Thesis- GWALIOR INTERNATIONAL CRICKET STADIUM

GWALIOR INTERNATIONAL

CRICKET STADIUM

Author: Chanpreet Singh (A/3028/2017)

Guide & Instructor: Ar. Anand Dhote, Ar. Savinder Raj Anand

Coordinator: Prof. Dr. Aruna Ramani Grover

GICS GWALIOR INTERNATIONAL CRICKET STADIUM GWALIOR, MADHYA PRADESH

Thesis 2022 Academic Report School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi

Author Chanpreet Singh (A/3028/2017) Guide & Instructor: Anand Dhote, Savinder Raj Anand Coordinator: Prof. Dr. Aruna Ramani Grover

CANDIDATE DECLARATION Date : 15th May 2022 The thesis titled “Gwalior International Cricket Stadium” a requisite of the Bachelors Program in the Department of Architecture, School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi – 110002, was completed by the undersigned in January – May 2022. The supervisors were Ar. Anand Dhote and Ar. Savinder Raj Anand.

The undersigned hereby declares that this is his original work and has not been plagiarized in part or full from any source. Furthermore this work has not been submitted for any degree in this or any other University.

Signature of candidate Name : Chanpreet Singh Roll No.: A/3028/2017 Year and Section: 5th Year, Section A

CERTIFICATE Date: 15th May 2022 We certify that the Thesis titled “Gwalior International Cricket Stadium” by Chanpreet Singh, roll no A/3028/2017 was guided by us in January – May 2022 and placed in front of the Jury by the candidate on 19th and 20th May 2022.

On completion of the report in all respects including the last chapter by the candidate and based on the declaration by the candidate hereinabove, we forward the report to the Department to be placed in the library of the School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi.

Ar. Anand Dhote (Guide)

Ar. Savinder Raj Anand (Guide)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Having grown up watching and participating in sports, I have always pondered about how such magnificent structures could shape life in and around these structures, if there capability is explored properly. Architecture has provided me with a platform where I could probably see how the morphology of spaces interact with social structures around these giant structures.

Acknowledgements are usually about thanking people and institutions but I would like to start with these two places to which I owe so much: Gwalior, and School of Planning and Architecture (Delhi) for making me capable to undertake such projects.

I am very grateful to my guides Ar. Anand Dhote and Ar. Savinder Raj Anand, for their constant support, help, and guidance in structuring the framework of my research and in designing a coherent solution.

I would also like to acknowledge the constant support of my Co-ordinator Prof. Dr. Aruna Ramani Grover, the college, the staff, and the faculty for providing us students with a platform to showcase our research, knowledge and design.

I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks to Mr. Kamal Sabharwal, structural engineer who helped me with the structural aspects of my design and made it a success.

Further, I would like to thank my mother- Harneet Kaur, my sister- Komalpreet Kaur and my friend Uday Pratap Gupta (a student of B. Arch in SPA, Delhi) who have discussed and tried to understand the issue I’m addressing through this thesis. Not only have they provided constant support but have time and again helped me with valuable insights to improve and strengthen my research and design. I would also like to thank my lovely juniors- Afreen Jawed, Arjun Ailawadi, Sanginee Gupta, Soumya Jain, who have helped me and motivated me throughout the semester. Ayush Pathrabe, Jaskaran Singh, Jayesh More, Harshit Chaurasia, Sudhanshu, Kiranjot, Satyam Goel, Kavishree, Mehul Tandon, Kashvi Budia, Goransh Ahuja, Shrey, Kunwar Aditya Singh, Srijak Maurya are also to be thanked here for helping me with my thesis. And at last, I would also like to thank my family members and dear ones for their constant moral support and encouragement.

CONTENT

01

Thesis Introduction

02

Background Research

03

Program Analysis

04

Site Analysis

01

Search Question World view on the issue Thesis Proposition Selected Design Project Way forward

09

Areas of Research Case Study Research The Lords Wankhede Stadium Narendra Modi Stadium Comparative Matrix

81

Project Scope and Profile Functional Analysis Area Program

Information about the city, precinct, neighborhood and immediate surroundings Information about the site Scaled drawings of site Photographs of site and surroundings Developmental Norms

97

GWALIOR INTERNATIONAL

CRICKET STADIUM

05

Technological Systems

06

Design Determinants

07

Design Concept

08

Design Evolution

09

Design Development

127

Structure Requirements Lighting Requirements Drainage System Water Requirement HVAC System Electric Substation GRIHA Requirements

151

Circulation Movement Systems Greens SWOT Anlaysis

161

Concept Design Iterations

183

Design Goals

Drawings (Plans, Sections, Elevations)

213

LIST OF FIGURES Fig 1- Thesis Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Source- https://www.freepik.com/premium-photo/cricket-bat-ball-green-grass_3976794.htm

Fig 2- Framework for Thesis Proposition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Source- Author

Fig 3- Mix of Opportunities at Los Angeles Stadium (by HKS Architects). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Source- https://www.archdaily.com/800073/hks-designed-la-stadium-will-be-the-largest-in-the-nfl

Fig 4- Narendra Modi Stadium, Ahmedabad, Gujarat by Populous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Source- https://populous.com/project/narendra-modi-stadium

Fig 5- Amalgmation of Different Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Source- Author

Fig 6- Expression of Interest by Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Source- Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association

Fig 7- Way forward for Stadiums. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Source- Author

Fig 8- Background Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Source- https://worldclasswillow.com/six-iconic-cricket-stadiums-from-around-the-world/

Fig 9- Cricket Playing Ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Source- https://www.dlgsc.wa.gov.au/sport-and-recreation/sports -dimensions-guide/cricket

Fig 10- Cricket Infield, Outfield and Close-Infield. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Source- https://www.dlgsc.wa.gov.au/sport-and-recreation/sports -dimensions-guide/cricket

Fig 11- Cricket Infield, Outfield and Close-Infield. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Source- https://www.dlgsc.wa.gov.au/sport-and-recreation/sports -dimensions-guide/cricket

Fig 12- General Zoning and Circulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Source- Stadia: A Design and Development Guide; by Geraint John, Rod Sheard and Ben Vickery (2007)

Fig 13- Cricket Crowd Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Source- Stadia: A Design and Development Guide; by Geraint John, Rod Sheard and Ben Vickery (2007)

Fig 14- Sightline, ‘C’-Value and Spectators Seating Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Source- Stadia: A Design and Development Guide; by Geraint John, Rod Sheard and Ben Vickery (2007)

Fig 15-Al Janoub Stadium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Source- https://www.dezeen.com/2013/11/24/zaha-hadid-dismisses-vagina-stadium-jibes-as-ridiculous/

Fig 16- Retractable Roof of Al Janoub Stadium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Source- https://www.archdaily.com/917335/al-janoub-stadium-zaha-hadid-architects

Fig 17- Considerations for Materiality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Source- Stadia: A Design and Development Guide; by Geraint John, Rod Sheard and Ben Vickery (2007); Post-processed by Author

Fig 18- Layering Stadium with Youth Center. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Source- Author

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Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Fig 19- Goal Post Structure: Galpharm Stadium, Huddersfield, UK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Source- https://www.stadiumguide.com/johnsmithsstadium/

Fig 20- Cantilever Structure: Warner Stand, The Lord’s, London, UK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Source- https://populous.com/project/the-new-warner-stand-at-lords-cricket-ground

Fig 21- Concrete Shell Structure: Palazzetto dello Sport, Rome, Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Source- https://structurae.net/en/structures/little-sports-palace

Fig 22- Compression Ring Structure: Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Source- https://www.lntecc.com/projects/public-spaces/wankhede-stadium-mumbai/

Fig 23- Catenary Cable Structure: Ingalls Rink, New Haven, USA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Source- https://www.sharetopfive.com/ingalls-rink-favorite-architecture-video-inside/

Fig 24- Cable Net Structure: Olympiastadion, Munich, Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Source- https://www.archdaily.com/109136/ad-classics-munich-olympic-stadium-frei-otto-gunther-behnisch

Fig 25- Membrane Structure: Oita Stadium, Oita, Japan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Source- https://www.world.rugby/news/131318

Fig 26- Air Suspended Roofs: BC Place, Vancouver, Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Source- https://besthqwallpapers.com/and/sport/bc-place-vancouver-whitecaps-fc-stadium-canadian-football-stadium-vancouver-british-columbia-81480

Fig 27- Space Frames Structure: San Siro Stadium, Milan, Italy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Source- https://acmilan.theoffside.com/2019/7/12/20692144/what-to-do-with-san-siro-stadium-ac-milan-inter-milan

Fig 29- Roof Design Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Source- Stadia: A Design and Development Guide; by Geraint John, Rod Sheard and Ben Vickery (2007); Post-processed by Author. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Fig 28- Opening Roofs: Marvel Stadium, Melbourne, Australia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Source- https://populous.com/project/etihad-stadium

Fig 30- Qingdao Citizen Fitness Center. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Source- https://www.archdaily.com/953874/qingdao-citizen-fitness-center-architecture-and-engineers-of-southeast-university

Fig 31- Qingdao Citizen Fitness Center: Part-Section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Source- https://www.archdaily.com/953874/qingdao-citizen-fitness-center-architecture-and-engineers-of-southeast-university

Fig 32- Qingdao Citizen Fitness Center: Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Source- https://www.archdaily.com/953874/qingdao-citizen-fitness-center-architecture-and-engineers-of-southeast-university

Fig 33- Beijing National Stadium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Source- https://parametrichouse.com/the-birds-nest-stadium/

Fig 34- Beijing National Stadium- Section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Source- https://parametrichouse.com/the-birds-nest-stadium/

Fig 35- Beijing National Stadium- Interaction Detail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Source- https://www.slideshare.net/luisaam/beijing-national-stadium

Fig 36- The Lord’s Cricket Stadium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Source- https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/the-future

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Fig 37- Network and Circulation around The Lord’s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Source- Author

Fig 38- Vehicular Movement around The Lord’s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Source- Author

Fig 39- Context around The Lord’s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Source- Author

Fig 40- The Lord’s: Site Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Source- Author

Fig 41- Zoning: The Lord’s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Source- Author

Fig 42- Circulation: The Lord’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Source- Author

Fig 43- Zoning: Warner and Compton Stand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Source- Author

Fig 44- Zoning: Media Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Source- Author

Fig 45- C Value Calculation- The Lord’s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Source- Author

Fig 46- Built Unbuilt Relationship- The Lord’s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0 and Grasshopper)

Fig 47- Radiation Analysis- The Lord’s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0 and Grasshopper)

Fig 48- The Lord’s Core. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Source- Author ( Using AutoCAD)

Fig 49- Warner Stand Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Source- https://www.theplan.it/eng/architettura/warner-stand-at-lords-cricket

Fig 50- Compton and Edrich Stand Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Source- https://www.ribaj.com/buildings/lords-cricket-ground-edrich-and-compton-stands-london-wilkinson-eyre; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tUKJYlXPIIs; https://www.david-miller.co.uk/ lords-compton-edrich.php

Fig 51- Media Center Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Source- https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/buildings/david-miller-architects-revamps-lords-cricket-ground-media-centre https://www.theb1m.com/video/lords-media-centre-when-cricket-met-bim

Fig 52- Wankhede Stadium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Source- https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/case-studies/a3625-wankhede-stadium-by-shashi-prabhu-the-oldest-icons-of-cricket-world/

Fig 53- Network and Circulation around Wankhede . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Source- Author

Fig 54- Vehicular Movement around Wankhede . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 iii

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Source- Author

Fig 55- Context around Wankhede. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Source- Author

Fig 56- Zoning and Functions: Wankhede . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Source- Author

Fig 57- Circulation: Wankhede. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Source- Author

Fig 58- C Value Calculation- Wankhede. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Source- Author

Fig 59- Built Unbuilt Relationship- Wankhede . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0 and Grasshopper)

Fig 60- Radiation Analysis- Wankhede . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0 and Grasshopper)

Fig 61- Core Analysis- Wankhede . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Source- Author (Using AutoCAD)

Fig 62- Structure Analysis- Wankhede. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Source- http://mahimtura.com/resources/frontend/images/press/WankhedeStadium.pdf

Fig 63- Narendra Modi Stadium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Source- https://populous.com/project/narendra-modi-stadium

Fig 64- Vehicular Movement around Narendra Modi Stadium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Source- Author

Fig 65- Context around Narendra Modi Stadium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Source- Author

Fig 66- Zoning and Functions: Narendra Modi Stadium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Source- Author

Fig 67- C Value Calculation- Narendra Modi Stadium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Source- Author

Fig 68- Built Unbuilt Relationship- Narendra Modi Stadium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0 and Grasshopper)

Fig 69- Radiation Analysis- Narendra Modi Stadium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0 and Grasshopper)

Fig 70- Core Analysis- Narendra Modi Stadium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Source- Author (Using AutoCAD)

Fig 71- Various Structural Components of Narendra Modi Stadium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Source- https://theconstructor.org/case-study/sardar-patel-stadium-construction-features/452817/

Fig 73- Stadium Design Requirements as per Competition Brief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 iv

Source- Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association

Fig 74- Hour Activation Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Source- Author

Fig 75- Mapping spectators journey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Source- Author

Fig 76- Program Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Source- Author Source- Author

Fig 78- Site Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Source- Google Earth Images and post-processed by Author

Fig 79- Gwalior West Masterplan (Left) and Gwalior Masterplan (Right) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Source- http://ncrgwalior.com/counter_gwalior.htm; Directorate of Town and Country Planning, Madhya Pradesh

Fig 80- Gwalior Land-Use Masterplan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Source- Directorate of Town and Country Planning, Madhya Pradesh

Fig 81- Gwalior Land-Use Masterplan (Stadium Marked) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Source- Directorate of Town and Country Planning, Madhya Pradesh

Fig 82- Rock formation and Soil Texture Plan of Gwalior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Source- Directorate of Town and Country Planning, Madhya Pradesh Source- Google Earth Pro Images

Fig 84- Sun Path diagram and Temperature Range of Gwalior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0, Grasshopper and Climate Consultant)

Fig 85- Wind Rose and Wind Velcoity on the site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0, Grasshopper and Climate Consultant)

Fig 86- Design Guidelines suitable for Gwalior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Source- Author (Using Climate Consultant)

Fig 87- Context Relationship with Site. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Source- Author

Fig 88- Context Mapping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Source- Google Earth Pro Image (Post-processed by Author)

Fig 89- Nollis Diagram (Site). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Source- Author

Fig 90- Reverse Nollis Diagram (Site). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Source- Author

Fig 91- Terrain around the Site. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Source- https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/

Fig 92- Land-Use in the immediate context. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Source- Google Earth Pro Image (Post-processed by Author)

v

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Fig 93- Road Connectivity in the immediate context. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Source- Author

Fig 94- Section across the road north to the site. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Source- Author (Road as on 26 January 2022)

Fig 95- Section across the road west to the site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Source- Author (Road as on 26 January 2022)

Fig 96- Footfall around the site. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Source- Author (As per data collected near end of January 2022)

Fig 97- Noise levels in and around the site. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Source- Author (As per data collected near end of January 2022)

Fig 98- Movement System and Publicness on the North Side. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Source- Author (Images captured as on 26th January 2022)

Fig 99- Movement System and Publicness on the West Side. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Source- Author (Images captured as on 26th January 2022)

Fig 100- Movement System and Publicness on the South Side. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Source- Author (Images captured as on 26th January 2022)

Fig 101- Movement System and Publicness on the East Side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Source- Author (Images captured as on 26th January 2022)

Fig 102- Site Sections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0)

Fig 104- Types of Raft Foundation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Source- https://civiljungle.com/what-is-raft-foundation-type-of-footing-detail-of-raft-footing/

Fig 105- Types of Raft Foundation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Source- https://civiljungle.com/what-is-raft-foundation-type-of-footing-detail-of-raft-footing/

Fig 106- Tensile Compression Rings at Football Stadium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Source- Tensile-compression ring- A study for football stadia roof structures by Ivar Boom

Fig 107- Oval shaped structure (Left); . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Spoke wheel with outer compression ring (Right). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Source- Tensile-compression ring- A study for football stadia roof structures by Ivar Boom

Fig 108- Components of the roof structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Source- Tensile-compression ring- A study for football stadia roof structures by Ivar Boom

Fig 109- Temporary columns or a temporary steel structure (right) supporting the roof structure (left). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Source- Tensile-compression ring- A study for football stadia roof structures by Ivar Boom

Fig 110- Supporting structure numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Source- Tensile-compression ring- A study for football stadia roof structures by Ivar Boom

Fig 111- Placement of the units on top of the Feyenoord stadium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 vi

Source- Tensile-compression ring- A study for football stadia roof structures by Ivar Boom

Fig 112- Closing of the structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Source- Tensile-compression ring- A study for football stadia roof structures by Ivar Boom

Fig 113- Composite Steel Deck Slab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Source- The Architect’s Studio Companion- Rules of Thumb for Preliminary Design

Fig 114- Composite Steel Deck Slab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Source- https://www.steelconstruction.info/Composite_construction#Composite_slabs

Fig 115- Composite Steel Deck Slab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Source- The Architect’s Studio Companion- Rules of Thumb for Preliminary Design

Fig 116- Constructing Concrete Slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Source- https://www.cement.org/cement-concrete-applications/how-concrete-is-made

Fig 117- Constructing Concrete Slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Source- https://www.mecreeled.com/cricket-lighting-standards-2020-updates/

Fig 118- Section Across Drainage System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Source- Author

Fig 119- Details and working of Drainage System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Source- Author

Fig 120- VAV System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Source- The Architect’s Studio Companion by Edward Allen, Joseph Iano

Fig 121- Substation Working Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Source- The Architect’s Studio Companion by Edward Allen, Joseph Iano

Fig 123- General Circulation in and around stadium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Source- The Architect’s Studio Companion by Edward Allen, Joseph Iano

Fig 124- Vehicular Circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Source- Author

Fig 125- Green Areas (In and Around the Site) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Source- Author

Fig 126- Zoning and Volumetric Disposition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Source- Author

Fig 127- Zoning across the Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Source- Author

Fig 128- Schematic movement of Players and Officials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Source- Author

Fig 129- Schematic movement of Media Officials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Source- Author

Fig 130- SWOT Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 vii

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Source- Author

Fig 132- Conceptualization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Source- Author

Fig 133- Physical Model (Iteration 1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Source- Author

Fig 134- Physical Model (Iteration 2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Source- Author

Fig 135- Physical Model (Iteration 3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Source- Author

Fig 136- Ideation from Iteration 1,2 and 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Source- Author

Fig 137- Physical Model (Iteration 4). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Source- Author

Fig 138- Physical Model (Iteration 5). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Source- Author

Fig 139- Ideation from Iteration 4 and 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Source- Author

Fig 140- Ideation from Iteration 4 and 5 (Digital Model Exploration); Using Rhino 7.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Source- Author

Fig 141- Physical Model (Iteration 6). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Source- Author

Fig 142- Sketch Plan (From Iteration 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Source- Author

Fig 143- Physical Model (Iteration 7). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Source- Author

Fig 144- Sketch Plan (From Iteration 7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Source- Author

Fig 145- Physical Model (Iteration 8). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Source- Author

Fig 146- Sketch Plan (From Iteration 8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Source- Author

Fig 147- Sketch Plan (From Iteration 6,7 and 8). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Source- Author

Fig 148- Ideation from Iteration 6,7 and 8 (Digital Model Exploration); Using Rhino 7.0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Source- Author

Fig 149- Sketch Plan (Iteration 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 viii

Source- Author

Fig 150- Sketch Plan (Iteration 10), and Digital Exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Source- Author

Fig 153- Typical Stands Section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Source- Author

Fig 152- General Tier Arragement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Source- Author

Fig 154- Resolving Stands: Iteration 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Source- Author

Fig 155- Resolving Stands: Iteration 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Source- Author

Fig 156- Resolving Stands: Iteration 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Source- Author

Fig 157- Resolving Stands: Iteration 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Source- Author

Fig 158- Resolving Stands: Iteration 4 (Sub-division). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Source- Author

Fig 159- Resolving Stands: Iteration 4 (Access and Circulation). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Source- Author

Fig 160 - Solar Analysis and circulation with respect to Gwalior Stadium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Source- Author

Fig 161- Solar Analysis and built-unbuilt relationship with respect to Gwalior Stadium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Source- Author

Fig 162- Sunlight Hours Analysis and Sciography with respect to Gwalior Stadium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0 and Grasshopper)

Fig 163- Conceptual Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

Source- Clockwise, starting from Top Left: 1. Author; 2. http://tendencee.com.br/2021/07/o-enorme-centro-civico-da-china-tera-design-inspirado-no-mar/; 3. https://novoscriptorium.com/2020/02/05/ monuments-from-gwalior-fort-gwalior-madhya-pradesh-india/; 4. https://archinect.com/firms/project/150056732/wandering-in-the-clouds/150056734; 5. Author; 6. Author; 7. https://www.fulldes.com/ en/aedas-tod-feature-greater-bay-area-2/

Fig 164- Form Development and Concept. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Source- Author

Fig 165- Design 1: Schematic Section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Source- Author

Fig 166- Design 1: Schematic 3D Model and Structural Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0)

Fig 167- Design 2: Schematic detail of structural components and relationship of services with them (Up). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0)

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Fig 168- Design 2: Schematic detail of Space Frame (Right) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0)

Fig 169- Design 2: Isometric View (South-West) of Stadium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0 and Lumion Render)

Fig 171- Design 2: Isometric View (South-East) of Stadium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0 and Lumion Render)

Fig 170- Design 2: South Elevational View of Stadium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0 and Lumion Render)

Fig 172- Design 2: Isometric View (South-West) of Stadium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0 and Lumion Render)

Fig 173- Design 2: Iso-Section of Stadium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0 and Grasshopper)

Fig 174- Design 2:Internal View of Stadium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0, Grasshopper and Lumion)

Fig 175- Overview of Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0, Grasshopper and Lumion)

Fig 176- Major Components of Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0, Grasshopper and Lumion)

Fig 177- Movement Systems on Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Source- Author

Fig 178- Salient Features of Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Source- Author

Fig 179- Typical Plan and 3D of Private Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Source- Author

Fig 180- Zoning of the Stadium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Source- Author

Fig 181- Circulation and Section of the Stadium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Source- Author

Fig 182- Exploded View for Circulation of the Stadium (with marked cores). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Source- Author

Fig 183- Exploded View of the Stadium (Down). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Source- Author

Fig 184- Part Section detail of External Wall and services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 Source- Author

Fig 185- Part Section detail of False flooring and services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 Source- Author

x

Fig 186- Perspective Section of Youth Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Source- Author

Fig 187- Perspective Section of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Sports Facility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Source- Author

Fig 188- East Side Elevation (Structure) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Source- Author

Fig 189- North Side Elevation (Structure). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Source- Author

Fig 190- South Side Elevation (Structure). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Source- Author

Fig 191- West Side Elevation (Structure). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Source- Author

Fig 192- Internal View of Stadium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Source- Author (Using Rhino 7.0, Grasshopper and Lumion)

Fig 193- Structural members in Stadium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Source- Author (Using Rhino 7.0, Grasshopper)

Fig 194- Structural details: Suspension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Source- Author (Using Rhino 7.0)

Fig 195- Load path diagram for stadium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Source- Author (Using Rhino 7.0, Grasshopper)

Fig 196- Services (HVAC, Water Harvesting and Drainage). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Source- Author (Using Rhino 7.0, Grasshopper)

Fig 197- Roof Form Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 Source- Author (Using Rhino 7.0, Grasshopper)

Fig 198- Sectional Zoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 Source- Author (Using Rhino 7.0, Grasshopper)

Fig 199- Kinetic Facade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Source- Author (Using Rhino 7.0, Grasshopper and Keyshot)

Fig 200- Climate Responsive Facade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Source- Author (Using Rhino 7.0, Grasshopper)

Fig 201- Structural Details to achieve Fluidic form. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Source- Author (Using AutoCAD, Rhino 7.0, Grasshopper)

Fig 202- Render showing the front exit of the stadium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 Source- Author (Using Lumion)

Fig 203- Render showing the entry plaza of the stadium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 xi

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Source- Author (Using Lumion)

Fig 204- Render showing the view of the stadium, youth center, and entry plaza from the highway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Source- Author (Using Lumion)

Fig 205- (Clockwise) 1. View from lower concourse (North Side) looking towards entry plaza; 2. View from lower concourse showcasing upper concourse bridges, and bus parking in the basement; 3. View from lower concourse (South Side) looking towards entry plaza; 4. Rear entry and view of Stadium from Shankarpur Village. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Source- Author (Using Lumion)

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LIST OF TABLES Table 1- Possible multi-purpose uses of sports stadia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Source- Stadia: A Design and Development Guide; by Geraint John, Rod Sheard and Ben Vickery (2007)

Table 2- Sciography of The Lord’s Stadium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0 and Grasshopper)

Table 3- Sciography of Wankhede Stadium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0 and Grasshopper)

Table 5- Sciography of Narendra Modi Stadium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0 and Grasshopper)

Table 6- Comparative Matrix and Design Directrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Source- Author

Table 7- Area Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Table 8- Temperature Chart of Gwalior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Source- https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/madhya-pradesh/gwalior-4881/#climate-graph

Table 9- Water Consumption and Storage Capacity; Waste Water and Sewage Treatent Plant Calculations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Source- Data from NBC, Calculation by Author

Table 10- Requirement for Firefighting Installations; Stormwater Run-off. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Source- Data from NBC, Calculation by Author

Table 11- Possible HVAC System that could be installed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Source- The Architect’s Studio Companion by Edward Allen, Joseph Iano

Table 12- Substation Sizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Source- The Architect’s Studio Companion by Edward Allen, Joseph Iano

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LIST OF DRAWINGS Dwg 1- Site and Context Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Source- Author, Google Images (as of end January 2022), Site Visit (as of end January 2022)

Dwg 2- Design 1: Site and Context Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Dwg 3- Design 1: Ground Floor Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Dwg 4- Design 1: Upper Plaza Level (Stadium Only). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Dwg 5- Design 1: Upper Plaza Level. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Dwg 6- Design 1: Private Boxes Level (Stadium Only). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Dwg 7- Design 1: Private Boxes Level. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Dwg 8- Design 1: Concourse Level. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Dwg 9- Design 1: Roof Top Level. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Dwg 10- Design 2: Roof Top Level. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Dwg 11- Design 2: Site Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Dwg 12- Design 2: Basement Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Dwg 13- Design 2: +6700 Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Dwg 15- Design 2: Longitudinal Section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Dwg 14- Design 2: Framing Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Dwg 16- Design 2: +12500 Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Dwg 17- Design 2: Transverse Section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Dwg 18- Design 2: +16000 Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

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Dwg 19- Design 2: External Wall Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Dwg 20- Final Site Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Dwg 21- Final Roof Top Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Dwg 22- Basement Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Dwg 23- Longitudinal Section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Dwg 24- +6700 MM Level Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 (Lower Concourse). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Dwg 25- +12500 MM Level Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Dwg 26- +16000 MM Level Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Dwg 27- Detail Plans of Media Center (Left) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Dwg 28- Detail Plans of Pavilion (Right). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Dwg 29- External Wall Section through Media Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Dwg 30- External Wall Section through Pavilion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Dwg 31- Youth Center and Sports Facility Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Dwg 32- Transverse Section of Stadium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Dwg 33- Transverse Section through Youth Center. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Dwg 34- Typical External Wall Section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Dwg 35- East Side Elevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

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Dwg 36- North Side Elevation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Dwg 37- South Side Elevation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Dwg 38- West Side Elevation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

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Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

ABSTRACT The aim is to create a 365 day attraction for Gwalior residents that will help revitalize and activate the growing Gwalior and new-born Gwalior West. Growing up, the majority of youth has a great interest in sports and outdoor activities.

This allowed layering the stadium typology with functions catering to the needs of youth specifically. A space that would keep the stadium site active and lively on non-match days, and at the same time provide an inclusive and holistic environment for youth to explore themselves.

Sporting stadiums have a significant impact on the communities in which they are constructed. Not only do they have an impact on the local economy, but they also have an impact on pedestrian and other modes of transportation circulation. They have an impact on the ecosystem, as well as the land on which they are constructed. Some cities inspire advancement in urban design, whereas others do not (Borgen, 2017). Stadiums are massive projects and require detailed intricacy and functional resolution of the utmost level.

Many stadiums built in the past might not have paid heed to a stronger link with the cities, but the stadiums of the new age, such as the Narendra Modi Stadium in Motera, India, appear to be gigantic monuments and at the same time establish a positive link with the city’s other activities. Our capacity as designers to make stadiums a part of the cities in which they dwell has grown as our understanding of how to successfully create urban landscapes has grown.

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Chapter 1

THESIS INTRODUCTION

This chapter built around the Thesis Search contains the Introduction to the Search Question; World view on the issue in question and need for further research in this area; Proposition and the area of exploration that will form the core of thesis. The selected Design Project and how it will exemplify the search; and finally the way forward.

Fig 1- Thesis Introduction Source- https://www.freepik.com/premium-photo/cricket-bat-ball-green-grass_3976794.htm

1

ADULTERATED LIVES AND LANDSCAPES Harvey puts forward his concern with conceptual problems of urban planning, which result partly from the lack of an interdisciplinary approach taken by sociologists, urban planners, and others.

The problem starts right at the beginning of the approach where geographical and sociological aspects are regarded as unrelated and are treated independently.

Social behavior can not be excluded from geography. Harvey urges to recognize that the creation of spatial form would influence the future development of the social process.

Each society’s culture is defined by its manifestations of language, art, and architecture. Architecture shall represent culture in every community, intertwining structural, historical, political, economic, and social characteristics. In today’s age of globalization and internationalism, architecture that reflects culture helps to build or sustain identity. It also contributes to society’s integrity. Thriving communities require a culturally responsive architecture.

In Kenneth Frampton’s book Studies in Tectonic Culture, he talks about Postscriptum: The Tectonic 2

Fig 2- Framework for Thesis Proposition Source- Author

Trajectory wherein he talks about the poetics, the tectonics associated with the buildings, and how they are related to other attributes which give identity to a space. According to Frampton, “We may claim that the built invariably comes into existence out of the constantly evolving interplay of three converging vectors- the topo, the typos, and the tectonics” (Frampton, 1996). This highlights the crucial role of spaces, structure, and technological innovations in shaping the new cities.

“The correct framework for understanding the city is one which encompasses and builds upon both the sociological and the geographical imaginations.”

-David Harvey (Social Justice and the City, 2009)

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

PUBLICNESS OF URBAN SPACE Sporting stadiums have an impact on the socioeconomic capabilities of the regions in which they are located. Some have a positive impact since they are able to fully integrate into the urban environment and aid the community in areas like economy, walkability, and transit (Borgen, 2016). However, many fail to do this as well. They essentially become massive concrete or steel constructions surrounded by thousands of asphalt-filled parking places that solely serve the community on the days that the sporting team is in town, which is normally once or twice a week.

Mixed-use buildings are a design type that has had a lot of success in generating vibrant and effective urban areas. They can meet many of the needs in the surrounding area, such as residential, office, and retail spaces, ensuring that the building is continually in use. This is all done with a single building’s worth of space, which is extremely advantageous in dense, urban situations. Mixeduse structures mix old and new design strategies to produce highly walkable communities. What if these mixed-use design components were combined with the stadium’s typology and philosophy?

SEARCH QUESTION How can we revitalize and activate one of the world’s most expensive typologies by layering it with other functions that contribute to make a much more inclusive and urban environment? Public money is indeed a way that helps the existence of stadium typologies yet, the general public can use these stadiums majorly on the game-days.

3

WORLD VIEW:

STADIUM AND THE CITY The stadium has traditionally been one of the most recognizable structures. The stadium is the urban venue where cities meet to exhibit their civic pride, and hence, become a symbol of the community in which they are located. The stadium as an architectural typology is hard to comprehend without first comprehending the society in which it exists. They represent society’s culture and viewpoints.

The stadium serves as the urban center for the celebration of the event’s ritual. When the team wins, it is a location where the entire community comes together to celebrate, and when the team loses, it is a place where the entire community mourns. The stadium is the city’s most urban building today. The stadium, however, is more than just a sports venue. It’s a means of reviving the city.

It is a hotbed of economic development (Duriko, 2014).

Professional sports such as major league baseball, American football, football, and hockey are attracting large audiences of local and visiting spectators to attend the games at mixed-use complexes.

“The success of a mixed-use project hinges on activity. The more people that are walking around, using the space and engaging with it, the more it creates an inclusive atmosphere and people want to be there,” explains David Demarest, JLL International Director, and Southeast Market Leader.

“We look at the mix of opportunities, but what’s more important is what can people do at those venues, and how they tie into the stadium or arena,” says Mark Williams, AIA, LEED AP, Principal and Director of Sports & Entertainment Business Development with HKS Architects, which designed Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park. “Sophisticated ownership now understands that you have to capture audiences with a broader entertainment and time frame.”

Fig 3- Mix of Opportunities at Los Angeles Stadium (by HKS Architects) Source- https://www.archdaily.com/800073/hks-designed-la-stadium-willbe-the-largest-in-the-nfl

In a country like India which celebrates and enjoys sports, there is a need to make stadiums an intrinsic part of the city. More activities might take place in and around the stadiums, connecting them to the city and raising aspiration and passion in the community. A range of everyday, ceremonial spaces, in addition to the stadium’s seats, tiers,

Every sports project that Kansas City-based architectural firm Populous is working on “has some vision of mixed-use development,” says John Shreve, Senior Principal, and Senior Urban Planner, “It’s what cities want.”

4

clubs, and lounges, clearly form part of an overall spatial narrative that exemplifies the experience of watching a sporting event.

Fig 4- Narendra Modi Stadium, Ahmedabad, Gujarat by Populous Source- https://populous.com/project/narendra-modi-stadium

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

THESIS PROPOSITION The aim is to create a 365 day attraction for Gwalior residents that will help revitalize and activate the growing Gwalior and new-born Gwalior West. Growing up, the majority of youth has a great interest in sports and outdoor activities.

This allowed layering the stadium typology with functions catering to the needs of youth specifically.

A space that would keep the stadium site active and lively on non-match days, and at the same time provide an inclusive and holistic environment for youth to explore themselves.

THE PROJECT Hence, Youth Centers are added as additional components to complement the stadium’s facilities.

It would provide spaces where young people can hang out in a secure, heterogeneous, and supervised environment. It would allow for unstructured social interaction between people of all ages while also providing space for more structured activities.

These centers would assist youth in developing their physical, social, emotional, and cognitive abilities as well as experiencing achievement, enjoyment, friendship, and recognition by providing them with opportunities to participate in recreational and cultural activities as well as vocational counseling.

Sports Facilities Stadium (1st Layer) Primary Function on match days, Secondary Function on non-match days

(2nd Layer) Secondary Function on match days, Primary Function on nonmatch days

Youth Center (2nd Layer) Secondary Function on match days, Primary Function on nonmatch days

Specifically, in the case of Gwalior International Cricket Stadium, the site is surrounded by residential typologies. The youth has plenty of open spaces to play as the site is on the outskirts of the city.

Introducing a youth center along with the stadium, would not only keep the masses bound closely with the stadium but would also provide opportunities for youth to explore themselves in other areas of development.

Moreover, with the urbanization and settlement of Gwalior West, the load on the outskirts of Gwalior city would also start increasing eventually. Th, a site rich in multiple functions would help in urban rejuvenation. Further, this would allow the site to integrate and preserve the greens of forest land.

A holistic and inclusive environment can thus be created by integrating greens, residentials, and stadiums. The intervention would have the ability to shape the cities in proximity, while also putting a community on the map. The design would evolve into an important component of the urban matrix that would bind Gwalior and Gwalior West together and would serve as a focal point for youth and citizens.

Fig 5- Amalgmation of Different Layers Source- Author

5

Fig 6- Expression of Interest by Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association Source- Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association

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Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

THE WAY FORWARD Sporting stadiums have a significant impact on the communities in which they are constructed. Not only do they have an impact on the local economy, but they also have an impact on pedestrian and other modes of transportation circulation. They have an impact on the ecosystem, as well as the land on which they are constructed. Some cities inspire advancement in urban design, whereas others do not (Borgen, 2017). Stadiums are massive projects and require detailed intricacy and functional resolution of the utmost level.

Many stadiums built in the past might not have paid heed to a stronger link with the cities, but the stadiums of the new age, such as the Narendra Modi Stadium in Motera, India, appear to be gigantic monuments and at the same time establish a positive link with the city’s other activities. Our capacity as designers to make stadiums a part of the cities in which they dwell has grown as our understanding of how to successfully create urban landscapes has grown.

Fig 7- Way forward for Stadiums Source- Author

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Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Chapter 2

BACKGROUND RESEARCH

This chapter is built around the core areas of research and the case studies which were undertaken to understand the search question as well as the project.

Fig 8- Background Research Source- https://worldclasswillow.com/six-iconic-cricket-stadiums-from-around-the-world/

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AREAS OF RESEARCH

1 2 10

Understanding and analysis of Cricket Stadium Typology • • •

About Stadiums Key considerations while designing a stadium How to design while respecting the sport, and the interest of spectators (who are an integral part of any match) ?

Research on Technological Innovation in the same field of study • • •

Structural Innovations Kinetic features and elements Difference and exploration in terms of Materiality

3

Research on Integration of Urban environment/ Neighbourhood using inclusive building strategies • • •

4

Issues with large stadiums (especially in offseasons) Case studies on mixed-use building strategies within stadium typology How can Architecture help in amalgamation of more diverse program for stadiums

Analysis and Exploration of efficient Roof Forms • • •

What, why and how of large span structures ?

Roof form exploration- Design Typological optimisation

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

UNDERSTANDING CRICKET STADIUM A sports stadium is essentially a large theater where heroic achievements are performed. A compelling civic architecture should emerge from such a combination of dramatic purpose and gigantic scale. The Colosseum in Rome was the first great prototype to attain this goal, but just a few stadiums have followed suit since then. The worst are filthy, unpleasant locations that cast a depressing spell over their surroundings for lengthy periods of time

when they are vacant and underutilized, in stark contrast to the brief periods of severe congestion on match days. The greatest are pleasant and safe, and they provide their customers with a fun afternoon or evening of entertainment – yet even the best fall short of architectural greatness (John, Sheaard, Vickery, 2007).

Subduing the tiers of seating, the ramps or stairs, and the massive roof structures into a single harmonious and delightful architectural ideal seems almost impossible, so sports stadiums tend to be lumpy agglomerations of elements that are out of scale with their surroundings and in conflict with each other, and often harshly detailed and finished (John, Sheaard, Vickery, 2007).

Cricket Playing Ground

• •

• •

A circular cricket field is considered as the perfect field but generally a cricket pitch is slightly oval.

Its diameter varies between 137m and 150m. The ICC Test Match Standard Playing Conditions (October 2014) Law 19.1 defines the playing area as a minimum of 137.16m from boundary to boundary square of the pitch, with the shorter of the two square boundaries a minimum of 59.43m.

The straight boundary at both ends of the pitch is a minimum of 64m. Distances are measured from the centre of the pitch.

Boundaries are not to exceed 82.29m from the centre of the pitch.

Fig 9- Cricket Playing Ground Source- https://www.dlgsc.wa.gov.au/sport-and-recreation/sports -dimensions-guide/cricket

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Infield, Outfield and Close- Infield • •

•

The infield, outfield and the close‑­infield are used to enforce field restrictions and/or safety zones for some game formats and age groups.

Two semi‑­circles with a radius of 27.43m are drawn in the field of play. The centre of these circles is the middle stump at either end of the pitch. The circles are marked by continuous painted white lines or dots at 4.57m intervals, each dot to covered by a white plastic or rubber disc measuring 18cm in diameter.

Two inner circles with a radius of 13.72m are also drawn on the field of play. The centre of the circles is the centre point of the popping crease at either end of the pitch. These areas are also marked with dots.

Boundary Markings

• • •

All boundaries are marked by a rope or similar object as per the ICC rules. The rope has a required minimum distance of 2.74m inside the perimeter fencing or advertising signs.

When marking a cricket playing field, buffer distances between cricket ground boundaries in relation to other park infrastructure including car parks, roadways, neighbouring properties and playgrounds need to be considered.

Buffer distances of between 20m to 40m from boundaries are preferable to reduce risk of damage to park users and property.

Fig 10- Cricket Infield, Outfield and Close-Infield Source- https://www.dlgsc.wa.gov.au/sport-and-recreation/sports -dimensions-guide/ cricket

Turf Pitch • •

The dimensions of a turf pitch are 20.12m long (from stump to stump) plus a minimum of 1.22m behind the stumps to accommodate the return crease and bowler approach area.

The width of a turf pitch is 3.05m.

Fig 11- Cricket Infield, Outfield and Close-Infield Source- https://www.dlgsc.wa.gov.au/sport-and-recreation/sports -dimensions-guide/ cricket

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Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

General Zoning and Circulation • • •

•

•

•

The modern stadium is designed as five concentric zones: The playing field, also known as the action area, is located in Zone 1 of the stadium.

Zone 2 is made up of spectator viewing places such as standing terraces, seating tiers, hospitality boxes, and other viewing areas, as well as the gangways and vomitories that go with them.

Zone 3 is the internal circulation region, which includes concourses with food and beverage kiosks, restrooms, and other amenities connected by gates or stairs.

Zone 4, is the region outside the perimeter fence that surrounds the stadium building but is not part of the perimeter barrier.

Zone 5 is space outside the perimeter fence.

Fig 12- General Zoning and Circulation Source- Stadia: A Design and Development Guide; by Geraint John, Rod Sheard and Ben Vickery (2007)

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Crowd Control

Perimeter fences protect the pitch from crowd invasion but also obstruct viewing, are often unsightly and may hinder escape in cases of emergency.

Cat’s Cradle Perimeter

An inaccessible moat

A ‘half moat’ or combination of low fence and shallow moat. Note that the stair handrail will intrude into spectators’ views.

The ‘bullring’ solution, or level change, is widely used in baseball and American football stadia in the USA. Note that the stair handrail will intrude into spectators’ views.

A typical accessible moat. Note that the stair handrail will intrude into spectators’ views.

Fig 13- Cricket Crowd Control Source- Stadia: A Design and Development Guide; by Geraint John, Rod Sheard and Ben Vickery (2007)

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Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Sightline and ‘C’- Value As stated in the book- Stadia, “The term ‘sightline’ refers to a spectator’s ability to see a critical point on the playing field over the head of the spectator below, and is measured by the ‘C’ value.”

Use of a ‘super riser’ to ensure that spectators in wheelchairs can see over the heads of spectators in front of them, even when the latter rise to their feet.

N=

(R+C) X (D+T) D

-R Tread fixed (Typical Seat)

Riser fixed (Typical Seat)

Nose fixed (Typical Seat)

Tread fixed (With Arms)

Riser fixed (With Arms)

Nose fixed (With Arms)

Tread fixed (Bench Seat/ Tractor Seat)

Riser fixed (Bench Seat/ Tractor Seat)

Nose fixed (Bench Seat/ Tractor Seat)

N= riser height; R= height between eye on ‘point of focus’ on the playing field; D= distance from eye to ‘point of focus’ on the playing field; T= depth of seating row

Fig 14- Sightline, ‘C’-Value and Spectators Seating Type Source- Stadia: A Design and Development Guide; by Geraint John, Rod Sheard and Ben Vickery (2007)

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TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION Structure and Technology Since load-bearing columns are incompatible with the activities that take place inside a stadium, the structural design of a stadium roof typically involves long-span steel trusses that must work extremely hard to support the roof’s weight and withstand the lateral loads. Oversizing roof truss

Case Example- Al Janoub Stadium

Inferences:

Architects: Zaha Hadid Architects Client: Al Wakrah Sports Club Year: 2019 Location: Al Wakrah, Qatar Capacity: 20,000 pax

1. Steel has allowed to obtain the fluidic form, by providing a structural framework.

Passive design principles along with computer modeling and wind tunnel tests were used to maximise the effectiveness of the physical enclosure to ensure player and spectator comfort.

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members has two consequences: it increases the truss’ self-weight, which necessitates the use of extra steel to support it. These massive trusses are often extremely visible from both outside and within the stadium, and they contribute significantly to the stadium’s beauty.

2. Numerous struts are provided between the steel sections so that it retains its shape and form.

3. The periphery of steel formwork, which dictates the overall form of the structure is braced via secondary and tertiary steel sections,

As a result, it’s critical to have control and flexibility in the roof structure’s design, which parametric modeling may provide (Shepherd, 2015).

which further reduce the tensile load on the periphery trusses and help in smoother transfer of load.

4. Tensile load is maximum near the center of east and west cantilevered truss.

5. If concrete would have been used to achieve these large spans, then it would have been highly inefficient, as it has high compressive strength but low tensile strength.

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

The stadium design is such a complicated process with so many constraints and conflicts to address, the option to reconsider design decisions is tremendously useful. At the same time, the numerous laws and regulations that must be followed to ensure the building’s users’ safety and comfort lend themselves nicely to being incorporated directly into a parametric model. Thus, parametric modeling techniques are particularly suited to stadium design in terms of morphology, structure and functions.

01

02

03

“Each new situation requires a new architecture.”

-Jean Nouvel

04

Inferences: 1. Highlighted in the green (01,02) are the parametric ribs of the west side. There frequency can be increased or decreased, and so can be there depth. This allows the form to be bulky or flat, while cutting the setting sun angle.

05

2. Highlighted in the green (04,05) are the parametric ribs of the north and south side.

There frequency can be increased or decreased, and so can be there depth. This allows the form to compensate the sun at higher angles.

Fig 15-Al Janoub Stadium Source- https:// www.dezeen. com/2013/11/24/ zaha-hadid-dismisses-vagina-stadium-jibes-as-ridiculous/

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Retractable Roof

Modern day architecture allows us to explore kinetic components as design solutions, owing to advancements in sensors, materials, and building control technologies.

A kinetic façade allows movement on a building’s surface by changing dynamically rather than being static or fixed. This helps to generate a skinlike articulation effect, as described by architect Buckminster Fuller and is an extension of the idea that a building’s envelope is an active system rather than just a container. Light, air, energy may all be managed with a kinetic façade. They can help to change the interior environment by reducing sun gain while also allowing fresh air into the structure. To increase performance, the moving pieces of the façade can be programmed to respond to climatic or other environmental parameters, as well as time, levels, and type of occupancy.

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In case of Al Janoub stadium, the stadium has an operable roof designed by Schlaich Bergermann Partner and a seating bowl cooling system that ensures the stadium it can be used during Qatar’s summer months.

The operable roof has been designed in sympathy with the cladding using pleated PTFE fabric and cables. When its deployed, the roof operates like a sail to cover the oculus above the field of play and create a sheltered environment for football during the summer.

Fig 16- Retractable Roof of Al Janoub Stadium Source- https://www.archdaily.com/917335/al-janoub-stadium-zaha-hadid-architects

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Materiality

Massive columns, beams, and cantilevers can be difficult to incorporate into a cohesive design concept, thus a new tendency has been to replace (wholly or partially) these bold structural features with more delicate lattice or tension structures.

These ideas don’t fix all difficulties or guarantee aesthetic success, but they can help you build more shapely and graceful structures that are more human-scaled.

Fig 17- Considerations for Materiality Source- Stadia: A Design and Development Guide; by Geraint John, Rod Sheard and Ben Vickery (2007); Post-processed by Author

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INTEGRATION OF URBAN NEIGHBOURHOOD Stadiums, despite their high public presence, are not without their flaws. Owners and operators are well aware of the problems of previous generations of stadiums, including how they are sometimes difficult to run without large personnel and how their flexibility is often limited.

More recently, a partnership between a sports club and another significant tenant has emerged, with sport serving as one component of a mix of activities aimed at creating a critical mass of activity for the consumer. Good management of these mixed venues may boost revenue by utilizing each portion of the facility for several purposes, a practice known as ‘multi-use’.

All of these ideas will require effective creative management if they are to be long-term successful.

Stadia administration is becoming more widely acknowledged as a specialised subject around the world, and athletic facilities are beginning to attract the greatest talent. In the future, this will begin to affect the shape of stadiums. As a result of this shift in expertise, new concepts are emerging, such as the concept of added-value tickets, which offer additional benefits to entice the entire family to attend. Meals, bus excursions from outlying places, and signed programmes are examples of these perks.

Playing Area

Child-minding services, baby-changing rooms, family cinemas, museums, tea lounges, high-chair restaurants, and children’s play areas are all key factors in increasing family attendance and are rapidly making their way into modern stadiums.

The bottom line is that any facility that draws a broader range of family members and keeps them interested for longer periods of time will eventually reap social and economic benefits.

Support Facilities

Additional Facilities

Primary

Secondary

Primary

Secondary

Primary

Secondary

Cricket

Concerts

Restaurant

Banquets

Health Club

Offices

Football

Conventions

Private Box

Parties

Other Sports

Retail

Hockey

Exhibitions

Bar

Meetings

Hotel

Cinemas

Tennis

Other Sports

Lounges

Conventions

Museum

Residential

Table 1- Possible multi-purpose uses of sports stadia Source- Stadia: A Design and Development Guide; by Geraint John, Rod Sheard and Ben Vickery (2007)

“The spectators of tomorrow will be developed through 20

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Layering Stadium with Youth Center

Fig 18- Layering Stadium with Youth Center Source- Author

a policy of inclusion rather than exclusion.”

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ANALYSIS AND EXPLORATION OF EFFICIENT ROOF FORMS Designers should remember Rudolf Bergermann’s advice that continuous roofs placed in a circle or ellipse, rather than distinct roofs with gaps between them, usually have a calming impact on the air inside the stadium. This improves the comfort of both the audience and the performers (John, Sheaard, Vickery, 2007).

simulations, especially if the playing surface is natural grass, because, according to Britain’s Football Stadia Advisory Design Council, “it is now generally accepted that a combination of shading from sunlight and reduced airflow at pitch level has an adverse effect on the durability and quality of grass.”

The main stand should face east so that as few spectators as possible are forced to look directly into the sun from a west-facing stand. The effectiveness of a roof in shading its occupants from the sun, as well as the quantity of shadow it casts on the pitch at various times of the day and year, must be analyzed using rigorous computer modeling. Such modeling should be done in tandem with dynamic

Prevailing wind directions and speeds, prevailing air temperatures, and, local patterns of air turbulence caused by surrounding buildings and, by the proposed stadium design itself, and conflict between the needs of spectators (wanting protection from wind and sun) and the desirability of a natural grass pitch) are all factors to be considered while designing the roof (John, Sheaard, Vickery, 2007).

Fig 19- Goal Post Structure: Galpharm Stadium, Huddersfield, UK Source- https://www.stadiumguide.com/ johnsmithsstadium/

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Fig 20- Cantilever Structure: Warner Stand, The Lord’s, London, UK Source- https://populous.com/project/thenew-warner-stand-at-lords-cricket-ground

Fig 21- Concrete Shell Structure: Palazzetto dello Sport, Rome, Italy Source- https://structurae.net/en/structures/ little-sports-palace

Fig 22- Compression Ring Structure: Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India Source- https://www.lntecc.com/projects/ public-spaces/wankhede-stadium-mumbai/

Fig 23- Catenary Cable Structure: Ingalls Rink, New Haven, USA Source- https://www.sharetopfive.com/ingalls-rink-favorite-architecture-video-inside/

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Fig 29- Roof Design Considerations Source- Stadia: A Design and Development Guide; by Geraint John, Rod Sheard and Ben Vickery (2007); Post-processed by Author

Fig 24- Cable Net Structure: Olympiastadion, Munich, Germany Source- https://www.archdaily.com/109136/ ad-classics-munich-olympic-stadium-frei-otto-gunther-behnisch

Fig 25- Membrane Structure: Oita Stadium, Oita, Japan Source- https://www.world.rugby/ news/131318

Fig 26- Air Suspended Roofs: BC Place, Vancouver, Canada Source- https://besthqwallpapers.com/and/ sport/bc-place-vancouver-whitecaps-fc-stadium-canadian-football-stadium-vancouver-british-columbia-81480

Fig 27- Space Frames Structure: San Siro Stadium, Milan, Italy Source- https://acmilan.theoffside. com/2019/7/12/20692144/what-to-do-withsan-siro-stadium-ac-milan-inter-milan

Fig 28- Opening Roofs: Marvel Stadium, Melbourne, Australia Source- https://populous.com/project/etihad-stadium

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Large Span Structures Long Span Structures are those that have a span of more than 15-20 metres. The span of such structures cannot be attained using standard R.C.C. construction. Long spans generally result in internal spaces that are flexible and column-free, lowering substructure costs and erecting time.

Many long span solutions can also be customised to allow for service integration without increasing the overall floor depth.

Fig 30- Qingdao Citizen Fitness Center Source- https://www.archdaily.com/953874/qingdao-citizen-fitness-center-architecture-and-engineers-of-southeast-university

Case Example 1Qingdao Citizen Fitness Center Architects: Architecture & Engineers of Southeast University Client: Shandong Provincial People’s Congress and State Council Year: 2018 Location: Qingdao, China Capacity: 60,000 pax The project is located in the geographical and geometric center of Qingdao city, airport, high-speed railway station and other regional transportation hubs.

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Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Inferences: 1. Roof is cantilevered to provide an unobstructed clear view of playing arena to spectators.

2. Roof spans over the entire length of stands, which would help in providing shade to spectators for majority time of the day.

3. Steel has allowed the stadium to achieve a fluidic form, due to high tensile and yield strength it offers.

Fig 31- Qingdao Citizen Fitness Center: Part-Section Source- https://www.archdaily.com/953874/qingdao-citizen-fitness-center-architecture-and-engineers-of-southeast-university

Fig 32- Qingdao Citizen Fitness Center: Structure Source- https://www.archdaily.com/953874/qingdao-citizen-fitness-center-architecture-and-engineers-of-southeast-university

4. Aluminium is used to fabricate the roof form, as it is extremely lightweight (compared to steel and concrete).

Case Example 2- Beijing National Stadium Architects: Herzog and de Meuron Client: The China International Trust and Investment Corporation (CITIC); Beijing Municipal Corporation Year: 2008 Location: Bejing, China Capacity: 91,000 pax The shape of the roof was inspired by yin yang, the Chinese philosophy of balance and harmony.

The circular shape of the Beijing Olympic stadium represents heaven, but has been described as a bird’s nest, with its pattern inspired by Chinesestyle crazed pottery.

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Fig 33- Beijing National Stadium Source- https://parametrichouse.com/the-birds-nest-stadium/

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Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Fig 34- Beijing National Stadium- Section Source- https://parametrichouse.com/thebirds-nest-stadium/

Inferences: 1. The grandstand is a huge bowl-shaped concrete structure, surrounded by a giant steel lattice work that forms the saddle-shaped frame roof (330m long, 300m width, height varied from 40m to 69m), with an oval opening (185m x 128m) at the centre.

Fig 35- Beijing National Stadium- Interaction Detail Source- https://www.slideshare.net/luisaam/beijing-national-stadium

2. The frame roof is supported by 24 steel columns circumventing the grandstand. The loads at each

intersections are split between the members and transferred downwards as indicated.

3. The massive steel structure resists lateral loads in a similar manner as the horizontal ones. In addition, instead of the loads hitting the structure and following it downwards and upwards it is broken down through the lattice of steel while being weakened and providing natural ventilation in the building.

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CASE STUDY RESEARCH

The Lord’s Cricket Stadium London, UK

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Wankhede Stadium Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Narendra Modi Stadium Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

THE LORD’S CRICKET STADIUM Architects: David Miller Architects, Populous Architects Client: Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) Year: 2017 (Redevelopment) Location: St. John’s Wood, London, England Capacity: 30000 pax Site Area: 65000 sqm (6.5 hectare) Built-Up Area: 50368.38 sqm Height of Building (above ground): 24m Number of Cores: 21 Number of Floors above ground- 4 Number of Basements- 1

Fig 36- The Lord’s Cricket Stadium Source- https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/the-future

London, England Source- Google Earth Pro Imagery

St. John’s Wood, London

The Lord’s Cricket Ground, St. John’s Wood, London, England 29

Network and Circulation around The Lord’s

Fig 37- Network and Circulation around The Lord’s Source- Author

30

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Vehicular Movement around The Lord’s

Inferences: 1. Major Roads are as wide as 25m.

2. This helps to accomodate sufficient riding space for motor vehicles, cycles and pedestrians.

3. Lanes for motor vehicles are 5m in width.

4. At the perimeter of roads, wide footpaths are also available for pedestrian movement and cyclists. This reduces the load on vehicular ciculation and motor lanes.

Fig 38- Vehicular Movement around The Lord’s Source- Author

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Context around The Lord’s

Inferences: 1. Nolli Diagram shows ground is situated amidst a densely populated built mass.

2. The building’s volume (the Lord’s) and height are adapted to the urban context and to the scale of the London city block.

Fig 39- Context around The Lord’s Source- Author

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Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Site Plan:The Lord’s

Inferences: 1. Site is highly accessible by pedestrians.

2. Site is surrounded by roads on all sides, making it accessible via motor vehicles. However, double lane roads suggest a lot of occupant load is expected to commute from public transport or via foot.

Fig 40- The Lord’s: Site Plan Source- Author

3. Site is guarded by boundary walls from all the sides, and is thus, not at all porous.

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Zoning and Functions: The Lord’s

Inferences: 1. Site is rich and diverse in functions. Each stand is provided with bars, restaurants or cafes which not only bring economical benefits to the stadium, but also keep the place active on non-match days.

Fig 41- Zoning: The Lord’s Source- Author

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Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Circulation: The Lord’s

Inferences: 1. Ground Staff and players circulation is completely separate.

2. Accessibility to Warner and Grand stands is not very convenient.

Fig 42- Circulation: The Lord’s Source- Author

3. Accessibility is restricted for general public near the MCC Club and pavilion areas.

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Zoning: Warner and Compton Stand- The Lord’s

Inferences: 1. Site is rich and diverse in functions. Each stand is provided with bars, restaurants or cafes which not only bring economical benefits to the stadium, but also keep the place active on non-match days.

2. 2 Cores for Warner stand are pretty less for catering such a large amount of spectators.

Fig 43- Zoning: Warner and Compton Stand Source- Author

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3. Fire Staircases are not pressurized, and width of flights is also less.

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Zoning: Media Center- The Lord’s

Fig 44- Zoning: Media Center Source- Author

Inferences: 1. The access and circulation of media and press is completely segregated from general public.

2. A stand alone media center has allowed to use more area and volume to accomodate the relevant functions.

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C Value Calculation: The Lord’s

Inferences:

Fig 45- C Value Calculation- The Lord’s Source- Author

1. Point of focus are way too inside the play field.

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2. Due to a high C-value, and low angle of rake, it becomes challenging for spectators sitting at back rows to see the player at action who is near the boundary.

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Built-Unbuilt Relationship: The Lord’s

Isometric View (North Side) Open spaces (unbuilt area) at the stands provide a clear view and perspective of the playing area.

Isometric View (South Side)

Fig 46- Built Unbuilt Relationship- The Lord’s Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0 and Grasshopper)

Open spaces (unbuilt area) at the ground level increases the porosity of the building and allows all the users to access the building from anywhere and everywhere.

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Sciography Study: The Lord’s

Table 2- Sciography of The Lord’s Stadium Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0 and Grasshopper)

40

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Radiation Analysis: The Lord’s

Inferences: 1. Lying on higher latitude (around 51 N), the average temperature range is low, and sun angle is also not so high.

2. As a result North side is majorly devoid of radiations and sunlight.

3. While it’s good for the stands that they are open and receive ample amount of radiation and sunlight on summer days, but on the other hand, Lord’s pavilion receive very little sunlight and radiations making it much more cooler experience for players using the sports facility.

4. Due to cooler climate and low level of radiations, exposed seating stands (stands with less roof covering) isn’t a bad option.

5. London does experience fairly moderate rainfall.

Leaving stands uncovered, exposes a lot of spectators to rains.

Fig 47- Radiation Analysis- The Lord’s Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0 and Grasshopper)

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Core Analysis: The Lord’s

Inferences:

2. Staircase widths for Warner and Grand stand are less than minimum widths 1. Position of core for Warner and suggested by codes. Moreover, fire exits Compton Stand doesn’t comply with the are not pressurized, as suggested by the codes, and thus doesn’t allow safe travel codes. distance and egress distance. However, additional staircases on external wall of 3. No.of elevators provided per stands Compton stands help to compensate the would be inefficient in catering to such occupant load. high occupant load.

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4. Capacity of Warner Stand (rebuilt in 2017) is 2674, providing 22 WCs for females (i.e. 1 per 60 part thereof), 38 urnials (i.e 1 per 20 part thereof) and 10 WCs (i.e 1 per 60 part thereof) for males and 6 WCs (i,e 1 per 450) for differently abled. The number of toilets seem pretty less catering to such high occupant load.

Fig 48- The Lord’s Core Source- Author ( Using AutoCAD)

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Plan Analysis: The Lord’s

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Area Analysis: The Lord’s

44

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Structure and Roof Form: The Lord’s

Inferences: Fig 49- Warner Stand Study Source- https://www.theplan.it/eng/architettura/warner-stand-at-lordscricket

Warner Stand A white, translucent insulating tensile fabric membrane has been selected for the roof over the restaurant, which is the first use of this material in Europe.

The fabric is supported by American White Oak “engineered” beams that form a series of structural “ribs”, which cantilever over the seating tier, radiating dramatically from the corner of the Ground.

1. Longest Beam- 23400 mm (23.4 m) in length Beam Depth- 1000 mm Beam Width- 355 mm Longest Cantilever- Around 12000 mm (12 m) 2. The canopy provides protection from the elements (rain and sunlight), whilst the translucent qualities also ensure that spectators benefit from both shade and natural light.

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Structure and Roof Form: The Lord’s

Compton and Edrich Stand The canopy’s exposed timber shell structure and steel ribs support a white f­ abric skin, a nod to the tensile fabric used elsewhere in the ground.

A steel frame was chosen for speed of construction, combined with precast concrete terracing.

Inferences: 1. Concrete and Steel construction has helped in achieving larger spans, which allows area behind the stands to be used as cafes, bars and washrooms.

2. Timber is used as a bracing member rather than a structural member, which helps in supporting the tensile fabric around it.

Fig 50- Compton and Edrich Stand Study Source- https://www.ribaj.com/buildings/lords-cricket-ground-edrichand-compton-stands-london-wilkinson-eyre; https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=tUKJYlXPIIs; https://www.david-miller.co.uk/lords-compton-edrich.php

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Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Structure and Roof Form: The Lord’s

The pod is made from 26 three-metre aluminium sections that are welded together, sanded down and spray-painted.

The advantage of this method of construction is that it provides both a waterproof shell and the structural elements in one material.

The window wall that looks out onto the pitch is made from toughened laminated glass, inclined at 25 degrees so that it does not reflect sunlight into the eyes of the players.

A new 30m, 23-tonne, steel camera gantry was suspended and cantilevered forward from the underside of the shell, greatly improving television coverage and closer in design to Kaplický’s original concept, lost through value engineering in the ’90s.

Fig 51- Media Center Study Source- https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/buildings/david-miller-architects-revamps-lords-cricket-ground-media-centre https://www.theb1m.com/video/lords-media-centre-when-cricket-metbim

47

WANKHEDE STADIUM Architects: Shashi Prabhu and Associates; PK Das and Associates Client: Mumbai Cricket Association Year: 2010 (Redevelopment) Location: Vinoo Mankad Rd, Churchgate, Mumbai, Maharashtra Capacity: 45000 pax (before upgrade); 35000 pax (current) Site Area: 44085 sqm (4.4 hectare) Built-Up Area: 73661.55 sqm Height of Building (above ground): 30m Number of Cores: 18 Number of Floors above ground- 5 Number of Basements- 1 Fig 52- Wankhede Stadium Source- https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/case-studies/ a3625-wankhede-stadium-by-shashi-prabhu-the-oldest-iconsof-cricket-world/

Mumbai, Maharashtra Source- Google Earth Pro Imagery

48

Churchgate, Mumbai

Wankhede Stadium, Vinoo Mankad Churchgate, Mumbai, Maharashtra

Rd,

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Network and Circulation around Wankhede

Fig 53- Network and Circulation around Wankhede Source- Author

49

Vehicular Movement around Wankhede

Inferences:

Fig 54- Vehicular Movement around Wankhede Source- Author

50

1. Major Roads are as wide as 25m (excluding footpaths).

2. This helps to accomodate sufficient riding space for motor vehicles, cycles and pedestrians.

3. Site is surrounded and guarded by heavy transit movements ranging from bus stops for public transports, Churchgate Station at 200 m from Stadium and private vehicles.

Presence of bus stops and railway station right in proximity of stadium would help to cater to occupant load.

4. Site is guarded by railway tracks from east, a row of high rises from west and by rows of vegetation and boundary walls from North and South. Thus, the site is highly non-porous and non-inviting.

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Context around Wankhede

Inferences: 1. Nolli Diagram shows ground is situated amidst a fairly populated built mass. and at a prime location that experiences a high footfall.

2. Site is surrounded by a variety of functions and thus, could experience a large footfall (of a rich demographics) on nonmatch days as well.

3. Site has a great transit accessibility as well. The only issue if that of parking (for private vehicles).

4. The volume and heights of the building in context are comparable to that of Wankhede Stadium.

Fig 55- Context around Wankhede Source- Author

51

Zoning and Functions: Wankhede

Inferences:

Fig 56- Zoning and Functions: Wankhede Source- Author

52

1. Site is rich and diverse in functions. Each stand is provided with offices, restaurants or cafes which not only bring economical benefits to the stadium, but also keep the place active on nonmatch days.

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Circulation: Wankhede

Inferences:

Fig 57- Circulation: Wankhede Source- Author

1. Due to site restrictions, people who use ground frequently i.e. club members, VIPs, Players and Ground staff have a separate front entry. All the spectators enter from the rest of the gates which are opened on match days only.

53

C Value Calculation: Wankhede

Inferences:

Fig 58- C Value Calculation- Wankhede Source- Author

1. Point of focus are near to boundaries that allow spectators to witness game as a whole.

2. C-values offer a much clear sightline, however the angle of rake is pretty steep, which might cause some problem to spectators.

54

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Built-Unbuilt Relationship: Wankhede

Isometric View (North Side) Open spaces (unbuilt area) at the stands provide a clear view and perspective of the playing area.

Isometric View (South West Side)

Fig 59- Built Unbuilt Relationship- Wankhede Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0 and Grasshopper)

Open spaces (unbuilt area) at the ground level increases the porosity of the building and allows all the users to access the building from anywhere and everywhere.

55

Sciography Study: Wankhede

Table 3- Sciography of Wankhede Stadium Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0 and Grasshopper)

56

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Radiation Analysis: Wankhede

Inferences: 1. Lying on lower latitude (around 19 N), the average temperature range is high, and sun angle is also high.

2. As a result flat surfaces receive a large amount of radiations whereas surfaces perpendicular to ground receive comparatively lesser radiations.

3. Roof form spans over the stands and provide sufficient shade to spectators.

4. Being right adjacent to coast attract a lot of breeze.

The voids in structural form allow breeze to pass through the stadium and provide comfort to spectators.

Fig 60- Radiation Analysis- Wankhede Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0 and Grasshopper)

57

Core Analysis: Wankhede

2. Staircase widths for all cores comply with the minimum requirements as suggested by the codes. However, fire exits are not pressurized, as suggested by the codes.

Fig 61- Core Analysis- Wankhede Source- Author (Using AutoCAD)

58

Inferences:

3. No.of elevators provided per stands would be inefficient in catering to such high occupant load.

1. Position of core for West and East Stands doesn’t comply with the codes, and thus doesn’t allow safe travel distance and egress distance.

4. Frequency of cores and lifts provided in MCA and Garware Pavilion is way too high compared to other stands.

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Plan Analysis: Wankhede

59

Area Analysis: Wankhede

60

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Structure and Roof Form: Wankhede

Name of Stand North Stand South Stand East and West Stand

Width 25.13 m + 5 m (Pergola) 25.13 m/ 13.6 m at different locations + 5 m (Pergola) 8.65 m + 5 m (Pergola)

Height 8.65 m + 5 m (Pergola) 8.65 m + 5 m (Pergola) 8.65 m + 5 m (Pergola)

Inferences: 1. The stadium is covered with aesthetically appealing and elegantly spaced structural steel roofing.

2. It is a 22 m cantilever and its supporting system uses bent tubular hollow steel sections fabricated out of plates of different thickness and of varied diameters.

3. The steel roofing comprises of 45 trusses connected by compression rings.

4. The canopy provides protection from the elements (rain and sunlight).

5. Steel construction has helped in achieving larger spans, which allows area behind the stands to be used as cafes, bars and washrooms, and also provide a clear unobstructed view of the playing field.

Fig 62- Structure Analysis- Wankhede Source- http://mahimtura.com/resources/frontend/images/press/WankhedeStadium.pdf

61

NARENDRA MODI STADIUM Architects: Populous Architects Client: Gujarat Cricket Association Year: 2020 (Redevelopment) Location: Stadium Road, Motera, Ahmedabad, Gujarat Capacity: 132,000 pax Site Area: 254952 sqm (25.4 hectare) Built-Up Area: 160900 sqm Height of Building (above ground): 43 m Number of Cores: 18 Number of Staircases: 51 x 2= 102 Number of Floors above ground- 4 Number of Basements- 0 Fig 63- Narendra Modi Stadium Source- https://populous.com/project/narendra-modi-stadium

Ahmedabad, Gujarat Source- Google Earth Pro Imagery

62

Motera, Ahmedabad, Gujarat

Narendra Modi Stadium, Motera, Ahmedabad, Gujarat

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Vehicular Movement around Narendra Modi Stadium

Inferences:

Fig 64- Vehicular Movement around Narendra Modi Stadium Source- Author

1. Major Roads are 6-10 m wide (excluding at 200 m from Stadium and private vehicles. footpaths).

Presence of bus stops and metro station right in proximity of stadium would help to cater 2. This might cause some serious concerns to occupant load. while accomodating high trafic load.

4. Site is completelt porous, and allows 3. Site is surrounded and guarded by heavy users to access it from multiple entrance. transit movements ranging from bus stops This inhances the appeal of recreational and for public transports, Motera Metro Station public space.

63

Context around Narendra Modi Stadium

Inferences: 1. Nolli Diagram shows that Ground is situated amidst a densely populated residential built mass from 3 sides, and is surrounded

by Sabarmati River on east side.

2. Site is surrounded majorly by residential colonies, which allows site as a common recreational and public space that can be used by people to spill out and enjoy sports.

3. Site has good transit accessibility and can accommodate over 3000 motor vehicles.

Fig 65- Context around Narendra Modi Stadium Source- Author

64

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Zoning and Functions: Narendra Modi Stadium

Inferences:

Fig 66- Zoning and Functions: Narendra Modi Stadium Source- Author

1. Site is rich and diverse in functions. Each stand is provided with offices, restaurants or cafes which not only bring economical benefits to the stadium, but also keep the place active on non-match days.

2. Sports facility and sports academy with hostel accomodations allow more athletes to come here and invest time in sports.

3. Site being highly porous, makes a good recreational and public space.

65

C Value Calculation: Narendra Modi Stadium

Inferences: 1. Point of focus are near to boundaries that allow spectators to witness game as a whole.

2. C-values offer a much clear sightline, and even the angle of rake is neither too steep nor to low.

66

Fig 67- C Value Calculation- Narendra Modi Stadium Source- Author

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Built-Unbuilt Relationship: Narendra Modi Stadium

Isometric View (North Side) Open spaces (unbuilt area) at the concourse level (12m high from road’s level) increases the porosity of the stadium and allows all the users to access the building from anywhere and everywhere.

Isometric View (South East Side)

Fig 68- Built Unbuilt Relationship- Narendra Modi Stadium Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0 and Grasshopper)

Open spaces (unbuilt area) at the stands provide a clear view and perspective of the playing area. However, at the same time, the roof of stadium isn’t able to provide sufficient shade to stands.

67

Sciography Study: Narendra Modi Stadium

Table 5- Sciography of Narendra Modi Stadium Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0 and Grasshopper)

68

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Radiation Analysis: Narendra Modi Stadium

Inferences: 1. Lying on lower latitude (around 23 N), the average temperature range is high, and sun angle is also high.

2. As a result flat surfaces receive a large amount of radiations whereas surfaces perpendicular to ground receive comparatively lesser radiations.

3. Roof form doesn’t span over the stands completely and thus doesn’t provide sufficient shade to spectators.

4. Being right adjacent to Sabarmati River might create a microclimate in and around the stadium complex, which might provide some relief (from harsh sun) to spectators.

Fig 69- Radiation Analysis- Narendra Modi Stadium Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0 and Grasshopper)

69

Core Analysis: Narendra Modi Stadium

2. Staircase widths for all cores comply with the minimum requirements as suggested by the codes.

Inferences: Fig 70- Core Analysis- Narendra Modi Stadium Source- Author (Using AutoCAD)

70

1. Egress distance for spectators at lower bowl doesn’t comply with the codes.

3. No. of elevators provided per stands would be inefficient in catering to such high occupant load.

4. Frequency of staircases provided is after 1416m, which allows to cater to such high occupant load.

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Plan Analysis: Narendra Modi Stadium

71

Area Analysis: Narendra Modi Stadium

72

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Structure and Roof Form: Narendra Modi Stadium The structural elements of the Narendra Modi Stadium are: 1. Upper and lower bowls planned for seating 2. A podium level to enter the upper and lower bowls 3. Vomitory staircases designed for the entry and exit of the audience from the stadium 4. HY and GY Columns 5. Primary, Secondary and circumferential beams 6. Structural Steel roof Portal Frame Primary radial beams are supported by the GY and HY columns in the upper bowl. The lateral support to primary radial beams is provided by the circumferential beams at the column-beam

joints. The force transfer mechanism between the column and beam was achieved by providing structural steel components inserted in and stretching out from the columns into pockets of the primary radial beams.

The city of Ahmedabad is located in a level 3 seismic zone because of which the roof had to be lightweight to reduce seismic demand and develop an economical roof system.

The tensile fabric roof system is seismically separate from the concrete seating bowl and supported by steel “V” shaped columns.

These columns were made to resist gravity and lateral loads that result from high winds and earthquakes.

The three-tier system of the design made it crucial for the roof system to be designed accordingly.

All the tiers are structurally independent, which is created with the idea that the location of the stadium is at a level three seismic zone.

The roof design had to be made light in weight and had to be created separately from the bowl.

Structural Steel Roof The structural steel roof of the stadium consists of radial cables, an inner tension ring, an outer compression ring, and a membrane. The radial cables are fully locked between the outer compression and inner tension rings.

Fig 71- Various Structural Components of Narendra Modi Stadium Source- https://theconstructor.org/case-study/sardar-patel-stadium-construction-features/452817/

73

COMPARATIVE MATRIX

74

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

75

76

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

77

Table 6- Comparative Matrix and Design Directrices Source- Author

78

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

79

80

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Chapter 3

PROGRAM ANALYSIS

This chapter is built around the Project scope and profile, the functional and program analysis and finally inferences, conclusions and design directives.

Source- https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/need-know-worlds-largest-cricket-stadiumahmedabad-1502829932.html

81

PROJECT PROFILE AND SCOPE

Why is there a need for new Stadium in Gwalior when Captain Roop Singh Cricket Stadium exists?

The ICC Test Match Standard Playing Conditions (October 2014) Law 19.1 defines the playing area as a minimum of 137.16m from boundary to boundary square of the pitch, with the shorter of the two square boundaries a minimum of 59.43m. The straight boundary at both ends of the pitch is a minimum of 64m.

Distances are measured from the centre of the pitch.

Captain Roop Singh Cricket Stadiums’ boundary to boundary length square of the pitch is 125m. Hence, it doesn’t comply with the ICC codes. Moreover, being constructed in the heart of the city, there is no further scope of expansion (also the current capacity it can hold is 18,000 pax).

Moreover, a population of around 14.5 lakhs definitely require more than 1 stadium and sports facilities to explore themselves.

Fig 73- Stadium Design Requirements as per Competition Brief Source- Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association

82

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Hours Activation Diagram

Fig 74- Hour Activation Diagram Source- Author

83

84

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Mapping Journey

Fig 75- Mapping spectators journey Source- Author

85

Program Components

Fig 76- Program Components Source- Author

86

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Program Analysis

87

Program Breakdown

88

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

89

90

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

91

92

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

93

94

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Table 7- Area Program Source- Author

95

96

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Chapter 4

SITE ANALYSIS

This chapter built around the Project Site contaning information about the city, precinct, neighborhood and immediate surroundings, scaled drawings of site with all necessary information for creating design proposals.

Source- Author

97

Site Location

Fig 78- Site Location Source- Google Earth Images and post-processed by Author

98

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

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Bulbulpur

T

Kisan bag

!

!

Maithana

Bhattpura Brahmin

Kheriya Padam

M

Kalya npur

Ranipur

Sagar Talab Jodhapura

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

Shankarpur Thar

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

Rajaman

Kheriya Mratu

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

78°4'30"E

r

Jirena

Maharajpur Ramnna

Dinarpur Moham madpur Jagnapura

! ! !

!

! ! !

To Shivpuri

To Mumbai

78°3'0"E

Behta

M

Maharajpur Girdh

Maharajpur

L

Manpur Moti Jheel

!

!

!

!

Shekhupura

Maharajpur Dhang

! !

!

!

!

Amity University

!

!

!

! ! !

College

Veerpur

!

!

!

Malanpur

Akabarpur Munjayata

Reserved Forest

Chak Girwai-2

!

!

!

Loharpur

Akabarpur Khalsa

Kota Lashkar

!

!

Suro

Jalalpur

Chak Girwai-1

!

!

Chak Keshavpur

Purani Chawani

! !!

!

!

!

Sethari

Shohan pura

on S Hanuman Talab

!

! !

!

Jamahar

Kheriya Bhan

Girwai

Reserved Forest

! ! ! !

Chandpura

! ! ! ! !

Kheriya Mirdha

Vikrampur

! ! !! !

!

!

!

Gangapur

Telhari

!

!

!

Dhodhiyapur

Mau

!

!

!

!

Rudrapura

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

Girgaon

Jonapur Bhoderi

Rasulpur

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

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Madanpura

!!

!

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!

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!

College

!

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!

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NH

!

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!

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!

!

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To Tighra

!

78°21'0"E

!

L

! !! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

78°19'30"E

Nareshwar (Morena)

Reserved Forest

!

!

SADA

78°18'0"E

!

26°19'30"N

! !

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

78°16'30"E

Mawai Reserved Forest

To Bhind

!

78°15'0"E

d

To Mahtoli

!! ! !

!

!

! !

Reserved Forest

The development of the new Gwalior town i.e. Gwalior West is more than just an issue of population distribution; it is also an effort to generate a strong economic momentum through a variety of non-agriculture jobs. Economic activity is largely dependent on links with the rural hinterland and nearby towns that make the best use of the region’s natural and human resources.

When a city begins to generate economic activity, its economic base grows and productivity rises. This economic impetus will be leveraged to create the essence of Counter Magnet City.

78°10'30"E

To B

78°7'30"E

26°21'0"N

78°6'0"E

!

78°4'30"E

!

78°3'0"E

!

78°1'30"E

ra 44 A g NH To ra Ag To

Gwalior has a rich history and a magnificent past, and its significance on the national map has grown significantly since it was designated as a Counter Magnet city under the National Capital Region Plan. The development of a Counter Magnet city is an attempt to alleviate the impact of urbanization on a city’s civic infrastructure by devising a strategy for diverting migration flow to new growth centers that can act as a Counter Magnet, reducing pressure on the National Capital Region and the city of Delhi.

78°9'0"E

78°10'30"E

78°12'0"E

78°13'30"E

78°15'0"E

78°16'30"E

78°18'0"E

78°19'30"E

78°21'0"E

Fig 79- Gwalior West Masterplan (Left) and Gwalior Masterplan (Right) Source- http://ncrgwalior.com/counter_gwalior.htm; Directorate of Town and Country Planning, Madhya Pradesh

99

78°22'30"

Gwalior Masterplan 78°9'0"E

d hin

26°21'0"N

To B d hin

!

! !!

26°21'0"N

NH

!

!

!

!

26°18'0"N

26°19'30"N

NH

! ! !! ! ! ! !!

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!

!

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!

!

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26°16'30"N

! ! !! ! ! !

26°18'0"N

!

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26°15'0"N

26°16'30"N

!

26°13'30"N

R ive

!

!

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!

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26°10'30"N

26°12'0"N

!

!

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26°9'0"N 26°7'30"N

!

!

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!

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78°16'30"E

78°18'0"E

78°19'30"E

78°21'0"E

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D i r e c t o r a t e o f To w n & C o u n t r y P l a n n i n g M a d h y a P r a d e s h , B h o p a l

!

78°12'0"E

78°13'30"E

SP9

T4 T5 T7 T8

PUF1 PUF2 PUF3 PUF4 PUF6 PUF8 PUF9

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PUF4

W2

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5

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±

Planning Area

Dabra

Bhitarwar

Gwalior

78°22'30"E

Bhitarwar

Landuse & Urban Survey Division Remote Sensing Application Centre, MPCST, Bhopal Source: Directorate of Town & Country Planning

Landuse & Urban Survey Division Remote Sensing Application Centre, MPCST, Bhopal

!

78°10'30"E

P

T3

PUF3

!

78°9'0"E

G6 G8

Planning Area

Gwalior

26°6'0"N

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

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!

!

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PLANNING Scale AREA

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

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To

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AGRICULTURE

To Beh at

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!

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78°12'0"E

ELECTRIC TRANSPORT NAGAR SUB STATION

CREMATORIUM/ GRAVE YARD SEWERAGE TREATMENT PLANT

Antri Reserved Forest

44

!

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!

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! ! ! ! ! !

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HILLOCK PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS AND ADMINISTRATIVE ZOO AREA/ EDUCATION AND RESEARCH/ FORT HEALTH/SOCIAL/CULTURAL INSTITUTIONAL ACTIVITIES

BUS STAND PUBLIC UTILITIES & ROADS FACILITIES

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ADMINISTRATIVE AREA/ EDUCATION AND RESEARCH/ AFFORESTATION HEALTH/SOCIAL/CULTURAL INSTITUTIONAL ACTIVITIES PLAY GROUNDS PARKS

!

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!

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!

! !! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

26°12'0"N

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

26°12'0"N

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

26°10'30"N

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

Banarpura

Udaipura

!

! !

26°10'30"N

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

o ra

I2

!

Antri Reserved Forest

Lodera

!

26°9'0"N

!

!

!

!

!

hit

PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS AND RECREATIONAL

TRANSPORTATION SPECIAL PURPOSE

!

26°9'0"N

!

!

!

!

!

C To

GENERAL INDUSTRIES PUBLIC & SEMIPUBLIC

PUBLIC & SEMIPUBLIC

! !

26°7'30"N

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

26°7'30"N

!

!

!

!

o ra

! !!

!

!

26°6'0"N

!

! ! !! ! !

!

hit

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!

26°6'0"N

!

!

!

!

C6

vkoklh; v©|®fXkd

!

! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! !

!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

26°4'30"N

!

26°16'30"N

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

2

arera To K

26°4'30"N

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

Antri Reserved Forest

!

!

! !

SH

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!!

26°3'0"N

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

26°3'0"N

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!!

!!

!

!

! ! !

Lodera

! !

!

!

!

78°7'30"E

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

Ganesh pura

M

M

STADIUM RESERVED FOREST EXHIBITION GROUND CANTONMENT AREA

!

!

Rawar

!

!

!

!

!

78°6'0"E

Hospital Singhar pura

!!

!! !

!

! !

!

Santau Reserved Forest

Alinagar

Santau Reserved Forest

! ! !

Dang Sarkar

Sikroda Sikrodi

! ! ! !!

Antri Reserved Forest

! ! !

!

Alinagar

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

Sonsa

Sonsa Reserved Forest

! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

Rora

!

Adupura

!

!

!! !

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

C To

PLAY GROUNDS

SPECIAL PURPOSE

!

Virampur ! ! !

AFFORESTATION

WATERBODIES VILLAGE ! ! ! !!

Sonsa Reserved Forest

Rawar

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

Badori

Tiletha

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

Kushrajpur

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

Lakhnoti Khurd

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

Hirri

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

78°4'30"E

!

!

!

!

! !

Sonsa

!!

!

Fig 80- Gwalior Land-Use Masterplan Source- Directorate of Town and Country Planning, Madhya Pradesh !

!

Sunarpura !

Bandholi

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

Sikroda Sikrodi !

!

!

!

!

!

Adupura

!

!

!

Kushrajpur !

!

!

!

!

!

!

T

!

!

78°7'30"E

!

C1

okf.kfT;d

PUBLIC UTILITIES & FIRE CONTROL STATIONS FACILITIES

!

!

!

ITM

Nagor

Purasani

!

!

!

Turari

Piprauli

!

78°6'0"E

!

Hospital

Udaipura

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

Lakhnoti Kala

Badori

!! !

!

!! !

! !

!

78°4'30"E

!

!

!

!

College

T

Tiletha

Santau

Santau

Lakhnoti Khurd

Ramaua Talab

Barua Pichore

!

!

Hawipura

Purasani

Kheriya Kachai

!

!

Piprauli

!

!

Salupura

!

Ramaua ITM

!

!

!

Lakhnoti Kala Nainageer

Turari

Bhatkhedi Nagor

Nonera

!

! ! !

Dhaneli

Sunarpura

Bandholi

!

!

College

Kedarpur

!

!

Jarga

Ramaua Talab

Laliyapura

Baraghata

Kheriya Kachai

!

!

!

Hawipura

Alapur

Naugaon

!

!

!

!

!

!

College

! !

!

Choda

!

Nainageer

Mahalgaon

JICTS College

!

!

PARKS

EXHIBITION GROUND INDUSTRIAL

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

Virampur

RECREATIONAL

STADIUM SPECIAL PURPOSE !

!

Sirol

College

Salupura

!

!

RTO

Dhongarpur Ramaua

Odhpur Reserved Laliyapura Baraghata Forest

NSI School Reserved Forest

School

!

!

Baragaon Reserved Forest

Alapur Talab

!

Cirwai

Naugaon

Reserved Forest

!

!

!

Alapur

Barua Kota Veeran Pichore

Reserved Forest

!

NH 46

!

Chak Keshavpur

Kheriya Modi

Kheriya Modi

!

Bhatkhedi Alapur Talab

!

! !! !

!!

!

MIXED

MANDI

Singhar pura

!

Mohanpur

Jarga

Mahalgaon

College

School

!

!

!

GENERAL INDUSTRIES GENERAL RESIDENTIAL

GENERAL

!

Dhongarpur

JICTS College

!

! ! !!

Kheriya Mratu

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

RTO

Mehra

OdhpurJiwaji Reserved University Forest

Kedarpur

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

Morar

Sirol

Thathipur

Ohadapur

Gudi

Guda

!

To Mumbai

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

Baragaon Reserved Forest

College

Science College

College

Choda

Mohanpur

Kota Veeran

!

To Shivpuri

Morar Cantonment Area

!

EXISTING PROPOSED

INDUSTRIAL RESIDENTIAL

COMMERCIAL

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

Karigawan Khurd

School

Reserved Forest

!

Banarpura

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

Mehra Jiwaji University

College

Science College

NSI Reserved Forest

Gudi

Cirwai

!

Reserved Forest

!

College Khureri Talab

Ohadapur

Katora taal Lalitpur

!

NH 46

Jahagirpur

Bhattpura Brahmin

! ! ! !

Katora taal Lalitpur

Mudia Pahadh

Chandoha Khurd

!

Dhaneli

Karigawan Khurd

Jaderua Talab

Thathipur

Govt.

Hospital DRDE College

Govt.

Hospital

r

School

! !! !

Behta

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

Maithana

Morar

DRDE

Nonera

!!

Morar Cantonment Kheriya Area Padam

Jadherua Kalan

School

!

r

Khureri

College

!!

Suro

College Khureri Talab

M

Jadherua College Khurd

Phulpur

!

Chak Keshavpur

!

Chandpura Behta

Jahagirpur

Jirena

! ! ! !

Neem Chandoha! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

Shekhupura

Jaderua Talab

Maharajpur Ramnna

College

Ahukhana Khurd

Phulpur

Chandoha Khurd

Ajepur Reserved Forest

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

ITI

Mudia Pahadh

Shahar Lashkar

Ajepur Reserved Forest

Ajeypur

!

! ! ! !

Kheriya Mirdha Maithana

Bhattpura Brahmin

Kheriya Padam

JadheruaMaharajpur Girdh Khurd

Govt.

Dinarpur Hospital

Gadaipura

Govt.

Ahukhana Hospital Khurd

Laxman Talab

Guda

Neem Chandoha

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

Ahukhana Ranipur Kalan

Ramta pura

Ahukhana Kalan

Bahodapur

Ajeypur

Kheriya L Mratu

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

Badagaon

Fort

Jail

M

L

!

!

!

!

r

M

!

!

! !

!

Shekhupura

Jirena

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

Girgaon

Maharajpur Amity Dhang University Jadherua Kalan

Maharajpur

M

Ramta pura

Veerpur

on S Hanuman Talab

Gadaipura

Mau

Gauspura

Shahar Lashkar Keshobag

r

Veerpur Talab

Veerpur Talab

!

!

Chandpura

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

Maharajpur Dhang

Amity University

! !!

!

!

! ! !

Laxman garh !!

Badagaon

on S Hanuman Talab

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !!

! ! !!

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

Kota Lashkar

Chak Ajaypur

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !!

ITI

Ghatam pur

Janak Talab

!

!

o

M

Gauspura

Jail Sagar Talab Jodhapura Bahodapur Bulbulpur Laxman Talab Damodar bag

Kisan M bag

!

!

! ! ! ! !

Khureri

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

Maharajpur Loharpur Ramnna College

Jagnapura

Veerpur

!

!

!

College

Dinarpur

Kalya npur

Ranipur

Moham madpur Kalya Fort Keshobag npur

Janak Talab

T

!

!! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!

T

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

Chak Girwai-2

To Mumbai

78°3'0"E

Kisan bag

!

!

!

Maharajpur Girdh

Maharajpur

Shohan pura

Kalyanbag

ChakKota Lashkar Ajaypur

! !

Chak Girwai-1

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !!

!

! ! !

Loharpur

Airforce Area

L

Chak Girwai-2

! ! !!

!

!

!

Suro

Bhoderi

Ghatam pur

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

To Shivpuri

78°3'0"E

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

Girwai

!

!

!

! !

Kheriya Mirdha

Baretha

!

! ! !! !

T

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

Reserved Forest

Sporting Stadiums can combine the multi-use aspect of mixed-use typologies to create a stadium design that blends in with the urban neighborhood around while also creating a space that can be used for multiple functions instead of just sporting events, making it more economical for the city and more active and exciting for its citizens.

100

T

Moti Jheel

Chak Girwai-1

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!! !

Jonapur

Jagnapura Akabarpur Khalsa Sagar Talab Jodhapura

Damodar bag

Manpur Kalyanbag

! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

L

!!

! !

!

!

r

!

!

! !

! !! !

!

!

!

e R v

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !! ! !

Bulbulpur

Malanpur T

Akabarpur Munjayata

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

SPECIAL PURPOSE

! ! ! !

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M

M

R2

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Legend

MANDI ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

Girgaon

!!

! ! !!

!

Shankarpur

! !!

!

!!

! ! ! ! ! !!

S u kh

! !

!

! !!

Vikrampur

Thar

! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

Rasulpur ! ! ! ! !

!

L

Jalalpur Rajaman

! ! !

Girwai

Reserved Forest

!

!

!

! !

!

Mau Sethari

Moham madpur

Shankarpur

!

Laxman garh

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!! !

!

!

Shohan pura

Jamahar

Moti Jheel

Thar

!

!

o

Karigawan (Morena) Sethari

Akabarpur Khalsa

Rajaman

! !

!

!

!

Chak Raipur

Manpur

! ! !

!

!

!

!

Reserved Forest

Reserved Forest

! ! ! !

!

Malanpur

! ! !! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

To Tighra

!

! ! ! !

Jonapur

Vikrampur

Akabarpur Munjayata

Reserved Forest

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

Rasulpur

Reserved Forest

!

T

!

!

!

Jamahar

Gangapur

Telhari

To Tighra

! ! !

Tikari (Morena)

Bhadroli

Purani Chawani

Gwalior Fort

!

Bhoderi

! ! !

Jalalpur

! !

Site

!! ! !

!

Madanpura

Dhodhiyapur

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

Kuvarpura

!! !

! !

!

Bhadroli ! !

College

!

! ! !

Reserved Forest

Jagrupura

Rudrapura

!

MIXED

GENERAL

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

!

Dhodhiyapur !! ! ! ! ! ! !

Chak !

Jagrupura

Purani Chawani

Telhari

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

R1

lkekU; vkoklh; fefJr

GENERAL RESIDENTIAL

Baretha

!

!

SADA

!! !

!

!

!

!

Kheriya Bhan

!

L

!!

!

!

!

!

Kheriya Bhan

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !! !

!

r

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

e R v

S u kh

! !

!!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! !! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !!

!

! !

!

Gangapur

! !!

!

!

!

Rairu

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!

!

Rudrapura ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

Jagrupura

!

!

Airforce Area

Susera

!!

! !

!

Nareshwar (Morena)

Karigawan (Morena)

!

! !! !

Chak Raipur

Madanpura

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

Chak Jagrupura

vkoklh;

RESIDENTIAL

COMMERCIAL

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

GWALIOR

Legend DEVELOPMENT PLAN (DRAFT 2035) Proposed Landuse EXISTING PROPOSED

Map No. 4.1

!

!

!

!

!

Baruaa Nurabad

!

! !

!

!

!

Rairu

!

Kuvarpura

!

Tikari (Morena)

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

College

! !

!

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

To Bhind

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

Susera

!

L

SADA

Baruaa Nurabad

! !

!

DEVELOPMENT PLAN (DRAFT 2035) Proposed Landuse Map No. 4.1

78°21'0"E

To B

!

!! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

78°19'30"E

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

78°18'0"E

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!! ! !

!

!

! !

78°16'30"E

Reserved Forest

Mawai Reserved Forest

!

L

GWALIOR

78°21'0"E

Nareshwar (Morena)

!

! ! ! !

78°15'0"E

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

To Mahtoli

!

78°13'30"E

!

!

78°19'30"E

!

! ! ! !

78°18'0"E

Mawai Reserved Forest

78°12'0"E

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

78°16'30"E

!

!

78°10'30"E

! !

26°19'30"N

78°9'0"E

!! ! !

!

!

! !

78°15'0"E

!

78°7'30"E

gra NH 44 g ra

26°21'0"N

78°13'30"E

!

78°6'0"E

ra 44 A g NH To ra Ag To

26°19'30"N

78°12'0"E

To Bhind

78°4'30"E

A To

78°3'0"E

A To

78°1'30"E

26°18'0"N

78°10'30"E

To Mahtoli

26°21'0"N

78°7'30"E

!

78°6'0"E

!

78°4'30"E

!

78°3'0"E

!

78°1'30"E

78°15'0"E

78°16'30"E

78°18'0"E

78°19'30"E

78°21'0"E

78°22'30"E

Source: Directorate of Town & Country Planning

! !

! !

!

!

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium Dhodhiyapur

Jamahar

!

!

!

!

!

!

Rudrapura

! ! ! ! !!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

Kheriya Bhan

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

Map No. 4.1

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

DRDE

!

!

M

Shahar Lashkar

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

er

!

!

!

! !

!

Kota Lashkar

iv

!

Planning Area

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

R

±

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

ha

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

26°9'0"N

!

District - Gwalior

!

Phulpur

Jiwa Univers

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

7 Km

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

Thath

!

6

!

5

!

4

!

3

!

2

Ahukhana Khurd

! ! ! !

!

1

Bahodapur

College

!

W3

! ! ! !

0

Colle

Ramta pura

Fort

Ahukhana Kalan

Jail

!

W1 W2

Fig 81- Gwalior Land-Use Masterplan (Stadium Marked) Directorate of Town and Country Planning, Madhya Pradesh !! !

SourceScale

Keshobag

Laxman Talab

!

!!!!!!!!!!!!

! ! !

!

!

!

PUF9

!!

VILLAGE

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !! ! ! ! ! !

fuos'k {ks= xzke uxj ikfydk

PLANNING AREA

MUNICIPAL

PUF8

A1

d`f"k lhek,a

BOUNDARIES

PUF6

Janak Talab

H

!

To Tighra

PUF4

Kisan bag

!

unh >hy@rkykc@Tkyk’k; ukyk@ugj

LAKE/ POND/ RESERVOIR

PUF3

Gauspura

Ghatam pur

! ! !!

Tkyk'k;

WATERBODIES

PUF1 PUF2

!

26°19'30"N

FIRE CONTROL STATIONS

!

’e’kku@dfczLrku

TRENCHING GROUND

!

CREMATORIUM/ GRAVE YARD

ELECTRIC SUB STATION

RADIO/ TV STATIONS

!

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Kalyanbag

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TRANSPORT NAGAR

T5

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RAILWAY LINE

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RAILWAY STATION

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Bulbulpur

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! ! !! !

ROADS

Reserved Forest

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PUBLIC & SEMIPUBLIC

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EXHIBITION GROUND

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STADIUM

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PLAY GROUNDS

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AFFORESTATION

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26°21'0"N

DEVELOPMENT PLAN (DRAFT 2035) Proposed Landuse

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! ! ! !

GWALIOR

78°21'0"E

Katora taal Lalitpur Govt.

Hospit

Science College

101 Ohadapur

Rock Formation and Soil Texture in Gwalior Soil Texture:

Rock Formation: 1. Older Alluvium

102

1. Loamy Skeletal- Particles >2 mm occupy 35% or more but less than 90% (by volume), with enough fine earth to fill interstices larger than 1 mm; the fraction ≤2 mm is that defined for the loamy particle-size class.

2. Sand and Silt

Loam is the ideal soil type: typically it’s a combination of sand, silt and clay. It is dark in color and soft, dry and crumbly to the touch. Loam is great for supporting foundations.

3. Basic Rocks

2. Fine

Fig 82- Rock formation and Soil Texture Plan of Gwalior Source- Directorate of Town and Country Planning, Madhya Pradesh

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Historical Imagery : (Shankarpur) Gwalior

The context around site in 2005 was vacant with some informal settlement. With settlements starting to come in Gwalior West, over the last two decades, the city of Gwalior has started to expand westwards. Over the last decade, the area has developed rapidly with multiple residential settlements and a few commercial interventions.

Fig 83- Historical Imagery of Gwalior Source- Google Earth Pro Images

103

Site Plan: Shankarpur Village, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh

RESERVED FOREST

SHANKARPUR

±00 ±00 GWALIOR WEST

+9000 DELHI-A

ROAD FROM TRANSPORT NAGAR

50

09

10

344475

GRA-GW

71325

HIGHW

17

306125

60 61850

481

25

TRANSPORT NAGAR

20937

WIDE RO

236275

00

47

808

78000

5

AY (30M

+10000

65

+27500

0 +20000

532150

AD)

RESERVED FOREST

5

49450

UMBAI

273050

ALIOR-M

+20000

±00

43075

±00

+10000

RESERVED FOREST

±00 +10000

+30000 ±00

+20000

+30000 RESERVED FOREST +40000

JANAK TALAB +50000

Dwg 1- Site and Context Plan Source- Author, Google Images (as of end January 2022), Site Visit (as of end January 2022)

104

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Climatic Analysis: Radiation Analysis and Temperature Chart

Inferences: • •

Precipitation might be a bit of concern during monsoon seasonJuly, August, September.

Site is pretty much exposed to radiations from all the sides, especially from the South side due to no obstruction from the hills.

Fig 68- Radiation Analysis of the Site Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0 and Grasshopper)

Table 8- Temperature Chart of Gwalior Source- https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/madhya-pradesh/gwalior-4881/#climate-graph

105

Climatic Analysis: Sun Path and Temperature Range

Inferences: • • • •

20°C - 30°C is the comfort zone.

For the month of March, April, August, September and October, the mean temperature lies in the comfort zone.

In the winter months i.e. January, February, November and December the mean temperature is below the comfort zone. Therefore, more sun exposure is required.

Whereas for summer months i.e. May, June, July it is above the comfort zone. Therefore, shading is required to block the sun.

Fig 84- Sun Path diagram and Temperature Range of Gwalior Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0, Grasshopper and Climate Consultant)

106

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Climatic Analysis: Wind Rose and Wind Velocity

Inferences: •

Mean wind velocity is 1 m/s, and the average highest wind velocity goes as high as 4 m/s.

Therefore, wind velocity wouldn’t be a constraint while designing.

Fig 85- Wind Rose and Wind Velcoity on the site Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0, Grasshopper and Climate Consultant)

107

Design Guidelines: Based on Climate Charts

Climate responsive buildings in hot Shape a building so that it is elongated Good natural ventilation can reduce Long narrow building floor plan can help maximize cross ventilation. or eliminate air conditioning in warm windy dry climates use enclosed in the east-west direction. weather, if windows are well shaded well shaded courtyards, with a small and oriented to prevailing breezes. fountain to provide wind-protected microclimate.

Minimize or eliminate west facing Use plant materials especially on the Screened porches and patios can Trees in courtyards, parking areas, and adjacent to walkways. provide comfort cooling by ventilation glazing to reduce summer and fall west to minimize heat gain. and prevent insect problems. heat gain.

Fig 86- Design Guidelines suitable for Gwalior Source- Author (Using Climate Consultant)

108

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Context Diagrams

Fig 87- Context Relationship with Site Source- Author

Observation

Inference

Immediate context of site is majorly residential and It would be crucial to respond the needs of residential Along with this the greens from reserved forest reserved forest lands. colonies and provide a holistic and inclusive shall also be respected and integrated with the site environment for them with the intervention. in a sustainable, porous and inclusive manner.

109

Context Mapping: Precinct and Neighbourhood

Observation Site is surrounded by a mix of various different typologies.

Inference The site is pretty rich in the form that there exists a diversity of functions in the context of the site.

Fig 88- Context Mapping Source- Google Earth Pro Image (Post-processed by Author)

110

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Nollis Diagram Inference Site is highly porous, and majorly the built-up is towards the east of the site.

Fig 89- Nollis Diagram (Site) Source- Author

111

Reverse Nollis Diagram

Fig 90- Reverse Nollis Diagram (Site) Source- Author

112

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Topography and Terrain

Fig 91- Terrain around the Site Source- https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/

Inference Site is surrounded by hills on West and East side.

North and South of the site, and the site itself is flat.

113

Land-Use: Immediate Context

Observation Major land-use around the site is classified as residential and reserved forest.

Inference Due to lack of open spaces and interactive spaces in the residential block, it would be quite interesting to design a facility that provides them with the “Right to the City”.

Fig 92- Land-Use in the immediate context Source- Google Earth Pro Image (Post-processed by Author)

114

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Existing Connectivity: Immediate Context

Fig 93- Road Connectivity in the immediate context Source- Author

Inference Site has good vehicular accessibility, but due to absence of bus stops or metro/train stations or any public transport facilities, the load and reliance on private vehicles would increase drastically.

115

Mass-Volume Relationship: Section 1

Fig 94- Section across the road north to the site Source- Author (Road as on 26 January 2022)

116

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Mass-Volume Relationship: Section 2

Fig 95- Section across the road west to the site Source- Author (Road as on 26 January 2022)

117

Footfall: Immediate Context

Observation Only North of the side forms a vehicular hotspot (traffic movement is not too dense tho). However, pedestrian movement is observed all around the site’s periphery.

Inference The site is highly porous and thus can allow a lot of pedestrian movement inside and outside the site.

Fig 96- Footfall around the site Source- Author (As per data collected near end of January 2022)

118

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Noise Level: Immediate Context

Inference The site is divided broadly in two zones based on noise level.

West and North side of the site has AgraMumbai highway and residential settlements and thus noise levels are high on those sides.

Whereas, towards South and East of the site, it is very calm due to negligible transport movement and human footfall.

Fig 97- Noise levels in and around the site Source- Author (As per data collected near end of January 2022)

119

Movement System and Publicness: On North Side

Fig 98- Movement System and Publicness on the North Side Source- Author (Images captured as on 26th January 2022)

The north boundary of the site has Shankarpur Experience Village settlement with a very narrow two way road (around 6-8m wide). North side even has a sewage This road has fairly high activity throughout the day, line and nearest sub-station at Motijheel. since it’s the major road connecting Gwalior city to Agra-Mumbai highway and Gwalior to Gwalior Functions west.

Street vendors, paan shops, Medical Shop Residential (Shankarpur) 120

Inference The road is too narrow to accommodate high traffic and pedestrian movement.

STP and sub-station required at site can be placed towards the northern-edge of the site.

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Movement System and Publicness: On West Side

Fig 99- Movement System and Publicness on the West Side Source- Author (Images captured as on 26th January 2022)

The west boundary of the site has Delhi-Agra- Experience Inference Gwalior-Mumbai highway (25- 30m wide), and reserved forest land just adjacent to highway.

This road majorly experiences heavy motor vehicles This side has potential to be a suitable vehicular movement, and occasional pedestrian footfall. access to site, since road width is good enough.

Functions Temple, Reserve Forest Lands, Residential 121

Movement System and Publicness: On South Side

Fig 100- Movement System and Publicness on the South Side Source- Author (Images captured as on 26th January 2022)

The south boundary of the site has agricultural lands Experience as of now, and experiences pedestrian footfall only.

No vehicular movement is experienced due to Functions unavailability of roads.

Agricultural Lands 122

Inference This side can be as porous as it can be, in order to establish relationship between greens of forest lands and site, and at the same time attracting pedestrians as well.

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Movement System and Publicness: On East Side

Fig 101- Movement System and Publicness on the East Side Source- Author (Images captured as on 26th January 2022)

The east boundary of the site has a narrow access Experience road for vehicular accessibility, otherwise, it is Occasional use of the road for vehicular movement. majorly surrounded by agricultural land.

Majorly it is used for pedestrian movement only.

Functions Agricultural Settlement

Lands,

Shankarpur

Residential

Inference This side can be as porous as it can be, in order to establish relationship between greens of agricultural lands and site, and at the same time attracting pedestrians as well.

123

Vegetation: In and Around the Site

124

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Site Sections

Fig 102- Site Sections Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0)

125

126

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Chapter 5

TECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

This chapter is built around the technological systems for structures and services that are intended to use for this project i.e.Structural systems, Green technologies for water, sanitation, energy and air-conditioning, Life safety measures and their design implications, Parking strategies, GRIHA requirements and implications on design, Requirements for making the design inclusive for the differentially abled.

Source- Author

127

STRUCTURE REQUIREMENTS Substructure: Foundation Raft Foundation Shallow foundations, such as raft foundations, are a type of shallow foundation. Reinforced concrete slabs that cover a large area, generally the whole footprint of a building, are used to create them.

They disperse the weight of a huge number of columns, walls, and other structures over a vast area. Square and rectangular footings, such as those described in, are cost-effective for supporting walls and columns under normal conditions.

Types of Raft Foundation: 1. Rectangular combined footing 2. Trapezoidal combined footing 3. Cantilever Footing / Strap footing 4. Mat Foundation

Fig 104- Types of Raft Foundation Source- https://civiljungle.com/what-is-raft-foundation-type-of-footingdetail-of-raft-footing/

128

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Types of Raft Foundation: 5. Ribbed Raft Foundation 6. Unified Raft Foundation with stiffeners (beams) 7. Raft foundation with hidden beams 8. Mixed Raft Foundation

Fig 105- Types of Raft Foundation Source- https://civiljungle.com/what-is-raft-foundation-type-of-footingdetail-of-raft-footing/

129

Superstructure: Tensile- Compression Rings The spoke wheel principle is used to create a tensile-compression ring. Engineers discovered that using a spoke wheel as a roof construction had numerous advantages. A lightweight, costeffective roof structure can be built using the spoke wheel method.

Fig 106- Tensile Compression Rings at Football Stadium Source- Tensile-compression ring- A study for football stadia roof structures by Ivar Boom

Is Spoke Wheel Principle applicable for the roof structures of Cricket Stadium?

The rim, the hub, and the spokes that connect the ring and the hub make up a spoke wheel. The interaction of these features is what distinguishes the spoke wheel. The amount of ring activity in the construction determines the wheel’s strength and stiffness. The rim must be squeezed to generate ring action, such as by pre-tensioning the spokes. The rim becomes crushed when radial tensile forces occur on it due to its curvature.

The more the pre-tension in the spokes, the more compression forces are generated, and the wheel 130

oval-shaped roofs could be boosted by adding an extra inner or outer ring. It is also feasible to In comparison to a bicycle wheel, the prerequisites utilise non-pretensioned spokes with ordinary for a spoke wheel roof structure are different. The steel profiles instead of pre-tensioned spokes in leading load is first directed transverse to the roof. the form of cables.

The roof must have adequate transverse strength and stiffness to bear the structure’s dead weight In the case of typical steel profiles, beam motion as well as additional variable loads (snow, wind, will affect the roof structure’s stiffness capacity. etc.). The manner the structure is supported is the The number of bending moments can be minimised second condition difference. Only the hub of a by adopting a spatial truss structure (Boom, 2012). bicycle wheel is supported by the bicycle frame.

The entire ring of a roof construction must be The design variables are the following: supported. The manner in which the roof structure is supported is critical. The roof must be able to 1. Shape of the (opening of the) roof translate in its radial plane to generate ring action. 2. Double inner / outer ring 3. (Non) pre-tensioning of the spokes 4. Profile / elements 5. Supports / connections becomes stronger and stiffer (Boom, 2012).

The amount of ring action that a spoke wheel roof can offer determines its efficiency. Curvature is the Fig 107- Oval shaped structure (Left); Spoke wheel with outer compression ring (Right) most important component. As a result, the spoke Source- Tensile-compression ring- A study for football stadia roof strucwheel roof is an excellent alternative for circular tures by Ivar Boom roofs and a more appealing option than other roof Engineers have modified the design of the spoke forms. When using the spoke wheel principle for wheel in the past to expand its applicability, such noncircular shaped roofs, it is recommended that as in football stadiums. By adding an extra inner the ring action be increased to improve efficiency. ring to the construction, engineers were able to The greatest approach is to change the roof ’s shape create an aperture in the roof. The bending of the (Boom, 2012). circular shape into an oval shaped roof was the next adaptation. Despite the fact that the spoke wheel’s structural efficiency reduces, the spoke wheel principle can be applied to a stadium roof construction. The strength of the framework for

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Construction of Truss System Tensile - Compression Rings The construction procedure for the final truss structure is discussed in this paragraph.

The final component is the most difficult to put in its ultimate position. The final chasm is left Step 1 – Assembly of the components unfilled. In theory, a whole component might be inserted into the final gap. The final component The roof structure can be separated into is not anticipated to fit flawlessly in practise. It’s components for construction. The components possible that the variable space is either too tight are pre-assembled outside the stadium and will be or too wide. A narrow area is purposefully left installed on the stadium’s stands later. open in order to fit the final component. The final Fig 110- Supporting structure numbers Source- Tensile-compression ring- A study for football stadia roof strucstructure can be raised into place by providing tures by Ivar Boom extra room to the framework. The structure is Step 3 – Lifting of the components to its final completed by tying the last elements together, place such as using ropes (Boom, 2012).

Fig 108- Components of the roof structure Source- Tensile-compression ring- A study for football stadia roof structures by Ivar Boom

Step 2 – Temporary columns/structure

The hoisting of the components to their final location is the third phase. The components are put on the rocker bearings and temporary columns with the use of a crane on the stadium’s outside.

The components can be precisely guided to their ultimate location by deploying an auxiliary crane on the inside of the stadium.

Fig 112- Closing of the structure Source- Tensile-compression ring- A study for football stadia roof structures by Ivar Boom

Step 6 – Removing of the temporary structure

Fig 109- Temporary columns or a temporary steel structure (right) supporting the roof structure (left) Source- Tensile-compression ring- A study for football stadia roof structures by Ivar Boom

Fig 111- Placement of the units on top of the Feyenoord stadium Source- Tensile-compression ring- A study for football stadia roof structures by Ivar Boom

Step 4 – Repeat step 1-3 The components must be stabilised before being placed on the stands. During building, the inner Step 1-3 must be repeated until all components are ring will be supported by temporary columns or placed. steel structures (Boom, 2012).

Step 5 – Closing the roof structure

The temporary construction will be removed once all of the components have been installed. A temporary structure erected on jackets supports the roof framework. The entire roof will be supported at the same time. Every jacket’s pressure will be reduced at the same time (Boom, 2012).

Step 7 – Assembly of the roof covering 131

Superstructure: Steel Structure Systems There are two sorts of steel elements: Hot-rolling is used to mould relatively heavy structural steel elements into their final shapes. Wide-flange sections, angles, channels, bars, and plates are all made using this process. Cold-formed light-gauge steel framing members are made from thin sheets or rods. Roof and floor decking, as well as a range of light frame members such as channels, studs, and joists, are examples.

Structural Steel Beams and Girders

Structural Steel Framing Traditional hot-rolled structural steel is a versatile material with uses ranging from single-story buildings to the world’s tallest structures. Because of the amount of prefabrication often utilised with structural steel, the method is precise and quick to build.

Structural Steel Hollow Column The top chart is for hollow steel section columns up to 12 ft (3.7 m) tall between floors. Read in the top open areas for light and medium loads. Read in the lower solid areas for heavy loads. Total tributary area is the summed area of the roof and all floors supported by the column.

Fig 113- Composite Steel Deck Slab Source- The Architect’s Studio Companion- Rules of Thumb for Preliminary Design

132

This chart is for steel wide-flange beams, composite beams, and girders. For average and light loads, read toward the right in the indicated areas. For heavy loads, read toward the left.

Fire- Resistance Ratings for Steel Beams and Girders Steel beams and girders may be used in both Combustible and Noncombustible Construction.

Fire-resistance ratings of as high as 4 hours are achievable with applied fireproofing or an appropriately fireresistive ceiling. Some building codes also allow reduced fire protection or exposed steel for roof structures that are 15 to 25 ft (4.6 to 7.6 m) or more above the floor.

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Superstructure: Composite Slab Whether the beams are downstand or integrated Types of Decking within the slab depth for a shallow floor type of construction, composite slabs, made of lightly reinforced concrete cast on profiled steel decking, are an option. In most cases, the slabs are reinforced with an upper layer of mesh and, in certain cases, extra bars in the troughs (usually for longer periods of fire resistance and heavy loads).

Fibre reinforcement is another option. Trapezoidal decking can support spans of up to 4.5 metres (80 mm deep). Deep decking profiles (over 200 mm deep) are also available, which can span 6 How and why composite construction works? m or more without the need for propping during The two materials must be structurally connected construction. together for the concrete part (within the soOnce installed, the decking provides additional called effective width) of a cross section to carry benefits, such as serving as a working platform compression and the steel part to carry tension. and a storage area for products. It can prevent For downstand beams, this is accomplished with lateral torsional buckling if it is properly oriented pointed shear studs affixed to the steel beam’s upper and fastened to the steel beams. In their ultimate flange. This is usually accomplished through the state, the decking ribs act as void formers in the use of so-called through deck welding. The profiled slab, lowering the weight of the floor structure and metal decking that serves as the foundation for the providing other benefits. Anchors designed to slot composite slabs is sandwiched between the stud’s into the decking profile can also be used to suspend base and the top flange, and all three are joined by welding. The presence of galvanising on the services from the soffit of a composite slab. decking has no bearing on the quality of the welds.

Fig 114- Composite Steel Deck Slab Source- https://www.steelconstruction.info/Composite_construction#Composite_slabs

The advantage of structurally linking the steel and concrete beams is that it increases the resistance of the steel beam alone by around a factor of two. It’s possible that the stiffness will increase by a factor of three. As the span of the steel beam grows larger in comparison to the slab, the relative benefits decrease.

133

Superstructure: Truss Floor Decking Sizes The top chart is for corrugated or cellular steel floor decking with concrete slab topping.

For light loads, read toward the bottom in the indicated areas. For heavy loads, read toward the top.

The bottom chart is for corrugated steel roof decking. For light loads, read toward the right in the indicated areas. For heavy loads, read toward the left.

Economical Span Ranges for Trusses Parallel chord trusses are most economical for spans up to 120 to l40 ft (35 to 45 m) due to the increased difficulty of shipping elements greater than 12 ft (3.7 m) deep. Triangular and bowstring trusses can be shipped at slightly greater depths. Trusses spanning 300 ft (90 m) or more may be shipped in sections and assembled on site.

Fire-Resistance Rating for Steel Trusses

Fig 115- Composite Steel Deck Slab Source- The Architect’s Studio Companion- Rules of Thumb for Preliminary Design

134

Structural steel trusses may be used in both Combustible and Noncombustible Construction. Fire-resistance ratings of as high as 4 hours are achievable with applied fireproofing or an appropriately fire-resistive ceiling. Some building codes also allow reduced fire protection or exposed steel for roof structures that are 15 to 25 ft (4.6 to 7.6 m) or more above the floor.

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Superstructure: Concrete Stands Water, aggregate (rock, sand, or gravel), and Portland cement are the three main components of concrete. When mixed with water and aggregates, cement, usually in powder form, works as a binding agent. This mixture, or concrete mix, will be poured and solidify into the long-lasting material we’re all familiar with.

Proportioning The proportioning and mixing of the materials is crucial to generate a strong, concrete. It will be difficult to position a combination that does not have enough paste to fill all of the spaces between the aggregates, resulting in rough surfaces and porous concrete. A mixture with too much cement paste is easy to work with and produces a smooth surface; nevertheless, the resulting concrete is not cost-effective and is more prone to cracking. The character of the concrete is determined by the paste quality. The strength of the paste is determined by the water-to-cement ratio.

Fig 116- Constructing Concrete Slabs Source- https://www.cement.org/cement-concrete-applications/how-concrete-is-made

135

LIGHTING REQUIREMENTS Introduction A thorough lighting system is required if a stadium is to be used to its full potential and operated at night or late in the afternoon. There are two forms of lighting that are required: • Lighting of corridors and escape routes to allow fans to safely access and exit the stadium.

• Lighting of the play area to allow players and spectators to watch the action clearly and without strain.

Lighting Requirement for Cricket Stadium For most of practice and Non-televised Matches cricket stadiums, we need about 250 to 350 lux, which is sufficient for players to have mild competition among the team members.

The professional matches require 500 to 750 lux.

The brightness is higher because the movement is more intense.

For the cricket stadium holding international broadcasting competitions, it requires the highest standard of about 1500 to 2500 lux. Because it provides clearer environment for taking photo and video shooting.

Other than this, flood lights are not to be installed in the axis of pitch, for it can cause problems to batter and bowlers.

136

Fig 117- Constructing Concrete Slabs Source- https://www.mecreeled.com/cricket-lighting-standards-2020-updates/

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

DRAINAGE SYSTEM Sub Air Drainage System The SubAir system automatically kicks into action the minute it starts raining, thereby not allowing any build-up of water on the outfield. It quickly removes standing water (36 times faster than drainage by gravity), virtually eliminating the need for extended game delays or cancellations due to wet outfield conditions.

Excavating over 1,000 truckloads of soil, grading, compaction, laying geotextile, trenching, laying perforated pipes ranging from 150 mm to 800mm in diameter (totalling a network of over 4.5km), gravel layer and a layer of finely graded sand mixed with organic manure and nutrients, before the Bermuda grass is planted on top.

Fig 68- Drainage System proposed Source- Author

Fig 118- Section Across Drainage System Source- Author

137

Fig 119- Details and working of Drainage System Source- Author

138

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

WATER REQUIREMENT Water Consumption and Storage Capacities National Building Code of India; Volume 2; Part 9; Section 1 - Water Supply

Type of Building Occupancy

Stadium and Sports Facility

Non-Domestic Water Consumption (D2 x N)

Raw Water Storage Capacity (Half Day Requirement)

Occupancy (N)

Domestic per Day (D1)

Flushing per Day (D2)

Domestic Water Consumption (D1 x N)

Total

lphd

lphd

lphd

lphd

(cu.m.)

(cu.m.)

(cu.m.)

45000

4

6

180000

270000

180

270

-

(UGT)

UGT

27.5

15

7.5

(Only OHT)

UGT

OHT

(D-5 Type) Commercial

1000

55

15

55000

15000

(F-2 Type) Youth Center

200

25

20

5000

4000

Total

240000

289000

(B-2 Type) Sum Total

Treated Water Storage (One Day in UGT, Half Day in OHT)

-

285

(From Mains)

(Stored Close to the STP)

529000

Waste Water and Sewage Treatment Plant Calculations Waste Water Treatment Plant Capacity

Total Domestic Water Consumption Grey Water (Litres)

240000

Capacity of STP Capacity of STP 90% of Grey for Grey Water Water

Sewage Treatment Plant Capacity

Re-usable Water 90% of Capacity

(Litres)

(cu.m.)

(Litres)

216000

216

194400

Total NonDomestic Water Capacity of STP Consumption for Black Water This water is Black Water reused for nondomestic purposes and (Litres) (Litres) landscaping

289000

317900

Capacity of STP for Black Water

Total STP Capacity

(cu.m.)

(cu.m.)

317.9

533.9

Table 9- Water Consumption and Storage Capacity; Waste Water and Sewage Treatent Plant Calculations Source- Data from NBC, Calculation by Author

139

Minimum Requirements for Fire Fighting Installations National Building Code of India; Volume 1; Part 4; Fire and Life Safety Type of Building Occupancy

Type of Building Stadium and Sports Facility Occupancy

Fire Extinguisher

Water Supply Automatic Minimum Requirements Fighting Installations (Litre) Wet Riser Down Comer for Fire Sprinkler System National Building Code of India; Volume 1; Part 4; Fire and Life Safety UGT OHT

Fire R Extinguisher

Wet RRiser

Stadium and Sports Facility

R

R

NR

(D-5 Type) Above 24 m but Commercial not exceeding 30 m in height

R

NR

R

DownNR Comer

Water Supply 200000 (Litre) 20000

Near UGT

Near OHT

Pump Capacity 2280 (Litre/min) NR

UGT

OHT

Near UGT

Near OHT

R

200000

20000

2280

NR

R

R

NR

25000

NR

900

NR

R

R

NR

25000

NR

900

R

NR

R

R

NR

25000

NR

900

R

NR

R

R

NR

25000

NR

900

(D-5 Type) Above 24 m but not exceeding 30 m in height

Commercial (F-2 Type) More than ground plus one storey

Automatic Sprinkler R System

Pump Capacity (Litre/min)

(F-2 Type) More than ground plus one storey Youth Center (B-2 Type) 15 m and above but notCenter exceeding 24 min Youth in height (B-2 Type) 15 m and above but not exceeding 24 min in height R R= = Required, Required, NR NR = = Not Not Required Required

Amount of of Rainfall Rainfall that that can can be be Collected Collected in in aa Year Year Amount Surface Surface Type Type

Surface Surface Area Area

Run-off Run-off Coefficient Coefficient

(sq.m.) (sq.m.)

Rainfall Rainfall

Stormwater Stormwater Run-off Run-off

(m) (m)

(cu.m. (cu.m. or or kL) kL)

Roof Roof Landscape Landscape

42370 42370 43350 43350

0.8 0.8 0.3 0.3

0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

23727.2 23727.2 9103.5 9103.5

Pavers Pavers Roads Roads

28780 28780 12100 12100

0.7 0.7 0.85 0.85

0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

14102.2 14102.2 7199.5 7199.5

Site Site Area Area

126600 126600

Total Total

54132.4 54132.4

140

Table 10- Requirement for Firefighting Installations; Stormwater Run-off Source- Data from NBC, Calculation by Author

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

HVAC SYSTEM

Table 11- Possible HVAC System that could be installed Source- The Architect’s Studio Companion by Edward Allen, Joseph Iano

141

Central All-Air Systems: Single Duct, Variable Air Volume (VAV) Description At a central source, air is conditioned (combined with a fraction of outside air, filtered, heated or chilled, and humidified or dehumidified).

The conditioned air is circulated through ducts to the building’s occupied sections by supply and return fans. A thermostat in each zone regulates the volume of air emitted through the diffusers in that zone, thereby controlling room temperature.

Advantages At a low cost, this device provides a high level of local temperature control. It is cost-effective to run and almost self-balancing.

Disadvantages The range of heating or cooling demand that can be supplied by a single VAV system is limited. When one part of a building has to be heated and another needs to be cooled, a VAV system cannot serve both parts without the assistance of a secondary system.

Major Components Boilers and chimneys, chilled water plant, cooling tower, fan room, outdoor fresh air and exhaust louvres, vertical and horizontal supply and return ducts, a VAV control box for each zone, supply diffusers, and return grilles are all part of the system.

Fig 120- VAV System Source- The Architect’s Studio Companion by Edward Allen, Joseph Iano

142

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

ELECTRIC SUBSTATION Primary transformers can be found both outside and inside the structure. Because it is less expensive, cools better, is easier to service, transmits less noise to the building, and is safer against fire, an outdoor transformer built on a ground-level concrete pad is preferable over an inside transformer where space is available.

Service may be delivered to a building from two In large buildings with oil filled transformers, the or more independent electric substations and switchgear is located in a room adjacent to the maybe routed through separate transformers and transformer vault. switchgear at the building site if it is critical to maintain a continuous supply of electrical power.

As a result, the structure is less susceptible to power outages caused by a single point of failure in the upstream supply.

Floor Area of Commercial Building

Floor Area of Residential Building

Floor Area of Residential Building Size of Combined Room for Transformers and Switchgear

Size of Transformer Vault

Size of Switchgear Room

15,000 sqm

30,000 sqm

9.14 X 9.14 X 2.44 m

-

-

10,000 sqm

20,000 sqm

-

6 X 6 X 3.35 m 9 X 6 X 3.35 m

30,000 sqm

60,000 sqm

-

6 X 12 X 3.35 m

9 X 12 X 3.35 m

100,000 sqm

200,000 sqm

-

6 X 24 X 3.35 m

9 X 24 X 3.35 m

Table 12- Substation Sizing Source- The Architect’s Studio Companion by Edward Allen, Joseph Iano

Fig 121- Substation Working Diagram Source- The Architect’s Studio Companion by Edward Allen, Joseph Iano

143

GRIHA REQUIREMENTS

144

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

145

146

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

147

148

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

149

150

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Chapter 6

DESIGN DETERMINANTS

This chapter highlights the inference and conclusions of previous chapters and is followed by a SWOT analysis leading to directions for Determinants for the functional diagram, Determinants for zoning and volumetric disposition, Determinants for site planning and movement systems, Determinants for other important issues of design.

The chapter closes with design directions that have been taken and the reasons there-of.

Source- Author

151

CIRCULATION The modern stadium is designed as five concentric zones: Zone 1 is the playing field or activity area and central area of the stadium.

Zone 2 comprises the spectator viewing areas consisting of standing terraces or seating tiers, hospitality boxes or other viewing areas and their associated gangways and vomitories.

Zone 3 is the internal circulation area – the concourses with food and drink kiosks, toilets or other facilities along it, leading via gates or stairs Zone 4, which is the external circulation area surrounding the stadium building but within the perimeter fence.

Zone 5 is the area outside the perimeter fence. It will contain the car parks and the bus and coach off-loading areas.

Fig 123- General Circulation in and around stadium Source- The Architect’s Studio Companion by Edward Allen, Joseph Iano

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Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

MOVEMENT SYSTEMS

It should present a more human-scaled form of development, looking to establish good levels of pedestrian permeability and reinforce the area’s inherent landscape qualities, framedby close proximity to and integration with the surrounding Reserve Forest Lands.

A wide pedestrian boulevard is envisaged, running west-east on an axis from the highway to stadium within the site, and acting as a pedestrian and public realm buffer between the stadium and the rest of the context.

Fig 124- Vehicular Circulation Source- Author

153

GREENS

The site for Gwalior Stadium offers the opportunity for a civic welcome as well as the intimacy of distinctive place-making. Facing the national highway and with a long boundary to Shankarpur, the site creates the potential for a great public space. The concept for Gwalior Stadium envisages

a variety of programming for the landscape, that would connect internal and external activity, as well as being a friendly place to relax. This space would be fully open, all year round, and would even form a dialogue with the Reserve Forests in proximity of the site.

Fig 125- Green Areas (In and Around the Site) Source- Author

154

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

ZONING AND VOLUMETRIC DISPOSITION

Fig 126- Zoning and Volumetric Disposition Source- Author

155

ZONING

Fig 127- Zoning across the Site Source- Author

156

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Schematic relationship between players’ and officials’ facilities, the ground, and media facilities (at South stand)

Fig 128- Schematic movement of Players and Officials Source- Author

157

Schematic relationship between media facilities (North stand) and the ground

Fig 129- Schematic movement of Media Officials Source- Author

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Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Fig 130- SWOT Analysis Source- Author

159

160

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Chapter 7

DESIGN CONCEPT

This chapter illustrates the steps taken from search to evolution of the design concept. This showcases how the concept meets the design framework established in the last Chapter.

Source- Author

161

VISUALIZATION AND CONCEPTUALIZATION

1

• Circular Ground with North Orientation • Capacity over 80000 pax • Too close and voluminous for Highway on West of the side • No spill out space in front of the Stadium

2

• Circular Ground rotated 15° West of North (to achieve best and glare free orientation) • Capacity reduced to around 35000 pax • Buffer space given on all sides to accomodate crowd • Front is still too close to highway. This might not give a complete view of stadium when viewing from major roads and highway.

“ I dream of space full of wonder. Spaces that rise and envelop, flowingly without beginning, without end, of a jointless material white and gold.

When I place the first line on paper, to capture the dream, the dream becomes less. “ 162

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

3

• Ground shape changed to elliptical, to get more spill out space on east and west of the stadium (Ground’s dimensions and sizes are still complaint with ICC Codes) • Capacity remains around 35000 pax • Spill Out and plazas could be accomodated at the front and rear of the site (but not on North and South sides due to site constraints).

Continuation and seamless transition of hills into the site via abstracting it into a built form.

4

• Elliptical Ground, and elliptical stadium. Compaint with ICC Codes and helps in achieving dynamic form.

• Capacity increases to be around 45000 pax • Seating capacity increased at better viewing angles • Spill out areas and plazas could be accomodated at the front and rear of the site.

Fig 132- Conceptualization Source- Author

163

VISUALIZATION AND IDEATION ITERATION 1 1. Sports facilities act as a bridge that connects youth center to stadium.

2. Space for open ground near youth center is reduced.

3. Entry from rear side (North-east and east side) feels a bit restrictive.

4. The courtyard formed between sports facility is shaded quite well, from east west and south sun (Good for summers, might not be good for winters).

Fig 133- Physical Model (Iteration 1) Source- Author

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Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

ITERATION 2 1. Sports facilities act as a bridge that connects youth center to stadium.

2. Space for open ground near youth center is reduced.

3. Opening up the volumes at east of the stadium. Entry from rear side (North-east and east side) is more receiving in this case.

4. Volume is more spread on the site.

5. The space formed between sports facility is shaded quite well, from east west and south sun (Good for summers, might not be good for winters).

Fig 134- Physical Model (Iteration 2) Source- Author

165

ITERATION 3 1. Sports facilities act as a bridge that connects youth center to stadium.

2. Space for open ground near youth center is increased.

3. Opening up the volumes at east of the stadium. Entry from rear side (North-east and east side) is more receiving in this case.

4. Volume is more spread on the site.

5. The space formed between sports facility is shaded quite well, from east west and south sun. Lifting the volume up might even help the winter sun to penetrate inside a bit, which might help in achieving the comfort range.

Fig 135- Physical Model (Iteration 3) Source- Author

166

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Sketch Plan (From Iteration 1,2 and 3)

3D Exploration (From Iteration 1,2 and 3)

Fig 136- Ideation from Iteration 1,2 and 3 Source- Author

167

ITERATION 4 1. Elliptical ground has been tried. It consumes comparatively lesser area than circular ground.

2. Sports facilities remain integrated with the stadiums to work cohesively.

3. Youth center has been detached from the main mass, but is still placed such that the facilities could serve both to Youth Center and Stadiums.

4. The space formed between sports facility is shaded quite well, from east west and south sun (Good for summers, might not be good for winters).

Fig 137- Physical Model (Iteration 4) Source- Author

168

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

ITERATION 5 1. Elliptical ground has been tried. It consumes comparatively lesser area than circular ground.

2. Sports facilities remain integrated with the stadiums to work cohesively.

3. Youth center has been detached from the main mass, but is still placed such that the facilities could serve both to Youth Center and Stadiums.

4. The space formed between sports facility is shaded quite well, from east west and south sun (Good for summers, might not be good for winters).

Fig 138- Physical Model (Iteration 5) Source- Author

169

Sketch Plan (From Iteration 4 and 5)

Fig 139- Ideation from Iteration 4 and 5 Source- Author

170

3D Exploration (From Iteration 4 and 5)

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Fig 140- Ideation from Iteration 4 and 5 (Digital Model Exploration); Using Rhino 7.0 Source- Author

171

ITERATION 6 1. Elliptical ground has been tried. It consumes comparatively lesser area than circular ground.

2. Youth center and sports facilities are brought to front, and stadium serves as a backdrop.

3. Youth center has been detached from the main mass, but is still placed such that the facilities could serve both to Youth Center and Stadiums.

4. Stadium at back gives enough public space in front and gives a better volumetric view of stadium.

5. However, stadium is too near the side roads and setbacks.

Fig 141- Physical Model (Iteration 6) Source- Author

172

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Fig 142- Sketch Plan (From Iteration 6) Source- Author

173

ITERATION 7 1. Elliptical ground has been tried. It consumes comparatively lesser area than circular ground.

2. Youth center are brought to front, and stadium serves as a backdrop.

3. Youth center has been detached from the main mass, but is still placed such that the facilities could serve both to Youth Center and Stadiums.

4. Sports facility are spread across the site.

5. Stadium at back gives enough public space in front and gives a better volumetric view of stadium.

6. However, stadium is too near the side roads and setbacks, 7. Entry has become more inviting, and at the same time, youth center has made the place more active and have even responded to site edges.

Fig 143- Physical Model (Iteration 7) Source- Author

174

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Fig 144- Sketch Plan (From Iteration 7) Source- Author

175

ITERATION 8 1. Elliptical ground has been tried. It consumes comparatively lesser area than circular ground.

2. Youth center are brought to front, and stadium serves as a backdrop.

3. Youth center has been detached from the main mass, but is still placed such that the facilities could serve both to Youth Center and Stadiums.

4. Stadium at back gives enough public space in front and gives a better volumetric view of stadium.

5. Entry has become more inviting, and at the same time, youth center has made the place more active and have even responded to site edges.

Fig 145- Physical Model (Iteration 8) Source- Author

176

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Fig 146- Sketch Plan (From Iteration 8) Source- Author

177

Fig 147- Sketch Plan (From Iteration 6,7 and 8) Source- Author

178

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Fig 148- Ideation from Iteration 6,7 and 8 (Digital Model Exploration); Using Rhino 7.0 Source- Author

179

ITERATION 9

Fig 149- Sketch Plan (Iteration 9) Source- Author

180

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

ITERATION 10

Fig 150- Sketch Plan (Iteration 10), and Digital Exploration Source- Author

181

182

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Chapter 8

DESIGN EVOLUTION

This chapter discusses in detail the evolution of the design from the initial sketch to the final product. In this chapter the various stages of designs are illustrated along with their short-coming and strengths; a discussion on the measures taken for course correction of the reading of the concept and the reasons thereof form the core of the discussion.

Source- Author

183

SEATING LAYOUT These are schematic diagrams of the suggested • The majority of fans (including those with viewing places, which should meet three criteria: disabilities) are at their preferred viewing positions in relation to the playing field. The following • The viewing spaces are spacious enough to hold stage is to turn these diagrammatic drawings into the required number of spectators. three-dimensional stand designs with acceptable sightlines.

• All spectators are as close to the action as possible, with maximum viewing distances limited to a minimum.

TYPICAL STANDS SECTION The seats themselves are the next design task after arriving at a geometry that connects the spectator sections to the playing field so that spectators can view the action clearly and without having to strain their necks. Comfort, safety, robustness, and economy are all important elements to consider while designing seating.

Fig 153- Typical Stands Section Source- Author

184

Fig 152- General Tier Arragement Source- Author

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

RESOLVING STANDS ITERATION 1 PROS: 1. Ideal C- Value, ranging between 90-120 is achieved for all the three tiers.

2. The total height of the structure complies with the development control as well.

CONS: 1. The total number of seats are underdelivered as specified by the brief.

2. Form is not so dynamic and also allows a large amount of east and west sun to penetrate inside the stadium (The glare from rising and setting sun would make it very challenging for players on the field).

Fig 154- Resolving Stands: Iteration 1 Source- Author

185

ITERATION 2 PROS: 1. The total height of the structure complies with the development control as well.

2. The total number of seats, comply as per the requirements specified in the brief.

3. Form of the stands obtain a bit of height at east and west stand and thus cut the rising and setting sun from those angles.

CONS: 1. Ideal C- Value, ranging between 90-120 is achieved for only Tier B. This means majority of the spectators would be devoid of a good viweing angle, experience and sightline.

Fig 155- Resolving Stands: Iteration 2 Source- Author

186

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

ITERATION 3 PROS: 1. The total number of seats, comply as per the requirements specified in the brief.

2. Form of the stands obtain substantial height at east and west stand and thus cut the rising and setting sun from those angles.

It would provide good amount of shade to spectators and at the same time would even shade ground for a good amount of time.

CONS: 1. Ideal C- Value, ranging between 90-120 is achieved for only Tier B. This means majority of the spectators would be devoid of a good viweing angle, experience and sightline.

2. The height of the structure exceeds the maximum height as allowed by developmental controls.

3. The angle of Tier C is around 40 ° (and exceeds the maximum of 34°), which makes the Tier C a lot steep and might cause a sensation of vertigo in spectators.

Fig 156- Resolving Stands: Iteration 3 Source- Author

187

1

ITERATION 4

Fig 157- Resolving Stands: Iteration 4 Source- Author

Resolving basic section and generating massing from the section

PROS: 1. The total number of seats, comply as per the requirements specified in the brief.

2. Form of the stands obtain substantial height at east and west stand and thus cut the rising and setting sun from those angles. It would provide good amount of shade to spectators and at the same time would even shade ground for a good amount of time.

3. The total height of the structure complies with the development control as well.

CONS: 1. Ideal C- Value, ranging between 90-120 is achieved for Tier B and C. C- Value for Tier A is a bit higher than the ideal range.

188

2 Fig 158- Resolving Stands: Iteration 4 (Sub-division) Source- Author

3

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Generating each tier and subdividing each tier into smaller components to reolve structural system

Introducing access and entries and horizontal circulation for each tier and sub-divided components

Fig 159- Resolving Stands: Iteration 4 (Access and Circulation) Source- Author

189

Fig 160 - Solar Analysis and circulation with respect to Gwalior Stadium Source- Author

Circulation The stands have to be punctured with areas for vertical circulation (at appropriate distances). Accompaning this, a room has to be provided for enough horizontal circulation as the load on all the tiers would be massive.

Fig 161- Solar Analysis and built-unbuilt relationship with respect to Gwalior Stadium Source- Author

Built- Unbuilt Relationship The volume of the skin around the stadium has to be reduced in order to allow more light and ventilation through it.

190

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Sunlight Hours Analysis and Sciography Observations 1. Immediate Areas surrounding the stadium remain pretty much shaded due to strong shadows casted by the stadium.

2. The roof form and the form of stadium offers substantial shade to spectators for majority sunlight hours.

3. Majority part of the ground receives sunlight for around 8 hours for 75% of the year, and receives sunlight for around 6 hours for remaining 25% of the year. This might pose some challenging conditions for players while matches are scheduled during summers.

Sunlight Hours Analysis (Summer Solstice)

Sunlight Hours Analysis (Spring Equinox)

Sunlight Hours Analysis (Autumn Equinox)

Sunlight Hours Analysis (Winter Solstice)

4. Massing and concourses around the stadium could add to form of the stadium and could even provide shade to spectators while accessing their seats. This would even make the site more rich and diverse in function and more active throughout the year.

Fig 162- Sunlight Hours Analysis and Sciography with respect to Gwalior Stadium Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0 and Grasshopper)

191

CONCEPTUAL MAPPING

Fig 163- Conceptual Mapping Source- Clockwise, starting from Top Left: 1. Author; 2. http://tendencee.com.br/2021/07/o-enorme-centro-civico-dachina-tera-design-inspirado-no-mar/; 3. https://novoscriptorium.com/2020/02/05/monuments-from-gwalior-fort-gwalior-madhya-pradesh-india/; 4. https://archinect.com/firms/project/150056732/wandering-in-the-clouds/150056734; 5.

Author; 6. Author; 7. https://www.fulldes.com/en/aedas-tod-feature-greater-bay-area-2/

192

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

FORM DEVELOPMENT AND CONCEPT

Fig 164- Form Development and Concept Source- Author

193

DESIGN 1 Design 1 represents the initial drawings and 3D model that was used to develop layouts and understand the structure of the design. It was a progressive stage and was used to develop the schematics and form of the design in a better manner.

Following pages contain series of drawings and layouts that were used and developed during this design stage. This would further help in refining and making the design better.

194

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

RESERVED FOREST

SHANKARPUR

GWALIOR WEST

ROAD FROM TRANSPORT NAGAR PANTRY

LOBBY MAIN 14.3 m) (22 X mm +2000

LIFT

LOBBY

TOILET LOUNGE m) MEDIAx 17.5 (19.7 mm +2000

TOILET

PANTRY

LIFT

LOBBY LOUNGE MEDIAx 17.5 m) (19.7 mm +2000

OFFICE7 m) x (18.9

ENTRY PLAZA (FRONT)

L

RETAI

ENTRY PLAZA (REAR)

PARKING

CORE

CAFE

ENTRY PLAZA (REAR)

ENTRY PLAZA (FRONT)

LOUNGE MEDIAx 14.6 m) (15.7

TOILETS

CORE OFFICE/ AREA MEDIA m) WORKING x 11.6 (12.6

CAFE CAFE

LOUNGE m) PLAYERS x 17 (16

RECEPTION

m) MANAGERS x7 (8.7

MANAGERS x 7 m) (8.7

LOUNGE m) PLAYERS x 17 (16

MEDIA

MEDIA PRODUCTION ROOM

OFFICE OFFICE

LOUNGE m) VIP/VVIP x 12 (23.6

LIFT

LOBBY

TOILET LOBBY MAIN x 14.3 m) (18.9

TRANSPORT NAGAR

TOILETS VIP/VVIP m) RECEPTION x 16.9 (12.6

ENTRY PLAZA (FRONT)

PARKING

LIFT

LOBBY

TOILET

L

RETAI

RESERVED FOREST

RESERVED FOREST

RESERVED FOREST JANAK TALAB

Dwg 2- Design 1: Site and Context Plan Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

195

SITE PLAN : DESIGN 1

ROAD FROM TRANSPORT NAGAR RY

PANT

LIFT

LOBBY

T

LOBBY MAIN 14.3 m) (22 X mm +2000

Core

TOILE

GE LOUN MEDIA 17.5 m) x (19.7 mm +2000

T

Y

TOILE

PANTR Y

LIFT

LOBB

E LOUNG MEDIAx 17.5 m) (19.7 mm +2000

E OFFIC 7 m) x (18.9

ENTRY PLAZA (FRONT)

RETAIL

ENTRY PLAZA (REAR)

PARKING

CORE

CAFE

ENTRY PLAZA (REAR)

ENTRY PLAZA (FRONT)

GE LOUNm) MEDIAx 14.6 (15.7

TS

TOILE

CORE

E/ OFFIC MEDIA ING AREA WORKx 11.6 m) (12.6

CAFE CAFE

GE

RS LOUN PLAYE17 m) (16 x

GERS MANA 7 m) x (8.7

OFFIC

GERS MANA 7 m) x (8.7

MEDIA

RECE

N

MEDIA UCTIO PROD ROOM

E

E

GE

IP LOUN VIP/VVx 12 m) (23.6

PTION

OFFIC

Y

LIFT

GE

LOBB

T

RS LOUN PLAYE17 m) x (16

Y LOBB m) MAIN x 14.3 (18.9

TOILE

TS

TOILE

IP

VIP/VV PTION RECE x 16.9 m) (12.6

PARKING

ENTRY PLAZA (FRONT)

Y

LIFT

LOBB

T

TOILE

RETAIL

Core Dwg 3- Design 1: Ground Floor Plan Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Observations and Review

plaza seems less and wouldn’t be able to cater to be encouraged by giving appropriate parking and high occupant load that stadium would be serving. circulation facilities for public transports within the 1. The vehicular circulation from West side hinders site. with the major pedestrian circulation across the site. 3. Rather than promoting private vehicles and giving large parking spaces to them, focus could 4. There is no plaza or welcoming space for 2. The space allocated for front cores near the entry be laid upon using public transports. This could spectators accessing the site from rear side.

196

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

UPPER PLAZA LEVEL: DESIGN 1

PRIVATE BOXES LEVEL: DESIGN 1

Observations and Review

Observations and Review

1.

More alternatives for vertical circulation should be accomodated.

1. Separate vertical circulation should be introduced for accessing private boxes.

2. It won’t be possible to accomodate sports facility in the rectilinear block which is placed at the front side of the plaza.

2. The size of private boxes in these schemes is too large.

3. The ramps in the front part makes it difficult to understand the circulation.

Dwg 4- Design 1: Upper Plaza Level (Stadium Only) Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Dwg 6- Design 1: Private Boxes Level (Stadium Only) Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Sports Facility

Dwg 5- Design 1: Upper Plaza Level Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

3. Servicing of these private boxes would be critical.

Private Boxes

Dwg 7- Design 1: Private Boxes Level Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

197

CONCOURSE LEVEL : DESIGN 1

ROOF TOP PLAN : DESIGN 1

Core UPPER CONCOURSE

CORE

UPPER CONCOURSE

CORE

UPPER CONCOURSE

Core

Dwg 8- Design 1: Concourse Level Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Dwg 9- Design 1: Roof Top Level Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Observations and Review 1. Heat gain on such a huge concourse would be massive and unbearable.

2. The underneath of this concourse would be pretty dark and dull.

3. The amount of load on those 2 cores is massive.

4. Uncovered concourse may not work that well.

198

Fig 165- Design 1: Schematic Section Source- Author

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

Raker Beam Vomitory Staircase

Major Flared Columns

Staircase Slab

Fig 166- Design 1: Schematic 3D Model and Structural Components Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0)

199

DESIGN 2 Design 2 represents the obeservations that were made in the design 1, and then were refined during these set of drawings. It’s again a progressive stage and has evolved the design along its course.

Following pages contain series of drawings and layouts that were used and developed during this design stage. This would further help in refining and making the design better.

200

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

ROOF TOP PLAN: DESIGN 2

Dwg 10- Design 2: Roof Top Level Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

201

SITE PLAN : DESIGN 2

Dwg 11- Design 2: Site Plan Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Observations and Review

2. The cores are hidden in the entry plaza. Owing to a public space, the cores would work in a much 1. The number of elevators and width of staircases better way if they are easily accessible and visible provided at the entry plaza wouldn’t be sufficient to from the plaza space itself. In that way, in case of cater to high occupant load of the stadium. emergency and peak hours, the occupants won’t have to search for means of vertical circulations.

202

3. More means of vertical circulation should be introduced at the entry plaza.

4. There is no plaza or welcoming space for spectators accessing the site from rear side.

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

BASEMENT PLAN: DESIGN 2

Dwg 12- Design 2: Basement Plan Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Observations and Review

3. Peope getting off from the buses in the basement 1. The number of elevators and width of staircases 2. The core to core distance owing to fire norms is parking would have to cross the vehicular circulation provided at the basements wouldn’t be sufficient to not compliant with the fire codes and needs to be in order to access the cores or escalators, which is cater to high occupant load of the stadium. reworked accordingly. not a good situation.

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+6700 PLAN : DESIGN 2

Dwg 13- Design 2: +6700 Plan Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

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Observations and Review 1. The front plaza at +6700mm level is too bulky and is a massive floor plate, with very less room for vertical circulation.

2. In terms of joinery between the front mass and the stadium mass, the junction would have a huge expansion joint and the joinery needs to be worked in a much better way. Currently, the joinery of the two blocks pose a lot of structural and fundamental problems.

3. There also lies problems in term of lighting and ventilation as it would be extremely challenging to ventilate and natural lit such a huge mass.

4. Corridors would be introduced behind the stands for smooth horizontal circulation of spectators.

LONGITUDINAL SECTION: DESIGN 2

Dwg 14- Design 2: Framing Plan Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Dwg 15- Design 2: Longitudinal Section Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

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+12500 PLAN : DESIGN 2

Dwg 16- Design 2: +12500 Plan Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

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Observations and Review 1. The usage of spiral staircase in a public space would make the circulation slow and may not be a good idea.

2. Servicing of the Private Boxes would be a critical challenge and should be dealt with caution. Internal layouts for private boxes can be improved by making spectators more connected to ground and the game.

3. The flight of staircase on either side of the front mass is huge and should be reolved in a better manner.

4. The structure for the flange suspending from the front plaza has to be reolved. However, the front mass seems too bulky and voluminous.

Fig 167- Design 2: Schematic detail of structural components and relationship of services with them (Up) Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0)

Fig 168- Design 2: Schematic detail of Space Frame (Right) Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0)

TRANSVERSE SECTION: DESIGN 2

Dwg 17- Design 2: Transverse Section Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

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+16000 PLAN : DESIGN 2

Dwg 18- Design 2: +16000 Plan Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

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Observations and Review 1. The junction of raker beam and steel truss has to be worked upon and detail of the composite structure has to be figured.

2. The detail for footing of steel columns has to be figured out and thus, incorporated in the drawings.

3. The connections happening at concourse level are unclear.

4. The ramps joining the structure from rear side at +6700mm level isn’t working as of now, and may not be able to handle the large occupant load effectively.

Dwg 19- Design 2: External Wall Section Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

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QUICK VIEWS AND RENDERS : DESIGN 2

Fig 169- Design 2: Isometric View (South-West) of Stadium Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0 and Lumion Render)

Fig 170- Design 2: South Elevational View of Stadium Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0 and Lumion Render)

Fig 171- Design 2: Isometric View (South-East) of Stadium Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0 and Lumion Render)

Fig 172- Design 2: Isometric View (South-West) of Stadium Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0 and Lumion Render)

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Fig 173- Design 2: Iso-Section of Stadium Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0 and Grasshopper)

Fig 174- Design 2:Internal View of Stadium Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0, Grasshopper and Lumion)

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Chapter 9

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

This chapter contains the contents of the final design portfolio- Concept narration and design outcomes, Plans, elevations, sections and details. Area statements of proposed versus achieved; final FAR and ground coverage; statement of parking and other service provisions, three dimensional views and part details, Jury comments and defense.

Source- Author

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Fig 175- Overview of Design Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0, Grasshopper and Lumion)

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Fig 176- Major Components of Design Source- Author (Using Rhino7.0, Grasshopper and Lumion)

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SITE PLAN

Dwg 20- Final Site Plan Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

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MOVEMENT SYSTEMS: SITE

Fig 177- Movement Systems on Site Source- Author

From the site plan, it can be observed that the West and East sides both have entry points for vehicular circulation. The major difference is, that the basement on the Westside would accommodate public transport and spaces for loading and unloading of goods. This is being done in order to promote usage of public transport while being sensitive towards the environment. The entry from the rear side would accommodate private light motor vehicles. The youth center and sports facility form a part of the front plaza but remain isolated from the main stadium.

The site and plazas are fairly porous for pedestrians and offer free movement. At the stadium level though, there are proper thresholds for security concerns. Movement patterns for media, players, officials, VIPs, and the general public are completely distinct from each other in order to ensure proper privacy and smooth movement of traffic.

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ROOF TOP PLAN

Dwg 21- Final Roof Top Plan Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

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DESIGN SALIENT FEATURES

Fig 178- Salient Features of Design Source- Author

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BASEMENT PLAN

Dwg 22- Basement Plan Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

The front side accommodates public transport and spaces for loading and unloading of goods. So you get off the buses and either uses these ramps or these cores or staircases to reach the front plaza at ground level.

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The rear side accommodates private vehicles who a Chiller room, sump, storage, Effluent Treatment could access the basement if and only if they clear Plant, etc. the ticket checking at the rear entrance. Post parking, they could use the cores to reach the ground level.

The rear side also has rooms for various services like

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LONGITUDINAL SECTION

Dwg 23- Longitudinal Section Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

This section through the stadium shows the connection of the stadium from the front and rear plaza, and how the rear plaza is formed by a series of bridges, which are being suspended from the truss supported by the stadium and the shear walls on another side.

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UPPER FLOOR PLANS The plan at +6700mm, the lower concourse, is accessible via the network of staircases or elevators from the front plaza, then security check, and then finally the stadium stands. On the rear side, this is accessible from this bridge.

This level has additional facilities of small retail shops and food stalls and two major restaurants to accommodate the public influx.

The +12500mm level is purely dedicated to the private boxes, which could be booked well in advance and could accommodate around 20-25 people per box. The series of cores on the North and Southside, are exclusively for the movement of people accessing these private boxes so that the circulation patterns don’t merge with the general public movement.

These private boxes would help in generating high revenue from the stadium’s point of view, and offer the best views of the stadium, based on the sightline calculations. These would be completely Air-conditioned spaces, with premium facilities.

Fig 179- Typical Plan and 3D of Private Box Source- Author

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+6700 MM LEVEL (Lower Concourse)

Dwg 24- +6700 MM Level Plan (Lower Concourse) Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

+12500 MM LEVEL (Private Boxes)

Dwg 25- +12500 MM Level Plan Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

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ZONING

+16000 MM LEVEL (Upper Concourse)

Dwg 26- +16000 MM Level Plan Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

The upper concourse level connects the entire site- the front, the stadium, and the rear side. The topmost tier of seating begins above this level. According to seat number spectators could directly access this level and could then easily access their seats. This would even help in managing the high occupant load.

Zoning was further detailed out on the basis of specific functions and their requirements. Like in the stadiums, each alternate floor acted as a concourse level, so as to manage the high occupant load, and make circulation patterns more resolved.

Fig 180- Zoning of the Stadium Source- Author

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CIRCULATION AND SECTION Marked in red are the cores and vertical circulation. Note how there are two levels of circulations. One which runs along the inside circumference of the stands forms the internal staircase, then the vomitory staircase here, and the ones that runs along the outer perimeter of the stadium, and also act like fire exits.

Fig 181- Circulation and Section of the Stadium Source- Author

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Circulation

Vertical Circulation

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Fig 182- Exploded View for Circulation of the Stadium (with marked cores) Source- Author Fig 183- Exploded View of the Stadium (Down) Source- Author

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Dwg 27- Detail Plans of Media Center (Left) Source- Author (using AutoCAD) Dwg 28- Detail Plans of Pavilion (Right) Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

DETAIL PLANS

+2000 MM LEVEL (Media Center)

+9500 MM LEVEL (Media Center)

+12500 MM LEVEL (Media Center)

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+2000 MM LEVEL (Pavilion)

+6700 MM LEVEL (Pavilion)

At +2000MM Level in Media Center, it shows the entrance to the media center, the lift and the staircases, and the common media lounge on the ground floor. The first floor of the media center accommodates spaces for the written press and a common dining space for all media staff. The topmost level of the media center has room for commentary boxes, TV and Radio studios, and the Third Umpire. At +2000MM Level in Pavilion, it has a drop-off for players and officials, media people, and VIPs. And then after entering their respective receptions, they have lounge areas and circulation cores for their movements. Whereas the first floor of the pavilion accommodates locker rooms for both the teams, and a press conference room, which is accessible from both team’s locker rooms, and media areas, and via separated circulations.

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EXTERNAL WALL SECTION (Media Center)

The External Wall section through the media center shows the layout of the block and how the stands are being continued above the +16000mm level.

Dwg 29- External Wall Section through Media Center Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

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PART SECTION DETAIL (Media Center)

These are a few details that are being thought of for the construction.

The HVAC services and conduits could be accommodated within the spaces of castellated I-beams, and some of the lighting fixtures could also be accommodated within the false flooring.

Fig 184- Part Section detail of External Wall and services Source- Author

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Fig 185- Part Section detail of False flooring and services Source- Author

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EXTERNAL WALL SECTION (Pavilion)

This external wall section shows the player’s circulation from the dressing room to the ground and the fire exit at the rear side.

Dwg 30- External Wall Section through Pavilion Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

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YOUTH CENTER PLAN (+6700 MM)

Stadium

Bus Parking

SPORTS FACILITY PLAN (+6700 MM)

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Restaurant

Bridge Connecting to Stadium

Art and Crafts Studio

Fig 186- Perspective Section of Youth Center Source- Author

Stadium

Dwg 31- Youth Center and Sports Facility Plan Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Youth Center

Bridge Connecting the Stadium

Fig 187- Perspective Section of Sports Facility Bus Parking Source- Author

Sports Facility

Basketball Court

Upper Plaza

Fussball Court

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TRANSVERSE SECTION (View from West Side)

Dwg 32- Transverse Section of Stadium Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

TRANSVERSE SECTION THROUGH YOUTH CENTER (View from West Side)

Dwg 33- Transverse Section through Youth Center Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

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EXTERNAL WALL SECTION (TYPICAL) A detailed external wall section here shows the typical stand section of the stadium and the structure used. The Y- Columns and circular columns form the compression members and support the raker beams, on which the stands rest. The stands are supported from the rear side by a network of trusses, which go on to form elegant roof form. The slabs are formed by steel decking which is supported on castellated I- beams.

Dwg 34- Typical External Wall Section Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

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ELEVATION AND STRUCTURE

Fig 188- East Side Elevation (Structure) Source- Author

EAST SIDE ELEVATION (Structure)

EAST SIDE ELEVATION Dwg 35- East Side Elevation Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Fig 189- North Side Elevation (Structure) Source- Author

NORTH SIDE ELEVATION (Structure)

NORTH SIDE ELEVATION Dwg 36- North Side Elevation Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

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ELEVATION AND STRUCTURE

Fig 190- South Side Elevation (Structure) Source- Author

SOUTH SIDE ELEVATION (Structure)

SOUTH SIDE ELEVATION Dwg 37- South Side Elevation Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

Fig 191- West Side Elevation (Structure) Source- Author

WEST SIDE ELEVATION (Structure)

WEST SIDE ELEVATION Dwg 38- West Side Elevation Source- Author (using AutoCAD)

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Fig 192- Internal View of Stadium Source- Author (Using Rhino 7.0, Grasshopper and Lumion)

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STRUCTURE ANALYSIS Details and Load Path Diagram

Suspension Cable to Slab Joinery

Suspension Cable to Cable Joinery

Suspension Cable to Truss Joinery

TRANSVERSE SECTION- Y- Columns and Raker Beams are under compression.

LONGITUDINAL SECTION- Y- Columns and Raker Beams are under compression.

Clockwise:

Marked in Yellow are the structural members of the stadium. On the right side, I have tried to resolve the load paths of the various members to understand the tension and compression in the system. The inside part of the truss is under compression, while the outside part is under tension.

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This gives rise to the usage of compression rings at the inner circumference of the trusses and tension rings along with bracing members on the outer circumference of the trusses.

Fig 193- Structural members in Stadium Source- Author (Using Rhino 7.0, Grasshopper) Fig 194- Structural details: Suspension Source- Author (Using Rhino 7.0) Fig 195- Load path diagram for stadium Source- Author (Using Rhino 7.0, Grasshopper)

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

SERVICES (HVAC, Water Harvesting and Drainage)

Fig 196- Services (HVAC, Water Harvesting and Drainage) Source- Author (Using Rhino 7.0, Grasshopper)

The next crucial thing with respect to cricket stadium design is managing drainage. A subair drainage system is being proposed for the same. This is inspired by the latest system that is being installed at the Chinnaswamy Stadium in Bangalore.

filtration. Pressure mode would then be activated which would release hot water. This would dry the ground quickly and play could resume within 30 minutes. Other than collecting rainwater, some amount of water could be generated from solar harvesting, as is being done for Stadiums in Qatar.

A network of pipes would be laid down on the ground. The vacuum mode would be activated after the rainfall, which would suck all the water and would take it to a storage tank after natural

This water from storage would then be transferred to the chiller room, from where it would be transferred to AHUs, and then using the VAV system it would be transferred to ducts for individual spaces.

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ROOF FORM STRUCTURE AND SECTIONAL ZONING The roof form of the structure is supported over the truss system and compression rings.

The roof form is made from PTFE membrane, and the facade is made from Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete (GFRC). The diagram on

Fig 197- Roof Form Structure Source- Author (Using Rhino 7.0, Grasshopper)

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Fig 198- Sectional Zoning Source- Author (Using Rhino 7.0, Grasshopper)

the right shows that floodlights are installed near the compression rings and cover the overall circumference of the stadium, rather than the conventional floodlights which are installed at 4-6 different spots.

Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

KINETIC FACADE

The stadium has a solar-responsive facade. The outer side of the truss system has a frame attached to it, on rests the kinetic facade. The facade is optimized and programmed such that it would close itself and block the direct incident sunlight, and would open itself from the other sides to allow the daylight to enter the stadium.

Fig 199- Kinetic Facade Source- Author (Using Rhino 7.0, Grasshopper and Keyshot)

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CLIMATIC RESPONSE AND SUSTAINABILITY

Solar Panels

Solar Panels are installed on top of the roof form and at open grounds on the South side. It would help in capturing plenty amount of sunlight throughout the day.

Wind Movement

Slits are added to the roof form to increase the wind speed and accentuate the wind movement.

This would help in maintaining the indoor temperature of the stadiums, along with this the perforations in the facade would allow accentuated wind movements and would offer a comfortable range of temperature within the facilities.

Part of the roof is also cladded with solar panels, in order to generate enough energy to satisfy the demand of such a massive structure.

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Responsive Solar Connection | Water Tight Seal | Passive Ventilation | Passive Shading Fig 200- Climate Responsive Facade Source- Author (Using Rhino 7.0, Grasshopper)

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STRUCTURAL DETAILS

These are a few other structural details showing how fluidic form could be achieved in a large span.

A similar structure is being adopted at the youth center and the entrance plaza. A double layer space frame forms the basis of the fluidic form, on which finally cladding rests. The details are as shown.

Fig 201- Structural Details to achieve Fluidic form Source- Author (Using AutoCAD, Rhino 7.0, Grasshopper)

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EXTERNAL RENDER VIEWS

Fig 202- Render showing the front exit of the stadium Source- Author (Using Lumion)

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Fig 203- Render showing the entry plaza of the stadium Source- Author (Using Lumion)

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Fig 204- Render showing the view of the stadium, youth center, and entry plaza from the highway Source- Author (Using Lumion)

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INTERNAL RENDER VIEWS

Fig 205- (Clockwise) 1. View from lower concourse (North Side) looking towards entry plaza; 2. View from lower concourse showcasing upper concourse bridges, and bus parking in the basement; 3. View from lower concourse (South Side) looking towards entry plaza; 4. Rear entry and view of Stadium from Shankarpur Village Source- Author (Using Lumion)

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JURY COMMENTS Jury Member: Ar. Amit Bahl “It is a comprehensive and well-resolved design. It has an interesting program that merges well with the stadium and the background research backs it well. Every year 2-3 students take stadiums as their thesis design, but this is one of the most resolved structures I have seen of the stadiums in years.”

- Amit Bahl There was a discussion about the lighting system installed and how it is better than the conventional lighting system used.

One of the approaches adopted by the author was a contemporary style and futuristic approach to designing the stadium, that would blend in well with the current and upcoming era of development, technology, and architecture. The jury suggested that one of the possible approaches could have been to get inspiration from the Gwalior fort and relate the design to the current city of Gwalior.

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Prajapati, D. (2021) ‘World’s largest cricket stadium: Its structural significance and architectural uniqueness’, Archdraw Outsourcing Blog, 4 March. Available at: https://www.archdrawoutsourcing.com/blogs/worlds-largest-cricket-stadium-structural-architectural/ (Accessed: 6 April 2022). presentation on the literature and case study of cricket stadium - [PPTX Powerpoint] (no date). Available at: https://cupdf.com/document/presentation-on-the-literature-and-case-study-of-cricket-stadium.html (Accessed: 6 April 2022).

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Wankhede Stadium Case Study | Illumination | Bajaj Electricals (no date). Available at: https://www.bajajelectricals.com/wankhede-cricket-stadium/ (Accessed: 6 April 2022).

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Webb, M. (2015) ‘National Stadium in Beijing by Herzog and de Meuron’, Architectural Review, 2 November. Available at: https://www.architectural-review. com/today/national-stadium-in-beijing-by-herzog-and-de-meuron (Accessed: 6 April 2022).

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Gwalior International Cricket Stadium

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GWALIOR INTERNATIONAL CRICKET STADIUM

Thesis X Chanpreet Singh