Api 1169 part 49 cfr 195 transportation of hazardous liquids by pipeline

Recommended practice for basic inspection requirements - New pipeline construction 49 CFR-195 The Code of Federal Regulations Transportation of Hazardous Liquids by Pipeline Subpart D, E. 2014-October My Self Study Exam Preparatory Notes

49 Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

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Experts at Works Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Experts at Works Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Road & Highway Crossing Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

http://www.proyectocastor.com/?page_id=1023

Make it easy to read for foreign candidates like myself for API ICP exam:

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Fion Zhang 2014/October

http://meilishouxihu.blog.163.com/

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THE REFERENCES BELOW WILL BE AVAILABLE TO APPLICANTS ON THE COMPUTER SCREEN DURING THE EXAM: Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) • 29 CFR 1910, Occupational Safety and Health Standards, Subparts H Article 119, Subpart I (Excluding Subpart I Appendices) and Subpart J Articles 145-147 (Excluding Appendices)

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• 29 CFR 1926, Safety and Health Regulations for Construction: Subpart C Articles 20-29 and 32-35, Subpart D Article 62 (Excluding Appendices), Subpart F Article 152, Subpart H Articles 250-251, Subpart J Article 351-354, Subpart L Article 451, Subpart M Article 500-501, Subpart O 600, Subpart P, Subpart U Article 900-902 and 914 and Subpart CC Article 1417.

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• 40 CFR 112, Oil Pollution Prevention, Subpart A • 40 CFR 122, EPA Administered Permit

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• 40 CFR 112, Oil Pollution Prevention, Subpart A • 40 CFR 122, EPA Administered Permit Programs: The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System: Subpart A • 49 CFR 192, Transportation of Natural and Other Gas by Pipeline: Minimum Federal Safety Standards: Subparts G Subparts J Subparts N  49 CFR 195, Transportation of Hazardous Liquids by Pipeline: Subpart D Subpart E

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Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System General Permit for Discharges from Construction Activities 2012

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49 CFR - Transportation

http://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/49 http://www.49cfr.info/index.html

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Priority in the text    

(a), (b).....

(1), (2)….. (i), (ii)…..

(A), (B)…..

At works Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

49 CFR 192 Subpart D, E. Transportation of Hazardous Liquids by Pipeline THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS ONLY THE SECTIONS NEEDED FOR THE API 1169 ICP EXAMS Formatted for My Self Study Exam Preparatory Notes

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Subpart D—Construction §195.200 Scope.

This subpart prescribes minimum requirements for constructing new pipeline systems with steel pipe, and for relocating, replacing, or otherwise changing existing pipeline systems that are constructed with steel pipe. However, this subpart does not apply to the movement of pipe covered by §195.424. §195.202 Compliance with specifications or standards.

Each pipeline system must be constructed in accordance with comprehensive written specifications or standards that are consistent with the requirements of this part.

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ยง195.204 Inspection - general.

Inspection must be provided to ensure the installation of pipe or pipeline systems in accordance with the requirements of this subpart. No person may be used to perform inspections unless that person has been trained and is qualified in the phase of construction to be inspected.

[Amdt. 195-22, 46 FR 38360, July 27, 1981, as amended by Amdt. 195-52, 59 FR 33397, June 28, 1994]

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Discussion Topic: What are the phases in construction where different inspection qualifications are require? ยง195.204 Inspection - general.

Inspection must be provided to ensure the installation of pipe or pipeline systems in accordance with the requirements of this subpart. No person may be used to perform inspections unless that person has been trained and is qualified in the phase of construction to be inspected.

Hints: Welding, painting & coating, NDT, CP, Civil & Foundation, Directional Drilling, Soil Laboratory, Land Surveying, Pigging?, Piping, E&I, Others? (please input)

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Inspection – E&I

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ยง195.205 Repair, alteration and reconstruction of aboveground breakout tanks that have been in service. (a) Aboveground breakout tanks that have been repaired, altered, or reconstructed and returned to service must be capable of withstanding the internal pressure produced by the hazardous liquid to be stored therein and any anticipated external loads.

Read more: on Breakout Tank http://www.ilta.org/WhatsNew/September2006/0609ILTANewsEPAvsDOTTankage2.pdf http://www.oilspilltaskforce.org/docs/project_reports/PipelineDefinitions.pdf

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(b) After October 2, 2000, compliance with paragraph (a) of this section requires the following for the tanks specified: (1) For tanks designed for approximately atmospheric pressure constructed of carbon and low alloy steel, welded or riveted, and non-refrigerated and tanks built to API Standard 650 or its predecessor Standard 12C, repair, alteration, and reconstruction must be in accordance with API Standard 653.

(2) For tanks built to API Specification 12F or API Standard 620, the repair, alteration, and reconstruction must be in accordance with the design, welding, examination, and material requirements of those respective standards.

(3) For high pressure tanks built to API Standard 2510, repairs, alterations, and reconstruction must be in accordance with API 510.

[Amdt. 195-66, 64 FR 15935, Apr. 2, 1999]

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Keywords:  API Std 650 Welded Tanks for Oil Storage, 11th Edition, Includes Addendum 1 (2008), Addendum 2 (2009), Addendum 3 (2011), Errata (October 2011)  API Std 653 Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and Reconstruction, Fourth Edition, Includes Addendum 1 (2010), Addendum 2 (2012), Addendum 3 (2013)  API Std 620 Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks, Eleventh Edition, Includes Addendum 1 (2009), Addendum 2 (2010), and Addendum 3 (2012)  API Std 2510 (R2011) Design and Construction of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Installations (LPG)  API 510 Pressure Vessel Inspection Code: In-Service Inspection, Rating, Repair, and Alteration, Ninth Edition

ยง195.206 Material inspection.

No pipe or other component may be installed in a pipeline system unless it has been visually inspected at the site of installation to ensure that it is not damaged in a manner that could impair its strength or reduce its serviceability. ยง195.207 Transportation of pipe. (a) Railroad. In a pipeline operated at a hoop stress of 20 percent or more of SMYS, an operator may not use pipe having an outer diameter to wall thickness ratio of 70 to 1, or more, that is transported by railroad unless the transportation is performed in accordance with API Recommended Practice 5L1 (incorporated by reference, see ยง195.3). (b) Ship or barge. In a pipeline operated at a hoop stress of 20 percent or more of SMYS, an operator may not use pipe having an outer diameter to wall thickness ratio of 70 to 1, or more, that is transported by ship or barge on both inland and marine waterways, unless the transportation is performed in accordance with API Recommended Practice 5LW (incorporated by reference, see ยง195.3). [ Amdt. 195-94, 75 FR 48606, Aug. 11, 2010] Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

API Recommended Practice 5L1- Recommended Practice for Railroad Transportation of Line Pipe

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API Recommended Practice 5L1- Recommended Practice for Railroad Transportation of Line Pipe

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API Recommended Practice 5L1- Recommended Practice for Railroad Transportation of Line Pipe

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API Recommended Practice 5L1- Recommended Practice for Railroad Transportation of Line Pipe

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API Recommended Practice 5L1- Recommended Practice for Railroad Transportation of Line Pipe

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API Recommended Practice 5LW - Recommended Practice for Transportation of Line Pipe on Barges and Marine Vessels

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API Recommended Practice 5LW - Recommended Practice for Transportation of Line Pipe on Barges and Marine Vessels

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https://www.nord-stream.com/press-info/images/supervising-of-concrete-coating-processat-eupec-concrete-weight-coating-plant-in-mukran-germany-2779/?page=20

API Recommended Practice 5LW - Recommended Practice for Transportation of Line Pipe on Barges and Marine Vessels

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API Recommended Practice 5LW - Recommended Practice for Transportation of Line Pipe on Barges and Marine Vessels

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http://www.nord-stream.com/press-info/images/pipe-carrier-vessel-supplying-the-castoro-sei-2815/

API Recommended Practice 5LW - Recommended Practice for Transportation of Line Pipe on Barges and Marine Vessels

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http://www.nord-stream.com/press-info/images/pipe-carrier-vessel-supplying-the-castoro-sei-2815/

ยง195.208 Welding of supports and braces.

Supports or braces may not be welded directly to pipe that will be operated at a pressure of more than 100 p.s.i. (689 kPa) gage.

[Amdt. 195-22, 46 FR 38360, July 27, 1981, as amended by Amdt. 195-63, 63 FR 37506, July 13, 1998] ยง195.210 Pipeline location. (a) Pipeline right-of-way must be selected to avoid, as far as practicable, areas containing private dwellings, industrial buildings, and places of public assembly. (b) No pipeline may be located within 50 feet (15 meters) of any private dwelling, or any industrial building or place of public assembly in which persons work, congregate, or assemble, unless it is provided with at least 12 inches (305 millimeters) of cover in addition to that prescribed in ยง195.248.

[Amdt. 195-22, 46 FR 39360, July 27, 1981, as amended by Amdt. 195-63, 63 FR 37506, July 13, 1998]

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§195.212 Bending of pipe. (a) Pipe must not have a wrinkle bend. (b) Each field bend must comply with the following: (1) A bend must not impair the serviceability of the pipe.

(2) Each bend must have a smooth contour and be free from buckling, cracks, or any other mechanical damage.

(3) On pipe containing a longitudinal weld, the longitudinal weld must be as near as practicable to the neutral axis of the bend unless – (i) The bend is made with an internal bending mandrel; or (ii) The pipe is 12 ž in (324 mm) or less nominal outside diameter or has a diameter to wall thickness ratio less than 70. (c) Each circumferential weld which is located where the stress during bending causes a permanent deformation in the pipe must be nondestructively tested either before or after the bending process.

[Amdt. 195-22, 46 FR 38360, July 27, 1981, as amended by Amdt. 195-52, 59 FR 33396, June 28, 1994; Amdt. 195-63, 63 FR 37506, July 13, 1998] Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Discussion Topic: Pipe Bends Question 1: Why either before or after, and not just after? (c) Each circumferential weld which is located where the stress during bending causes a permanent deformation in the pipe must be nondestructively tested either before or after the bending process.

Question 2: Hot induction bend or Cold bend?

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Pipe Bending

If there is circumferential weld here- NDT required

Each circumferential weld which is located where the stress during bending causes a permanent deformation in the pipe must be nondestructively tested either before or after the bending process.

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Wrinkle bend.

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§195.214 Welding procedures. (a) Welding must be performed by a qualified welder in accordance with welding procedures qualified under Section 5 of API 1104 or Section IX of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (incorporated by reference, see §195.3) . The quality of the test welds used to qualify the welding procedure shall be determined by destructive testing. (b) Each welding procedure must be recorded in detail, including the results of the qualifying tests. This record must be retained and followed whenever the procedure is used.

[Amdt. 195-38, 51 FR 20297, June 4, 1986, as amended at Amdt. 195-81, 69 FR 32897, June 14, 2004] Keywords:  API 1104  ASME IX

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§195.216 Welding: Miter joints.

A miter joint is not permitted (not including deflections up to 3 degrees that are caused by misalignment).

ϴ 3 degrees Max

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http://www.pipingoffice.com/graphics/miter3.gif

§195.222 Welders: Qualification of welders. (a) Each welder must be qualified in accordance with section 6 of API 1104 (incorporated by reference, see §195.3) or section IX of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, (incorporated by reference, see §195.3) except that a welder qualified under an earlier edition than listed in §195.3 may weld but may not re-qualify under that earlier edition. (b) No welder may weld with a welding process unless, within the preceding 6 calendar months, the welder has – (1) Engaged in welding with that process; and (2) Had one welded tested and found acceptable under section 9 of API 1104 (incorporated by reference, see §195.3).

[Amdt. 195-81, 69 FR 54593, Sept. 9, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 195-86, 71 FR 33409, June 9, 2006]

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ยง195.224 Welding: Weather.

Welding must be protected from weather conditions that would impair the quality of the completed weld.

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www.youtube.com/embed/Dwgpjoikt84

Pipeline Welding

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www.youtube.com/embed/cUNzEDOVg9s

Pipeline Welding

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www.youtube.com/embed/2VtsL4jnoKQ

ยง195.226 Welding: Arc burns. (a) Each arc burn must be repaired. (b) An arc burn may be repaired by completely removing the notch by grinding, if the grinding does not reduce the remaining wall thickness to less than the minimum thickness required by the tolerances in the specification to which the pipe is manufactured. If a notch is not repairable by grinding, a cylinder of the pipe containing the entire notch must be removed. (c) A ground may not be welded to the pipe or fitting that is being welded.

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Welding Electrode Ground

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Welding Electrode Ground

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Welding Electrode Ground

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Welding Electrode Ground

Welding ground connection

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Welding Electrode Ground

Welding ground connection

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Welding Electrode Ground

Welding ground connection

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§195.228 Welds and welding inspection: Standards of acceptability. (a) Each weld and welding must be inspected to insure compliance with the requirements of this subpart. Visual inspection must be supplemented by nondestructive testing. (b) The acceptability of a weld is determined according to the standards in Section 9 of API 1104. However, if a girth weld is unacceptable under those standards for a reason other than a crack, and if Appendix A to API 1104 (incorporated by reference, see §195.3) applies to the weld, the acceptability of the weld may be determined under that appendix.

[Amdt. 195-22, 46 FR 38360, July 27, 1981, as amended by Amdt. 195-52, 59 FR 33397, June 28, 1994; Amdt. 195-81, 69 FR 32898, June 14, 2004] Keywords:  API 1104 Appendix A / Other than a crack

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Discussion Topic: What is API 1104 Appendix A? Answer: The fitness-for-purpose criteria in Appendix A of API 1104 Read more: http://www.twi-global.com/technical-knowledge/publishedpapers/comparison-of-api-1104-appendix-a-and-bs-7910-procedures-forthe-assessment-of-girth-weld-flaws-october-2009/

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ยง195.230 Welds: Repair or removal of defects. (a) Each weld that is unacceptable under ยง195.228 must be removed or repaired. Except for welds on an offshore pipeline being installed from a pipelay vessel, a weld must be removed if it has a crack that is more than 8 percent of the weld length. (b) Each weld that is repaired must have the defect removed down to sound metal and the segment to be repaired must be preheated if conditions exist which would adversely affect the quality of the weld repair. After repair, the segment of the weld that was repaired must be inspected to ensure its acceptability. (c) Repair of a crack, or of any defect in a previously repaired area must be in accordance with written weld repair procedures that have been qualified under ยง195.214. Repair procedures must provide that the minimum mechanical properties specified for the welding procedure used to make the original weld are met upon completion of the final weld repair.

[Amdt. 195-29, 48 FR 48674, Oct. 20, 1983]

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Discussion Topic: What does the paragraph signified? ยง195.230 Welds: Repair or removal of defects.

Each weld that is unacceptable under ยง195.228 must be removed or repaired. Except for welds on an offshore pipeline being installed from a pipelay vessel, a weld must be removed if it has a crack that is more than 8 percent of the weld length.

Hints: 8% of weld length, Leniency?

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Pipeline Crack – Transverse Crack

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Offshore Pipelay- Except for welds on an offshore pipeline being installed from a pipelay vessel, a weld must be removed if it has a crack that is more than 8 percent of the weld length.

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Offshore Pipelay Vessel

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Offshore Pipelay Vessel

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Offshore Pipelay Vessel

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Offshore Pipelay Vessel

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Offshore Pipelay Vessel

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http://www.oilandindustrialservices.com/newsroom.html

ยง195.234 Welds: Nondestructive testing. (a) A weld may be nondestructively tested by any process that will clearly indicate any defects that may affect the integrity of the weld. (b)Any nondestructive testing of welds must be performed (1) In accordance with a written set of procedures for nondestructive testing; and (2) With personnel that have been trained in the established procedures and in the use of the equipment employed in the testing. (c) Procedures for the proper interpretation of each weld inspection must be established to ensure the acceptability of the weld under ยง195.228. (d) During construction, at least 10 percent of the girth welds made by each welder during each welding day must be nondestructively tested over the entire circumference of the weld.

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(e) All girth welds installed each day in the following locations must be nondestructively tested over their entire circumference, except that when nondestructive testing is impracticable for a girth weld, it need not be tested if the number of girth welds for which testing is impracticable does not exceed 10 percent of the girth welds installed that day: (1) At any onshore location where a loss of hazardous liquid could reasonably be expected to pollute any stream, river, lake, reservoir, or other body of water, and any offshore area; (2) Within railroad or public road rights-of-way; (3) At overhead road crossings and within tunnels; (4) Within the limits of any incorporated subdivision of a State government; and (?)

(5) Within populated areas, including, but not limited to, residential subdivisions, shopping centers, schools, designated commercial areas, industrial facilities, public institutions, and places of public assembly.

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(f) When installing used pipe, 100 percent of the old girth welds must be nondestructively tested. (g) At pipeline tie-ins, including tie-ins of replacement sections, 100 percent of the girth welds must be nondestructively tested.

[Amdt. 195-22, 46 FR 38360, July 27, 1981, as amended by Amdt. 195-35, 50 FR 37192, Sept. 21, 1985; Amdt. 195-52, 59 FR 33397, June 28, 1994] §§195.236-195.244 [Reserved]

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Pipeline NDT

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Pipeline NDT

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Pipeline NDT

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ยง195.246 Installation of pipe in a ditch. (a) All pipe installed in a ditch must be installed in a manner that minimizes the introduction of secondary stresses and the possibility of damage to the pipe. (b) Except for pipe in the Gulf of Mexico and its inlets in waters less than 15 feet deep, all offshore pipe in water at least 12 feet deep (3.7 meters) but not more than 200 feet deep (61 meters) deep as measured from the mean low water must be installed so that the top of the pipe is below the underwater natural bottom (as determined by recognized and generally accepted practices) unless the pipe is supported by stanchions held in place by anchors or heavy concrete coating or protected by an equivalent means.

[Amdt. 195-22, 46 FR 38360, July 27, 1981, as amended by Amdt. 195-52, 59 FR 33397, June 28, 1994; 59 FR 36256, July 15, 1994; Amdt. 195-85, 69 FR 48407, Aug. 10, 2004]

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Offshore Pipeline must be installed so that the top of the pipe is below the underwater natural bottom- Submarine Excavator

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Offshore Pipeline must be installed so that the top of the pipe is below the underwater natural bottom

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Pipeline held in place by anchors or heavy concrete coating

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Pipeline held in place by anchors or heavy concrete coating

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Pipeline supported by stanchions

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§195.248 Cover over buried pipeline. (a) Unless specifically exempted in this subpart, all pipe must be buried so that it is below the level of cultivation. Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, the pipe must be installed so that the cover between the top of the pipe and the ground level, road bed, river bottom, or underwater natural bottom (as determined by recognized and generally accepted practices), as applicable, complies with the following table: (see next page) (b) Except for the Gulf of Mexico and its inlets in waters less than 15 feet (4.6 meters) deep, less cover than the minimum required by paragraph (a) of this section and §195.210 may be used if – (1) It is impracticable to comply with the minimum cover requirements; and (2) Additional protection is provided that is equivalent to the minimum required cover.

[Amdt. 195-22, 46 FR 38360, July 27, 1981; 47 FR 32721, July 29, 1982 as amended by Amdt. 195-52, 59 FR 33397, June 28, 1994; 59 FR 36256, July 15, 1994; Amdt. 195-63, 63 FR 37506, July 13, 1998; Amdt. 195-95, 69 FR 48407, Aug. 10, 2004] Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Location

Cover inches (millimeters) For normal excavation

For rock excavation1

Industrial, commercial, and residential areas

36 (914)

30 (762)

Crossing of inland bodies of water with a width of at least 100 feet (30 millimeters) from high water mark to high water mark

48 (1219)

18 (457)

Drainage ditches at public roads and railroads

36 (914)

36 (914)

Deepwater port safety zones

48 (1219)

24 (610)

Gulf of Mexico and its inlets in waters less than 15 feet (4.6 meters) deep as measured from mean low water

36 (914)

18 (457)

Other offshore areas under water less than 12 ft (3.7 meters) deep as measured from mean low water

36 (914)

18 (457)

1 Rock

excavation is any excavation that requires blasting or removal by equivalent means.

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Subsea Trencher

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFxlwWPm4f0

Subsea Trencher

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Subsea Trencher

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Pipe Covers Industrial, commercial, and residential areas- 36 inches (914mm)

36 inches

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ยง195.250 Clearance between pipe and underground structures.

Any pipe installed underground must have at least 12 inches (305 millimeters) of clearance between the outside of the pipe and the extremity of any other underground structure, except that for drainage tile the minimum clearance may be less than 12 inches (305 millimeters) but not less than 2 inches (51 millimeters). However, where 12 inches (305 millimeters) of clearance is impracticable, the clearance may be reduced if adequate provisions are made for corrosion control.

[Amdt. 195-22, 46 FR 38360, July 27, 1981, as amended by Amdt. 195-63, 63 FR 37506, July 13, 1998]

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ยง195.252 Backfilling.

When a ditch for a pipeline is backfilled, it must be backfilled in a manner that: (a) Provides firm support under the pipe; and (b) Prevents damage to the pipe and pipe coating from equipment or from the backfill material.

[Amdt. 195-78, 68 FR 53528, Sept. 11, 2003]

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Pipe Covers

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Backfill Machine

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ยง195.254 Above ground components. (a) Any component may be installed above ground in the following situations, if the other applicable requirements of this part are complied with: (1) Overhead crossings of highways, railroads, or a body of water.

(2) Spans over ditches and gullies.

(3) Scraper traps or block valves.

(4) Areas under the direct control of the operator.

(5) In any area inaccessible to the public. (b) Each component covered by this section must be protected from the forces exerted by the anticipated loads.

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ยง195.256 Crossing of railroads and highways.

The pipe at each railroad or highway crossing must be installed so as to adequately withstand the dynamic forces exerted by anticipated traffic loads. ยง195.258 Valves: General. (a) Each valve must be installed in a location that is accessible to authorized employees and that is protected from damage or tampering. (b) Each submerged valve located offshore or in inland navigable waters must be marked, or located by conventional survey techniques, to facilitate quick location when operation of the valve is required.

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Subsea Valves

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Subsea PLEM & Valves

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Subsea PLEM & Separation unit

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Subsea PLEM & Valves

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Subsea PLEM & Valves

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ยง195.260 Valves: Location.

A valve must be installed at each of the following locations: (a) On the suction end and the discharge end of a pump station in a manner that permits isolation of the pump station equipment in the event of an emergency. (b) On each line entering or leaving a breakout storage tank area in a manner that permits isolation of the tank area from other facilities. (c) On each mainline at locations along the pipeline system that will minimize damage or pollution from accidental hazardous liquid discharge, as appropriate for the terrain in open country, for offshore areas, or for populated areas.

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(d) On each lateral takeoff from a trunk line in a manner that permits shutting off the lateral without interrupting the flow in the trunk line. (e) On each side of a water crossing that is more than 100 feet (30 meters) wide from high-water mark to high-water mark unless the Administrator finds in a particular case that valves are not justified. (f) On each side of a reservoir holding water for human consumption.

[Amdt. 195-22, 46 FR 38360, July 27, 1981; 47 FR 32721, July 29, 1982; Amdt. 195-50, 59 FR 17281, Apr. 12, 1994; Amdt. 195-63, 63 FR 37506, July 13, 1998]

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Discussion Topic: Discuss item (e) & (f) and actual pipeline construction practices. ยง195.260 Valves: Location. (e) On each side of a water crossing that is more than 100 feet (30 meters) wide from high-water mark to high-water mark unless the Administrator finds in a particular case that valves are not justified. (f) On each side of a reservoir holding water for human consumption.

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Valves Location: Pipeline River Crossing

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Valve Locations- Lake Crossing

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http://cn.bing.com/ditu/?v=2&cp=31.464580644568386~120.77926599999999&lvl=12&dir=0&sty=r&eo=1&wh ere1=%E6%B1%9F%E8%8B%8F%E7%9C%81%E8%8B%8F%E5%B7%9E%E5%B8%82%E7%9B%B8%E5 %9F%8E%E5%8C%BA%E9%98%B3%E6%BE%84%E6%B9%96%E9%95%87&form=LMLTCC

阳澄湖的水可不能污染哦!

Freshwater crabs from Yangchenghu lake

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http://cn.bing.com/ditu/?v=2&cp=31.464580644568386~120.77926599999999&lvl=12&dir=0&sty=r&eo=1&wh ere1=%E6%B1%9F%E8%8B%8F%E7%9C%81%E8%8B%8F%E5%B7%9E%E5%B8%82%E7%9B%B8%E5 %9F%8E%E5%8C%BA%E9%98%B3%E6%BE%84%E6%B9%96%E9%95%87&form=LMLTCC

阳澄湖的水可不能污染哦!

Freshwater crabs from Yangchenghu lake

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

http://cn.bing.com/ditu/?v=2&cp=31.464580644568386~120.77926599999999&lvl=12&dir=0&sty=r&eo=1&wh ere1=%E6%B1%9F%E8%8B%8F%E7%9C%81%E8%8B%8F%E5%B7%9E%E5%B8%82%E7%9B%B8%E5 %9F%8E%E5%8C%BA%E9%98%B3%E6%BE%84%E6%B9%96%E9%95%87&form=LMLTCC

阳澄湖的水可不能污染哦!

Freshwater crabs from Yangchenghu lake

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http://cn.bing.com/ditu/?v=2&cp=31.464580644568386~120.77926599999999&lvl=12&dir=0&sty=r&eo=1&wh ere1=%E6%B1%9F%E8%8B%8F%E7%9C%81%E8%8B%8F%E5%B7%9E%E5%B8%82%E7%9B%B8%E5 %9F%8E%E5%8C%BA%E9%98%B3%E6%BE%84%E6%B9%96%E9%95%87&form=LMLTCC

ยง195.262 Pumping equipment. (a) Adequate ventilation must be provided in pump station buildings to prevent the accumulation of hazardous vapors. Warning devices must be installed to warn of the presence of hazardous vapors in the pumping station building. (b) The following must be provided in each pump station: (1) Safety devices that prevent overpressuring of pumping equipment, including the auxiliary pumping equipment within the pumping station.

(2) A device for the emergency shutdown of each pumping station.

(3) If power is necessary to actuate the safety devices, an auxiliary power supply.

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(c) Each safety device must be tested under conditions approximating actual operations and found to function properly before the pumping station may be used. (d) Except for offshore pipelines, pumping equipment must be installed on property that is under the control of the operator and at least 15.2 m (50 ft) from the boundary of the pump station. (e) Adequate fire protection must be installed at each pump station. If the fire protection system installed requires the use of pumps, motive power must be provided for those pumps that is separate from the power that operates the station.

[Amdt. 195-22, 46 FR 38360, July 27, 1981, as amended by Amdt. 195-52, 59 FR 33397, June 28, 1994]

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§195.264 Impoundment (蓄水坝-作为泄露补救用), protection against entry, normal/ emergency venting or pressure/vacuum relief for aboveground breakout tanks. (a) A means must be provided for containing hazardous liquids in the event of spillage or failure of an aboveground breakout tank. (b) After October 2, 2000, compliance with paragraph (a) of this section requires the following for the aboveground breakout tanks specified:

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http://www.ilta.org/WhatsNew/September2006/0609ILTANewsEPAvsDOTTankage2.pdf

Impoundment (蓄水坝-作为泄露补救用

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(1) For tanks built to API Specification 12F, API Standard 620, and others (such as API Standard 650 or its predecessor Standard 12C), the installation of impoundment must be in accordance with the following sections of NFPA 30: (i) Impoundment around a breakout tank must be installed in accordance with section 4.3.2.3.2; and (ii) Impoundment by drainage to a remote impounding area must be installed in accordance with section 4.3.2.3.1.

(2) For tanks built to API 2510, the installation of impoundment must be in accordance with section 5 or 11 of API 2510 (incorporated by reference, see ยง195.3).

Remark: API Std 2510 (R2011) Design and Construction of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Installations (LPG) standard by American Petroleum Institute, 05/01/2001

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(c) Aboveground breakout tank areas must be adequately protected against unauthorized entry. (d) Normal/emergency relief venting must be provided for each atmospheric pressure breakout tank. Pressure/vacuum-relieving devices must be provided for each low-pressure and high-pressure breakout tank. (e) For normal/emergency relief venting and pressure/vacuum-relieving devices installed on aboveground breakout tanks after October 2, 2000, compliance with paragraph (d) of this section requires the following for the tanks specified: (1) Normal/emergency relief venting installed on atmospheric pressure tanks built to API Specification 12F (incorporated by reference, see ยง195.3) must be in accordance with Section 4, and Appendices B and C, of API Specification 12F (incorporated by reference, see ยง195.3).

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(2) Normal/emergency relief venting installed on atmospheric pressure tanks (such as those built to API Standard 650 or its predecessor Standard 12C) must be in accordance with API Standard 2000 (incorporated by reference, see §195.3).

(3) Pressure-relieving and emergency vacuum-relieving devices installed on low pressure tanks built to API Standard 620 (incorporated by reference, see §195.3) must be in accordance with section 9 of API Standard 620 (incorporated by reference, see §195.3) and its references to the normal and emergency venting requirements in API Standard 2000 (incorporated by reference, see §195.3).

(4) Pressure and vacuum-relieving devices installed on high pressure tanks built to API Standard 2510 (incorporated by reference, see §195.3) must be in accordance with sections 7 or 11 of API Standard 2510 (incorporated by reference, see §195.3).

[Amdt. 195-66, 64 FR 15935, Apr. 2, 1999, as amended by 195-86, 71 FR 33410, June 9, 2006; 195-94, 75 FR 48606, Aug. 11, 2010]

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ยง195.266 Construction records.

A complete record that shows the following must be maintained by the operator involved for the life of each pipeline facility: (a) The total number of girth welds and the number nondestructively tested, including the number rejected and the disposition of each rejected weld. (b) The amount, location; and cover of each size of pipe installed. (c) The location of each crossing of another pipeline. (d) The location of each buried utility crossing. (e) The location of each overhead crossing. (f) The location of each valve and corrosion test station.

[Amdt. 195-22, 46 FR 38360, July 27, 1981, as amended by Amdt. 195-34, 50 FR 34474, Aug. 26, 1985]

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Subpart E - Pressure Testing ยง195.300 Scope.

This subpart prescribes minimum requirements for the pressure testing of steel pipelines. However, this subpart does not apply to the movement of pipe under ยง195.424.

[Amdt. 195-51, 59 FR 29384, June 7, 1994]

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ยง195.302 General requirements. (a) Except as otherwise provided in this section and in ยง195.305(b), no operator may operate a pipeline unless it has been pressure tested under this subpart without leakage. In addition, no operator may return to service a segment of pipeline that has been replaced, relocated, or otherwise changed until it has been pressure tested under this subpart without leakage.

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(b) Except for pipelines converted under §195.5, the following pipelines may be operated without pressure testing under this subpart: (1) Any hazardous liquid pipeline whose maximum operating pressure is established under §195.406(a)(5) that is – (i) An interstate pipeline constructed before January 8, 1971; (ii) An interstate offshore gathering line constructed before August 1, 1977; (iii) An intrastate pipeline constructed before October 21, 1985; or (iv)A low-stress pipeline constructed before August 11, 1994 that transports HVL.

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(2) Any carbon dioxide pipeline constructed before July 12, 1991, that – (i) Has its maximum operating pressure established under §195.406(a)(5); or (ii) Is located in a rural area as part of a production field distribution system.

(3) Any low-stress pipeline constructed before August 11, 1994 that does not transport HVL. (4) Those portions of older hazardous liquid and carbon dioxide pipelines for which an operator has elected the risk-based alternative under §195.303 and which are not required to be tested based on the risk-based criteria.

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(c) Except for pipelines that transport HVL onshore, low-stress pipelines, and pipelines covered under §195.303, the following compliance deadlines apply to pipelines under paragraphs (b)(1) and (b)(2)(i) of this section that have not been pressure tested under this subpart: (1) Before December 7, 1998, for each pipeline each operator shall – (i) Plan and schedule testing according to this paragraph; or (ii) Establish the pipeline's maximum operating pressure under §195.406(a)(5).

(2) For pipelines scheduled for testing, each operator shall – (i) Before December 7, 2000, pressure test – (A) Each pipeline identified by name, symbol, or otherwise that existing records show contains more than 50 percent by mileage (length) of electric resistance welded pipe manufactured before 1970; and (B) At least 50 percent of the mileage (length) of all other pipelines; and

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(ii) Before December 7, 2003, pressure test the remainder of the pipeline mileage (length).

[Amdt. 195-51, 59 FR 29384, June 7, 1994, as amended by Amdt. 195-53, 59 FR 35471, July 12, 1994; Amdt. 195-51B, 61 FR 43027, Aug. 20, 1996; Amdt.

195-58, 62 FR 54592, Oct. 21, 1997; Amdt. 195-63, 63 FR 37506, July 13, 1998; Amdt. 195-65, 63 FR 59479, Nov. 4, 1998]

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ยง195.303 Risk-based alternative to pressure testing older hazardous liquid and carbon dioxide pipelines. (a) An operator may elect to follow a program for testing a pipeline on riskbased criteria as an alternative to the pressure testing in ยง195.302(b)(1)(i)-(iii) and ยง195.302(b)(2)(i) of this subpart. Appendix B provides guidance on how this program will work. An operator electing such a program shall assign a risk classification to each pipeline segment according to the indicators described in paragraph (b) of this section as follows: (1) Risk Classification A if the location indicator is ranked as low or medium risk, the product and volume indicators are ranked as low risk, and the probability of failure indicator is ranked as low risk; (2) Risk Classification C if the location indicator is ranked as high risk; or (3) Risk Classification B.

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(b) An operator shall evaluate each pipeline segment in the program according to the following indicators of risk: (1) The location indicator is – (i) High risk if an area is non-rural or environmentally sensitive1; or (ii) Medium risk; or (iii) Low risk if an area is not high or medium risk.

(2) The product indicator is 1 1(See Appendix B, Table C). (i) High risk if the product transported is highly toxic or is both highly volatile and flammable; (ii) Medium risk if the product transported is flammable with a flashpoint of less than 100 °F, but not highly volatile; or (iii) Low risk if the product transported is not high or medium risk.

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(3) The volume indicator is – (i) High risk if the line is at least 18 inches in nominal diameter; (ii) Medium risk if the line is at least 10 inches, but less than 18 inches, in nominal diameter; or (iii) Low risk if the line is not high or medium risk.

(4) The probability of failure indicator is – (i) High risk if the segment has experienced more than three failures in the last 10 years due to time-dependent defects (e.g., corrosion, gouges, or problems developed during manufacture, construction or operation, etc.); or (ii) Low risk if the segment has experienced three failures or less in the last 10 years due to time-dependent defects.

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Keywords: The Risk Indicators  Location1  Product1  Volume1  Probability of failure 1Factor

influencing consequence of failures.

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(c) The program under paragraph (a) of this section shall provide for pressure testing for a segment constructed of electric resistance-welded (ERW) pipe and lap welded pipe manufactured prior to 1970 susceptible to longitudinal seam failures as determined through paragraph (d) of this section. The timing of such pressure test may be determined based on risk classifications discussed under paragraph (b) of this section. For other segments, the program may provide for use of a magnetic flux leakage or ultrasonic internal inspection survey as an alternative to pressure testing and, in the case of such segments in Risk Classification A, may provide for no additional measures under this subpart.

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RBI Approach on ERW/ Lap Welded Joint The program under paragraph (a) of this section shall provide for pressure testing for a segment constructed of electric resistance-welded (ERW) pipe and lap welded pipe manufactured prior to 1970 susceptible to longitudinal seam failures as determined through paragraph (d) of this section. The timing of such pressure test may be determined based on risk classifications discussed under paragraph (b) of this section.

For other segments, the program may provide for use of a magnetic flux leakage or ultrasonic internal inspection survey as an alternative to pressure testing and, in the case of such segments in Risk Classification A, may provide for no additional measures under this subpart.

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ERW Pipe & Lap Joint

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Discussion: Question: Could a newly constructed pipe accepted by magnetic flux leakage or ultrasonic internal inspection survey as recommended by risk assessment be put in service without hydrostatic testing?

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(d) All pre-1970 ERW pipe and lapwelded pipe is deemed susceptible to longitudinal seam failures unless an engineering analysis shows otherwise.

In conducting an engineering analysis an operator must consider the seamrelated leak history of the pipe and pipe manufacturing information as available, which may include the pipe steel's mechanical properties, including fracture toughness; the manufacturing process and controls related to seam properties, including whether the ERW process was high-frequency or lowfrequency, whether the weld seam was heat treated, whether the seam was inspected, the test pressure and duration during mill hydrotest; the quality control of the steel-making process; and other factors pertinent to seam properties and quality. (e) Pressure testing done under this section must be conducted in accordance with this subpart. Except for segments in Risk Classification B which are not constructed with pre-1970 ERW pipe, water must be the test medium.

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(f) An operator electing to follow a program under paragraph (a) must develop plans that include the method of testing and a schedule for the testing by December 7, 1998. The compliance deadlines for completion of testing are as shown in the table below: §195.303—TEST DEADLINES Pipeline Segment

Risk classification

Test deadline

Pre‐1970 Pipe susceptible to longitudinal seam failures [defined in §195.303(c) & (d)]

C or B

12/7/2000

A

12/7/2002

All Other Pipeline Segments

C

12/7/2002

B

12/7//2004

A

Additional testing not required

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(g) An operator must review the risk classifications for those pipeline segments which have not yet been tested under paragraph (a) of this section or otherwise inspected under paragraph (c) of this section at intervals not to exceed 15 months. If the risk classification of an untested or uninspected segment changes, an operator must take appropriate action within two years, or establish the maximum operating pressure under ยง195.406(a)(5). (h) An operator must maintain records establishing compliance with this section, including records verifying the risk classifications, the plans and schedule for testing, the conduct of the testing, and the review of the risk classifications. (i) An operator may discontinue a program under this section only after written notification to the Administrator and approval, if needed, of a schedule for pressure testing.

[Amdt. 195-65, 63 FR 59480, Nov. 4, 1998]

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Pre-1970 Older Pipeline

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What Happen during 1970

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Tour of Duty - 1970

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§195.304 Test pressure.

The test pressure for each pressure test conducted under this subpart must be maintained throughout the part of the system being tested for at least 4 continuous hours at a pressure equal to 125 percent, or more, of the maximum operating pressure and, in the case of a pipeline that is not visually inspected for leakage during the test, for at least an additional 4 continuous hours at a pressure equal to 110 percent, or more, of the maximum operating pressure.

[Amdt. 195-51, 59 FR 29384, June 7, 1994. Redesignated by Amdt. 195-65, 63 FR 59480, Nov. 4, 1998] Keywords: No visual inspection for leakage 4hrs@ ≥125% MOP + 4hrs@ ≥ 110% MOP

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Hydrostatic Testing Pressure & Duration: No visual inspection for leakage 4hrs@ ≥125% MOP + 4hrs@ ≥ 110% MOP

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ยง195.305 Testing of components. (a) Each pressure test under ยง195.302 must test all pipe and attached fittings, including components, unless otherwise permitted by paragraph (b) of this section. (b) A component, other than pipe, that is the only item being replaced or added to the pipeline system need not be hydrostatically tested under paragraph (a) of this section if the manufacturer certifies that either(1) The component was hydrostatically tested at the factory; or (2) The component was manufactured under a quality control system that ensures each component is at least equal in strength to a prototype that was hydrostatically tested at the factory.

[Amdt. 195-22, 46 FR 38360, July 27, 1981, as amended by Amdt. 195-51, 59 FR 29385, June 7, 1994; Amdt. 195-52, 59 FR 33397, June 28, 1994.

Redesignated by Amdt. 195-65, 63 FR 59480, Nov. 4, 1998]

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§195.306 Test medium. (a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) of this section, water must be used as the test medium. (b) Except for offshore pipelines, liquid petroleum that does not vaporize rapidly may be used as the test medium if – (1) The entire pipeline section under test is outside of cities and other populated areas; (2) Each building within 300 feet (91 meters) of the test section is unoccupied while the test pressure is equal to or greater than a pressure which produces a hoop stress of 50 percent of specified minimum yield strength; (3) The test section is kept under surveillance by regular patrols during the test; and (4) Continuous communication is maintained along entire test section.

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(c) Carbon dioxide pipelines may use inert gas or carbon dioxide as the test medium if – (1) The entire pipeline section under test is outside of cities and other populated areas; (2) Each building within 300 feet (91 meters) of the test section is unoccupied while the test pressure is equal to or greater than a pressure that produces a hoop stress of 50 percent of specified minimum yield strength; (3) The maximum hoop stress during the test does not exceed 80 percent of specified minimum yield strength; (4) Continuous communication is maintained along entire test section; and (5) The pipe involved is new pipe having a longitudinal joint factor of 1.00. (d) Air or inert gas may be used as the test medium in low-stress pipelines.

[Amdt. 195-22, 46 FR 38360, July 27, 1991, as amended by Amdt. 195-45, 56 FR 26926, June 12, 1991; Amdt. 195-51, 59 FR 29385, June 7, 1994; Amdt. 195-53, 59 FR 35471, July 12, 1994; Amdt. 195-51A, 59 FR 41260, Aug. 11, 1994; Amdt. 195-63, 63 FR 37506, July 13, 1998]

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Discussion: Sentence: ยง195.306 (d) Test medium Air or inert gas may be used as the test medium in low-stress pipelines.

Question: How the low stress pipeline is define?

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ยง195.307 Pressure testing aboveground breakout tanks. (a) For aboveground breakout tanks built into API Specification 12F and first placed in service after October 2, 2000, pneumatic testing must be in accordance with section 5.3 of API Specification 12 F (incorporated by reference, see ยง195.3). (b) For aboveground breakout tanks built to API Standard 620 and first placed in service after October 2, 2000, hydrostatic and pneumatic testing must be in accordance with section 7.18 of API Standard 620 (incorporated by reference, see ยง195.3). (c) For aboveground breakout tanks built to API Standard 650 (incorporated by reference, see ยง195.3) and first placed in service after October 2, 2000, testing must be in accordance with Section 5.2 of API Standard 650 (incorporated by reference, see ยง195.3).

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(d) For aboveground atmospheric pressure breakout tanks constructed of carbon and low alloy steel, welded or riveted, and non-refrigerated and tanks built to API Standard 650 or its predecessor Standard 12C that are returned to service after October 2, 2000, the necessity for the hydrostatic testing of repair, alteration, and reconstruction is covered in section 10.3 of API Standard 653. (e) For aboveground breakout tanks built to API Standard 2510 and first placed in service after October 2, 2000, pressure testing must be in accordance with ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1 or 2.

[Amdt. 195-66, 64 FR 15936, Apr. 2, 1999, as amended by Amdt. 195-86, 71 FR 33410, June 9, 2006; Amdt. 195-94, 75 FR 48607, Aug. 11, 2010]

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Keywords:  API Std 650 Welded Tanks for Oil Storage, 11th Edition, Includes Addendum 1 (2008), Addendum 2 (2009), Addendum 3 (2011), Errata (October 2011)  API Std 653 Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and Reconstruction, Fourth Edition, Includes Addendum 1 (2010), Addendum 2 (2012), Addendum 3 (2013)  API Std 620 Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks, Eleventh Edition, Includes Addendum 1 (2009), Addendum 2 (2010), and Addendum 3 (2012)  API Std 2510 (R2011) Design and Construction of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Installations (LPG)  API 510 Pressure Vessel Inspection Code: In-Service Inspection, Rating, Repair, and Alteration, Ninth Edition

ยง195.308 Testing of tie-ins.

Pipe associated with tie-ins must be pressure tested, either with the section to be tied in or separately.

[Amdt. 195-22, 46 FR 38360, July 27, 1981, as amended by 195-51, 59 FR 29385, June 7, 1994] ยง195.310 Records. (a) A record must be made of each pressure test required by this subpart, and the record of the latest test must be retained as long as the facility tested is in use.

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(b)

The record required by paragraph (a) of this section must include:

(1) (2) (3)

The pressure recording charts; Test instrument calibration data; The name of the operator, the name of the person responsible for making the test, and the name of the test company used, if any; (4) The date and time of the test; (5) The minimum test pressure; (6) The test medium; (7) A description of the facility tested and the test apparatus; (8) An explanation of any pressure discontinuities, including test failures, that appear on the pressure recording charts; (9) Where elevation differences in the section under test exceed 100 feet (30 meters), a profile of the pipeline that shows the elevation and test sites over the entire length of the test section; and (10) Temperature of the test medium or pipe during the test period.

[Amdt. 195-34, 50 FR 34474, Aug. 26, 1985, as amended by Amdt. 195-51, 59 FR 29385, June 7, 1994; Amdt. 195-63, 63 FR 37506, July 13, 1998; Amdt.

195-78, 68 FR 53528, Sept. 11, 2003] Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Discussion: Sentence: ยง195.310 (b) (9) Records Where elevation differences in the section under test exceed 100 feet (30 meters), a profile of the pipeline that shows the elevation and test sites over the entire length of the test section; and Question: How to decide the test pressure? How the static head to be accounted?

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49 CFR-195 Numbers to be remembered

Some numbers to be remember – at least knowing where to find them.

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(e) All girth welds installed each day in the following locations must be nondestructively tested over their entire circumference, except that when nondestructive testing is impracticable for a girth weld, it need not be tested if the number of girth welds for which testing is impracticable does not exceed 10 percent of the girth welds installed that day: (1) At any onshore location where a loss of hazardous liquid could reasonably be expected to pollute any stream, river, lake, reservoir, or other body of water, and any offshore area; (2) Within railroad or public road rights-of-way; (3) At overhead road crossings and within tunnels; (4) Within the limits of any incorporated subdivision of a State government; and (?)

(5) Within populated areas, including, but not limited to, residential subdivisions, shopping centers, schools, designated commercial areas, industrial facilities, public institutions, and places of public assembly.

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ยง195.234 Welds: Nondestructive testing. (a) A weld may be nondestructively tested by any process that will clearly indicate any defects that may affect the integrity of the weld. (b)Any nondestructive testing of welds must be performed (1) In accordance with a written set of procedures for nondestructive testing; and (2) With personnel that have been trained in the established procedures and in the use of the equipment employed in the testing. (c) Procedures for the proper interpretation of each weld inspection must be established to ensure the acceptability of the weld under ยง195.228. (d) During construction, at least 10 percent of the girth welds made by each welder during each welding day must be nondestructively tested over the entire circumference of the weld.

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My Best Wishes to you and myself!

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang