Building science II - Project 2 Final

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING, AND DESIGN Bachelor of Science (Honours) Architecture

BUILDING SCIENCE II ARC 3413

________________________________________________________________________

PROJECT 2 : INTEGRATED LIGHTING AND ACOUSTICS IN DESIGN ________________________________________________________________________

STUDENT NAME : TAN CUI ZHI ( CHARLENE ) STUDENT I.D. : 0320826 TUTOR : MR. SIVARAMAN KUPPUSAMY

CONTENT :

1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 LIGHTING PROPOSAL 2.1 Natural Daylighting 2.1.1 Studied Space I – Bedroom (unit 05) 2.1.2 Studied Space II – Reception Lobby 2.2 Artificial Lighting 2.2.1 Studied Space I – Kitchen 2.2.2 Studied Space II – Physiotherapy Room 2.3 PSALI – Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting of Interiors 2.3.1 Studied Space I – Nursing Station 3.0 ACOUSTICS PROPOSAL 3.1 External Noise (Sound Pressure Level) 3.2 Reverberation Time (RT) 3.2.1 Studied Space I : Bedroom (unit 05) 3.2.2 Studied Space II : Reception Lobby 3.3 Sound Transmission Loss 3.3.1 Studied Space I : Treatment room 3.3.2 Studied Space II : Nursing station 4.0 REFERENCES

1.0 INTRODUCTION This assignment is an integration project with Architecture Design Studio 4 (ARC 60206) – project for an elderly center in a suburban area, located at PJS7 Bandar Sunway. The aim of this assignment is to demonstrate an understanding of the principle of lighting and acoustics in a real physical settings through the application of subject knowledge. This studies encompasses daylighting control, artificial lighting systems, and permanent supplementary artificial lighting (PSALI); also study the strategies for internal and external noise management and room acoustics by means of reverberation time (RT) and sound transmission lose (TL). Thus a study tool to maintain the environmental condition of physiology function and human comfort, whilst reducing the environmental impact of construction, with emphasis on energy efficiency and energy-saving.

In this report, two troubled rooms are identified and proposed for calculative analysis and critical recommendation in the scope of daylighting. And another two spaces will be chosen to consider artificial lighting. Further, designed for acoustics, two spaces needed to be identify for the study of both external noise and internal noise in the aim for proper air control and structure-borne noise impact. The selected rooms above may coincide, which the calculative analysis and critical recommendation remains integral in the lighting and acoustics integrated design throughout this project.

2.0 LIGHTING PROPOSAL Thou not everything considering lighting in the scope of this assignment can be quantified. But many adjustment could be calculated, and in other instances, acceptable targets or ranges may established. In any case, understanding the way that calculations are done and what they attempt to represent or measure is extremely useful in lighting design. This lighting proposal assignment develops a sense of judgment, which may be used in the early stages of any architectural design. Accurate calculations and even the use of the modelling simulators for further analysis allow to check for errors or pathological cases and to do some fine tuning effort to provide the best possible environmental solution.

2.1 Natural Daylighting In Malaysia Standard MS1525:2007, referring to the ‘daylight factors and distribution’ table (page 6), the figures are the average amount of daylight at a point within a room through windows without glazing.

Zone Daylight Factors (DF) Distribution Very bright >6% Very large with thermal and glare problems Bright 3–6% Good average 1–3% Fair Dark 0–1% poor Table : Daylight Factors and Distribution (MS1525:2007, page 6)

Daylight Factor Formula : Daylight Factor is a ratio that represents the daylight illuminance inside (ind) the room relative to the instantaneous illuminance outside (out) the building at the same time under overcast sky.

It is desirable at the design stage of the building to predict the amount of daylight that will be obtained for a given window configuration. And necessary to consider how daylight reaches the indoor working plane. Three components that arithmetically sums up to the daylight factor: daylight factor = sky component + externally reflected component + internally reflected component

DF = SC + ERC + IRC Thus, calculating a daylight factor involving building forms, window sizes, transparency and refractive index of glass types, and both exterior interior reflectances can become very complex.

It is therefore beyond the scope of this assignment to give a detailed precise account.

Attributed to ‘Whole Building Design Guide’ (2016) – a program of the National Institute of Building Sciences, a rule of thumb to approximate the daylight factor for daylit spaces using vertical window is: DF = 0.1 X PG, where PG stands for percentage of glass to floor area.

Further, in calculations of illuminance due to the sky can be made, the luminance of the sky must be determined. Through the findings from ‘Building Energy Efficiency Technical Guideline for Passive Design’ (JKR, 2013, page 76, daylight availability), an average peak diffusing light available 50,000 lux at noon, then an average minimum daily light available above 10,000 lux from 10am to 4pm. Since our tropical Malaysian climate hardly any seasonal variation that arises a vast change, therefore in this quantitative report the overcast sky is taken to have a consistent outdoor daylight availability at 32,000 lux at the same time while the horizontal work plane illumination indoors is taken to test daylighting integrate designs using Daylighting Metrics and Daylight Analysis Model Simulator.

2.1.1 Studied Space I : Bedroom Ensuite (unit 05)

© Cui Zhi, 2016 via CAD and Ecotect.

BEDROOM UNIT 05

Figure 01 : Daylight Analysis on Ground Floor Bedroom Unit 05 Plan.

bedroom unit 05 (Area) 15.40 m² total windows (Area) 10.80 m² DF = 0.1 X PG 0.1 X 70.13% approximate DF = 7.01%

Daylight Factor Formula, Eind_ X 100% DF = Eout given unobstructed Eout = 32,000 lux overcast sky in Malaysia Eind = (DF/100%) X Eout 0.0701 X 32,000 lux appx. indoor daylight = 2,243.20 lux

The designed bedroom has a daylight factor of 7.01%. Based on MS1525:2007, bright zone with good daylight distribution falls within the range of 3 – 6 % DF. Hence, the assessed space has a very bright daylight performance. From the simulation model, illustrates places of high concentration daylight illumination. Also, the calculated indoor daylight is 2,243.20 lux. Based on the ‘Room Illumination Level’ list (Kuppusamy, 2016, page 73), Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) only require 150 lux for bedroom with casual reading function. The interior illumination for bedroom (unit 05) has exceeded the standard requirement proven it does receives sufficient daylight.

However, with the high concentration daylight illumination caused discomfort glare problem.

gglare lare aarea rea

source projection glare source

© Cui Zhi, 2016.

Figure 02 : Disable glare due to excessive instantaneous illuminance.

As an integrated design approach, the proposed strategy involves the building form to fine-tune the appropriate amount diffuse skylight entering inside the bedroom and avoid the admittance of high light level or direct sun on task surfaces or into occupants’ eyes. Alternatively, suitable glare remediation devices such as blinds or shades to employ particularly on the view windows must be made available for the elderlies.

horizontal planes shift above

Š Cui Zhi, 2016.

Figure 03 : plan view - overhang from above architectonic shift (dotted lines).

Š Cui Zhi, 2016.

overhang blinds south-facing windows

Figure 04 : overhang reduces excessive skylight entering into the interior space and proposed blinds for the comfort of the elderlies.

2.1.2 Studied Space II : Reception Lobby © Cui Zhi, 2016 via CAD and Ecotect.

RECEPTION LOBBY

FOYER

Figure 05 : Daylight Analysis on Ground Floor Reception Lobby Plan.

Reception Lobby (Area) 58.91 m² total windows (Area) 77.75 m² DF = 0.1 X PG 0.1 X 131.98 % approximate DF = 13.20%

Daylight Factor Formula, Eind_ X 100% DF = Eout given unobstructed Eout = 32,000 lux overcast sky in Malaysia Eind = (DF/100%) X Eout 0.132 X 32,000 lux appx. indoor daylight = 4,224.00 lux

The designed reception lobby has a daylight factor of 13.20%. Based on MS1525:2007, bright zone with good daylight distribution falls within the range of 3 – 6 % DF. Hence, the assessed space has a very bright daylight performance. From the simulation model, illustrates places large daylight illumination. Also, the calculated indoor daylight is 4,224.00 lux. Based on the ‘Room Illumination Level’ list (Kuppusamy, 2016, page 73), Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) only require 200 lux for reception lobby. The interior reception lobby has exceeded the standard requirement proven it does receives more than sufficient daylight. However, with the large interior daylight illumination caused disable glare problem and thermal issues.

Figure 06 : An effective solar control system is one that maximizes the use of natural daylight while addressing the problems of glare and excessive heat gain.

© photo courtesy Draper, Inc.

As an integrated design approach, the proposed strategy is a skillion roof with overhangs and vertical louvres to effective manage the excessive contrast luminance in the field of view and the impairment of the ability to see.

skillion roof overhangs

skillion roof overhangs

© Cui Zhi, 2016.

skillion roof overhangs

Figure 07 : plan view - overhang from above skillion roof (dotted lines).

© photo courtesy Builderbill, Inc.

© photo courtesy Draper, Inc.

Figure 08 : elevation view - skillion roof and proposed vertical louvres.

2.2 Artificial Lighting

This part of the report is considering light fittings layout. The lighting plan consists of reflected ceiling plan onto which fixtures are placed. The placement is dimensioned with on-center spacing, distance from walls, or whatever reference is considered the critical landmark and mounting height. The number of lamps and its designation derives from the following :

abbreviation N E A F UF MF

description number of lamps required illuminance level required working plane area average luminous flux from each lamp light distribution allowance for luminaire and room surface reduced light output allowance from deterioration and dirt *MF (maintenance factor) = LLF (light loss factor)

symbol n lux m² lm n n

2.2.1 Studied Space I : Reception Lobby L 8000 mm

W 6450 mm

© Cui Zhi, 2016.

Figure 09 : ground floor kitchen plan.

Kitchen must ensure compliance with sanitation and safety regulations to avoid product contamination. Hence, only certified luminaires with Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) standard of 500 lux should be consider for this area.

Brand

Kenall® Model CSEDO24/90L50K Lamp type LED Color rendering index (CRI) 82 Color temperature 5000 K Luminaire colour Daylight white Reflectance 92 % Luminous flux 9800 lumen Electric power 98 W Efficacy 100 lm/W Electric drive current 94 mA Voltage 120–277 VAC Frequency 50/60 Hz Nominal life 60,000 Hrs Feature: Recessed ceiling mount 1.0”/1.5” grid /flange

Dimension Data (inches) , A = 4.43 , B = 23.94 X 47.94 , C = 22.85 , D = 46.85 ©Kenall

Lumen Method Calculation - KITCHEN

Kitchen space length, L Kitchen space width, W Kitchen floor area, A IES standard illuminance required Lumen of lighting fixture, F Height of luminaire, Hl Work level, Hw Mounting height, Hm Assumed reflectance value Room index, Ri = [LxW / (L+W) Hm]

8.00 meter 6.45 meter 51.60 m² 500 lux 9800 lumen 3.0 meter 0.750 meter 2.25 meter ceiling = 0.7, wall = 0.5, floor = 0.2 [ (8x6.45) / (8+6.45) 2.25 ] Ri = 1.59 Downward light output ratio, LOR 50 % Utilization factor, UF 0.43 Maintenance factor, MF 0.8 Lumen calculation, N = [E x A / F x UF x MF] [ 500 x 51.60 / 9800 x 0.43 x 0.8 ] N = 8 lamps Suggested layout 2 rows of 4 luminaires Spacing, Smax = 1.5 x Hm 1.5 x 2.25 Smax = 3.375 meter

L 8000 mm

1.9 meter

W 6450 mm

3.1 meter light fitting

Š Cui Zhi, 2016.

Figure 10 : kitchen reflected ceiling plan (suggested layout). * distance between light fittings not greater than 3.3 meter

2.2.2 Studied Space II : Physiotherapy Room

© Cui Zhi, 2016.

Figure 11 : physiotherapy room ground floor plan.

Physiotherapy, massage, medicinal packs - rooms used for therapy and rehabilitation, 300 lux illuminance is normally enough according to Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) standard room illuminance level. A suitable general lighting solution can be provided by e.g. luminaires for three-band fluorescent lamps. Selected to produce a warm white light colour, they help enhance a bright and cheerful interior.

Brand Kenall® Model M2DL8HF Lamp type CFL Color rendering index (CRI) 80 Color temperature 3000 K Luminaire colour Warm white Reflectance 84% Luminous flux 1200 lumen Electric power 30 W Efficacy 69.4 % Electric drive current 700 mA Voltage 120 – 277 VAC Frequency 50/60 Hz Nominal life 60,000 Hrs Feature : Recessed ceiling mount, 8” aperture, Horizontal fluorescent, Flush lens.

Dimension Data (inches) , A = 8.38 , B = 10.63 , C = 8.08 , D = 17.00 , E = 25.35 , F = 21.87 ©Kenall

Lumen Method Calculation – PHYSIOTHERAPY ROOM

Physiotherapy room horizontal area, AH Physiotherapy room vertical area, AV Physiotherapy room floor area, A JKR standard illuminance required Lumen of lighting fixture, F Height of luminaire, Hl Work level, Hw Mounting height, Hm Assumed reflectance value Room index, Ri = [AH / AV ]

53.64 m² 49.66 m² 26.82 m² 300 lux 1200 lumen 3.0 meter 0.50 meter 2.25 meter ceiling = 0.7, wall = 0.5, floor = 0.2 [ 53.64 / 49.66 ] Ri = 1.08 Downward light output ratio, LOR 70 % Utilization factor, UF 0.52 Maintenance factor, MF 0.8 Lumen calculation, N = [E x A / F x UF x MF] [ 300 x 26.82 / 1200 x 0.52 x 0.8 ] N = 16 lamps Suggested layout 3 rows of 4 luminaires, and another 3 and 1 respectively at its corner Spacing, Smax = 1.5 x Hm 1.5 x 2.25 Smax = 3.375 meter

light fitting

1.0 m

1.50 m meter

0.93 m

1.57 m meter

© Cui Zhi, 2016.

Figure 12 : physiotherapy room reflected ceiling plan (suggested layout). * distance between light fittings not greater than 3.3 meter

2.3 PSALI (Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting of Interiors) 2.3.1 Studied Space I : Nursing Station

© Cui Zhi, 2016 via CAD and Ecotect.

room space above overhang below

Figure 13 : Additional artificial lighting especially in rooms lit only by windows on one side.

PSALI compensates for the fall in illuminance as the distance from the window increases.

nursing station (Area) 15.30 m² total windows (Area) 5.00 m² DF = 0.1 X PG 0.1 X 32.68% approximate DF = 3.27%

Daylight Factor Formula, Eind_ X 100% DF = Eout given unobstructed Eout = 32,000 lux overcast sky in Malaysia Eind = (DF/100%) X Eout 0.0005 X 32,000 lux appx. indoor daylight = 1045.75 lux

Without considering the window height and shape, nor the external reflector and interior reflector components, the DF is 3.27% and the approximate indoor daylight is 1045.75lux. It seems that arithmetically the designed nursing station is within the bright zone with good daylight distribution based on MS1525:2007. However from the simulation model, illustrates places largely below 3%DF. The ‘Room Illumination Level’ list (Kuppusamy, 2016, page 73), Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR), require 300 lux for nursing station/ enquiry desk. The interior nursing station is said at its lowest limit of daylight penetration. Following predicts the depth of daylight zone and Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting of Interiors (PSALI).

© bsapplec, 2016.

Figure 14 : the effect of window height on DF. (left) The effect of window shape on DF (right).

Daylight design is closely related to a number of environmental factors because the use of glass windows to let in light also allows the penetration of solar heat and noise and increases the rate of heat gain or loss of the building fabric. Therefore daylight design can never be considered alone. Fortunately by the proper choice of window orientation and suitable sun shading device or constructions, the solar heat gain can be greatly reduced. The use of double glazed window units is able to cope with the noise problem and reduce significantly the heat gain or loss through the window. The remaining problem would be the proper windows design to provide a visually comfortable and efficient environment for the type of tasks and activities to be performed. In this case, additional artificial lighting to lit up the room by which the windows on one side only. PSALI compensates for the fall in illuminance as the distance from the window increases. The use of daylight has energy saving implications. But to harness daylight in buildings requires detailed analysis into its penetration. The lowest daylight penetration is taken as the depth of daylight zone while the difference between the lowest and highest daylight penetration is considered for the depth of PSALI zone.

Brand Model Lamp type Color rendering index (CRI) Color temperature Luminaire colour Reflectance Luminous flux Electric power Efficacy Electric drive current Voltage Frequency Nominal life

Kenall® MAUC/11L40K LED 90 4000 K neutral white cast aluminum integral heat sink

803 lumen 13 W 62 lm/W 117 mA 120–277 VAC 50/60 Hz 92,000 Hrs

Dimension Data (inches), x = 18.00 ©Kenall

Lumen Method Calculation – NURSING STATION

Nursing station room length, L Nursing station room width, W Nursing station floor area, A JKR standard illuminance required Lumen of lighting fixture, F Height of luminaire, Hl Work level, Hw Mounting height, Hm Assumed reflectance value Room index, Ri = [LxW / (L+W) Hm]

5.10 m 3.00 m 15.30 m² 300 lux 2190 3.0 meter 0.70 meter 2.30 meter ceiling = 0.7, wall = 0.5, floor = 0.2 [ (5.03 X 2.70) / (5.03 + 2.70) 2.30 ] Ri = 0.76 Downward light output ratio, LOR 70 % Utilization factor, UF 0.48 Maintenance factor, MF 0.8 Lumen calculation, N = [E x A / F x UF x MF] [ (300 x 15.30) / (2190 x 0.48 x 0.8) ] N = 6 lamps Suggested layout 2 rows of 3 luminaires Spacing, Smax = 1.5 x Hm 1.5 x 2.30 Smax = 3.45 meter

Figure 15 : reflected ceiling plan for nursing station PSALI method for placing luminaires, during the brightest portions of the day (when the daylight factor is high), only row C, semi-recessed mounting wall luminaires needs to be switched on.

When the daylight level drops (lower DF factor), rows A can be turned on in replace of row C (switching off this time). Only at night or very gloomy dark days (when the daylight factor is extreme low), would be necessary to have rows A and B (three rows) switched on to have sufficient interior luminance.

3.0 ACOUSTICS PROPOSAL

Considering acoustics in the scope of this assignment, both structure-borne sound and air-borne are studied at their propagation, and methods to reduce it. The understanding of the way that calculations are done and what they attempt to represent or measure is extremely useful in acoustics design. This acoustics proposal assignment develops a sense of consciousness, which may be used in the early stages of any architectural design. Accurate calculations and even the use of the modelling simulators for further analysis allow an optimum study of noise environment subject to external noise level, the reverberation time, and the transmission loss in relative to the individual and the activity as criteria.

3.1 External Noise of the physical site – PJS7 80 dB 70 dB 40 dB

© Cui Zhi, 2016.

Figure 16 : external noise level at the proposed site.

External noise source Traffic transportation Children playground, sports, pedestrian Neighborhood, conversation

Decibel, dB 80 70 40

Sound Pressure Level, SPL (decibel) : dB = 10 log10 (I1 / lo) = 10 log10 [ l1 / (1x10-12 W/m2) ]

Traffic transportation sound intensity: 80 = 10 log10 [ l1 / (1x10-12) ] Antilog 8 = [ l1 / (1x10-12) ] 1x108 = [ l1 / (1x10-12) ] l1 = 1x10-4 W/m2 Children playground, sports, pedestrian sound intensity: 70 = 10 log10 [ l2 / (1x10-12) ] Antilog 7 = [ l2 / (1x10-12) ] 1x107 = [ l2 / (1x10-12) ] l2 = 1x10-5 W/m2 Neighborhood, conversation sound intensity: 40 = 10 log10 [ l3 / (1x10-12) ] Antilog 4 = [ l3 / (1x10-12) ] 1x104 = [ l3 / (1x10-12) ] l3 = 1x10-8 W/m2

External noise SPL

= 10 log10 [ (l1 + l2 + l3) / (1x10-12) ] = 10 log10 { [ (1x10-4) + (1x10-5) + (1x10-8) ] / (1x10-12) } = 80.41 dB

The sound pressure level for a tranquil yet active elderly home would be within a healthy range of 30 – 40 dB (Chan, 2016, page 26). From the above, the calculated external noise is 80.41 dB which is harmful. This is due to the noise produce by the highway road parallel to the neighborhood and the major traffic street both at the front and back of the site. To reduce external noise entering into the elderly home, buffer zones like courtyard, existing vegetation, balcony can be designed; sound attenuation materials and construction techniques can be employ.

3.2 Reverberation Time (RT)

3.2.1 Studied Space I : Bedroom (unit 05)

Š Cui Zhi, 2016.

Figure 17 : Bedroom Sound Ray Diagram

Bedroom floor area Volume Occupancy

Component Material Wall bricks Floor wood Ceiling plaster Window glass Door timber Occupant seating

15.40 m2 53.90 m3 2 pax

Absorption Coefficient (2000 Hz) 0.05 0.10 0.04 0.07 0.10 0.81 Total room absorption, A

Area (m2) 59.50 15.40 15.40 41.40 1.89 2 pax

Surface area X coefficient,

Sa

2.97 2.97 0.62 2.90 0.20 1.62 11.28

RT = 0.16 x 53.90_ = 0.75 s 11.28 Conclusion : The reverberation time for bedroom unit 05 is 0.75s, which is precisely the recommended reverberation times (according to usage - speech) (Chan, 2016, page 40). Evidently, the bedroom a suitable designed acoustics quality.

3.2.2 Studied Space II : Foyer/Reception/Lobby

Š Cui Zhi, 2016.

Figure 18 : Reception Lobby Sound Ray Diagram

Reception lobby floor area Volume Occupancy

Component Material Wall bricks Floor wood Ceiling plaster Window glass Door glass Occupant seating standing

58.91 m2 306.69 m3 80 pax

Absorption Coefficient (2K Hz) 0.05 0.10 0.04 0.07 0.07 0.58 0.45 Total room absorption, A

Area 84.70 m2 58.91 m2 58.91 m2 88.99 m2 26.51 m2 30 pax 50 pax

Surface area X Coefficient 4.24 5.89 2.36 6.23 1.86 17.4 22.5 60.48

RT = 0.16 x 306.69_ = 0.81 s 60.48 Conclusion : The recommended reverberation time for multipurpose usage in a small room volume less than 750m3 is 1s (Chan, 2016, page 40). The calculated reverberation time for reception lobby is 0.81s.

Evidently, the reception lobby has a pleasant acoustics quality.

3.3 Sound Transmission Loss(TL)

3.3.1 Studied Space I : Medical Treatment Room

LOBBY

sound source direct sound transmission

L 5450 mm

indirect flanking sound transmission

Image courtesy ©Chan, 2016.

© Cui Zhi, 2016.

Figure 19 : The noise rating (NR) index for lobby is 40dB (Kupussamy, 2016, page35). This value takes account of noise disturbance from air-conditioning and speech interference

Component Wall Door

Material SRI brick 51 dB wood 28 dB

Area 15.12 m2 3.96 m2

Using, SRIwall = 10 log10 (1/Twall) 51 = 10 log10 (1/Twall) Antilog 5.1 = (1/Twall) Twall = 7.94 X 10-06 Using, SRIdoor = 10 log10 (1/Tdoor) 28 = 10 log10 (1/Tdoor) Antilog 2.8 = (1/Tdoor) Tdoor = 1.58 X 10-03

Transmission coefficient 7.94 X 10-06 1.58 X 10-03

Surface area X Coefficient 1.20 X 10-04 6.26 X 10-03

Using, TAV = (AwallxTwall + AdoorxTdoor) / total areas TAV = (1.20 X 10-04 + 6.26 X 10-03) / (15.12 + 3.96) = 3.34 X 10-04

SRIoverall = 10 log10 (1/TAV) = 10 log10 [ 1/ (3.34 X 10-04) ] = 34.76 dB

Assuming the noise 40dB is transmitted from lobby to treatment room via the wall in-between, which has an overall SRI of 34.76dB, i.e. transmission loss of wall measures 34.76dB lost when a sound of a given frequency is transmitted through the wall. Thus the noise level into the treatment room is 5.24dB. Reference to the recommended design sound level for treatment room – 30dB (Chan, 2016, page 26), this space meets the arithmetic acoustic requirements.

3.3.2 Studied Space II : Nursing Station

Š Cui Zhi, 2016.

3m

Figure 20: The noise rating (NR) index for road is 50dB, highway is 70-80dB (Kupussamy, 2016, page36).

The NR value taken for the adjacent road to the nursing station room is 60dB.

Component Wall

Material SRI brick 51 dB

Using, SRIwall = 10 log10 (1/Twall) 51 = 10 log10 (1/Twall) Antilog 5.1 = (1/Twall) Twall = 7.94 X 10-06

Area 10.50 m2

Transmission coefficient 7.94 X 10-06

SRIoverall = 10 log10 (1/TAV) = 10 log10 [ 1/ (37.94 X 10-06) ] = 51.00 dB

Taken the traffic noise exposure at 60dB transmitting from exterior to nursing station space via the 10.50m2 surface brick wall in-between, which has a overall SRI of 51.00dB, i.e. transmission loss of wall measures 51.00dB loss when a sound of a given frequency is transmitted through the wall. Thus the noise level into the treatment room is 9.00dB. Reference to the recommended design sound level for nursing station corridor – 35dB (Chan, 2016, page 26), this space meets the arithmetic acoustic requirements.

4.0 REFERENCES

1. Karlen, M., and Benya, J., (2004) Lighting Design Basics. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2. Smith, B.J., Peters, R.J., and Owen, S., (1996) Acoustics and Noise Control. Second edition. England: Addison Wesley Longman Limited.

3. Livingston, J., (2014) Designing with Light: The Art, Science, and Practice of Architectural Lighting Design. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 4. Baker, N., and Steemers, K., (2000) Energy and Environment in Architecture: A Technical Design Guide. Abingdon, Oxon: Taylors & Francis 5. Schiler, M., (1992) Simplified Design of Building Lighting. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 6. Pritchard, D.C., (1995) Lighting. Fifth Edition. England: Addison Wesley Longman Limited.

7. MS1525 (2007) Malaysian Standard Code of Practice of Energy Efficiency and Use of Renewable Energy for Non-Residential Buildings. Department of Standards Malaysia.

8. Chan Seong Aun (13 April 2013) Residential Green Design [PDF document]. Retrieved from PAM CPD Seminar & Lecture Note Online Website: http://pamsc.org.my/wpcontent/uploads/2013/08/Residential_Green_Design_cpd_Material.pdf 9. Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) Malaysia. (July 2013). Building Energy Efficiency Technical Guideline for Passive Design [PDF format].

Retrieved from: http://bseep.gov.my/App_ClientFile/df08bc24-99fb-47a3-937fdc25df9d3997/Assets/Building%20Energy%20Efficiency%20Technical%20Guideline%20f or%20Passive%20Design.pdf 10. Kuppusamy, Sivaraman. (2016). Daylighting Strategies and Architecture [lecture notes].

11. Kuppusamy, Sivaraman. (2016). Architectural Acoustic Calculations [lecture notes].

12. Chan, Edwin. (2016). Sound Behaviour, Noise Control & Room Acoustic Design [lecture notes].