on floats shall be designed to be buoyant enough to support how much weight? a) Twice its dead weight b) Twice the weight of two men c) 500 pounds per square foot d) Three times its dead weight ANS:

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Q7. The maximum spacing between circulation vents shall be _____. a) 24 feet b) 32 feet c) 28 feet d) 30 feet ANS: Q8. What is the minimum number of circulation vents that must be located on the shell or fixed roof above the seal of the floating roof when the tank is full? a) 8 b) 4 c) 6 d) 2 ANS:

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Q9. How many and what size manholes must be provided in a fixed roof for access to the tank interior? a) At least two with a nominal diameter of 24 inches each b) At least three with a nominal diameter of 24 inches each c) At least one with a nominal diameter of 24 inches d) At least four with a nominal diameter of 24 inches each ANS: Q10. When specified by the purchaser, inspection hatches shall be located on the fixed roof to permit visual inspection of the seal region. What is the maximum spacing between these hatches? a) 32 feet b) 50 feet c) 75 feet d) 100 feet ANS:

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Answers to API-Standard 650 Appendix H - Internal Floating Roofs

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API650 Remaining Appendixes

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Remaining Appendixes Appendix D – Technical Inquiries This appendix provides guidance for requesting interpretations of API Standard 650. The inquiry format is specific must be followed. Basically inquiries shall be formulated in such a way that they can be answered “yes” or “no”.

Appendix E – Seismic Design of Storage Tanks According the “Body of Knowledge”, question pertaining to this Appendix will be excluded on the API-653 examination.

Appendix F – Design of Tanks for Small Internal Pressures According the “Body of Knowledge”, question pertaining to this Appendix will be excluded on the API-653 examination.

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Appendix I – Under-tank Leak Detection and Sub-grade Protection This appendix provides basic recommendations, which may be specified by the purchaser, for design and construction of tank and foundation systems that provide leak detection and sub-grade protection in the event of tank bottom leakage, and provides for tanks supported by grillage. Typically, this appendix would only be used as a guide. The body of knowledge states that questions pertaining to tanks supported by grillage will be excluded on the examination.

Appendix J – Shop Assembled Storage Tanks This appendix presents requirements covering the complete assembly of tanks that do not exceed 20 feet in diameter.

Appendix K – Application of the Variable-Design- Point Method According the “Body of Knowledge”, question pertaining to this Appendix will be excluded on the API-653 examination.

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Appendix L – API Standard 650 Storage Tank Data Sheets This appendix provides data sheets to be used by the purchaser in ordering a storage tank and by the manufacturer upon completion of construction of the tank.

Appendix M – Requirements for Tanks Operating at Elevated Temperatures This appendix provides additional requirements for tanks with maximum operating temperatures from 200°F to 500°F. Appendix N – Use of New Materials That Are Not Identified This appendix provides requirements for the use of new or unused plate and pipe materials that are not completely identified by this standard as complying with any listed specification.

Appendix O – Recommendations for Under-Bottom Connections This appendix contains recommendations for the design and construction of under-bottom connections for storage tanks

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Appendix P – Allowable External Loads on Tank Shell Openings This appendix presents minimum recommendations for design of shell openings that conform to Table 3 – 8 that are subject to external piping loads.

The purchaser or manufacturer may agree upon an alternative or supplemental design. According to the body of knowledge, questions pertaining to this appendix will not be asked on the examination.

Appendix S – Austenitic Stainless Steel Tanks According the “Body of Knowledge”, question pertaining to this Appendix will be excluded on the API-653 examination.

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API RP 651 Cathodic Protection of Aboveground Petroleum Storage Tanks API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 651 FOURTH EDITION, SEPTEMBER 2014

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Section 4 - Corrosion of Above Ground Steel Storage Tanks

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Q1. According to API Recommended Practice - 651, there are four components in each corrosion cell. Theses components are an anode and all but which of the following? a) DC current supplied by batteries b) A cathode c) A metallic path connecting the anode and cathode d) An electrolyte ANS: a Q2. The base metal goes into solution (corrodes) by releasing electrons and forming positive metal ions. This statement describes what takes place at what component of a corrosion cell? a) The cathode b) The electrolyte c) The metallic connection between the cathode and the anode d) The anode ANS: d

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Q3. Which of the following is the most correct statement regarding the cathode? a) Moderate corrosion takes place at the cathode b) No corrosion takes place at the cathode c) All corrosion takes place at the cathode d) A chemical reaction takes place using electrons released at the electrolyte ANS: b Q4. The electrolyte contains ions and conducts positive current from the anode to the cathode. The most common electrolyte for external tank bottom surfaces is _______, while the most common for internal surfaces is _________. a) Water, sludge and moist soil b) Moist soil, water and sludge c) Acidic soil, water and sludge d) Moist soil, product and sludge ANS: b

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Q5. The two most common types of corrosion to tank bottoms are ______ and ______. a) Stress corrosion and galvanic b) Erosion and erosion/corrosion c) General and pitting d) Stray current and bimetallic ANS: c Q6. Which type of corrosion results in relatively uniform metal loss? a) Erosion and erosion/corrosion b) Stray current c) General d) Pitting ANS: c

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Q7. Which type of corrosion may only affect relatively small areas, while substantial areas of the surface are unaffected by corrosion? a) Galvanic b) General c) Brittle d) Pitting ANS: d Q8. Composition of the metal is a factor in determining which areas become anodes and which become cathodes. What else can cause corrosion? a) Differences between weld metal, heat affected zone, and parent metal b) Differences in thickness between adjacent plates c) Improper fit-up of the welded joint d) Slag inclusion in the weld metal ANS: a

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Q9. Which of the following is a correct statement regarding oxygen concentration of the electrolyte. a) Oxygen concentration in the electrolyte has no impact on the corrosion cell b) Areas of lower oxygen concentrations become anodic and areas of higher concentrations become cathodic. c) Areas of lower oxygen concentrations become cathodic and areas of higher concentrations become anodic d) Areas of lower oxygen concentrations become acidic and areas of higher concentrations become alkaline ANS: b Q10. Soil characteristics substantially affect what? a) What type of product may be stored in the tank b) What the maximum fill height of the tank is c) The type and rate of corrosion on a structure in contact with soil d) Perk rate for dissipation of small leaks from the tank bottom ANS: c

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Q11. What is another term used for "stray currents"? a) Short circuits b) Positive currents c) Impressed currents d) Interference currents ANS: d Q12. The most common and potentially the most damaging stray currents are: a) Direct currents b) Alternating currents c) Intermittent currents d) Close proximity alternating currents ANS: a

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Q13. Which of the following is not likely to be a source of stray currents? a) Static electricity b) Welding machines c) Impressed current cathodic protection systems d) Railroads ANS: a Q14. Two metals with different compositions connected in an electrolyte is a general description of: a) A battery b) A current suppressor c) A short circuit d) Galvanic corrosion ANS: d

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Q15. All but one of the following is listed as major factors which influence the severity of internal corrosion. Which is not a factor? a) The pH level of the fluid in contact with the steel bottom b) The amount of nitrogen in the fluid in contact with the steel bottom c) Suspended solids in the fluid in contact with the steel bottom d) Conductivity of the fluid in contact with the steel bottom ANS: b Q16. Three major types of internal corrosion to be considered are general corrosion, pitting corrosion, and to a lesser extent in tanks, environmental cracking. a) True b) False ANS: a

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Answers to API-651 Section 4, corrosion of Aboveground Steel Storage Tanks

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Section 5 - Determination of Need for Cathodic Protection

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Q1. API Recommended Practice 651 states that the need for cathodic protection must be determined for all storage facilities. Decisions governing the need for cathodic protection should be based on all but which of the following? a) Data from corrosion surveys and operating records b) National Board and ASME recommendations c) Prior test results with similar systems in similar environments d) National, state, and local code requirements and the recommendations in API-651 ANS: b Q2. When should corrosion control by cathodic protection for new ASTs be provided? a) After final welding and before hydrostatic testing b) After all stress relief has been carried out c) In the initial design d) After the tank is in service for 6 months ANS: c

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Q3. Generally tanks in petroleum service use ______ on the internal surfaces to control internal corrosion. a) AC Current instead of DC current cathodic protection systems b) Coatings c) Cathodic protection in conjunction with coatings d) Since pure hydrocarbon fluids are usually not corrosive experience shows that internal corrosion will never occur therefore, corrosion control is not necessary ANS: b Q4. Cathodic protection is an effective means of corrosion control only if it is possible to pass electrical current between what two components? a) Anode and cathode b) Tank shell and roof support system c) Roof to bottom through roof support structures d) Tank shell and tank bottom ANS: a

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Q5. A full evaluation of tank history should be performed prior to _______. a) Filling the tank for the 25th time b) Painting the exterior surface of the tank c) Temporarily removing the tank from service d) Determining the need for cathodic protection ANS: d Q6. Such items as site plan, soil properties, previous repairs, existing cathodic protection of nearby structures, maintenance history, and expected life should be investigated and determined when conducting the ____________. a) Evaluation of the location of a refinery b) Probability study of tank settlement c) Evaluation of tank design/construction history d) Evaluation of tank repairs and alterations ANS: c

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Q7. Of the following items which is not an item that should be investigated and determined in the evaluation of types of service? a) Type of product stored b) Product temperature c) Ambient temperature d) Presence and depth of water bottoms ANS: c Q8. Such items as tank inspections per API Standard 653, corrosion rate records, stray current problems, design and performance of previous protection systems, and structure-to-soil potential surveys should be investigated and determined when conducting the ______. a) Evaluation of tank repair/alteration/construction history b) Evaluation of tank design/construction history c) Evaluation of types of service d) Evaluation of inspection/corrosion history ANS: d

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Q9. The cushion material under the tank has a significant effect on external corrosion of the tank bottom. The material can also influence: a) The effectiveness and applicability of external cathodic protection b) The effectiveness and applicability of internal cathodic protection c) The decision to use or not use a rectifier or DC generator set to supply current d) The type of product that may be stored in the tank ANS: a Q10. What is an advantage of using fine particles for the cushion material? a) The fine particles should be uniform which makes it easier to transport b) Fine particles provide a more dense cushion to help reduce the influx and outflow of oxygen c) Fine particles will not permit the passage of product should a leak occur in the tank bottom d) Fine particles will hold moisture longer permitting it to stabilize and prevent acid from forming in the electrolyte ANS: b

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Q11. What is the main disadvantage in using large size particles in the soil cushion material? a) The large particles may puncture the tank bottom b) The large particles may trap moisture and allow general corrosion to form c) If large particles are used, differential aeration corrosion may result where the particles contact the tank bottom d) The large particles are more difficult to transport ANS: c Q12. A soil resistivity of about 1250 OHM-CM would indicate the soil is probably ____. a) Mildly corrosive 2000-10000 b) Very corrosive <500 c) Corrosive 500-1000 d) Moderately corrosive 1000-2000 ANS: d

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Table 1â&#x20AC;&#x201D;General Classification of Resistivity

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Q13. The results of soil resistivity surveys can be used to determine ________. a) When it is time to replace the cushion material under the tank bottom b) The need for cathodic protection c) The amount of compression of the cushion material under the tank d) The best place to install a corrosion test bed ANS: b Q14. A properly designed concrete tank cushion constructed on stable, properly prepared subsoil may be effective in all but which of the following? a) Cracks in the tank bottom weld seams b) Intrusion of groundwater c) Soil-side corrosion d) The need for cathodic protection ANS: d

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Q15. Cracks through the concrete cushion may permit water and contaminants to permeate to the steel tank bottom and provide a path for proper electrical current flow. a) True b) False ANS: b Q16. Corrosion of the steel tank bottom installed on a concrete cushion may result from moisture accumulation caused by all but which of the following? a) Condensation b) Blowing snow or rain c) Humidity in the air surrounding the tank d) Flooding ANS: c

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Q17. Why would it be more important to provide proper support under cushions of new asphalt than for concrete? a) Asphalt is inherently alkaline and therefore does not have the potential of preventing corrosion b) Asphalt is not inherently alkaline and therefore does not have the potential of preventing corrosion c) Asphalt may degrade and become a corrosive substance d) Asphalt may crack allowing moisture to reach the tank bottom where it will react violently with the asphalt and the steel tank bottom ANS: d Q18. How can the condition of the external surface of tank bottom and the asphalt cushion be determined? a) Raise the entire tank and inspect the tank bottom and the asphalt b) Take a core sample from the asphalt for testing. This test will reveal the amount of steel that has gone into solution and been trapped in the asphalt c) Conduct a soil resistivity survey around the periphery of the tank containment d) By cutting coupons from the tank bottom ANS: d

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Q19. A soil analysis reveals the pH of a native soil cushion to be 6.25. This soil is considered to be: a) Moderately corrosive b) Mildly corrosive c) Corrosive d) Very corrosive ANS: b Q20. A soil analysis reveals the sulfates level of a native soil cushion to be 5525ppm. This soil is considered to be a) Moderately corrosive b) Mildly corrosive c) Corrosive d) Very corrosive ANS: d

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5.3.2.1 Sand Pad Material â&#x20AC;˘ Measuring pH indicates the hydrogen ion content of a soil. Corrosion of steel is fairly independent of pH when it is in the range of 5.0 to 8.0. The rate of corrosion increases appreciably when pH is < 5.0 and decreases when pH is > 8.0. pH may be determined in accordance with ASTM G51 or equivalent. â&#x20AC;˘ Chlorides will affect the resistivity of soil, and act as a depolarizing agent which will increase the current requirement for cathodic protection of steel.

Pitting corrosion on steel can begin at chloride levels of 10 ppm. Chloride content may be determined in accordance with ASTM D512 or equivalent.

There is currently no industry consensus on an acceptable range for chloride levels, therefore the tank owner/operator should specify the acceptable chloride level. There are practical and possible economic limitations in achieving minimum levels of chloride content.

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i) Sulfate levels > 200 ppm frequently indicate high concentrations of organic matter. Sulfate content may be determined in accordance with ASTM D516 or equivalent. There iscurrently no industry consensus on an acceptable range for sulfate levels, therefore the tank owner/operator should specify the acceptable sulfate level. There are practical and possible economic limitations in achieving minimum levels of sulfate content. ii) Sulfide levels > 0.10 ppm, may indicate that sulfates have been reduced by bacteria. Sulfide content may be determined in accordance with EPA 0376.1 or equivalent. There is currently no industry consensus on an acceptable range for sulfide levels, therefore the tank owner/operator should specify the acceptable sulfide level. There are practical and possible economic limitations in achieving minimum levels of sulfide content.

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5.3.7 Native Soil Pad 5.3.7.1 Soil analysis is often a useful test for helping to determine whether the potential corrosion activity will be high enough to make cathodic protection necessary and whether cathodic protection will be a practical application to prevent corrosion. Determination of aggressive ions such as chlorides and sulfates along with measurement of pH and resistivity are helpful for further corrosion analysis. The variety of particle sizes and chemical and electrical differences as discussed in 5.3.1.1and 5.3.2.1 should also be considered in the effectiveness of a cathodic protection system.

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Q21. What is the most common material used as a cushion beneath storage tank bottoms? a) Clean concrete b) Clean sand c) Clean Asphalt d) Clean modified aggregate ANS: b Q22. The use of oiled sand beneath tank bottoms does not eliminate the need for cathodic protection and in fact may cause cathodic protection to be less effective because: a) The oiled sand has higher resistivity b) The sand is unable to conduct electrical current c) The oil acts as an insulator and blocks all current flow d) The oil creates a vapor bearer entrapping water and contaminants next to the tank bottom ANS: c

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Q23. There are several ways the tank cushion can become contaminated.

Three of the following are methods of cushion contamination, which one is not? a) In coastal areas salt spay may be washed down the side of the tank b) Fertilizer from spraying operations in rural areas c) Airborne chemicals from industrial operations d) Residual build-up of electrons in the sand cushion ANS: d Q24. Leakage of product from the tank bottom can cause accelerated corrosion by creating ____. a) Stray current corrosion b) Corrosion cells where none existed before c) More positively charged electrons d) A film that would block electrical current flow ANS: d

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Q25. When a layer of crushed-limestone or clam-shell is used for the tank cushion, why is it important to ensure the particles are fine and uniform? a) Large particles could puncture the tank bottom b) Differential aeration corrosion cells will cause pitting at contact areas between the large particles and the metal c) Large particles may allow the formation of dissolved gas pockets which could become a hazard if hot tap work is performed on the tank bottom d) Large particle will eventually fracture and create voids in the tank cushion ANS: b Q26. What is an advantage of using crushed-limestone or clam-shell under tank bottoms? a) This material is plentiful and relatively inexpensive b) Contamination is easier to detect because of discoloration c) Water from rain or groundwater makes the environment under the tank alkaline, which may reduce corrosion d) The use of this material eliminates the need for cathodic protection ANS: c Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Q27. Heated tanks or tanks storing hot product can cause: a) Increased water intrusion due to causing snow to melt and run down the tank sides b) Excessive drying out of concrete foundations resulting in premature deterioration and failure c) Accelerated corrosion on the internal surface especially in tanks with water bottoms d) Accelerated corrosion on the external surface due to elevated temperature is the area is wet ANS: c Q28. There are a variety of methods for secondary containment, which of the following is not an accepted method of secondary containment. a) Dual bottom tank design b) Sand bags c) Use of impervious clay pad in tank dike d) Impervious nonmetallic membrane ANS: b

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5.4 Other Factors Affecting Cathodic Protection 5.4.1 Contents of Tank Aboveground storage tank temperature can influence corrosion on tank bottoms. Accelerated corrosion can occur on the external surface of the bottom of heated tanks due to elevated temperatures if the area is wet.

NOTE The corrosion rate of steel may double with every 18 째F (10 째C) increase in temperature above 77 째F (25 째C).

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Q29. During the installation of a new steel bottom over an existing steel bottom, which has been repaired, if water or other electrolyte intrudes into the annulus, what can happen? a) A galvanic cell may form which will cause the new steel tank bottom to corrode at an accelerated rate b) An electrochemical reaction may take place creating hazardous gasses c) A galvanic cell may form which will cause the old tank bottom to corrode at an accelerated rate d) A galvanic cell may form which will turn the old tank bottom into an anode ANS: a

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Q30. With the installation of _____ in a diked area prior to new tank construction, most cathodic protection systems are rendered ineffective. a) A secondary containment system utilizing a perforated impervious membrane b) A secondary containment system utilizing an impervious membrane c) A secondary containment system utilizing a metallic impregnated screen membrane d) A secondary containment system utilizing a non-impervious membrane ANS: b

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Answers to API-651 Section 5, Determination of Need for Cathodic Protection

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Section 6- Methods of Cathodic Protection for Corrosion Control

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Q1. What is the basic principle that makes cathodic protection effective. a) Cathodic protection is a technique for preventing corrosion by making the entire surface of the metal to be protected act as the rectifier b) Cathodic protection is a technique for preventing corrosion by making the entire surface of the metal to be protected act as the corrosion cell c) Cathodic protection is a technique for preventing corrosion by making the entire surface of the metal to be protected act as the cathode d) Cathodic protection is a technique for preventing corrosion by making the entire surface of the metal to be protected act as the anode ANS: c Q2. What are the two systems of cathodic protection? a) Galvanic and repressed current b) Galvanic and impressed current c) Galvanic and reversed current d) Galvanic and induced current ANS: b

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Q3. Galvanic cathodic protection systems use a metal, that is more active than the structure to be protected, to supply the current required to stop corrosion. What is another term(s) used to describe this material? a) Anode, commonly referred to as a galvanic or sacrificial anode b) Cathode, commonly referred to as a galvanic or sacrificial cathode c) Ribbon cathode, commonly referred to as a sacrificial ribbon cathode d) Impressed current anode, commonly referred to as the impressed anode ANS: a Q4. Where on the galvanic series is clean and shiny mild steel? a) Clean and shiny mild steel has a value of –1.1 volts b) Clean and shiny mild steel has a value of –1.0 volts c) Clean and shiny mild steel has a value of –0.8 volts d) Clean and shiny mild steel has a value of –0.5 to -0.8 volts ANS: d

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Q5. The most common metals used as galvanic anodes in soil are: a) Lead and copper b) Aluminum alloy (5% zinc) and Mild steel (clean and shiny) c) Magnesium and zinc d) Mild steel in concrete and cast iron ANS: c Q6. Of the following, which is not an advantage of galvanic cathodic protection systems? a) No external power is needed b) Capital investment is low for small-diameter tanks c) Method is limited to use in low-resistivity soils d) Interference problems (stray currents) are rare ANS: c

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Q7. Impressed current cathodic protection systems use: a) Alternating current b) Direct current usually provided by a rectifier c) Direct current usually provided by a dry cell battery d) Either direct current or alternating current depending upon which is available ANS: b Q8. Of the following, which is not a disadvantage of impressed current cathodic protection systems? a) High current output b) High maintenance costs c) High operating costs d) High capital cost for small installations ANS: a

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Q9. A cathodic protection rectifier has two major components; what are they? a) A step-down transformer to reduce the AC supply voltage and rectifying elements to convert DC to AC output b) A step-down transformer to reduce the AC supply voltage and rectifying elements to convert AC to DC output c) A step-down transformer to reduce the DC supply voltage and rectifying elements to convert DC to AC output d) A step-down transformer to reduce the AC supply voltage and rectifying elements to regulate the AC output ANS: b Q10. Impressed current anodes used in soil are not made of: a) Graphite b) High silicon cast iron c) Zinc d) Mixed metal oxides on titanium ANS: c

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Q11. Impressed current anodes may be installed underneath the tank. a) True b) False ANS: a

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Table 2â&#x20AC;&#x201D;Partial Galvanic Series

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Answers to API-651 Section 6, Methods of Cathodic Protection for Corrosion Control

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Section 7 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Design of Cathodic Protection Systems

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Q1. It has been decided to install an impervious membrane under a new storage tank being installed in a diked area. Cathodic protection of the tank bottom is required. Where must the anodes be placed? a) Anodes shall be placed outside the diked area b) Directly under the membrane beneath the tank c) As close as possible to the rectifier d) Between the membrane and the tank bottom ANS: d Q2. Inspection experience has disclosed the need for cathodic protection for an existing tank in a diked area. There is a membrane installed under the tank.

What would be an option for installing anodes under this tank? a) Jack the tank up on the side opposite the fill and discharge lines and slide the ribbon anodes under b) Bore under the tank at a very shallow angle and install the anodes c) Bore under the membrane at a very shallow angle and install the anodes d) Install deep ground bed anodes in coke breeze backfill outside the diked area ANS: b Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Q3. If an existing tank bottom is protected by cathodic protection and/or if cathodic protection is planned for the new bottom (by deep or shallow groundbeds), what should be done with the old bottom? a) The old tank bottom should be electrically connected to the cathodic protection system to now act as an anode b) The old tank bottom should be painted with a corrosion resistant coating and left in place c) The old tank bottom should be completely removed d) Nothing needs to be done with the old tank bottom ANS: c

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Q4. It has been decided to install a new tank bottom in a tank with cathodic protection. What would be the result of leaving the old bottom in place and not properly prepared? a) The old bottom forms a shield that collects the cathodic current (cations) flowing through the ground and prevents cathodic protection of the new tank bottom b) The old bottom forms a shield that collects the anodic current flowing through the ground and prevents cathodic protection of the new tank bottom c) The old bottom forms a shield that collects the galvanic current flowing through the ground and prevents cathodic protection of the new tank bottom d) The old bottom forms a shield that collects the stray current flowing through the ground and prevents cathodic protection of the new tank bottom ANS: a

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Q5. Industry experience has shown that if a conductive electrolyte exists between an old and a new tank bottom: a) The current flow and metal loss will be from the old bottom b) The current flow and metal loss will be from the new bottom c) The current flow will be from the old bottom and metal loss will be from the new bottom d) The current flow will be from the new bottom and metal loss will be from the old bottom ANS: c Q6. There are several advantages to installing a secondary containment. Of the following, which would not be considered an advantage? a) Provides a means of detecting and containing leaks and preventing ground contamination b) Prevents the natural current flow between the old bottom and the new bottom c) Permits the addition of cathodic protection at a later date d) May reduce the entry of groundwater into the space between the bottoms ANS: c Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

7.2.4.3 If an existing tank bottom is protected by cathodic protection and/or if cathodic protection is planned for the new bottom (by means of deep or shallow anode beds), the old bottom will have to be completely removed.

As shown in Figure 8, if it is not removed, the old bottom forms a shield that collects the cathodic current flowing through the ground and prevents cathodic protection of the new bottom. Unless the anodes are installed between the two steel bottoms (see Figure 8), or the old bottom is removed, electrically isolated, or coated with a nonconductive material, a galvanic cell can develop between the old and new bottom. Industry experience has shown that if a conductive electrolyte exists between bottoms, the current flow and metal loss will be from the new bottom, resulting in premature failure of the new bottom.

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Corrosion Cell Current (metallic path)

current flow

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Q7. There are several disadvantages to installing a secondary containment.

Of the following, which would not be considered a disadvantage a) The membrane may act as a basin to contain water or any other electrolyte that might wet the sand between the bottoms b) The membrane could entrap hydrocarbon products, which would require extra care for hot work c) Makes the future addition of cathodic protection virtually impossible d) Acts as a barrier to groundwater ANS: d

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Q8. When an external cathodic protection system is being designed, there are several items to be considered. Of the following four items, which one would not be a consideration? a) Selection and design of the cathodic protection system for optimum economy of installation, maintenance, and operation b) Specification of materials and installation practices that meet applicable codes, such as National Electrical Manufacturers Association standards, NACE recommended practices, and federal, state, and local regulations c) Provisions for monitoring the cathodic protection system d) Specification of materials and installation practices that meet applicable codes, such as American Society of Mechanical Engineers standards, NACE recommended practices, and federal, state, and local regulations ANS: d

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Q9. Information that is useful for design of an external cathodic protection system can be divided into three categories: a) Specifications, site conditions, and jurisdictional requirements b) Specifications and practices, site conditions, and U.S. Geological survey reports c) Specifications and practices, site conditions, and field survey, corrosion test data, and operating experience d) Specifications and practices, tank shell conditions, and field surveys ANS: a Q10. What are the two types of cathodic protection systems most commonly used? a) Galvanic cathode system and impressed voltage system b) Galvanic anode system and impressed current system c) Galvanic anode system and interference current system d) Galvanic anode system and interference voltage system ANS: b

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Q11. Galvanic cathodic protection systems are more economical on: a) Small-diameter tanks b) Large-diameter tanks c) Bare, poorly coated structures d) Multiple large tanks in a diked area ANS: a Q12. The three most common galvanic anode materials used for soil installations are: a) High potential magnesium alloys, zinc, and pure aluminum b) High potential magnesium alloys, Standard magnesium, and Copper c) High potential magnesium alloys, standard magnesium, and zinc d) High potential magnesium alloys, standard magnesium, and stainless steel ANS: c

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Q13. What are the advantages of using a special backfill with anodes for installation in soil environments? a) Reduces the possibility of contaminating the environment and promotes anode efficiency b) Promotes anode efficiency, lengthens the life of the anode, dissipates stray currents c) Promotes anode efficiency, lengthens anode life, and keeps anode environment moist d) Promotes anode efficiency, keeps anode environment moist, and prevents total deterioration of the anode ANS: c

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Q14. The number of anodes required to provide cathodic protection depends upon what two factors? a) The distance from the galvanic anode to the tank bottom and soil discharge rate b) Total current requirements and the expected individual anode discharge rate in the soil c) Total stray currents expected and the total current requirements d) Total current requirements and the expected individual cathode discharge rate in the soil ANS: b

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Q15. In placing the anodes, how is better current distribution and more uniform polarization obtained? a) By distributing anodes uniformly around the tank or under the membrane for new construction b) By distributing anodes uniformly around the diked area or under the tank for new construction c) By distributing the cathodes uniformly around the tank or under the tank for new construction d) By distributing the anodes uniformly around the tank or under the tank for new construction ANS: d Q16. How are impressed current anodes installed? a) These anodes are installed either fully coated or in special backfill material b) These anodes are installed either bare or in special backfill material c) These anodes are installed either directly on the tank bottom or in special backfill material d) These anodes are installed either bare or in special liquid filled cylinders ANS: b

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Q17. Impressed current anodes are connected with an insulated conductor: a) Singly to the positive terminal of a DC source b) In groups to the positive terminal of a DC source c) Either singly or in groups to the negative terminal of an DC source d) Either singly or in groups to the positive terminal of an DC source ANS: d Q18. Of the following, which is not the preferred material for impressed current anodes used in soil installations? a) Graphite b) Zinc c) High silicon cast iron d) Mixed metal oxide ANS: b

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Q19. Of the following, which is not the best material for impressed current anodes used in water installations a) Titanium b) Tantalum c) Copper d) Platinized niobium ANS: c Q20. In an impressed current cathodic protection system, proper groundbed design should do which of the following? a) Avoid physical interference with existing facilities, provide uniform current distribution, and avoid stray current interference with off-site structures b) Provide for direct connection with existing facilities, provide uniform current distribution, and avoid stray current interference with off-site structures c) Avoid physical interference with existing facilities, provide random current distribution, and avoid stray current interference with off-site structures d) Avoid physical interference with existing facilities, provide uniform current distribution, and intercept stray current interference with off-site

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Q21. In an impressed current system why would additional anodes be considered in the distributed anode design? a) To provide uniform current distribution and provide back-up anodes for replacement b) To provide uniform current distribution and provide allowance in case of isolated cathode connection failure or partial cathode depletion c) To provide uniform current distribution and provide allowance in case of isolated anode connection failure or partial anode depletion d) To provide random current distribution and provide allowance in case of isolated anode connection failure or partial anode depletion ANS: c

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Q22. The current required for cathodic protection should be calculated using the results of current requirement tests. In lieu of this test, what is the generally accepted protective current density? a) Between â&#x20AC;&#x201C;0.5 and +0.5 milliamps per square foot at ambient conditions b) Between 0.01 and 0.1 milliamps per square foot at ambient conditions c) Between 0.1 and 0.2 milliamps per square foot at ambient conditions d) Between 1 and 2 milliamps per square foot at ambient conditions ANS: d Q23. The current requirement test can only be performed on existing tanks using a temporary groundbed and an appropriate source of direct current.

Depending on the current required, the power source can vary by how much? a) From a 24 volt storage battery to a 300-amp welding unit b) From a 12 volt storage battery to a 300-amp welding unit c) From a 6 volt storage battery to a 300-amp welding unit d) From a 1.2 volt solar panel to a 300-amp welding unit ANS:

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Q24. During the current requirement test, how is maximum contact of the tank bottom with the cushion material ensured? a) The tank is filled to an adequate liquid level to ensure maximum bottom contact b) The tank is pressurized with an inert gas to ensure maximum bottom contact c) The tank is completely filled and subjected to a hydrostatic pressure d) The tank is emptied and concrete weights are installed and the tank filled to half design liquid level ANS: a Q25. The voltage necessary to drive the required amount of current depends largely on what two factors? a) The type of power source available and the resistivity of the soil b) The number and location of anodes and the resistivity of the soil c) The number and location of cathodes and the resistivity of the soil d) The number and location of the anodes and the resistivity of the special backfill ANS: b Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Q26. In an impressed current system, rectifiers with a moderated excess capacity should be selected to allow for adjustments during the life of the cathodic protection system and to prevent damage due to overloads. What is the typical excess capacity of such rectifiers? a) 40% to 50% b) 30% to 50% c) 20% to 50% d) 10% to 50% ANS: Q27. Electrical grounding of electrical equipment is an essential element in personnel safety. a) True b) False ANS: a

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Q28. Condition and type of coating (if any), minimum and maximum water level in tank, compatibility of stored liquid with anodes and cables, and internal inspection interval of tank which affects design life are all factors that: a) Influence the design of an external cathodic protection system b) Influence the design of a depressed current cathodic protection system c) Influence the design of an internal cathodic protection system d) Influence the design of the rectifier used in a cathodic protection system ANS: c

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Answers to API-651 Section 7, Design of Cathodic Protection Systems

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Section 8 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Criteria for Cathodic Protection

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Q1. API-651 provides criteria for determining the adequacy of cathodic protection of aboveground storage tanks. What document is referenced for a more detailed description? a) ASME Section V, Nondestructive Examination b) API-Standard 650, Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage c) API-Standard 653, Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and Reconstruction d) NACE RP-01-69 ANS: d Q2. In determining if adequate cathodic protection is being achieved, which of the following would be correct? a) A negative (cathodic) potential of at least 850 mV with cathodic current applied b) A positive (cathodic) potential of at least 850 mV with cathodic current applied c) A negative (cathodic) potential of at least 85.0 mV with cathodic current applied d) A positive (cathodic) potential of at least 85.0 mV with cathodic current applied ANS: a

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Q3. How must the required negative potential be measured? a) This potential shall be measured with respect to a saturated copper/copper sulfate reference electrode (CSE) contacting the metal tank bottom b) This potential shall be measured with respect to a saturated copper/copper sulfate reference electrode (CSE) contacting the electrolyte c) This potential shall be measured with respect to a saturated copper/copper sulfate reference electrode (CSE) contacting the metal casing of the rectifier d) This potential shall be measured with respect to a saturated copper/copper sulfate reference electrode (CSE) contacting the positive terminal of the power source ANS: b Q4. In determining if adequate cathodic protection is being achieved, which of the following would be correct? a) Negative polarized potential of at least 8.50 mV relative to a CSE b) Negative polarized potential of at least 85.0 mV relative to a CSE c) Negative polarized potential of at least 850 mV relative to a CSE d) Negative polarized potential of at least .850 mV relative to a CSE

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Q5. Name a common method of measuring polarized potential. a) Measuring the distance between the tank bottom and the anode b) Measuring the AC current relative to the DC current c) Using the “instant on” method d) Using the “instant off” method ANS: d

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Q6. In determining if adequate cathodic protection is being achieved, which of the following would be correct? a) A minimum of 1000 mV of cathodic polarization measured between the tank bottom metallic surface and a standard reference electrode contacting the electrolyte b) A minimum of 850 mV of cathodic polarization measured between the tank bottom metallic surface and a standard reference electrode contacting the electrolyte c) A minimum of 100 mV of cathodic polarization measured between the tank bottom metallic surface and a standard reference electrode contacting the electrolyte d) A minimum of -0.85 mV of cathodic polarization measured between the tank bottom metallic surface and a standard reference electrode contacting the electrolyte ANS: d

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8.2.2.2 A negative polarized potential of at least 850 mV relative to a CSE. (One common method of measuring polarized potential is by using the â&#x20AC;&#x153;instant offâ&#x20AC;? technique.) This criterion may be excessive and not practical for bare steel tank bottoms.

8.2.2.3 A minimum of 100 mV of cathodic polarization measured between the tank bottom metallic surface and a stable reference electrode contacting the electrolyte. The formation or decay of this polarization can be measured to satisfy this criterion.

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Q7. The standard method of determining the effectiveness of cathodic protection on a tank bottom is the __________ measurement a) Resistivity b) DC current c) Tank-to-soil (potential?) d) Interference current ANS: Q8. How is the tank-to-soil potential measurement performed? a) This measurement is performed using a low-impedance voltmeter and a stable, reproducible reference electrode contacting the electrolyte b) This measurement is performed using a high-impedance voltmeter and a stable, regenerative reference electrode contacting the electrolyte c) This measurement is performed using a high-impedance voltmeter and a stable, reproducible reference electrode contacting the electrolyte d) This measurement is performed using a high-impedance voltmeter and an unstable, non-reproducible reference electrode contacting the electrolyte ANS: c Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Q9. Tank-to-soil potential measurements are typically taken with current applied; however, corrections for ______ in the soil must be made. a) IW drop(s) b) IR drop(s) c) ER drop(s) d) IE drop(s) ANS: b Q10. Correction for IR drop in the soil is often necessary for measurements made at the tank perimeter even if the reference electrode is placed immediately adjacent to the tank. This is especially true if ______ is/are close to the tank. a) Distributed anodes b) The cathodic protection power supply rectifier c) The sacrificial anode d) The DC power supply (battery) ANS: a

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Q11. Monitoring the actual structure-to-soil potential under the tank should be considered. How can this be accomplished? a) Permanently installed reference electrode or by burying reference electrode every 20 feet around the perimeter of the tank b) Inserting a reference electrode under the tank through a perforated tube or attaching a reference electrode to the tank shell c) Permanently installed reference electrode or by inserting a reference electrode under the tank through a perforated tube d) Permanently installed bare copper wire connected to the tank bottom or by inserting a reference electrode under the tank through a perforated tube ANS: c Q12. Other standard reference electrodes may be substituted for the saturated copper/copper sulfate reference electrode. Which of the following is not a common substitute? a) Reference electrode Zinc, Voltage +0.25 b) Reference electrode Saturated KCI calomel Voltage -0.78 c) Reference electrode Silver/silver chloride Voltage -0.80 d) Reference electrode Aluminum alloy (5% zinc) Voltage +0.08 ANS: d

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Answers to API-651 Section 8, Criteria for Cathodic Protection

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Section 9 - Installation of Cathodic Protection Systems

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Q1. Installation of cathodic protection systems shall be in strict accordance with the drawings and specifications. Exceptions may be made only with the approval of which of the following? a) The API-653 Inspector or personnel qualified and trained by the Inspector b) The National Board Inspector or personnel qualified and trained by the Inspector c) The owner, operator, or personnel qualified by the owner or operator d) The manufacturer of the tank or the authorized representative of the tank manufacturer ANS: c Q2. Packaged galvanic anodes should be back-filled with ______. a) Compacted special backfill material such as coke breeze b) Compacted sand c) Compacted limestone or clam shell backfill material d) Compacted native soil ANS: a

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Packaged galvanic anodes

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Packaged galvanic anodes

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Packaged galvanic anodes

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Packaged galvanic anodes

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Packaged galvanic anodes

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Q3. How may galvanic anodes, used to protect the internal surfaces of tank bottoms, be installed? a) Bolted or welded to the tank bottom b) Laid on the tank bottom at specific intervals around the perimeter and in the center c) Held in place with a special adhesive or welded d) Held in place by epoxy coating that will adhere to the tank bottom ANS: b Q4. When installing galvanic anodes, care must be taken during the backfilling operation to a) Ensure the limestone or clamshell backfill is not disturbed b) Prevent damage to the lead wires and connections c) Ensure the proper impervious membrane has been installed under the anode d) Prevent damage to the AC/DC rectifier ANS: b

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Q5. Which if the following is a true statement with regards to installing galvanic anodes? a) It is customary to carry the anode to the site by the lead wire to ensure its tightness b) The lead wire should only be long enough to reach the tank bottom with no slack c) Anodes should not be carried or lowered into the excavation by the lead wires d) The anode should be stored in a container of water until it is placed in the excavation ANS: c

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Q6. In an impressed current cathodic protection system, care must be taken not to crack or damage the anode during handling and installation. Of the following, which would be a true statement? a) Anodes with very small cracks near the bottom of the anode may be used without repair b) Cracked anodes should be inspected to ensure the insulation on the lead wires is not damaged before installing the anode c) Anodes with cracks greater than 0.0625â&#x20AC;&#x153; (1.6mm) in width shall not be used d) Cracked anodes should not be used ANS: a

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Q7. How can the life of an impressed current anode be increased? a) By installing a timing device that activates the current at thirty-second intervals b) Properly installing the backfill material c) Use a substitute anode material d) Using AC current instead of DC current ANS: b Q8. Of the following, which is not a principal point that needs to be observed in the installation of impressed current anodes? a) The anode should be installed so that at least one side is in contact with the soil b) Buried connections must be protected against the entrance of moisture c) Anodes and cable should be installed at a sufficient depth to protect against accidental damage d) Care should be taken to protect the cable connection to the anode ANS: a

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Q9. For a typical vertical anode installation, the hole is excavated _8-12â&#x20AC;?___ inches in diameter by approximately _10-20â&#x20AC;&#x2122;_____ feet deep. a) Six to ten, five to ten b) Eight to twelve, ten to twenty c) Twelve to eighteen, twelve to twenty-four d) Eighteen to twenty-four, eighteen to thirty ANS: b Q10. When it is necessary to install an impressed current anode in the horizontal position, a layer of crushed coke breeze is laid in the trench and the anode is laid on top of the coke breeze. Compacted native soil is then filled in on top of the anode. a) True b) False ANS:

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9.3.2 Shallow Anode Bed Installation 9.3.2.1 Figure 12 shows an example of a shallow anode bed installation. For a typical vertical anode installation, the hole is excavated 8 in. to 12 in. (20 cm to 30 cm) in diameter by approximately 10 ft to 20 ft (304 cm to 366 cm) deep.

Power auger equipment is used where available if both the terrain and right of way will permit. The anode is centered in the opening and properly installed anode backfill is carefully tamped when necessary. Many anodes also come prepackaged in carbonaceous backfill.

9.3.2.2 Sometimes it is necessary to install an anode in a location where rock is encountered at a shallow depth, or where soil resistivity increases markedly with depth. Such sites can be coped with by a horizontal installation of anodes. A ditch is excavated to whatever depth is practical, and a horizontal column of coke breeze is laid therein, usually square in cross section. The anode is laid horizontally in the center of this column. Groundbed resistances tend to be higher for horizontally installed groundbeds. Additional anodes or increased rectifier voltage should be considered with horizontally installed groundbeds.

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Q11. For impressed current cathodic protection systems, when would installation of the anode in the horizontal position be acceptable or practical? a) Where rock is encountered at a shallow depth or where soil resistivity decreases markedly with depth b) Where sand is encountered at a shallow depth or where soil resistivity decreases markedly with depth c) Where rock is encountered at a shallow depth or where soil resistivity increases markedly with depth d) Where sand is encountered at a shallow depth or where soil resistivity increases markedly with depth ANS: c

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Q12. To improve current distribution to the center of the tank in an impressed current cathodic protection system, it may be desirable to do which of the following? a) Install fifty percent more anodes b) Extend the shallow groundbed an additional twenty-five percent greater diameter around the tank c) Use AC current instead of DC current d) Install anodes in holes drilled at an angle under the perimeter of the tank bottom ANS: d

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Q13. In situations where a deep groundbed installation is required, why is it important to consider the environmental aspects of this type of installation? a) The groundbed may be located in contaminated soil, which could allow contamination of the atmosphere b) The groundbed installation may fracture bedrock and permit the release of radon contamination c) The groundbed installation may be located through underground aquifers d) The groundbed installation may cause cracking of foundations of nearby structures during the drilling process ANS: c

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Q14. An impressed current cathodic protection system is installed; the installing contractor connected the positive connection of the rectifier to the tank. Is this a satisfactory installation? a) Yes it does not matter how the leads are connected b) No the positive lead should have been connected to anode so the tank bottom would be the anode c) Yes the connection is correct the tank bottom will act as the anode as intended d) No the connection is incorrect, the tank bottom will now act as the anode resulting in rapid corrosion of the tank bottom ANS: d

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Q15. What is the preferred means of connecting the negative rectifier lead wire to the structure to be protected? a) A powder weld connection (Cadweld, Thermite, or equivalent) b) Brazed c) Soldered d) Any arc welding process ANS: a Q16. All positive cable connections and wire splices should be waterproofed and covered with electrical insulating material. What should be done if mechanical connections are used? a) Mechanical connections should be buried to protect them from vandalism b) Mechanical connections should not be buried c) Mechanical connections should be buried to protect them from accidental damage d) Mechanical connections should not be used for rectifier installation ANS: d

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Mechanical connections should not be buried

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Mechanical connections should not be buried

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Mechanical connections should not be buried

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Q17. Underground splices of the positive lead wire to the groundbed should be ______. a) Braided and soldered b) Made up with mechanical splices c) Avoided d) Close to the surface for ease of maintenance ANS: c

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Q18. One of the problems with monitoring cathodic protection systems on the tank bottom is the inability to place a portable reference electrode in close proximity to the underside. How can this situation be remedied during new construction of a tank? a) Permanently installed reference electrodes and lead wires to the roof support structure where provided b) Installing polyvinyl chloride or fiber reinforced plastic pipe for use in profiling the tank-to-soil potential from the perimeter to the center c) Installing polyvinyl chloride or terracotta pipe for use in profiling the tank-to-soil potential from the perimeter to the center d) Installing perforated polyvinyl chloride or fiber reinforced plastic pipe for use in profiling the tank-to-soil potential from the perimeter to the center ANS: d

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Q19. For existing tanks, not scheduled for bottom repair or replacement, how can installation of permanent reference electrodes be accomplished? a) Air lance or mechanical procedures b) Water jetting or mechanical procedures c) Steam blast or mechanical procedures d) Controlled explosives or mechanical procedures ANS: b Q20. Why is it a good practice to install permanent test leads, grounding lugs, or short pieces of cable for measuring tank-to-soil potential? a) Repeated contact with the tank by a knife or ice pick will eventually puncture the tank b) Repeated contact with the tank by a knife or ice pick can cause short circuiting of the cathodic protection system c) Repeated contact with the tank by a knife or ice pick can cause early failure of the tank's paint system. d) Repeated contact with the tank by a knife or ice pick can cause stress risers due to cutting the tank surface ANS: c Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Answers to API-651 Section 9, Installation of Cathodic Protection Systems

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Section 10 Interference Currents

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Q1. What can be a problem caused by the installation of a new impressed current cathodic protection system? a) A new impressed cathodic protection system may cause an unacceptable drain on the electrical substation for the refinery b) A new impressed cathodic protection system may cause interference with neighboring structures c) A new impressed cathodic protection system may cause interference with certain radio signals d) A new impressed cathodic protection system may cause interference with operating controls of nearby process units ANS: b Q2. What is the most common source of "constant current" interference currents? a) Rectifiers energizing nearby cathodic protection systems b) Electromagnetic fields set up by the operation of very large motors close to the cathodic protection system c) Electromagnetic fields caused by transformers in nearby substations d) Electromagnetic fields caused by overhead high tension wire ANS: a Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Q3. With regard to "fluctuating current", which of the following is not a normal source for this type of stray current? a) Underground mining electrical systems b) Electric railways c) Rapid transit systems d) AC to DC rectifiers ANS: d Q4. During a corrosion control survey, the inspector noticed a positive shift of the structure-to-soil potential on the affected structure at a point where current may be discharged from the affected structure. What would this indicate? a) Interference from the cathodic protection system rectifier (own) b) Interference from a nearby lighting circuit c) Interference from a neighboring source d) Interference from a galvanic anode system ANS: a

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Q5. Interference currents have been detected. How could this problem be resolved? a) Design, proper bonding, and use of sacrificial anodes b) Design, relocation of the tank, use of sacrificial anodes c) Design, proper bonding, removal of cathodic protection system d) Design, proper bonding, different choice of coating on the structure ANS: a

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Stray Current

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Answers to API-651 Section 10, Interference Currents

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Section 11 - Operation and Maintenance of Cathodic Protection Systems

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Q1. Why is it important to conduct potential surveys when there is an adequate liquid level in a tank? a) Bottom-to-electrolyte potential readings may indicate adequate protection for the portion of the tank in contact with the soil but when the tank is full and all of the bottom is in contact, protection may not be sufficient b) Bottom-to-anode potential readings may indicate adequate protection for the portion of the tank in contact with the soil but when the tank is full and all of the bottom is in contact, protection may not be sufficient c) Bottom-to-cathode potential readings may indicate adequate protection for the portion of the tank in contact with the soil but when the tank is full and all of the bottom is in contact, protection may not be sufficient d) Bottom-to-electrolyte potential readings may indicate adequate protection for the portion of the tank in contact with the soil but when the tank is full and all of the bottom is in contact, protection may be far more than necessary ANS: a

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Q2. Measurements of the native structure-to-soil potential should be made ________. a) Immediately after any cathodic protection system is energized b) Within two days after any cathodic protection system is energized c) Within 6 months after any cathodic protection system is energized d) Prior to energizing a new cathodic protection system ANS: a Q3. After a system has been energized, it may take _____ for polarization to a steady state to take place. a) Two and a half years b) One year c) Several months d) Fifteen minutes ANS: c

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Q4. To ensure the effectiveness of cathodic protection, how often should cathodic protection surveys be taken? a) Every two years b) Annually c) Bi-annually d) Quarterly ANS: b Q5. How often should all sources of impressed current be checked? a) At intervals not exceeding two years b) At intervals not exceeding one year c) At intervals not exceeding two months d) At intervals not exceeding two weeks ANS: c

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Q6. Tank bottoms shall be examined for evidence of corrosion at least once each year by conducting an internal inspection and taking coupon cutouts. a) True b) False ANS: b Q7. Records to demonstrate the need for corrosion control measures should be retained for a) 5 years b) 10 years c) 15 years d) As long as the facility remains in service ANS: d

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Q8. Records related to the effectiveness of cathodic protection should be retained for a ______ period unless a shorter period is specifically permitted by regulation a) 5 years b) 10 years c) 15 years d) As long as the facility remains in service ANS: a

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Answers to API-651 Section 11, Operation and Maintenance of Cathodic Protection Systems

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API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 652 Linings of Aboveground Petroleum Storage Tank Bottoms Fourth Edition, September 2014

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Section 4 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Corrosion Mechanisms

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Q1. Several common mechanisms of internal storage tank bottom corrosion are listed in API-652. Which of the following is not a common corrosion mechanism? a) Galvanic cell corrosion b) Concentration cell corrosion c) Chloride stress corrosion d) Corrosion caused by sulfate-reducing bacteria ANS: c Q2. Product cleanup tanks, chemical storage tanks, and wastewater treatment tanks may be susceptible to which type of corrosion? a) Galvanic cell corrosion b) Chemical corrosion c) Erosion-corrosion d) Concentration cell corrosion ANS: d

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Q3. Concentration cell corrosion will most likely result in which of the following conditions? a) Pitting and possibly significant localized metal loss b) Pitting and possibly uniform metal loss over a large area c) Pitting and possibly the loss of external cathodic protection d) Pitting and possibly grooving of the outer perimeter of the tank bottom ANS: a Q4. Pitting caused by concentration cell corrosion of a bare steel tank bottom may be as high as a) 20 mils per year b) 40 mils per year c) 60 mils per year d) 80 mils per year (2.032mm) ANS: a

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Q5. What is another name for the thin layer of oxide found on the surface of hot-rolled carbon steel, typically used for the construction of petroleum storage tanks? a) Patina b) Iron oxide c) Mill scale d) Rust ANS: c Q6. With regard to galvanic cell corrosion, what adverse affect could the large differences in the microstructure of steel bottom plates caused by welding have? a) They can provide a built in area of localized cracking b) They can provide a built in stress concentration c) They can provide a built in break in the external cathodic protection d) They can provide a built in galvanic couple ANS: d

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Q7. Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) corrosion is universally recognized. The physical presence of bacterial deposits can promote aggressive _________ mechanism. a) Uniform metal loss over a wide area similar to erosion-corrosion b) Pitting by corrosion similar to concentration cell corrosion c) Pitting by corrosion similar to Chemical corrosion d) Pitting by corrosion similar to galvanic cell corrosion ANS: b Q8. SRB colonies derive energy from the reduction of sulfates to sulfide which _______. a) Promotes the appearance of a non-corrosive coating b) Promotes the natural corrosion inhibitors of the steel plates c) Is corrosive to steel d) Is non-corrosive to steel ANS: c

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Q9. Iron sulfide corrosion is _____ to the base steel and may promote pitting by a galvanic corrosion mechanism. a) An anode b) Ionic c) Cationic d) Cathodic ANS: d Q10. Erosion-corrosion may occur in wastewater treating or mixing tanks where ___ is present a) Sulfate-reducing bacteria and anaerobic condition b) Soil or small abrasive aggregate c) Sulfuric acid or ballast water d) An anode or cathode ANS: b

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Q11. Erosion-corrosion causes ______. a) Scattered pitting in a random pattern b) High localized metal loss in a random pattern c) Scattered pitting in a well defined pattern d) High localized metal loss in a well defined pattern ANS: d

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Answers to API-652 Section 4, Corrosion Mechanisms

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Section 5 - Determination of the Need for Tank Bottom Lining

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Q1. Aboveground storage tank bottoms are usually fabricated from ____ inch thick carbon steel plate. a) 1 b) 3/4 c) 1/2 d) 1/4 ANS: a Q2. Annular floor plates of storage tanks are frequently ____ to ___ inch thick. a) 1/4 to 1/2 b) 1/2 to 3/4 c) 3/4 to 1 d) 1 to 1-1/4 ANS: a

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Q3, The need for an internal tank bottom lining in an aboveground storage tank is generally based upon several considerations. Which of the following would not be a consideration in determining the need for tank bottom lining? a) Tank design b) Environmental considerations c) Method of external cathodic protection employed d) Federal, state, and local regulations ANS: c Q4. Internal tank bottom lining may be necessary if the minimum thickness is less than: a) 0.010 inch b) 0.100 inch c) 1.000 inch d) 0.1875 inch ANS: b

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Q5. Of the following what would not be considered important to consider when determining the need for tank bottom lining? a) Where is the corrosion b) What type of corrosion is occurring c) How high is the design fill level d) What is the corrosion rate ANS: c Q6. Flexing of the steel tank bottom may cause ______. a) An internal bottom lining to fail by cracking b) An internal bottom lining to fail by tearing c) An internal bottom lining to fail by blistering d) An internal bottom lining to fail by separating from the bottom plate ANS: a

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Q7. In old tanks, which of the following may complicate the problem of poor coverage? a) The diameter of the tank b) The thickness of the tank bottom c) Uneven settlement of the tank bottom d) Chemical contaminants ANS: c Q8. A properly applied internal bottom lining provides leak prevention by _______. a) Creating a cathodic protection barrier on the internal surface b) Enhancing the effectiveness of the external cathodic protection system c) Limiting internal corrosion of the steel tank bottom d) Limiting internal corrosion of the support columns and landing pads ANS: c

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Q9. In setting priorities for the application of linings to the bottom of aboveground storage tanks, which of the following does not need to be considered? a) The potential for groundwater contamination b) Type of external cathodic protection system c) Presence of secondary containment and leak detection systems d) Location of facility ANS: d Q10. A properly applied tank bottom lining may provide ___ years of service life in a particular product. a) 20 to 30 b) 10 to 20 c) 5 to 10 d) 1 to 5 ANS: b

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Q11. A lining that has provided adequate protection in one product may not provide the same level of protection for another product. a) True b) False ANS: a

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Answers to API-652 Section 5, Determination of the Need for Tank Bottom Lining

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Section 6 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Tank Bottom Lining Selection

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Q1. Thin film linings are typically what thickness? a) 20 mils or less b) 30 mils or less c) 40 mils or less d) 50 mils or less ANS: a Q2. Thick film linings are typically what thickness? a) Greater than 20 mils b) Greater than 30 mils c) Greater than 40 mils d) Greater than 50 mils ANS: a

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Q3. Why must all linings be resistant to water? a) Water must be present at the tank bottom to act as a shield between the stored product and the lining b) Water must be present at the tank bottom to prevent contamination of the soil should a leak occur. The water will be detect before any product leakage c) Water must be present at the tank bottom for electrochemical corrosion to occur d) Water must be present at the tank bottom for electromotive corrosion to occur ANS: c Q4. Which of the following type of lining would be used for a tank bottom containing water, distillates, crude, and gasoline at 195ยบF a) Thin-film Coal tar epoxy b) Thick film isophthalic polyester c) Thick film epoxy d) Thin film epoxy with an amine curative ANS: d Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Q5. What are two advantages of thin-film linings? a) Lower cost and can be used to cover very irregular surfaces b) Lower cost and ease of application c) Lower cost and surface preparation is not critical d) Requires no special training and lower cost ANS: b Q6. Which of the following type of lining would be used for a tank bottom containing water, crude oil, distillates, and gasoline at 150ยบF a) Thin film coal tar b) Thick film vinyl ester c) Thin film epoxy with a polyamide curative d) Thick film isophthalic polyester ANS: b

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Q7 Thick-film linings are commonly reinforced with which of the following? a) Sand and small diameter gravel b) Copper wire, stainless steel wire, and low alloy steel mesh fabric c) Chopped PVC piping, copped ABS piping, and Resin beads d) Glass flake, chopped glass fibers, and organic fibers ANS: d Q8. One advantage of thick-film lining is _________. a) It can provide a good surface to attach internal corrosion monitoring devices b) It can provide sufficient strength to bridge over large perforations in the tank bottom c) It can provide sufficient strength to bridge over small perforation in the tank bottom d) It can provide sufficient strength to prevent leakage should the tank bottom completely corrode away ANS: c

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Q9. Special consideration must be given to what area of the tank bottom with regard to thick-film lining? a) The center because this is the area that will be subjected to the most stress b) The critical zone c) Any butt weld joints in the tank bottom d) The coving at the transition from the tank bottom to the shell ANS: d Q10. What are two disadvantages of thick-film linings? a) They are more expensive than thin-film linings and require more time to apply b) They are available in only one color and require more time to apply c) They are more expensive and require a curative d) They are more expensive and require high temperature airflow for curing ANS: d

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Q11. Storage tank bottom linings generally cover the entire tank bottom and extend ________ up the shell of the tank. a) 12 to 18 inches b) 18 to 24 inches c) 24 to 30 inches d) 30 to 36 inches ANS: a Q12. For thin-film lining systems, application of ______ coats is often required to achieve the desired film thickness a) 7 to 8 b) 5 to 6 c) 1 to 4 d) 2 to 3 ANS: d

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Q13. For thick-film lining systems, ______ coats may be required to obtain the thickness of the desired lining. a) 5 to 8 b) 2 to 3 c) 1 to 4 d) 3 to 7 ANS: b Q14. When only internal corrosion is taking place, regardless of the age of the tank, ______ thick linings may be used. a) 80 to 120 mil b) 55 to 80 mil c) 35 to 55 mil (0.9~1.3mm) d) 10 to 35 mil ANS: d

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Q15. What type and thickness of lining can be used for older tank bottoms that have corroded both internally and externally? a) Glass reinforced - 80 to 120 mil (2-3mm) b) Glass reinforced - 55 to 80 mil c) Glass reinforced - 35 to 55 mil d) Glass reinforced - 10 to 35 mil ANS: b Q16. Besides the corrosion history and the potential for corrosion, what two exceptional circumstances must be taken into account during the selection o a tank bottom lining? a) Specific gravity of the product and elevated temperature b) Product purity and fill/empty cycles c) Elevated temperatures and product purity d) Elevated temperatures and product viscosity ANS: c

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Answers to API-652 Section 6, Tank Bottom Lining Selection

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Section 7 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Surface Preparation

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Q1. What is meant by "anchor pattern" as it pertains to surface preparation for tank bottom lining? a) The grid pattern of mechanical fixtures that hold the lining in place b) The grid pattern of adhesive use to hold the lining to the tank bottom c) The surface profile or roughness d) The grid pattern of the bottom plate to plate welds ANS: c Q2. Abrasive blast cleaning to a ______ finish is often specified as the minimum degree of surface cleanliness. a) White metal b) Near white metal c) Smooth metal d) Rough ANS: b

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Q3. To facilitate inspection and to ensure good adhesion of the lining, surface preparation should extend _______ beyond the area to be lined. a) Several inches b) Several feet c) Not less than 6 inches d) Not less than 12 inches ANS: a Q4. What is the preferred technique for the repair of perforations of the tank bottom? a) Thread the perforation and install a suitable pipe plug b) Install an entirely new tank bottom over the old bottom c) Fill the perforation with amber acrylic d) Welding of steel patches ANS: d

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Q5. Abrasive blasting should not be performed if the temperature of the steel surface is less than _____ above the dew point or if the humidity is greater than ______ percent. a) 10ยบF - 80 b) 5ยบF - 80 (2.7ยบC) c) 15ยบF - 80 d) 25ยบF - 80 ANS: b Q6. The anchor pattern typically required for linings is ____ and generally increases with the thickness of the lining. a) 3.5 to 6 mils b) 2.5 to 5 mils c) 1.5 to 4 mils d) 0.5 to 3 mils ANS: c

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Q7. What is the problem with having small mounts of contaminants such as dirt, clay, water-soluble salts, or oil in the abrasive used for storage tank bottom cleaning? a) This contamination in small amounts will not affect the quality and service life of the lining b) This contamination in small amounts will cause ripples in the lining surface c) This contamination in small amounts will cause the abrasive material to stick together and clog the cleaning equipment d) This contamination in small amounts will reduce the useful life of the lining ANS: d

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Answers to API-652 Section 7, Surface Preparation

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Section 8 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Lining Application

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Q1. For thick-film linings, the manufacturer may specify that the prime coat be applied at a film thickness less than that of the anchor pattern. Why is it important to follow these requirements? a) Failure to follow these requirements could result in the nullification of the lining warranty b) Failure to follow these requirements could result in the lining cracking at the first filling of the tank c) Failure to follow these requirements could result in disbonding or delamination of the lining d) Failure to follow these requirements could result in pitting of the lining surface ANS: c

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Q2. What should be done if there are differences between the owner's specifications and the lining manufacturer's recommendations? a) These differences should be resolved prior to beginning the job b) These differences should be resolved at each step to see which is more advantageous c) Disregard the manufacturer's recommendations d) Disregard the owner's specifications ANS: a

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Q3. As a general rule, the temperature of the steel surface should be ____ and the humidity should be _______ during the application and curing of the lining. a) 25ยบF above the dew point - below 80% b) 5ยบF above the dew point - below 80% c) 5ยบF below the dew point - above 80% d) 5ยบF above the dew point - above 80% ANS: b Q4. What is a common cause of failure of thick-film lining systems? a) Abrasive blasting to a white metal finish b) Abrasive blasting to a near white metal finish c) Primer coating at a thickness less than the anchor pattern d) Excess primer thickness ANS: d

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Q5. What two factors are the major causes of premature lining failure? a) Forced curing and improper application b) Improper application and inadequate curing c) Abrasive blasting to white metal finish and inadequate curing d) Abrasive blasting to white metal finish and improper application ANS: b

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Answers to API-652 Section 8, Lining Application

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Section 9 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Inspection

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Q1. To ensure the lining meets the specification, it should be inspected during ___ and ___. a) Application and at the next scheduled internal inspection; not to exceed 20 years b) Application and at the next scheduled internal inspection; not to exceed 10 years c) Application and at the next scheduled internal inspection; not to exceed 5 years d) Application and upon completion of the work ANS: d Q2. All lining inspectors should demonstrate a thorough knowledge of lining and coating practices or be _____ certified. a) National Board b) API-510 c) NACE d) API-653 ANS: c

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Q3. How is holiday testing of thick film linings accomplished? a) Holiday testing of thick film linings shall be carried out with a lowvoltage detector in accordance with NACE RP-01-88 b) Holiday testing of thick film linings shall be carried out with a highvoltage detector in accordance with NACE RP-01-88 c) Holiday testing of thick film linings shall be carried out with a lowwattage detector in accordance with NACE RP-01-88 d) Holiday testing of thick film linings shall be carried out with an infrared detector in accordance with NACE RP-01-88 ANS: b

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Answers to API-652 Section 9, Inspection

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Section 10 - Repair of Tank Bottom Linings

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Q1. A service life of ______ years should be expected from a properly selected and applied lining system. a) 10 to 20 b) 15 to 30 c) 20 to 30 d) 25 to 30 ANS: a Q2. When should repairs to the tank be accomplished when it is necessary to make repairs to the lining? a) All repairs to the tank should be completed immediately after lining repairs to permit proper curing b) All repairs to the tank should be completed only after the lining repair has had time to cure c) All repairs to the tank should be completed prior to any repair of the lining d) All repairs to the tank should be started before the repair of the lining and finished as soon as the work on the lining is complete.

ANS: c Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Q3. Before deciding how to repair a lining, the cause and extent must be established. In addition, what three possible failure modes must be considered as possible causes of lining failure? a) Environmental, mechanical, cathodic protection b) Mechanical, improper installation, environmental c) Improper installation, wrong inspection technique, environmental d) Mechanical, environmental, placement of galvanic anodes ANS: Q4. Of the following, which is not one of the three basic types of lining repair? a) Top-coating of an existing lining b) Complete relining c) Spot repairs d) Installing metallic plugs in lining breaks ANS: d

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Q5. Who should be consulted to access the compatibility of new coats with existing lining in the top-coating repair method? a) The API-653 Inspector b) The owner or operator c) The lining manufacturer d) NACE RP-01-84 ANS: c

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Answers to API-652 Section 10, Repair of Tank Bottom Linings

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Section 11 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Safety

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Q1. In addition to proper safe work procedures and training of employees, what else is required prior to the application of internal tank linings? a) Provision of the necessary supervision and/or inspection before and after the job is done b) Provision of the necessary supervision and/or inspection prior to the start of the lining application c) Provision of the necessary supervision and/or inspection throughout the progress of the job d) Provision of the necessary supervision and/or inspection provided by the employee with the most experience ANS: c Q2. All necessary precautions to protect _____ shall be taken prior to entry of and while working in a storage tank. a) The thick film tank bottom lining b) Personnel c) Any cathodic protection system d) The environment ANS: b Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Q3. Working in a petroleum storage tank presents certain hazards. Which of the following would not be a hazard associated with this activity? a) Drowning b) Respiratory c) Fire d) Explosion ANS: a Q4. In order to properly protect themselves, employees should consult ______. a) Their immediate supervisor b) The owner/operator's specifications c) Previous inspection reports d) Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) ANS: d

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General note to participants: The purpose of an MSDS is to tell the worker: a) A material's physical properties which make is hazardous to handle b) The type of personal protective equipment needed c) The first aid treatment is exposed to a hazard d) The planning needed for safely handling normal operation, as well as emergencies such as spills and fires e) The appropriate response to accidents The applicable MSDS should be consulted prior to conducting any work

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Answers to API-652 Section 11, Safety

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API PUBLICATION 2207 Preparing Tank Bottoms for Hot Work - 1998

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API PUBLICATION 2207

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API PUBLICATION 2207

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Preparing Tank Bottoms for Hot Work API PUBLICATION 2207 Fifth Edition, September 1998

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Section 1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; General

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Q1. An operation that can produce a spark or flame hot enough to ignite flammable vapors is the definition, used by API 2207, for _____. a) Flame work b) Hot work c) Flash work d) Burning work ANS: b Q2. Tanks that have contained flammable or combustible liquids must be inspected and proven safe for hot work. These inspections include gas testing to determine an oxygen content of between ____ and _____ is present. a) 19.5 and 22.5 ppm b) 19.5 and 22.5 ppb c) 19.5 and 22.5 percent d) 19.5 and 22.5 ml per cubic foot ANS: c

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Section 3 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Precautions

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Q1. During the entry and hot work activity, a/an ______ should be in operation. a) Electrical light stationed at the tank entrance b) Electrical air mover c) Cathodic protection system d) Gasoline powered air mover ANS: b Q2. Tank surfaces that have been in contact with leaded gasoline should be: a) Scraped down to bare metal b) Thoroughly flushed with potable water c) Steam cleaned d) Air lanced and cleaned with a solvent ANS: a

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Q3. As an alternative to scraping down to bare metal, welders should: a) Preheat the area to be welded to a minimum of 200째F b) Wear chemical and gasoline resistant shoes and gloves c) Take frequent breaks by leaving the area at least every 15 minutes d) Use supplied-air respiratory equipment ANS: d Q4. Grounding leads from welding machines should be attached to: a) The rectifier for the tank where hot work is being performed b) A bared surface on a tank in close proximity to the one in which hot work is being performed c) A bared surface on the tank shell on which hot work is to be performed d) A grounding rod driven deep in the ground out side the diked area of the tank in which hot work is being performed ANS: c

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Q5. Compressed gas cylinders used for cutting operations should be kept: a) Inside the tank to prevent tampering b) Outside the tank next to the opening c) Outside the tank at a safe distance from open manholes d) Inside the tank as long as there is at least 20 feet separating the cylinder from the hot work area ANS: c

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Section 4 – Inspection Procedures / Section 5 – Safe Work Procedures

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Q1. In preparation for performing hot work on a tank bottom, the repair organization places small openings in the tank bottom. Why would these openings be cut into the tank bottom? a) These openings facilitate inspection and complete draining of the tank b) These openings facilitate inspection and freeing the interior from gas c) These openings facilitate installation of jigs for alignment d) These openings facilitate inspection and testing the soil under the tank ANS: b

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Q1. Minor welded repairs, if the tank bottom is not in good shape, may be made using which of the following procedures? a) Drill and tap a hole for ½” pipe, connect a supply of inert gas to the tap, establish a flow of inert gas before starting the hot work, ensure oxygen content of atmosphere of 19.5 to 22.5 percent, plug the hole and back weld. b) Drill and tap a hole for 1/4” pipe, connect a supply of inert gas to the tap, establish a flow of inert gas before starting the hot work, ensure oxygen content of atmosphere of 19.5 to 22.5 percent, plug the hole and back weld. c) Drill and tap a hole for ½” pipe, connect a supply of inert gas to the tap, establish a flow of inert gas immediately after starting the hot work, ensure oxygen content of atmosphere of 19.5 to 22.5 percent, plug the hole and back weld. d) Drill and tap a hole for ½” pipe, connect a supply of inert gas to the tap, establish a flow of inert gas before starting the hot work, ensure oxygen content of atmosphere of 16.5 to 29.5 percent, plug the hole and back weld.

ANS: a Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Q2. Major repairs involving most of the tank bottom can be accomplished by constructing a dike around the tankâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s outer shell and flooding beneath the tank bottom with: a) Solution of soap and water b) Solution of soda ash and water c) Light diesel oil d) Water ANS: d Q3. When it is necessary to perform welded repairs around the perimeter of a tank, excavation for a minimum of ____ beyond the point of any hot work area should be made. a) Twelve feet b) Twelve inches c) Six feet d) Six inches ANS: b

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Q4. When a tank double bottom is constructed, how much sand or other sealing material should be placed over the existing floor. a) Approximately 12 inches b) Approximately 8 inches c) Approximately 6 inches d) Approximately 4 inches ANS:

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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

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API RP 575 Inspection Practices for Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage Tanks Third Edition, April 2014

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Section 3 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Selected Nondestructive Examination Methods

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Q1. In ultrasonic thickness measurements, dual-element transducers have the ability to operate from thin sections of ____ inch a) 0.500 – 1.000 b) 0.050 – 0.100 c) 0.050 – 1.000 (1.27mm-25.4mm) d) 0.005 – 1.000 ANS: Q2. In performing ultrasonic thickness measurements _____ transducers are recommended for measurements on penetrations and floors and _____ transducers are recommended on shells where coating thickness may not be uniform. a) Dual-element, Single crystal contact b) Single crystal contact, Dual-element c) High-temperature, Low-temperature d) Low-temperature, High-temperature ANS: a

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Q3. What is the minimum overlap for ultrasonic thickness readings according to the ASME? a) 10 percent based on the thickness of the part being examined b) 10 percent based on the diameter of the transducer c) 10 percent based on the thickness of the calibration block d) 10 percent based on the diameter of the transducer cable ANS: b Q4. What ultrasonic method can be used to assist in the discrimination between inclusions in the metal and laminations? a) A scan b) B scan c) Straight beam d) Shear wave ANS: a

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Q5. The primary advantage of magnetic floor testing using a floor scanner is the ability to detect topside pitting and underside corrosion. Additional inspection is required to quantify flaws detected above certain thresholds.

Generally, what method of examination is used for this purpose? a) Liquid penetrant b) Eddy current c) Ultrasonic d) Radiography ANS: c

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Answers to API-RP-575 Section 3, Selected Nondestructive Examination Methods

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Section 4 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Types of Storage Tanks

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Q1. API-575 states that atmospheric storage tanks are used for fluids having a true vapor pressure at the storage temperature that is _____. a) equal to or greater than atmospheric pressure b) at least 2.5 psi above atmospheric c) at least 2.5 pounds per square foot above atmospheric d) substantially below atmospheric ANS: a Q2. What type of tank does API-575 consider the simplest type of atmospheric storage tank? a) Cone-roof b) Dome-roof c) Umbrella-roof d) Pan-type floating roof ANS: a

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3.3 atmospheric pressure When referring to (vertical) tanks, the term “atmospheric pressure” usually means tanks designed to API 650, although API 620 uses the term atmospheric pressure to describe tanks designed to withstand an internal pressure not exceeding the weight of the roof plates. API 650 also provides for rules to design tanks for “higher internal pressure” up to 2.5 lbf/in.2 (18 kPa). API 653 uses the generic meaning for atmospheric pressure to describe tanks designed to withstand an internal pressure up to, but not exceeding 2.5 lbf/in.2 (18 kPa) gauge.

4 Types of Storage Tanks 4.1 General Storage tanks are used to store fluids such as crude oil, intermediate and refined products, gas, chemicals, waste products, water, and water/product mixtures. Important factors such as the volatility of the stored fluid and the desired storage pressure and temperature result in tanks being built of various types, sizes, and materials of construction. In this document, only atmospheric and low-pressure storage tanks are considered. Guidelines for inspection of pressure vessels operating at pressures greater than 15 lbf/in2 (103 kPa) gauge are covered in API 572.

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Q3. The floating roof atmospheric storage tank is designed to do which of the following? a) Allow the tank to filled completely to the top rim and provide selfventing b) Prevent personnel for falling into the tank and keep birds out of the storage area c) Eliminate or minimize the vapor space above the stored liquid d) Create or maximize the vapor space above the stored liquid ANS: c Q4. The pan-type floating roof is the simplest type of floating roof design.

Which of the following is the most correct? a) This design is susceptible to collapse b) This design is susceptible to sinking c) This design is more susceptible to corrosion d) This design is not suited for hydrocarbon storage tanks ANS: b

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Q5. Storage tanks that are designed to operate at pressures, in their gas or vapor spaces, exceeding 2.5 psi but not more than 15 psi are described as which of the following? a) Atmospheric storage tanks b) High-pressure storage tanks c) Intermediate pressure storage tanks d) Low-pressure storage tanks ANS: d

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Answers to API-RP-575 Section 4, Types of Storage Tanks

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Section 5 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Reasons for Inspection and Causes of Deterioration

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Q1. In general, why are storage tanks inspected? a) To determine their physical condition and cycles of use b) To determine their physical condition and rate of deterioration c) To determine their physical dimensions and rate of deterioration d) To determine their physical condition and type of design ANS: b Q2. What is the prime cause of deterioration of steel storage tanks and accessories? a) Erosion b) Upset c) Settlement d) Corrosion ANS: d

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Q3. A sand pad beneath a tank bottom is found to be contaminated with gravel and crushed stones. What type of problem could this contamination cause? a) Pitting corrosion at points of contact b) Punctures of the tank bottom at points of contact c) Air spaces which provide even corrosion d) Cracking at the point of contact ANS: a Q4. If soil movement raises the grade level to cover the lower portion of the shell, what would you as the inspector look for? a) Severe external corrosion of the shell beneath the soil level b) Severe external corrosion of the shell just above the soil line c) Severe internal corrosion of the shell beneath the soil level d) Severe internal corrosion of the shell just above the soil line ANS: a

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Q5. Atmospheric corrosion can occur on all external parts of a tank. During your inspection, you notice considerable damage to the protective coating and accelerated corrosion rates. What would you suspect the cause to be? a) Hydrogen and oxygen rich atmosphere b) Nitrogen and oxygen rich atmosphere c) Sulfurous or acidic atmosphere d) Carbon dioxide and nitrogen rich atmosphere ANS: c Q6. Internal corrosion in the vapor space above the liquid of crude oil and petroleum product tanks is commonly caused by _________. a) Hydrogen sulfide vapor, water vapor, caustic vapors or any combination of the three b) Hydrogen sulfide vapor, nitrogen vapors, oxygen or any combination of the three c) Hydrogen sulfide vapor, water vapor, oxygen or any combination of the three d) Hydrogen sulfide vapor, water vapor, nitrogen or any combination of the three ANS: c Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Q7. Of the following, which is not a point where cracks are most likely to occur? a) Around nozzle connections b) Around rivet holes c) Bottom-to-shell connections d) In the roof rafters ANS: d Q8. Why is inspection for cracking of the lower-shell-to-sketch-plate weld critical? a) This area is more susceptible to cracking because it is subjected to internal and external atmosphere b) This area is critical because in relatively large or hot tanks, it has more potential for cracking c) This area is critical because in relatively large or hot tanks, it has more potential for corrosion d) This area is critical because in relatively small or cold tanks, it has more potential for cracking ANS: b Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Q9. Why is it important to check roof drains? a) Plugged drains can cause enough rainwater to accumulate on the roof to prevent the tank from being pumped full b) Plugged drains can cause enough rainwater to accumulate on the roof to increase the vapor pressure enough to cause the tank to rupture c) Plugged drains can cause enough rainwater to accumulate on the roof to force product out of the vents creating an environmental hazard d) Plugged drains can cause enough rainwater to accumulate on the roof to sink a pan-type or pontoon-type floating roof ANS: d

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Answers to API-RP-575 Section 5, Reasons for Inspection and Causes of Deterioration

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Section 7 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Methods of Inspection and Inspection Scheduling

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Q1. Some of the first items to inspect when conducting an internal inspection of a storage tank should be which of the following? a) The tank bottom and the annular ring plate if one is installed b) The water draw-off pipe and product drain c) The base of all roof support structures d) Overhead parts and all supports ANS: d Q2. Where should the recommended inspection of overhead parts and supports be conducted from? a) A bosunâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s chair suspended through the roof vent after the tank has been gas freed b) The entry point or other observations points before entering the tank c) From the very center of the tank bottom with a powerful sealed beam portable light d) From ladders or scaffolding ANS: b

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Q3. The inspector should thoroughly review __________ prior to conducting internal or external inspections. a) The repair plan and/or re-commissioning plan b) The operating history of the tank and list of products that have been in the tank c) The inspection and maintenance records d) The tank entry permit and qualification of the entry attendant ANS: c Q4. When any work is being done on the outside or close to the tank, especially on the roof, during inspection ________ should be kept informed. a) The owner/operator b) The qualified person c) Personnel working inside the tank a) Personnel working under the tank ANS: c

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Q5. When should the majority of external inspection activity be conducted? a) As soon as the tank is taken out of service and is drained b) Six months before the tank is removed from service for the internal inspection c) While the tank is being drained d) While the tank is in service ANS: d Q6. During the external in-service inspection, ladder and stair treads should be checked. What condition(s) would you be looking for? a) Missing rungs and wear b) Corrosion or broken parts c) Corrosion and missing rungs d) Tread-to-tread distance and handrail height ANS: b

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Q7. Inspection of pipe connections to the tank should include bolting at flanged joints. Piping that enters the ground should be inspected at the soilto-air interface by excavating ___ to ___ inches to permit visual and ultrasonic thickness examination. a) 18 to 24 b) 12 to 18 c) 6 to 12 d) 4 to 8 ANS: b Q8. If during your inspection, you find distortion around a nozzle connection, what additional action would you recommend? a) All seams and the shell in this area should be examined b) All horizontal welds around the tank in the course that contains the nozzle should be examined c) All vertical welds within 36 inches of the nozzle should be examined d) An area measuring two nozzle diameters square should be examined around the nozzle ANS: a Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Q9. Grounding connections should be visually checked for corrosion at the point where they enter the earth. What is the approximate total resistance from the tank to earth? a) Should not exceed 100 ohms b) Should not exceed 75 ohms c) Should not exceed 50 ohms d) Should not exceed 25 ohms ANS: d Q10. Where would you expect to find paint blisters? a) On the roof and on the side of the tank on the north side b) On the roof and on the side of the tank subjected to mist over-spray from cooling towers c) On the roof and on the side of the tank adjacent to another tank d) On the roof and on the side of the tank receiving the most sunlight ANS: d

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Q11. Why is it recommended that inspectors not walk on insulated roof? a) The inspector may damage the insulation b) The insulation may contain hazardous substances c) The roof plates may not be strong enough to support the inspectorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s weight d) The inspector may cause indentations in the insulation where water can collect ANS: c Q12. The inspector finds corrosion during the shell inspection and requires ultrasonic thickness measurements to be taken. How many measurements would normally be taken? a) At least one thickness measurement on each shell ring b) At least two thickness measurements on each shell ring c) At least three thickness measurements on each shell ring d) At least one thickness measurement in the immediate area of the corrosion ANS: d

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Q13. In obtaining shell thickness measurements, special attention should be given to the upper __ inches of un-coated shells of floating-roof tanks. a) Twelve b) Twenty-four c) Eighteen d) Thirty-six ANS: Q14. Where would you expect to find caustic stress corrosion cracking (caustic embrittlement) during an inspection of a storage tank used to store amine? a) At the liquid to vapor interface b) At the roof supports on the tank bottom c) Around connections for internal heating coils or units d) At the shell-to-bottom connection ANS: c

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Q15. What should be done if an indication of leakage through a crack is discovered on an in-service tank? a) A soft patch should be applied over the crack and the area observed for 24 hours b) It may be possible to caulk the crack to stop the leakage c) The tank shall immediately be removed from service, drained, opened, and repaired d) The tank should be removed from service as soon as possible and a complete inspection with subsequent repairs made ANS: d Q16. Welded tanks that have significant distortions may cause the weld seams to be over-stressed. In addition to the bottom-to-shell joint, what other welds are susceptible to cracking? a) Horizontal shell seams b) Vertical shell seams c) Wind girder attachment welds d) Reinforcement pad peripheral welds ANS: b Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Q17. When a tank is of welded construction and has significant distortion, weld seams may crack. When cracking is suspected, what is the preferred method of nondestructive examination? a) Radiography b) Ultrasonic c) Liquid Penetrant d) Magnetic Particle ANS: b Q18. When conducting a tank roof inspection on a floating roof, in addition to the recommendation that the inspector walk on weld seams, what other precaution should be taken? a) The tank should be empty and the roof siting on the lower support stops b) The roof should be in the high-gauge position if volatile liquid is in the tank c) Inert gas should be applied under the roof if volatile liquid is in the tank d) The roof vent(s) should be plugged to prevent vapor escape while the inspector is on the roof ANS: Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

When conducting a tank roof inspection on a floating roof, The roof should be in the high-gauge position if volatile liquid is in the tank

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

When conducting a tank roof inspection on a floating roof, The roof should be in the high-gauge position if volatile liquid is in the tank

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Q19. External corrosion on roof surfaces will usually be most severe at depressions where water can remain until it evaporates. a) True b) False ANS: a Q20. Which of the following is the correct procedure for pressure testing roof drain lines and joints? a) First test at about 1.5 times design pressure for approximately ½ hour then reduce pressure to ½ design pressure and hold for another ½ hour b) First test at about 15 psi for approximately ½ hour then reduce pressure to 5 psi and hold for another ½ hour c) First test at about 30 psi for approximately ½ hour then reduce pressure to 5 psi and hold for another ½ hour d) First test at about 3.0 times design pressure for approximately ½ hour then reduce pressure to ½ design pressure and hold for another ½ hour ANS: c

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Q21. In conducting a preliminary internal visual inspection, what is the recommended sequence of the inspection? a) The bottom, shell, internal supports, and roof in that order b) The shell, bottom, internal supports, and roof in that order c) The internal supports, roof, shell, and bottom in that order d) The roof, internal supports, shell, and bottom in that order ANS: c Q22. An inspector should be aware of the possibility of accumulation of dry pyrophoric deposits that could ignite during the inspection. What should be done with these deposits if they can not be removed prior to the inspection? a) These deposits should be kept moist b) These deposits should be kept dry c) These deposits should be covered with foam d) These deposits should be left alone and the inspector should stay at least 12 feet from them ANS: a

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Q23. Where would you expect to find significant internal corrosion in a tank in sour refinery fluid service? a) On the surfaces of the bottom plates b) In vapor space above the stored liquid c) Adjacent to the product drain nozzle d) Adjacent to the manway entrance nozzle ANS: b Q24. Caustic stress corrosion cracking (caustic embritlement) is prevalent when the temperature rises above ____째F. a) 100 b) 125 c) 150 (65째C) d) 175 ANS: d

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Q25. When the statistical methods are used to assess the probable condition of a tank bottom, what is the typical amount of the floor that should be randomly scanned? a) 30 to 50 percent b) 20 to 30 percent c) 10 to 20 percent d) 5 to 10 percent ANS: Q26. Tanks with a bottom angle between the shell and the bottom should be checked for cracks in the shell adjacent to any welded butt joints in this angle.

What method of examination should be used? a) Ultrasonic or radiography b) Liquid penetrant or magnetic particle c) Eddy current or acoustic emission d) Light diesel oil or vacuum box ANS: b

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statistical methods are used to assess the probable condition of a tank bottom, what is the typical amount of the floor that should be randomly scanned? d) 5 to 10 percent

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Q27. To test for leaks through shell plates, sometimes a penetrating oil can be sprayed or brushed on one side and the other side observed for leakage.

What period of time might be required to conduct this type of test? a) 48 hours b) 36 hours c) 24 hours d) 72 hours ANS: c

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Q28. API-575 discusses several methods of inspecting the bottoms of tanks that are resting on pads or on the soil. The methods require a temporary clay dam to be placed around the outside of the tank bottom. Which of the following is not one of the methods discussed? a) Cover the inside surface with a soap solution and inject air at not more than 3 inches of water pressure under the tank b) Inject a solution of light diesel oil under the tank at a pressure not more that 3 psi and observe the tank bottom from the inside for wicking of the oil c) Pump about 6 inches of water into the tank and then place air at not more than 9 inches of water pressure under the tank d) Pump water under the tank to depth of about 6 inches above the level of the highest point of the tank bottom and holding the water with the clay dam ANS: d

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Cover the inside surface with a soap solution and inject air at not more than 3 inches of water pressure under the tank

inject air at not more than 3 inches of water pressure

soap solution

air

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

air

air

air

air

Pump about 6 inches of water into the tank and then place air at not more than 9 inches of water pressure under the tank

inject air at not more than 9 inches of water pressure

water

air

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

air

air

6 inches

air

air

Pump water under the tank to depth of about 6 inches above the level of the highest point of the tank bottom and holding the water with the clay dam

water

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

6 inches

Q29. Atmospheric tanks that are designed for not more than 0.5 psig over the static pressure of the liquid contained in the tank are normally tested: a) By filling the tank with the liquid to be stored b) By filling the tank with an inert gas c) By filling the tank with water d) By filling the tank with a soap solution ANS: c Q30. What should be the deciding factor(s) in determining the need for tank repair or renewal? a) Structural integrity and leak avoidance b) Economics c) Age of the tank d) Product stored in the tank ANS: a

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Answers to API-RP-575 Section 7, Reasons for Inspection and Causes of Deterioration

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

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Good Luck!

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