Apostolic Faith and Pentecostal Timetable of Key Events 1930-1940 by Life Network

APOSTOLIC FAITH & PENTECOSTAL BERNIE L. WADE, PHD

TIMETABLE OF KEY EVENTS

1930-1940

APOSTOLIC FAITH & PENTECOSTAL TIMETABLE OF KEY EVENTS

Bernie L. Wade, Ph.D.

Cover Top: Apostolic Faith Church Portland Oregon circa 1910 Cover Bottom: Apostolic Faith Church of God W. 55th Street, Cleveland, Ohio circa 1931 Bishop G. B. Rowe, Bishop R.O. Cornell and their wives seated in the front row. Back row near the building, directly behind Bishop Rowe, Bishop George A. Wade (holding baby).

“Doctrine is truth lifted from Scripture and dedicated to purpose”

“Some months ago, among some of the colored people in this city, reinforced after a little with some whites, there began something which was called the "gift of tongues: The meetings were held in a large rented building on Azusa street.” Dr. Phineas R. Bresee Founder - Church of the Nazarene December 1906

“The Pentecostal power, when you sum it all up, is just more of God’s love. If it does not bring more love, it is simply a counterfeit.” -

William Seymour (Seymour was the evangelist that Charles Parham sent to Los Angeles. He led the outpouring of the Holy Spirit at what is known as the Azusa Street revival.

FOREWARD

From the beginning of time the plan of God for His people was for them to have fellowship with Him. We see in Scripture that it was for the purpose of praising God that mankind was created. When Jesus ascended into Heaven, He left His followers with the promise that He would send the Comforter. On the Day of Pentecost, the full earnest of our inheritance came in the form of the manifestation of the Holy Spirit as the disciples of Jesus Christ who had gathered in Jerusalem in an upper room, became the first group to receive the Holy Spirit with the evidence of speaking in tongues. The whole would be impacted by those who were endued with this Power from on High.

Gerald Archie and Vesta Layne Magnum

Centuries later, many had mistakenly adopted the idea that receiving the Holy Spirit in the manner that the 6

disciples of Jesus Christ did on the Day of Pentecost was a thing of the past. Thankfully, some vehemently disagreed with that ideology. On January 1st1901 that changed forever when believers received the Holy Spirit with the evidence of speaking in other tongues just like the disciples in the New Testament. This launched the greatest period of growth in the History of the Church.

Sister Verbia Rowe, Bishop Glenn Beecher (G. B.) Rowe, Sister Ida Haywood, Bishop G. T. Haywood and Unknown. In the back is a man who was referred to as “uncle Jack”.

Today, more than 5 generations later, the posterity of those early 1900’s Christ followers’ number in the hundreds of millions with some 25% of the worlds Christians believing in the baptism of the Holy Spirit!1 631 Million Pentecostals in 2014! Inevitably, Pentecostals will exceed 1 Billion worldwide! The flow of events is outlined in this historical timeline.

More Than 1 in 4 Christians Are Pentecostal, Charismatic. Read more at http://www.christianpost.com/news/more-than-1-in-4-christians-are-pentecostal-charismatic65358/#FJ028o4Eu2ceEEA1.99

Dedication To the Life and Ministry of Bishop Raymond Oscar & Ruth Cornell, founding Pastors of Apostolic Faith Church of God (1930-1971) 2030 W.55th Street, Cleveland Ohio. Bishop Ray Cornell served as District Elder in the Pentecostal Assemblies of Jesus Christ (PAJC) (1931-1945). District Elder in the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World (PAW) including hosting the 1948 National Convention (1945-1954). Bishop and 1st Chairman of the Pentecostal Assemblies of Jesus Christ (PAJC) 1955-1971. The Cornell’s faithfully served, providing a church family to thousands including this author’s Grandparents, Bishop George Arthur & Lois Ethel Wade, George & Olive Ann Gillespie and parents Bishop Sanford Lee & Georgia Ann Wade. The Cornell’s pastors were Bishop Glenn Beecher (G. B.) & Verbia Rowe who founded churches in Ligonier, Bourbon, Plymouth, Shelbyville, South Bend and Mishawaka, Indiana. In 1920, the Rowes planted what has become one of the most powerful and influential Pentecostal churches in the United States - Midway Gospel Tabernacle, in Mishawaka, Indiana (Now Apostolic Temple). Bishop Rowe was selected as one of the first five original Bishops of the P.A.W (1925). He also labored as an evangelist, scholar, singer and writer. Bishop Rowe became the lead Bishop at the death of Bishop G. T. Haywood (1931) and spearheaded the merger between the AC of JC (Apostolic Church of Jesus Christ) and the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World (PAW) that merger resulted in the creation of the Pentecostal Assemblies of Jesus Christ (PAJC) (1931-1945). In 1945 the PAJC merged with the PCI to become the United Pentecostal Church (UPC). Bishop Rowe served on the first Board of the UPC (1945-1948). Later, Bishop Rowe contributed to the fledgling IMA (International Ministerial Association (1954-1963) and led the Oneness Ministers Association (1950). To the Life and Ministry of Charles Fox & Sarah Parham who became spiritual parents to all of us who are spirit filled. To the Life and Ministry of A. J. Tomlinson who, like the Parhams, stood the test of cultural bias to offer the world a vision of the Church of God that truly represents the people of the earth just as Apostle John saw: After this I beheld, and, see, a great multitude, which no man could number, of all nations, and kindreds, and people, and tongues, stood before the throne, and before the Lamb, clothed with white robes, and palms in their hands. (Revelation 7:9 King James 2000)

Acknowledgements The vision for the book came out of decades of study and research on the topic of Apostolic Reformation. In this 6th Edition we have added a much broader world view of the history. We hope to continue to add information from around the World. Special thanks to those who helped me in this process including the late Ralph E. Day Jr., Cindye Coates, PhD, Gary Garrett, PhD founder of Apostolic Archives, Bishop Sanford L. Wade, Melissa Kody and many others. To Pastors Bernie & Blanca Wade of Life Church and Juan & Maricela Fuentes. Thank you for modeling servant leadership. www.lifechurchkentucky.com

To the memories of my mother, Pastor Georgia Wade who taught me, through her life so well lived, that the measure of men is in how they treat others. To my paternal Grandparents Bishop George A. Lois Wade who left a life of sin to live for Jesus. To my maternal grandparents, George and Olive Gillespie who led their family to Jesus. A tip of the hat to the faculty of my Alma Mater Life College http://www.lifecollege.education To Dr. Barney Phillips for his help, input and dedication. To the ministers of the International Circle of Faith – ICOF, I am honored to serve with you. http://www.icof.net

APOSTOLIC FAITH MOVEMENT FAMILY TREE 1901 – 1925

Apostolic Faith Movement 1902 - Present

Azusa Street 1906 Church of God In Christ (White) 1912

Church of God 1908

Apostolic Faith Church (UK) 1909

Apostolic Church of Wales 1916

General Association of Aposotlic Assemblies 1916 Pentecostal Assemblies (PAW) 1906 - 1918 Assemblies of God 1914

Apostolic Church of Pentecost 1921

Pentecostal Assemblies of Canada 1919

Apostolic Church of God 1922

Apostolic Faith 1909

Church of God in Christ 1907 Pentecostal Church of God 1919

Apostolic Assembly of the Faith in Christ Jesus 1925 Pentecostal Mission 1924

Mount Sinai Holy Church of America 1924

Pentecostal Assemblies of the World (PAW) 1918

APOSTOLIC FAITH MOVEMENT FAMILY TREE 1923 – 2000

Apostolic Faith Movement 1902 - Present

Church of God 1908 Assemblies of God 1914

PAW 1918 COGOP 1923 ACJC 1927 Apostolic Faith COG 1932 ICOF 2001

PAJC 1954

COOLJC 1919

PAJC 1931

PMA 1925 PMI 1932

Bible Way 1957

Azusa Street 1906

Way of the Cross 1933

Bethel Min. Assoc.1934

Four Square1927

Bible Pattern 1939

Elim Fellowship 1932

Fire Baptized 1926 PEF 1936

COOLJC 1932

AMA 1941

Zion Assembly 1938

PAW re-org1938 UPC 1945

PC of Zion 1954 PCAF 1957

ALJC 1952

Global 1986

AWCF 1971

Spiritual lineage of Charles Fox Parham (Partial listing) William Trotter Florence Crawford Arnulfo M. Lopez

Stephen (J. J.) Frazee

E.W. Doak

Agnes Osman Leberg

James Delk

George Studd

Andrew D. Urshan

C. H. Mason

Daniel C. O. Opperman

William Pendleton

Howard Goss

Jeannie Moore

E. R. Driver R. R. Booker J. Bowe

Millicent McClendon Warren Faye Carothers

Lucy Farrow

Glenn Cook

Mary Moise

Frank Bartleman

Leonard P. Adams

R. E. McAlister

Robert Parham William Seymour

William Durham

Lilian Thistlewaite

Garfield Thomas Haywood

Aimee Semple (McPherson) Frank Ewart

Elmer Kirk Fisher

Anna Hall

Henry Prentiss

Henry G. Rogers

G. B. Cashwell

Mack Pinson

John F. Lake

A. J. Tomlinson

Ethel Wright

A. H. Argue Fannie Dobson Lemuel C. Hall

Arthur G. Osterberg

Mary Arthur

Luigi Franceson

F. F. Bosworth

Tom Hezmallauch

William Hamner Piper Charles and Sarah Fox Parham

Anna Reiff Lydia Piper

Minnie Draper

Rachel Sizelove Charles W. Lowe

Rilda Cole Henry G. Tuthill

George Jeffreys

Nora Byrd

Lewi Pethrus

Mary Boddy

Thomas Ball Barratt

Alexander Boddy

Stephen Jeffreys

Mable Wise

Jonathan Paul

Stanley Frodsham

Susan Duncan

Smith Wigglesworth

C. F. Atherton

Cecil Polhill

A. G. Canada

List of Abbreviations AAFCJ AAI ACANJC AC ACE ACFCJ ACJ ACJC ACOP AFC AFCOG AFMCG AG AsCJC ALJC AMA AOHCG

Apostolic Assembly of the Faith in Christ Jesus Apostolic Archives International Apostolic Christian Assembly of the Name of Jesus Christ Apostolic Church Apostolic Church of Ethiopia Apostolic Church of the Faith in Christ Jesus [Mexico] Apostolic Church of Jesus Apostolic Church of Jesus Christ [originally – Apostolic Churches of Jesus Christ] Apostolic Church of Pentecost [Canada] Apostolic Faith Churches [Hawaii] Apostolic Faith Church of God Apostolic Faith Missionary Church of God Assemblies of God Assemblies of the Church Jesus Christ Assemblies of the Lord Jesus Christ Apostolic Ministerial Association Apostolic Overcoming Holy Church of God [originally – Ethiopian Overcoming Holy Church of God]

ABC

Associated Brotherhood of Christians [originally – Associated Ministers of Jesus Christ]

AMJC BMA

Associated Ministers of Jesus Christ Bethel Ministerial Association [originally – Evangelistic Ministerial Alliance] Blessed Truth, The Bible Way Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ Worldwide Church of God (Apostolic) Church of God in Christ Jesus (Apostolic) Christian Gospel Spiritual Church [Mexico] Church of God in Christ Church of Jesus Christ, The Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ of the Apostolic Faith Church of the Living God, the Pillar and Ground of the Truth Church of the Lord Jesus Christ Christ Pentecostal Church [Yugoslavia] Center for the Study of Oneness Pentecostalism Christian Outlook, The

BT BWC CGA CGCJA CGSC COGIC CJC COOLJC CLGPGT CLJC CPC CSOP CO

DPCM ECSA EDN ETBCAF ECJC EMA FCGCJN FPC FUCJCA GAAA GCGCA GR IBC ICOF ICOF CSU

Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements Evangelical Church in the Spirit of the Apostles [Russia] Enumeration District Number – U.S. Census Emmanuel Tabernacle Baptist Church Apostolic Faith Emmanuel’s Church in Jesus Christ Evangelistic Ministerial Alliance Free Holiness Church of God in Jesus’ Name First Pentecostal Church of Jesus Christ First United Church of Jesus Christ Apostolic General Assembly of Apostolic Assemblies Glorious Church of God in Christ Apostolic Good Report, The International Bible College International Circle of Faith www.icof.net

IPC JOAC KKK LWC MDS NBCGCP NIDPCM OSI PAJC PAW PCCN

Indonesia Pentecostal Church Jesus Only Apostolic Church Ku Klux Klan Light of the World Church [La Luz del Mundo - Mexico] Meat in Due Season New Bethel Church of God in Christ (Pentecostal)

PCAF PCI PHCG PMA PT SJC SPS TJC UPCI VW WG

International Circle of Faith Colleges, Seminaries and Universities (Now Life College) www.lifecollege.education

New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements

Oneness Studies Institute Pentecostal Assemblies of Jesus Christ Pentecostal Assemblies of the World A Pentecostal and Charismatic Churches of North America [originally – Pentecostal Fellowship of North America] Pentecostal Churches of the Apostolic Faith Pentecostal Church, Incorporated Pure Holiness Church of God Pentecostal Ministerial Alliance [renamed (1932) – Pentecostal Church, Inc.] Present Truth, The Spirit of Jesus Church [Japan] Society for Pentecostal Studies True Jesus Church [China] United Pentecostal Church International [originally – United Pentecostal Church, Inc.] Often referred to as the UPC Voice in the Wilderness, The Witness of God, The

“So many today are worshiping in the mountains, big churches, stone and frame buildings. But Jesus teaches that salvation is not in these stone structures–not in the mountains–not in the hills, but in God.” Elder William Seymour, Pastor

1930

January 20. Morris Golder walked into Christ Temple in Indianapolis and sat on the back row. At the close of the invitation he walked down the aisle; repented and was baptized in Jesus’ name for the remission of his sins, received the gift of the Holy Ghost, all within just a few minutes. A few months later he felt the call to preach. He attended every Bible class he could, and intently listened to every sermon that Bishop Haywood delivered. Morris was trying to soak up as much “word” as he possibly could in a short time. Little did he know that Bishop Haywood’s time would be cut short.

1930

February 6. Stanley W. Chambers receives the Holy Ghost at Apostolic Gospel Church in Columbus Ohio pastored by W. T. Witherspoon.

1930

Little Rock, AR. Bishop Archibald J. Street and his wife, the former Anne Sanders, and began evangelizing the area while staying in the home of Mr. and Mrs. Wiggins, he convinced the family of Mother Ollie Quick to accept the apostolic plan of salvation. After COGIC minister Eric Jeffrey was convinced to be baptized in the name of Jesus, several others followed. Shortly thereafter, they organized a church, and some 80 persons were baptized. The Streets were baptized and filled with the Holy Spirit under the ministry of Bishop S. N. Hancock (Detroit Michigan).

1930

March 15. Apostolic Assembly of the Faith in Christ Jesus (Apostolic Assembly) is incorporated. Apostolic Assembly is the oldest Spanishspeaking Oneness Pentecostal denomination in the United States. It is also the oldest primarily Hispanic denomination in the world and is also the eighth fastest growing Hispanic denomination. It was founded in 1925 after Hispanic ministers were advised by Bishop G. T. Haywood to start their own group rather than be abused by the white ministers who were forming their own group (i.e. PCI).2

1930

Pat Robertson is born in Virginia, the son of Senator Absalom Willis Robertson. In the early 1960s, Robertson would begin his 700 Club and the Christian Broadcasting Network and become an influential televangelist of the last quarter of the 20th century. Robertson is an ordained Southern Baptist minister, but holds to a Pentecostal theology, a position which puts him at odds with many of his fellow Southern Baptists.

https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Assembly_of_the_Faith_in_Christ_Jesus

1930

Sakpo, Isaiah Ghele, Sakpo received the baptism of the Holy Spirit at Faith Tabernacle Church (FTC) in Nigeria West Africa. He is the first from FTC to receive the baptism.3

1930

August. New York City. PAW Convention. A faction led by Elder Samuel F. Grimes opposed the handling of the organizations finances and the direction of the PAW under the leadership of the five Bishops that were leading the PAW. Much of his opposition was reportedly directed toward Bishop G. T. Haywood who unknown to most was suffering from a serious heart disease. Grimes who was not in a key leadership position and had a different vision for the PAW.4 Some say Grimes was also unhappy that he had not been made a Bishop.

1930

August 27. The Pentecostal Assembly of the World has grown to a membership of 250,000 representing America and foreign countries. There are 2,000 churches in the connection, three of which are in Palestine, ten in Jamaica, B.W.I; two in Hawaii and four in Liberia. The connection contributes about $900 a month to foreign work. The church has missionaries in Africa, Hawaii, Japan and India.5 The Board of Bishops is as follows: G. T. Haywood, G. B. Rowe, J. M. Turpin, A. W. Lewis, S.N. Hancock, R. G. Pettis, F. B. Douglas and K. F. Smith (Secretary). The PAW votes that “The Presiding Bishop shall be elected by ballot by the general body in annual session and shall hold office for four years.”6

Dictionary of African Christian Biography. Sakpo, Isaiah Ghele. 1912 to 1993. The Apostolic Church Nigeria 4 Tyson, Early Pentecostal Revival, 274, 277; see, also, Howell, “People of the Name,” 108, noting that a Grimes faction “questioned the financial operations.” 5 These totals therefore included the entire movement worldwide, missionary-led and autochthonous, indicating that Haywood thought of the PAW as the overarching organizational symbol of the movement. Also, he continued to subsume the White constituency under the title PAW; See, Cleveland G. Allen, “Pentecostal Assemblies to End Session Friday,” New York News, August 27, 1930, 1, duplicated in Tyson, Chalices, 347; “Leaders at Convention Here,” New York Amsterdam News, August 27, 1930, 7; cf.,Golder, Haywood, 68. 6 PAW. Brief Report of the Minutes of the 1930-31 Session. Held at New York City. August 26-31, 1920. This report from Second Day, August 27th, 1930. Pg. 4.

1930

First Assembly of God moved to their current location on Kennett Street, (Kennett MO). Sold their old building at 205 Randol Street to the Apostolics for $100, organized as the Apostolic Assembly of Jesus Christ Church. W. S. Fitzpatrick was elected pastor under the constitution that was adopted, and V. H. Davidson, C. W. Davis, and Ed Holifield were elected deacons. Would later become 1st United Pentecostal Church.

1930

October. Shreveport, LA. 5th Annual International Revival Convention of the PMA. Howard A. Goss – President, W. E. Kidson, Secretary. Lee Roy Ooton is elected Secretary.7

1930

Myrtle Beall (1896-1979) began preaching in the 1930s and later founded and pastored the 3,000-seat Bethesda Missionary Temple in Detroit, Michigan, which was dedicated in 1949. Like so many before her she found herself at odds with the leadership of the Assemblies of God over Apostolic doctrine. She was forced away from the Assemblies of God after accepting the Latter Rain movement which had originated at Sharon Schools in North Battleford, Saskatchewan, Canada. The latter rain miracle outpouring which was expected to precede Christ's coming. God is raising up prophets and apostles to lead this miracle outpouring, and "the prophetic word" was emphasized, whereby the secrets of men's hearts were revealed. Beall's Bethesda Missionary Temple became a very influential center for the Latter Rain.8

1930-1932

The Shantung Revival. Mary Crawford served with the North China Mission of the Southern Baptist Convention. Her book is a compilation of true miraculous stories, many authenticated by responsible and reliable missionaries that occurred during the revival in the Shantung region of North China, during the years 1930-1933. This marvelous work had a profound effect on the Southern Baptists ministry there.9 Mary states, “For several years there had been an increasing hunger in the hearts of most of us to see more of the Power of the Holy Spirit in our work. We had been taught in our seminaries that if we ever got any souls saved it would be through the work of the Holy Spirit. We knew the doctrine of the Acts of the Apostles, but we were not experiencing it as we knew we should. After the Chinese Southern Army came in during the

https://www.apostolicarchives.com/Lee_Roy_Ooton.html Ibid. Women in Religion. 9 http://www.revival-library.org/index.php/catalogues-menu/20th-century/the-shantung-revival 8

year 1928, and so much of our work showed up as “hay and stubble” most of us were willing to “humble ourselves under the mighty hand of God that He might exalt us in due season.”10 1931

April 14th, 1931. Bishop Garfield Thomas Haywood dies in Indianapolis, Indiana at age 51. A son of former slaves, Haywood was born in Greencastle, Indiana on July 15, 1880. 10,000 attend his funeral. Bishop Samuel N. Hancock ministers at the funeral. “Hancock, who had been one of his closest associates, was to Haywood’s side in April. And as the main funeral speaker he eulogized the life of G. T. Haywood as having been propelled by the “zeal of God” and “driven by the Spirit.” Twenty-three years of ministry, from 1908, according to Hancock, were marked with difficulties “because of the actions of his brethren.” “God said, I will take you away from the shame, reproach, and persecution. You have fought for twenty-three years, come and rest.”11 Early leader of the Apostolic Faith and subsequent Pentecostal movement and promoter of multi-racial fellowship and worship. Haywood was chosen to be Secretary of the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World in 1918, and one of five Bishops chosen to lead the P.A. of W 1925-1931. Some call him “the Father’ of the modern Apostolic Pentecostal movement. He served as Editor of the Christian Outlook from 1925 till his death. His Church, Christ Temple, with a membership of 2000 was the largest in the Pentecostal movement at that time.12

1931

At the funeral of Garfield Thomas Haywood, the discussion of merger is reignited. Led by Bishop G.B. Rowe, this would lead to a Unity Conference later October of 1931. Bishop Samuel N. Hancock and Bishop J. S. Holly also championed this merger.13 Bishop Karl Smith

http://www.revival-library.org/index.php/catalogues-menu/20th-century/the-shantung-revival Gabriel Stanley, “Pentecostal Assemblies’ Bishop goes to Final Resting Place,” The Recorder, April 18, 1931, 1, 8; Garrett, Haywood, 158. Gabriel Stanley, “Honor Fitting Nation’s Head Accorded Haywood At Burial,” The Recorder, vol. xxxiv, no. 29, April 25, 1931, 1. Funeral Sermon, quoted in Garrett, Haywood, 179. 12 PAW History (Pentecostal Assemblies of the World, Inc). A Brief Historical Treatise of the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World, Inc. Elder Keith C. Braddy. Part III 13 https://oldlandmark.wordpress.com/category/organizations/pentecostal-assemblies-of-the-world/ 11

promotes the merger even to the remaining 2 churches that refuse to join the merger. They would record it this way, “Be it resolved that this body go on record as standing for unity with all Jesus only people, regardless of race or color… The basic reason for the merger was the intense desire for unity of all “Oneness” brethren. We fondly hoped that everything would be subservient to this, and readily consented to the change of name, change of officials, etc., in a spirit of submitting ourselves to one another; and not the idea of repudiating the work of any former leader or organizer, much less than of our beloved brother, G. T. Haywood… (signed by W. T. Witherspoon, J. S. Frush, K. F. Smith, O. F. Fauss, S. N. Hancock.).14 1931

Maria Atkinson goes to Mexico as a Church of God missionary.

1931

July. Apostolic Faith Gospel Church (Azusa Street Mission) building is demolished.

1931

Chicago, Illinois. Bishop John Silas Holly was appointed as the pastor of Apostolic Faith Church by Bishop G. T. Haywood, of the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World, known as the PAW. It was through the tireless and often unremitting leadership of Pastor and Sister Holly that the Apostolic Faith Church completely remodeled the four-flat building into a two-story church structure with a 500-seat auditorium. This building project served as a spiritual and natural victory through the faith of the pastor, his wife, and the small congregation. The job was completed, and the mortgage on the property was paid off in a short time...all during the height of The Great Depression.15

1931

Calvary Pentecostal Church is organized in Olympia, Washington by former Assemblies of God ministers.

1931

October 2nd, 1931. Morris Cerullo is born. Cerullo converts to Christianity from Judaism and is ordained by the Assemblies of God in 1950. Cerullo is prominent in the Voice of Healing ministry and the Full Gospel Businesses Men's Fellowship International. Cerullo will form his own ministerial organization called World Evangelism, headquartered in San Diego, California. Morris Cerullo

14 15

Pentecostal Outlook. January 9. 1932. 22. https://www.afcchicago.org/about-us

1931

29 Sept–0ct 4. Unity Conference, Columbus Ohio. Representatives from the PAW, PMA, AC of JC, and Apostolic Church of Pentecost Canada are present. From this Unity Conference would come a merger effort.

1931

November 1931. The Pentecostal Assemblies of Jesus Christ (P.A. of J. C.) is formed by the merger of the Apostolic Church of Jesus Christ and The Pentecostal Assemblies of the World (PAW). This is a result of a Unity Conference which was held in Columbus, Ohio to explore ways to unify the Pentecostal groups. A couple of previous attempts had failed to bring unity. Vily Able Bishop G. B. Rowe would be the key proponent for Guidr unity. With the death of Bishop G. T. Haywood, oz Bishop Rowe became the Senior Bishop of the PAW team of 5 Bishop (4 after the death of Haywood). Bishop S.N. Hancock and Bishop J. S. Holly support this effort as well as PAW Secretary Karl Smith. Half of the Board are black ministers. The all-white Pentecostal Ministerial Association approached the meeting with a two-tiered administration plan (where blacks were subservient to whites), whereas the Apostolic Church of Jesus Christ suggested an integrated system. The Pentecostal Assemblies of the World accepts the merger proposal of the Apostolic Church of Jesus Christ.

The PAW’s key leader for the previous decade, Bishop G. T. Haywood, died in April of 1931 was not involved in these final conversations. It is evident that the dialogue that began this merger effort started at the funeral of Bishop G. T. Haywood. There is no debate that this would have been well received by Haywood who dreamed of re-unification of the Apostolic Faith movement. A couple of churches resisted the merger and remain PAW. These would be joined by disenfranchised members of the merger in the late 1930’s and early 1940’s breathing new life into the PAW. It was decided that the Apostolic Churches of Jesus Christ and the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World would meet to work out a merger of their groups and, consequently, their efforts in the work of the Lord. The merger was adopted, and they took a part of each of their names to appropriately name the new organization. This new name was The

Pentecostal Assemblies of Jesus Christ, commonly known as the P.A. of J.C. The leadership was composed of a Board of Presbyters who, in turn, would elect one from their body to preside at each General Conference. J. A. Frush was the Editor; a black man, Karl Smith, was Secretary.16 This leadership model was a mirror image of the one used in by the PAW and championed by unity minded ministers namely, Bishop G. B. Rowe, Bishop Samuel N. Hancock, and Bishop Karl Smith. Lee Roy Ooton was elected Treasurer.17 1931

November 4. Elder Robert F. Tobin becomes pastor of Christ Temple in Indianapolis Indiana. He succeeds Bishop G. T. Haywood who died in April 1931. Like all but 2 of his peers, Bishop Tobin joins the merger effort and becomes licensed through the Pentecostal Assemblies of Jesus Christ (PAJC).

1931

December. Detroit, MI. According to the Bishop Samuel Grimes, there is a meeting (apparently at Bishop Samuel N. Hancock’s church) to ratify the merger of the AC of JC and the PAW into the new PAJC. Obviously written long after the fact, Bishop Grimes claimed that he and Bishop Lewis “held the charter of the PAW in case the merger didn’t work out.” It is evident that much (if not all) of the history revision of the PAW (and the generally believed version) was written by Bishop Grimes to support his fledgling organization; the reorganized PAW (circa 1940).18

1932

January 1. Bishop Ray Cornell and the Apostolic Faith Church of God dedicate their new building at 2050 West 55th Street Cleveland Ohio. Bishop G. B. Rowe is among the speakers at the Dedication Service. The building had been an old factory that the church acquired for $11,000. The men of the church remodeled it into a church facility complete with a sanctuary and overflow that would seat more than 2000. The church

https://www.apostolic.edu/other-oneness-organizations/ https://www.apostolicarchives.com/Lee_Roy_Ooton.html 18 The document is in the Apostolic Archives. Bishop Gary W. Garrett. 17

had formerly been meeting for several years in a store front building on the near west side of Cleveland.19 Apostolic Faith Church of God (AFCOG) holds it first anniversary service in Cleveland Ohio. Bishop Ray Oscar and Ruth Cornell are the pastors. Bishop Cornell is from Bishop G. B. Rowe’s church in Mishawaka, Indiana. The Cornell family moved to Cleveland in 1930. The Cornell family first attended a church on the east end of Cleveland Pastored by Brother Hungerford. Brother Hungerford recognized the need the need for a church on the west side and encouraged the Cornell family to start that effort. Founded in the heart of the city of Cleveland, Ohio during the great depression this multi-cultural group would become one of the first mega churches in the Apostolic Faith movement. A plethora of churches begin from this mother church. Bishop Cornell was a minister in the PAW. When the PAW merged to create the PAJC, Bishop Cornell became a PAJC District Elder in Ohio. When the PAJC leaders turned the organization into an all-white one, Bishop Cornell resigned and continued to fellowship those ministers that were in the PAJC. Later, he led the effort to officially re-organize the group. In 2001 in Cleveland Ohio, Bishop Bernie L. Wade led a group of vastly multi-cultural ministers in breathing new life into the ministry of Apostolic Faith Church of God. They agreed to rename the group International Circle of Faith – ICOF. www.icof.net 1932

S. G. & Jessie Norris start Salvation Tabernacle in downtown New York City.20

1932

Raymond G. Hoekstra becomes pastor of Fletcher Avenue Pentecostal Church in Indianapolis Indiana at age 21. The church had 32 members and is Hoekstra’s first pastorate. This would become an historic church. The church quickly grew to more than 200, built a new building to seat 1000 and changed the name to Christian Tabernacle (circa 1940).

19 20

https://wikivisually.com/wiki/Pentecostal_Assemblies_of_Jesus_Christ Apostolic Bible Institute. 50th Anniversary Book. 1987.

1932

Jock Troup was invited to become Assistant Superintendent to Mr. P. T. McRostie at the Tent Hall in Glasgow. The Tent Hall was situated in the Saltmarket part of Glasgow. It was built after Moody and Sankey held their campaigns in the city and was one of the largest independent missions in the country. Since then it had been a center of evangelism. This new ministry in a more settled sphere provided Jock with a fresh challenge which he met with the help of the Lord. McRostie died the next year and Jock Troup assumed his duties. He would serve as Superintendent until 1945.

1932

The Pentecostal Assemblies of Jesus Christ (PAJC) is incorporated in Ohio. This is a merger that began in 1931 (and was dreamed about especially by Bishop G. T. Haywood and Bishop G. B. Rowe) to bring black and white ministers into fellowship that had been interrupted in the mid 1920’s. However, the multicultural vision would die from the vision of racially motivated leaders.

1932

Mexico. The Apostólico movement in Mexico crystallized into its own proper denomination in, with some forming binational links with coreligionists in the U.S. The Iglesia Apostólica de la Fe en Cristo Jesus was comprised of three geographical clusters. Heterodox practices, internecine fighting, and schisms vitiated the congregation in Torreón in its earliest years, but the constant rows with heterodox factions ultimately reinforced it as the movement’s center of orthodoxy and eventually as its operative headquarters.21

1932

March 9. Dayton, Ohio. A disgruntled faction of the former PAW meets to discuss how they might reorganize in the wake of the merger with the AC of JC which formed the multi-cultural PAJC. They are led by A. William Lewis who has proclaimed himself “Senior Bishop”. Senior Bishop is how most referred to Bishop G. T. Haywood and it is the title on his tombstone. Lewis has obviously decided he is the new “king of the hill’. These ministers clearly are hostile to the PAJC. They offer that anyone who has paid for their credentials with the new organization (they would not name the PAJC) could exchange for credentials with them at no cost. In an

https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/133490/ldbarba_1.pdf?sequence=1

effort to get these ministers to join with the merged effort, Bishop Karl F. Smith attends the meeting.22 1932

June. Pentecostal Outlook. This is the first edition and represents a name change as the former publication was called the Christian Outlook. The challenge was that the editors of the Christian Outlook refused to work with the merger and vowed to continue printing the Christian Outlook. Thus, the name of the PAJC official organ receives a small name adjustment. James A. Frush, Newark, Ohio, Editor-in-Chief, associate editors: Oliver F. Fauss, Houston, Texas; T. C. Davis, Indianapolis, Indiana; L. R. Ooton, Tipton, Indiana; and N. D. Bridges, Baltimore, Maryland. Bishop Karl Smith is Secretary. The official listing included the Board of Presbyters: R. L. Blankenship, Bay City, Texas; F.E. Curts, Cincinnati, Ohio; R. G. Cook, Foxboro, Massachusetts; T. C. Davis, Indianapolis, Indiana; B. M. David, Twin Falls, Idaho; Oliver F. Fauss, Houston, Texas; Harry Geiger, Miami, Florida; S.N. Hancock, Detroit, Michigan; J. S. Holly, Chicago, Illinois; J. J. Mann, Los Angeles, California; S. G. Norris, St. Paul, Minnesota; L. R. Ooton, Tipton, Indiana; G. B. Rowe, Mishawaka, Indiana; A. D. Urshan, New York, New York; W.T. Witherspoon, Columbus, Ohio; S. L. Wise, Hodge, Louisiana; and C. P. Williams, West Tulsa, Oklahoma.23

1932

22 23

August 29 – September 2nd. 1st Annual Conference of the Pentecostal Assemblies of Jesus Christ is hosted by Pastor Ben Pemberton, St. Louis, Missouri. The following district elders were elected: C. C. Cosey, Norphlet, Arkansas; S. E. Langford, Shreveport, Louisiana; R. L. Blankenship, Bay City, Texas; E. E. Partridge, Kosciusko, Mississippi; W. H. Lyon, Higgins, Texas; Eli Burrell, Denver, Colorado; G. A. Russell, Naylor, Missouri; Ben Pemberton, St. Louis, Missouri; John O. Underwood, Belleville, Illinois; J. S. Holly, Chicago, Illinois; D. D. Dainty, Knoxville, Iowa; B. D. Urshan, St. Paul, Minnesota; B. M. David, Twin Falls, Iowa; T. C. Davis, Indianapolis, Indiana; A. R. Schooler, Geneva, Ohio; S. H. Solomon, Homestead, Pennsylvania; C. W. Burns, Williamson, West Virginia; N. D. Bridges, Baltimore, Maryland; Anton Huba, New York, New York; H. I. Goodin, Morgantown, West Virginia; Luke Davis, WinstonSalem, North Carolina; and W. C. Chapman, Huntington, West Virginia

Christian Outlook. April 1932. Pg. 4. Pentecostal Outlook. June 1932.

Morgantown, West Virginia’s H. I. Goodin was chosen to minister in the conference. He was also selected to serve on the nominations Committee. The Officials elected for the West Virginia area were District Elders, Walter Chapman, Huntington; W. T. Poling, Morgantown; and Charles W. Burns, Williamson. During the conference Brother Poling declined to serve in favor of Harlan Isaac (H.I.) Goodin.24 It is notable that the group has an even mix of white and black ministers in leadership. 1932

October. Evan Roberts writes, “My work is confined to prayer and it is to such that I have devoted my life for the last 25 years.”25

1932

October 20-30. Little Rock Arkansas. The Pentecostal Ministerial Alliance (PMA) changes its name to The Pentecostal Church, Incorporated (PCI). The Pentecostal Ministerial Alliance, which, since 1925, was a loosely organized association of ministers, felt that a change would help them propagate the gospel. It was generally felt that a stronger organizational setup would further their ends to a greater degree for future growth.

. B. H. Hite was selected to fill the position of General Chairman in the new organization. W. E. Kidson, who was serving as the Secretary-Treasurer of the P.M.A., was also re-elected to that of office.26 B. R. Duncan was elected as the District Presbyter for West Virginia.27 In 1934 Duncan becomes General Presbyter of a massive district that included: West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Maryland and Delaware 28 1932

Open Bible Evangelistic Association founded in Des Moines, Iowa in 1932. The Open Bible Evangelistic Association began in 1932 when thirtytwo ministers led by John R. Richey left the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel. The separation grew out of the reluctance of these ministers to give ownership of local church property to the Foursquare

West Virginia District News. Page 14. https://wvupci.org/wp-content/uploads/History-of-West-VirginiaDistrict-2010-11-18-for-web.pdf 25 Revival Fire. Wesley L. Duewel. Chapter 26. 26 https://www.apostolic.edu/other-oneness-organizations/ 27 https://wvupci.org/wp-content/uploads/History-of-West-Virginia-District-2010-11-18-for-web.pdf 28 District Official Listing, The Apostolic Herald (March 1934): 4

Church denominational leadership. They were also concerned over the church's divorced leader Aimee Semple McPherson's remarriage.29 1932

Church of The Lord Jesus Christ of the Apostolic Faith (COOLJC) is organized by Bishop Sherrod Johnson, who splits from New York Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ Of the Apostolic Faith Inc.

1932

David Du Plessis ordained and made Secretary of the Apostolic Faith Mission (AFM) South Africa. S. C. Johnson

1932

Fletcher Avenue Pentecostal Church Indianapolis Indiana begins with Oscar “Pappy” Hughes as pastor. The church would later be pastored by O. F. Fauss and then Raymond Hoekstra who changed the name to Calvary Tabernacle.

1933

August. Cullman Alabama. J.L. and Ethel Patton shared the message of Acts chapter 2. Thomas Whitworth, Joe Lee Bucklew, and Bill Stocks met to pray and discuss the matter. These men agreed that they and their families would accept the message of repentance, water baptism in the name of Jesus Christ, and the infilling of the Holy Ghost with evidence of speaking in other tongues.30 Bishop R.O. and Ruth Cornell

1933

First Pentecostal Church Pensacola Florida organized, during the Great Depression, with a “Revival of Truth” in a tent erected on “O” Street (now Pace Boulevard), between Strong and DeSoto Streets. Pastors David Lamar And Lottie Mae Welch.31

1933

Associated Ministers of Jesus Christ is organized. The group would incorporate during World War Two and take the name Associate Brotherhood of Christians. A group of White ministers which believed in what is termed ‘spiritual communion’ or ‘bread of life’ teaching essentially

Mitchell, R. Bryant. Heritage and Harvests. – The history of Open Bible's involvement in international missions. On the Wings of a Dove: An African Missionary Saga. 2006. – The memoirs of Grant H. Moore and Wilma M. Moore, Open Bible missionaries to Guinea, West Africa, beginning in 1952. 30 https://www.cornerstonerevivalcenter.com/about 31 http://firstpent.org/about-us/church-history 29

disavowing literal communion of bread and wine. Less than 20 churches concentrated in Arkansas, Tennessee, and Mississippi.32 1933

June 2. William Branham claims to receive the baptism of the Holy Spirit.33 Branham came from a family of fortune tellers. 24-year-old William Branham begins a tent revival in Jeffersonville, Indiana with 3000 a night attending. The Jeffersonville Evening News said the Branham campaign reported 14 converts. His followers believed his ministry was accompanied by miraculous signs from its beginning, and that when he was baptizing converts on June 11, 1933 in the Ohio River near Jeffersonville, a bright light descended over him and that he heard a voice say, "As John the Baptist was sent to forerun the first coming of Jesus Christ, so your message will forerun His second coming". Belief in the baptismal story is a critical element of faith among Branham's followers. Branham initially interpreted this in reference to the restoration of the gifts of the spirit to the church and made regular references to the baptismal story from the earliest days of the healing revival. After the revival, his supporters built a small meeting house in Jeffersonville which came to be called Branham Tabernacle. It flourished for a few years despite economic depression,34

1933

The Elim Fellowship is formed as an international Pentecostal and ecumenical organization that serves the Christian pastor and workers worldwide. It began as an informal fellowship of graduates of Elim Bible Institute located in Lima, Ohio.

1933

The Way of The Cross Organization. Bishop Henry Chauncey Brooks (H.C.), Founder. The Way of the Cross Movement came out of the Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ.

1933

Kathryn Kuhlman opens the Denver Revival Tabernacle, at an old warehouse.35

AMJC (now ABC), see, Articles of Faith of the Associated Brotherhood of Christians (Hot Springs, AR: Goslee Printing, n. d.), 5; Charles E. Taylor, Jr., Baptismal Passover (by the author, 1971). 33 http://healingandrevival.com/BioWBranham.htm 34 http://www.voiceofhealing.info/03_two%20giants/branham.html 35 http://healingandrevival.com/BioKKuhlman.htm

1934

Charles Emmitt Capps is born at Brummett, Arkansas. Capps was a follower of Kenneth Hagin and the Word of Faith (WOF) movement and Positive Confession. In 1976 he publishes The Tongue, a Creative Force which is seen as an important WOF book, along with Kathryn Kuhlman came on an official visit to the Vatican On his later book Creative Power. Capps October 11, 1972. She visited begins a radio program Concepts of Pope Paul. Faith in 1977 and was ordained by Kenneth Copeland as a minister of the International Convention of Faith Churches.

1934

Baltimore, MD. Bishop Charles Harrison Mason, Presiding Bishop of Church of God in Christ, Memphis, TN helped launch the ministry of Elder Randolph A. Carr. Mason sent the young man who accepted the work even though at that time there were only five members. Later Bishop Randolph A. Carr received the revelation of the Godhead, undaunted by the small number of members, the work in Baltimore became a great challenge and the opportunity to prove God in his life. Many members left the church and started their own ministries and other organizations to spread the Word of God.36

1934

Stuart Green (S.G.) and Jesse Dunn Norris establish Midway Tabernacle in Saint Paul, Minnesota.37 They follow a string of 14 pastors who had given up on the nascent ministry.38

1934

Paul Franklin Crouch is born. Crouch will team with Jim Bakker to form the Trinity Broadcasting Network (TBN) at Santa Ana, California in 1973.

1934

Evangelical Missionary Alliance. Founder, Rev. Albert F. Varnell was one of the initial five Bishops of the PAW in 1925. Originally called Apostolic Bible Conference.

https://www.apostolictandem.org/rehobothchurchofgod.htm Apostolic Bible Institute. 50th Anniversary Book. 1987. Page 6. 38 Early Oneness Pentecostalism. Garfield Thomas Haywood and the Interracial Pentecostal Assemblies of the World (1906-1931). Talmadge Leon French. February 2011. Iii. 37

1934

October. The Indiana Avenue Pentecostal Church is founded by Charles & Sister Lucille Ellis.39

1934

Herbert W. Armstrong begins publication of The Plain Truth, a magazine that will be the official voice of the Worldwide Church of God.

1934

September 20. David Walker is born. He would become a child preacher sensation in the 1940’s connected with William Branham and other shaman.

Charles Ellis and Indiana Avenue Pentecostal Church

1934

December 4. Kalamazoo, MI. Bishop S.N. Hancock held an election in which Ross became the pastor of the small assembly, then known as Blessed Promise Assembly. Paddock then became a licensed minister in the PAJC. Shortly after becoming the pastor, Elder Paddock purchased some property at 740 Riverside Drive. The church was renamed to Christ Temple Church. The new church was dedicated in 1950. He served as pastor of Christ Temple for thirty-seven- and one-half years.40

1935

Oliver Fauss becomes Pastor of Fletcher Avenue Pentecostal Church, Indianapolis Indiana.

1935

Elder Morris Golder moved to St. Louis, Missouri, and pastored Bethesda Temple for 12 and 1/2 years. He took the small store-front church from a small number, and built it up to around 150 members

1935

Bible Standard Conference and the Open Bible Evangelistic Association merge. The two Pentecostal groups were similar in their resistance to authoritarian leadership and denominational ownership of church property, and they also thought that local churches should maintain

39 40

http://www.indianaavepentchurch.com/static.html https://www.apostolicarchives.com/articles/article/8795590/172897.htm

some autonomy.41 Since 1996, the organization's public name has been simply Open Bible Churches. 1935

At an annual convention in Minneapolis, Minnesota the Scandinavian Assemblies of God merged with a group called the Independent Pentecostal Churches. The name of this new fellowship was, and to this day remains, the Independent Assemblies of God International (IAOGI).42

1936

Florence Louise Crawford dies in Portland Oregon. Crawford is founder of the Apostolic Faith evangelistic organization (Portland, Oregon) a mission of the Apostolic Faith movement of Seymour and Parham. Crawford was converted in 1906 and worked closely with William J. Seymour until 1908. Her son, Raymond Robert Crawford assumes the leadership of the Apostolic Faith Mission in Portland.

1936

PAJC Elder D. D. Dainty becomes Chairman of the Three-Way Oneness Counsel. This was formed in 1930 for the purpose of planting churches in Minnesota, Iowa and Wisconsin. Initially they purchased 3 tents for summer outreaches.43

1936

Pentecostal Evangelical Church is organized at Fort Smith, Arkansas. The group is an association of churches and ministers. Melton, J. Gordon44

1936

Herman Lauster to his home in Germany in 1936 as a Church of God missionary.

1936

April 25. “The APA and the IPC met in joint council meeting at the Radio Church in Baltimore, MD. The action of the joint council resulted in the formation of the International Pentecostal Assemblies (IPA). The Rev. John W. Pitcher was elected as the first Chairman. The IPA maintained

Patterson, Eric; Rybarczyk, Edmund (editors) (2007). The Future of Pentecostalism in the United States. New York: Lexington Books. pp. 157–158, 171. ISBN 978-0-7391-2102-3. 42 IAOGI Website. 43 Pentecostal Outlook. November 1941. Pg. 5. 44 The Encyclopedia of American Religions: Vol. 1. Tarrytown, NY: Triumph Books (1991); Chapter: Pentecostal Family; section: White Trinitarian Pentecostals; pg. 254.

offices, continued to publish The Bridegroomͥ Messenger (still reported to be the oldest Pentecostal periodical in the world), and own and operate BHBC in Atlanta and a campground in Lake Odessa, MI. The IPA maintained extensive mission activities in Kenya, India, and Mexico, which included Bible schools, orphanages, and churches.”45 1936

Asa A. Allen is ordained by the Assemblies of God.

1936

The Pentecostal Church Incorporated (PCI) formerly the Pentecostal Ministerial Alliance (PMA) attempts a merger with the PAJC. The two sides could not agree on the merger but vow to keep trying. This was notable as this would bring back the most racially motivated faction of the former PAW. The leaders of the PMI were primarily those who sought to divide themselves (or segregate) from the black ministers (circa 1924). The PMI was formed by white minister who were more focused on their white supremacy than they were unity of the Body of Jesus Christ. Most black ministers saw this as a sign that the PAJC would continue the trend to keep black ministers out of key leadership roles. A trend that plagued the movement from the mid 1920’s. Most black ministers would gravitate toward the PAW over the next few years.

1936

Saint Louis. PAJC. “They had a big meeting in Saint Louis… which was quite a heated meeting, almost fighting, because the brethren from the deep south – White – and the brethren from the east – Black – were in mortal conflict and cast out demons physically.”46

1937

Bishop A. J. Patterson founds Pentecostal Assembly in Houston Texas.47

1937

Stuart Green (S.G.) and Jesse Dunn Norris establish Apostolic Bible Institute (ABI) in Saint Paul, Minnesota.48

1937

Bishop A. J. Patterson

January. When the Ohio River flooded in 1937, William Branham lost his beloved wife, Hope, to an illness and on the night of her funeral their second child of only nine months, Sharon Rose, died of a highly

http://www.ipcc.cc/history-of-the-international-pentecostal-church-of-christ/ A Plea for British Black Theologies, Vol. 1: Black Church Movement. Roswith I. H. Gerloff. Pg. 116. 47 http://www.christtemple.cc/about-christ-temple/our-history.html 48 Early Oneness Pentecostalism. Garfield Thomas Haywood and the Interracial Pentecostal Assemblies of the World (1906-1931). Talmadge Leon French. February 2011. Iii. 46

contagious spinal disease. Branham disciples would associate one of many “miracles and manifestations” to this time, claiming, “the worst flood in recorded history on the Ohio River struck the Jeffersonville area, breaking levees and flooding the town. The Tabernacle, which was built in a lowlying area, was completely submerged by the floodwaters. Inside the church was Brother Branham’s Bible laying on the pulpit. As the waters rose, the pulpit and all the chairs in the church floated to the ceiling and then, as the waters receded, returned perfectly to their places, the Bible still resting safe and dry on the pulpit.”49 1937

Tulsa, Oklahoma. PAJC Conference. This proved to be the undoing of relationships with the merger worked out in 1931 at St. Louis. Only the white ministers were able to attend because of Jim Crow laws, and only legislation of a minor order was to be passed upon, and that to be sanctioned the next year in a conference held again in the North, with all members present. With 683 ministers, the PAW had approximately 250 churches.50 White ministers (then and now) ignored the facts. They ignored that black ministers felt so strongly about not going to Tulsa, Oklahoma that Bishop Karl F. Smith resigned as Secretary of the PAJC.51 They ignore that 15 years previously, The Tulsa race massacre (also called the Tulsa race riot, the Greenwood Massacre, the Black Wall Street Massacre, the Tulsa pogrom, or the Tulsa Massacre) took place on May 31 and June 1, 1921, when mobs of white residents, many of them deputized and given weapons by city officials, attacked black residents and businesses of the Greenwood District in Tulsa, Oklahoma. It has been called "the single worst incident of racial violence in American history." The attack, carried out on the ground and from private aircraft, destroyed more than 35 square blocks of the district—at that time the wealthiest black community in the United States, known as "Black Wall Street.”52

https://branhamtabernacle.org/en/history French, Pg. 280. 51 Gerloff. FN 265. 52 "Tulsa 1921 Race Riot Commission renamed Race Massacre Commission". KJRH News. Tulsa. November 29, 2019. Archived from the original on February 22, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2019. Sen. Kevin Matthews held a news conference Thursday morning, in which he announced the official name change of the 1921 Race Riot Commission to the 1921 Race Massacre Commission. 50

Black ministers were told they were not welcome at the PAJC Tulsa meeting. A hostile takeover was in the works. Bishop Saunders remembered it this way, “Tulsa Oklahoma, a Southern State and a Southern City. They wrote back to tell the black brethren send in your reports but don’t come! (Great laughter). We cannot accommodate black brethren in white homes and white hotels (My Lord!).”53 The key figure in these negotiations is W. T. Witherspoon who is willing to do whatever it takes to make this merger work. In order to meet the demands of the PCI, Witherspoon agrees: I.

PAJC board Membership would reduce the input of black ministers by adopting a pro-rata participation of the two races which percentage according to the latest ministerial record is about 80% white and 20% black. II. Since the last secretary was black, the next one had to be white (forming a dual white team with the general chairman). III. Conventions should no longer be restricted to the North. IV. A double or dual organization was to be considered. (one all white and one for the blacks). Nothing new here. Just a regurgitated proposal from the same racists that first proposed this and then left the PAW in 1925 when they did not get their way. The only difference is that W. T. Witherspoon and his friends sell them out for position and power. Some, perhaps even most were not racists, but no one spoke up! The Negro ministers considered the whole affair an affront to their Spiritual worth and human dignity.54 In the aftermath, most of the Black ministers declined offices in the PAJC or were removed. These began to look for other fellowship options, but at Day, Meagan (September 21, 2016). "The history of the Tulsa race massacre that destroyed America's wealthiest black neighborhood". Timeline. Archived from the original on August 23, 2018. Retrieved February 27, 2019. White, Walter F. (August 23, 2001). "Tulsa, 1921". The Nation. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved September 16, 2018. Rao, Sameer (May 31, 2017). "It's Been 96 Years Since White Mobs Destroyed Tulsa's Black Wall Street". Color lines. Archived from the original on March 1, 2018. Retrieved March 1, 2018. Moorehead, Monica (June 10, 1999). "U.S. ethnic cleansing: The 1921 Tulsa Massacre". Workers World. Archived from the original on May 23, 2019. Retrieved March 1, 2018. "Nearly 100 Years Later, Tulsa Begins Search for Mass Graves From 1921 Black Wall Street Massacre". The Root. Archived from the original on October 9, 2019. Retrieved October 9, 2019. Ellsworth, Scott (2009). "Tulsa Race Riot". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Archived from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved December 31, 2016. 53 Gerloff. Pg. 117. 54 Gerloff, Pg. 117.

that time there were no viable options as the PAW was in mothballs with only a handful of members. However, these activities set the stage for the exodus of most of the black brethren who would find their way back to the effort to reorganize the PAW from 1938 through the early 1940’s.55 Thus, fulfilling the racist agenda of two organizations (one white and one black). For a time many white ministers joined with the reorganizing PAW, but white membership radically declined over the ensuing years as the PAW continued a course to be as racially divisive as the PAJC and subsequent UPCI. W. T. Witherspoon was a good salesman. He would continue to sell his vision to ministers all the way to the UPC merger in 1945 and even make a great and widely reported show that the whole concoction was about unity. In his reports about the PAJC conference and in a personal letter he wrote, “adjustment to the race question… had it’s merits… and …was looked upon with favor by practically all the PAJC Presbyters and we consented to take the matter up with the representative colored brethren, with the distinct understanding, however, should the colored brethren not agree, we would stand by (our) agreement.”56In other words, whether the black brethren liked it or not the white ministers were going to take over and push them out. Ironically, Witherspoon called this effort – UNITY. The subsequent group they created would call itself – United. As is common in mergers, a few of the ministers did not join the merger effort. When the unrest began in the PAJC, efforts ramped up to attract these ministers to join a reorganization effort of the PAW. Bishop Floyd Douglas & Bishop A. William Lewis (who billed himself the Senior Bishop apparently Bishop Floyd I. Bishop A. William appointed himself to take Bishop Douglas Lewis Haywood’s role) hold the old PAW charter. This gives them power in the eventual reorganization effort. Bishop Lewis and Bishop G. B. Rowe remained friends even though they went separate ways in the 1932 merger. Bishop Rowe as a man who did not have to have the preeminence and was always focused on unity. 55 56

https://www.apostolic.edu/other-oneness-organizations/ Gerloff, Pg. 116

Lewis was more practical and saw that many of those who left the PAW in the 1920’s would continue to be segregationists and the opportunity to promote himself had never been better. Lewis began to work with Elder Samuel Grimes (circa 1938) to revive the PAW before the State of Indiana charter expired. The PAW charter which had primarily remained dormant was permitted to be renewed because of the non-profit laws in the State of Indiana. The official United States Census record holds that in 1936 this group consisted of 2 churches with a membership of 127 persons.57 If it had not been renewed it would have lapsed after 10 years (circa 1940). Grimes was key in Lewis’ effort because he held sway with some churches continuing to operate under the PAW name in Virginia. These eventually organized as the Virginia District with 5 pastors leading the effort. Working with Bishop Samuel Grimes called this the Virginia State Council (VSC). In the next few years, they would reorganize the PAW, distance themselves from their pre-1940’s history and claim G. T. Haywood as their first presiding Bishop (even though Haywood died in 1931, 7 years or more before their group began). This newly organized PAW would move from a ministerial fellowship like the PAW before 1931 and adopt an Episcopal model. An episcopal polity is a hierarchical form of church governance ("ecclesiastical polity") in which the chief local authorities are called bishops. (The word "bishop" derives, via the British Latin and Vulgar Latin term *ebiscopus/*biscopus, from the Ancient Greek ἐπίσκοπος epískopos meaning "overseer".) It is the structure used by many of the major Christian Churches and denominations, such as the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Church of the East, Anglican, and Lutheran churches or denominations, and other churches founded independently from these lineages. Churches with an episcopal polity are governed by bishops, practicing their authorities in the dioceses and conferences or synods. Their leadership is both sacramental and constitutional; as well as performing ordinations, confirmations, and consecrations, the bishop supervises the clergy within a local jurisdiction and is the representative both to secular structures and within the hierarchy of the church. Bishops are considered to derive their authority from an unbroken, personal apostolic succession 57

Religious Bodies, 1936: Summary and detailed tables. Page 530. United States. Bureau of the Census, Timothy Francis Murphy

from the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. Bishops with such authority are said to represent the historical episcopate or historic episcopate.58 The PAW would rewrite the historical facts of the 1931 merger and frame it as a hostile takeover and use similar language that is common (although fabrication) in most historical accounts until this day. 1937

Juan Lugo Founded the Pentecostal Theological School - Mizpa Bible Institute in Santurce.59

1937

Kenneth Copeland is born. Will develop a major televangelist ministry based on the Word of Faith theology.

1937

The annual conference of the Pentecostal Assemblies of Jesus Christ (PAJC) meets in Gloria and Kenneth Copeland Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Since Oklahoma is segregated, black ministers are forced into racially segregated accommodations. This combined with some mistrust by some black members since the 1931 merger between the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World and the Apostolic Churches of Jesus Christ prompts many blacks look to leave the P.A. of JC.

1937

Louisville KY. Greater Bethel Temple. Pastor David T. Schultz was nominated and elected to the office of Bishop. During the 1937 flood, Bishop Schultz’ leadership brought the church out victoriously. Bishop Schultz was the pastor for almost 43 years and was the Senior Bishop of the 11th Episcopal District of the reorganized Pentecostal Assemblies of the World.60

1937

October 1. S. G. and Jessie Norris open the doors of Apostolic Bible Institute (ABI). The teachers were W. L. Hodge, C.E. Lundquist, and Sister Jessie Norris.61

1937

Bishop Sipes resigns as pastor of Apostolic Tabernacle Shelbyville, Indiana. Elder John Rayl becomes pastor. Rayl is originally from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_polity http://www.revjuanlugo.org/index.html 60 https://www.greaterbetheltemple.org/our-legacy/ 61 Apostolic Bible Institute. 50th Anniversary Book. 1987. Page 6. 59

Bishop G. T. Haywood’s church (Christ Temple) and previously pastored another church started by Bishop G. B. Rowe in Bourbon Indiana.62 1938

PAJC Annual Conference. Columbus, Ohio, with O. F. Fauss presiding. It was decided that the organization would return to the governmental General Chairman again. This conference marks a serious change in the leadership of the PAJC as many of the black ministers have left or declined to be in leadership. It is evident that the black constituency of the PAJC was often overruled by the white minister’s perception of needs, values and beliefs.63 W. T. Witherspoon was selected to be the General Chairman and the Secretary-Treasurer’s position was filled by Stanley R. Hanby. With the exit of most of the black ministers to begin to reorganize the PAW, the PAJC was now an all-white organization. W. T. Witherspoon also married Mrs. Jet Stallones (a well-known minister, teacher and writer) at the General Conference. His 1st wife had died.64

1938

February. Bishop Samuel Grimes is appointed by to the newly created Bishopric of the PAW replacing A. William Lewis who was Senior Bishop from 1932 to 1938. Bishop Samuel Grimes joins the remnant group of churches that decide not to join the merger of the PAW and the AC of JC which birthed the PA of JC (PAJC). The PAJC brethren in a spirit of cooperation allow this group (which is only 2 churches) to use the PAW name rather than contend for control of the name. This is primarily because it meets their agenda of two groups (one white – one black). Grimes is chosen Presiding Bishop by acclamation, becoming the 1st Presiding Bishop of the PAW. The naming of Grimes as Presiding in 1938 was part of an ongoing political effort to keep Bishop S. N. Hancock (or even others) from gaining the leadership of the PAW. A post that Bishop Hancock felt was rightfully his place. If Bishop G. B. Rowe was not the Senior Bishop then it should fall to Hancock. A legitimate vote would have opened up many opportunities for other key leaders.65 If the PAW would have chosen in 1932 to adopt a Bishop led system (which they did not) instead of merging

https://www.apostolictabshelbyville.com/our-legacy/ Gerloff. Pg. 115. 64 https://www.apostolicarchives.com/Rev_William_Thomas_Witherspoon.html 65 PAW History (Pentecostal Assemblies of the World, Inc). A Brief Historical Treatise of the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World, Inc. Elder Keith C. Braddy. Part III. Also see Bishop M. E. Golder Pg. 91, 94. Hancock made it apparent at the PAW National Convention in 1952 that he believed he would have been chosen to succeed Haywood. 63

to create the PAJC, Bishop G. B. Rowe would have been selected to lead and not Hancock and certainly not Grimes who was often Bishop Haywood’s nemesis and not a even a Bishop. In an effort of oneupmanship, to gain an upper hand over the PAJC, this reorganized PAW claimed Bishop G. T. Haywood as their 1st Presiding Bishop. The PAJC did not mind as they were focused on cleansing the black heritage from their group. The selection of Haywood in the reorganization of the PAW is kindred to the Catholic mode of ‘lineage Popes’. Bishop Haywood never held a lifetime title of “Presiding Bishop”. He was considered a Senior Bishop with the PAW and remains revered by nearly all who knew him. This year would mark the beginning of the reorganized PENTECOSTAL ASSEMBLIES OF THE WORLD. While historians in general (and certainly PAW Historians) attempt to show an unbroken chain from 1907 that is not accurate and is more marketing than fact. This group would renew the charter and use the historic name but would not be the same in many aspects. For a time, they would continue to be multi-cultural but in the 1950’s and 1960’s made a series of steps that cemented them as an all-black organization. The Pentecostal Assemblies of the World (PAW) is revived as predominantly separate "negro" (black) organization. All previous white leaders are ‘scrubbed’ from the supposed pre 1940 history of the new group. However, some white ministers join the effort which helps to maintain a somewhat multi-cultural group with white ministers about a 20 percent minority. Over time most of the white ministers leave the PAW primarily because of the groups liberal political leanings, racial oriented policies and a long history of political infighting. Bishop Samuel Grimes is elected as the groups Presiding Bishop. The PAW claims him as the second Presider; Claiming G. T. Haywood as the first. However, Haywood was dead before any of these events took place and there is no historical evidence of such an office in the original PAW leaving Grimes as the actual 1st Presiding Bishop of the reorganized PAW. If there is a 1st before Grimes, it would be A. William Lewis who claimed to be the Senior Bishop of the PAW throughout the 1930’s. Re-Organizational efforts like this are common. However, claiming the dead for officials is not common. “Bishop Floyd I. Douglas (California) and Bishop A. William Lewis (Ohio) were the only P.A.W. ministers to reject

the 1931 PAJC merger. Later (1938), Elder Grimes, Elder R.F. Tobin, Elder Harry Barnett, Elder Akers, and a small group of churches from around the country sought to re-establish the P.A.W. under its original charter.”66 Leaders of the reorganized group include Samuel Grimes, E.F. Akers, and A.W. Lewis. They call for a reorganizational meeting in Dayton, Ohio to revive the legal Charter of the P.A. of W. However, it is the return of Bishop Samuel N. Hancock and other black ministers to the PAW that breathes new life into the dying organization effort. Bishop Hancock and Bishop Grimes would vie for control of the Paw until Bishop Hancock leaves in 1957 to organize as the Pentecostal Churches of the Apostolic Faith (PCAF). The PAW would claim the departure was doctrinal. The PCAF would claim the departure was based on a power struggle. It is evident that the PCAF is correct. The organizers are successful is making the claim of a continuing organization from 1919 by continuing the original charter. Strangely, the legal reorganization of this group does not take place until July 20, 1954 in Indiana.67 1938

Assembly of Christian Churches is organized by Puerto Rican congregations (in New York and Puerto Rico) who were influenced by Francisco Olazabal, a noted Hispanic evangelist.

1938

September. Pastor Ross Perry Paddock joins the reorganization efforts of the PAW.68

1938

Edmond and Pearl Stark expand the Church of God to Angola in 1938. When Edmond became stricken with malaria and died, the burden for Angola was not buried with him. Pearl Stark returned to Angola in 1947 to minister the gospel alone.

1938

Fall. Jean Louise Habig accompanied Pastor Raymond G. Hoekstra in revival services at the 92nd Street church in Manhattan, NY. After being stricken with tuberculosis and then being miraculously healed, Nathaniel Urshan realized God had called him to preach. Nathaniel and Jean were married on October 1, 1941 in Indianapolis, Indiana. They made a great evangelist team, preaching and singing the gospel. The Urshans were

Virginia State Council Apostolic Inc. Episcopal District 28. Pentecostal Assemblies of the World Inc. This is the official date of the reorganization when Articles of Amendment were filed. This information is according to the Indian Secretary of State. Verified on September 25th, 2015. 68 https://www.apostolicarchives.com/articles/article/8795590/172897.htm 67

blessed with four children: Sharon, Annette, Nathaniel Paul, and Andrew. Both sons became ministers and both daughters became wives of ministers. 1938

Zion Assembly Churches is formed by Bishop J.P. Shields from a split from The Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ of the Apostolic Faith Inc (COOLJC).

1939

The Bible-Pattern Church Fellowship founded by George Jeffreys, a Welsh minister who, together with his brother Stephen Jeffreys.

1939

September. PAW. Detroit Michigan. Now that the PAW has reorganized (1938) the Young People auxiliary is established. Elder Raymond Robinson was again elected Chairman, Elder Morris E. Golder of Indianapolis was elected vice-Chairman (Golder holds dual fellowship with the PAJC and the PAW). The Secretary Sis. Francine Goode.

1939

Church of God, House of Prayer, founded by Harrison W. Poteat is doctrinally similar to the Church of God (Cleveland).69

1939

T.B. Barrett was unanimously chosen as President of the Great European Pentecostal Conference in Stockholm. He truly was a father among all the international leaders.

1940

July 22-26. PAJC Illinois District State Convention at Elder Morris E. Golder’s Church in Saint Louis, Missouri. W. T. Witherspoon ministered.70 This appears to be Golder’s last official function related to the PAJC as the previous fall he accepted a leadership role with the PAW.

1940

Oakdale, LA. PCI and PAJC hold a joint camp meeting.71 Howard Goss’ dream of an all-white group is coming to fruition.

1940

Gerald Archie Mangun, after more than two hours of repentance and commitment, he lay flat on his back on the cement floor for 20 minutes while speaking in a beautiful, heavenly language. When he left church that

T. B. Barrett

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_God,_House_of_Prayer Pentecostal Outlook. September 1940. Pg. 15. 71 Mitchell. Pg. 46. 70

night, he recalls that even the trees seemed to be clapping their hands and the moon and stars seemed to be praising God. Along with his Holy Ghost experience came an overwhelming desire to reach the lost, to spare as many as he could from hell.72

https://pentecostal.wiki/wikis/ga-mangun/?action=history

ABOUT THE AUTHOR Bernie L. Wade, Ph.D. is a noted Pentecostal and Apostolic Faith historian. He serves on the Executive Board of Apostolic Archives (www.apostolicarchives.com) “The Apostolic Archives International is a well-articulated preservation society for Pentecostal history. We are proud to represent the global activity of the Apostolic Faith Movement from the cradle to the present condition. Our purpose is to preserve historical information at large concerning the movement to benefit every individual that has an interest in the Apostolic perspective.”73 Bernie L. Wade, PhD is a third generation Apostolic Faith minister. He traces his spiritual heritage through the International Circle of Faith (ICOF) and the Pentecostal Assemblies of Jesus Christ (PAJC) to the Apostolic Faith Movement. He serves on the International Presbytery of the ICOF – International Circle of Faith. http://www.icof.net Dr. Wade has written extensively about the Apostolic Faith movement and several key organizations. See: • • • • •

The Original Pentecostal Assemblies of the World (PAW) Apostolic Faith and Pentecostal Timetable of Key Events Volume 1 Apostolic Faith and Pentecostal Timetable of Key Events Volume 2 The History of Apostolic Reformation in the 20th Century The History of the Apostolic Faith Church of God (AFCOG)

For more information write: 6321 Fallen Timber Road, Sulphur, KY 40031 or email: Bernie.wade1212@gmail.com

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