Exploring the Contribution of the Boat House Island to the City of Oxford

Exploring the Contribution of the Boathouse Island to the City of Oxford Urban Planning Through the Human Dimensions

Photo by Peter Facey

CHANI SAMUDRADEWA (19016779) - UNIT F Module ARCH5005 Cities, Culture, & Society Indiviual Essay - November 2020

OUTLINE:

The world’s most renowned cities are constantly developing and the communities within are rapidly and constantly adjusting and changing to adapt to the urban developments.

Cities focusing on such urban development must take in to account the well-being and the inclusivity of the present communities in order to allow a city to grow as it is the users who determine the uses of the city. Urban theorists, planners, and architects are constantly developing new planning strategies to make cities more sustainable and safe and welcoming for all sorts of communities. Danish architect and urban planning consultant, Jan Gehl has referred to the human dimensions as a planning strategy that allows for such a city which will be discussed throughout this essay.

Oxford, known for its historical, educational, cultural reputation, is a world recognised city. The general cohort of tourists and the public are aware of the entertainment and knowledge that Oxford is able to provide however, in exploring urban communities, I plan to analyse and gather an understanding of how the boathouse island belonging to the University of Oxford and its surroundings follow Gehl’s propositions in adding to Oxford’s development.

Critical research question: To what extent are the human dimensions present in the area of boathouses contribute to Oxford’s central system?

Critical Methodology: Urban Planning

02

THE SITE AND GROUP INFORMATION: GROUP INFO: SITE: The boathouses MEMBERS: - Samudradewa, Chani

(19016779)

- Semenova,

Anna

(19029899)

Valentine

(19012724)

- Ruiz, - Tranter

Izzy

(19021035)

High street

St. Aldate’s

Christ Church meadow

Boathouse island

03

TABLE OF CONTENTS: CHAPTER 1: Introduction to the site and planning strategy The site .......................................................................................................... page 5 Evolution of the site ...................................................................................... page 6 The boathouses and Oxford ......................................................................... page 7 What makes an all inclusive city ................................................................... page 8 CHAPTER 2: EXPLORING THE LIVELINESS ..................................................................................... page 9-10 CHAPTER 3: SUSTAINABILITY ........................................................................................................ page 11 Through transport ....................................................................................... page 12 CHAPTER 4: SAFETY Contribution of site .................................................................................... page 13 At the boathouses ...................................................................................... page 14 Boathouses zoomed in ............................................................................... page 15 Protection diagram .................................................................................... page 16 CHAPTER 5: FOCUSING ON HEALTH .......................................................................................... page 17 CHAPTER 6: CHANGES TO THE BOATHOUSES ........................................................................... page 18 FINAL THOUGHTS ...................................................................................................................... page 19 BIBLIOGRAPHY: Figures ...................................................................................................... page 20 References ................................................................................................ page 21 APPENDIX .................................................................................................................................. page 22 -36

THE SITE:

Boathouse Barges

FIG. 1 - Eight Weeks (1995): 4 day regatta of Oxford University’s yearly rowing event Shows the transitional period during the change from barges to boathouses

The boathouses located on a triangular piece of land at the intersection of River Cherwell and River Isis at the bottom of Christ Church meadow, Oxford, also known as boathouse island has 10 college boathouses hosting 24 college boat clubs belonging to the University of Oxford (Eade). The University starting out with rented barges to store the rowing boats, with the help of donations and the university’s endorsements, was able to finish constructing the first boathouse in 1882. Throughout the decades, the transition from barges to boathouses were prominent as several more colleges built boathouses to gain further storage and training spaces, the first college being Christ Church college boathouse, completed in the 1930s.

05

EVOLUTION OF THE SITE: BOATHOUSE ISLAND (CHRISTCHURCH MEADOW)

1882

1930s

1970s onwards

Boathouse Island was formed and is significant to the row of boathouses that have since been built and used for storage, training, and recently accommodation for students in the newly built University College boathouse.

Maps of Boathouse Island from Digimaps

06

THE BOATHOUSES AND OXFORD: WIDER DENSITY UNDERSTANDING OF OXFORD

Parks/ recreational spaces Rivers/ streams Open spaces Main roads Minor roads

Central Oxford

Boathouse Island

Transport stops Public infrastructure/ attractions Education/ healthcare facilities

FIG. 2 MAP OF OXFORD Shows the difference in density between the site and central Oxford hence, the relationship between the boathouse island and central Oxford is seen as a calmer and less chaotic area of the city.

Map of Boathouse Island from Digimaps

Accommodation/ restaurants

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WHAT MAKES AN ALL INCLUSIVE CITY? Oxford, known for its historic significance and highly recognized University reputation makes the city lively and constantly filled with energised students and excited tourists. Being a student city brings up the question of how the city is adapted and provides for the needs of other minor communities such as the elderly, working class, families, tourists, etc. Jan Gehl in his book Cities For People mentions the necessity for a “greater focus on the need of the people who use cities must be a key goal for the future” (Gehl, 2010: 6). This in turn creates the basis for the human dimensions that Gehl discusses as a planning dimension for new and existing urban cities. Incorporating the human dimensions in further city planning and future growth has the ability to result in strong improvements of the four key objectives allowing cities to be all-inclusive for its users and create an environment that is appreciated and convenient to all. With reference to Gehl’s human dimensions, this report will discuss the presence of liveliness, safety, sustainability, and health at the boathouse island and discuss

FIG. 3 THE HUMAN DIMENSIONS According to Jan Gehl’s book “Cities for People”

its contribution to Oxford’s city in order to understand future changes that can be manifested in making Oxford an all-inclusive and user convenient city.

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EXPLORING THE LIVELINESS: OF THE BOATHOUSES AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO OXFORD With reference to the human dimensions mentioned in Gehl’s book, the easy answer to the question whether the boathouses and the surrounding area is lively enough to contribute to Oxford’s liveliness at a large is no, the boathouses are not a lively area in itself. Even though surrounded with nature and wide open spaces, a place designed for groups of people to socialise and come together during the rowing races and enjoy the atmosphere of Christ Church meadow, the site does not accommodate for the users by meeting all the needs. An area is commonly referred to as lively according to the density of people. However, a more lively city is one which has not been affected by the “urban planning ideology of modernism that separates the uses of the city” (Jacobs, 1961, cited in Gehl, 2010). Arguably, Oxford has gone through urban development

Boathouses

with the increase in more commercial infrastructure, which is seen in figure 4 as the recreational/ green spaces are towards the outer circle of central Oxford showing the growing separation that arises with urbanism.

Recreational spaces/ parks

Water

inner circle

Built up areas

un-accessible open spaces

outer circle

FIG. 4 INTEGRATIONS Shows the spread of recreational/ open spaces and parks around the city that shows a growing separation of the city’s uses.

09

Water un-accessible open spaces Built up areas Recreational spaces/ parks Oxford University owned buildings

Boathouses

FIG. 5 HISTORICAL/ CULTURAL SURROUNDINGS OF THE SITE Shows the university owned properties that are accessible to the public enhancing the historical and cultural aspects that increase liveliness in a city.

Similar to Jane Jacobs’ ideology (1961), Gehl has a similar view stating that a lively city is “a combination of good inviting city space and a certain critical mass of people who want to use it” (Gehl, 2010: 68). With the use of this idea, liveliness can be increased by taking the most advantage of the surroundings and uses of the site. In the case of the boathouses and Christ Church meadow, Oxford’s liveliness is increased as the community has access to the cultural and historical activities that the site allows such as public access to Christ Church college (figure 5) and punting along River Cherwell that runs through the boathouses.

10

SUSTAINABILITY: HOW HAS A SUSTAINBLE APPROACH LEAD TO A MORE INCLUSIVE COMMUNITY?

Gesellschaft: social relations based on impersonal ties, such as duty to a society or organization Social Sustainability: various groups in society with equal opportunities for accessing common city space and getting around town (Gehl,year)

FIG. 6 COMMUNITIES OF OXFORD

FIG. 7 COMMUNITIES OF THE BOATHOUSES

Liveliness and sustainability are interconnected when referring to social sustainability. Central Oxford is precisely accommodated to its users which are mainly students and tourists. Stepping outside to the less dense areas just a few steps from the city, Oxford smoothly adapts to different targeted community of families. Ferdinand Tonnies, in his editorial states that “the city is typical of Gesellschaft…” (Tonnies, cited by Lin and Meele, 2005). Contrastingly, Oxford’s ability to integrate the present communities (figure 6/7) shows a close interrelationship that allows for a more united community. This ability to adapt expresses the city as an all-inclusive area with residential and public spaces which provides equal access to meet the needs of all the present communities.

11

SUSTAINABILITY THROUGH TRANSPORT:

FIG. 9 BIKING ROUTES THROUGHOUT OXFORD FIG. 8 BUS STOPS NEAR CHRISTCHURCH MEADOW

Another major aspect of sustainability seen in Oxford is the transport system. A small city with short travelling distances, public transport is a prominent go-to for. Figure 7 shows the many bus stops that are scattered throughout the city to ease the access hence adding to the sustainability aspect of an all-inclusive city. Furthermore, biking among student and the working class population is a notable form of transport. The bike lanes throughout most of Oxford provides a safe and sustainable mode of transport (figure 9). Due to the proximity of the boathouses to transportation points and routes, there is a locational benefit for its users.

12

SAFETY CONTRIBUTION OF SITE:

FIG. 11 The 1km^2 rule “Most city centers measure one square km/0.39 square mile, which enables pedestrians to reach all important city functions by walking one kilometer/0.6 mile or less” (Gehl, year)

FIG.12 THE 1km^2 RULE Oxford’s city center withing a square kilometer

Even though the boathouses as an individual site can be considered safe due to the close proximity of the space (figure 10), according to Gehl a city that is safe and meets the needs with walking distances fit in an area of 1km^2 (figure 11). However, applying this theory to Oxford city centre, it can be concluded that the boathouses, and part of Christ Church meadow are not included within FIG. 10 ASSEMBLE OR DISPERSE Spatial characteristics of inviting and inclusive spaces by Jan Gehl that express similar characteristics to the boathouses and its surroundings

the 1km^2 (figure 12). Through this aspect it is clear that the boathouses do not meet the safety/ health requirements that contribute to making Oxford an all-inclusive city.

13

SAFETY AT THE BOATHOUSES:

FIG. 13 OLD BOATHOUSE

FIG. 14 NEW BOATHOUSE

As part of the University owned buildings located amidst residential and public spaces (figure 15) the boathouse island can be considered a safe environment in terms of threats or disturbances to one’s journey (figure16). In addition, the boathouses themselves are starting to become safer. After the break-in and the use of arson followed by a drastic fire in 1999, the University College boathouse burnt down after serving the college 118 years as well as being a significant visual in the skyline of the River Isis for many generations of Oxford locals (Archello). In order to improve the safety, the University decided to include accommodation spaces within the boathouses which resulted in the boathouse being occupied at all times of the day and night hence, reducing the vulnerability (figure 16).

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BOATHOUSES ZOOMED IN: AREA ZONING OF BOATHOUSE ISLAND AND SURROUNDINGS

Water Commercial use Residential area Recreational uses

FIG. 15 RESIDENTIAL AND PUBLIC The inclusiveness of Oxford’s communities are seen the combination of residential and public spaces surrounding the site

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FIG. 16 PROTECTION Extract from the city at eye level: a 12 quality criteria , chapter by Jan Gehl

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FOCUSING ON HEALTH: WHAT CHANGES CAN BE MADE TO THE SITE TO INCREASE THE OVERALL HEALTH OF OXFORD? As mentioned previously in the sustainability section, biking is a notable activity in Oxford. Gehl states that “providing opportunities for exercise and self-expression is a logical and valuable answer…” (Gehl, 2010). Even though Oxford as a whole may provide such benefactory opportunities, the boathouse area only accommodates such mainly for students and participants of the rowing clubs. As Gehl mentions, Copenhagen, Melbourne (figure 17) and such large cities have accommodated the urban areas to suit more physical exercise for the users by expanding pedestrian walks, removing unnecessary side-walk interruptions, laying better surfaces, etc. The boathouses area, if reformed to fit such characteristics by allowing the public use the large open spaces of Christ Church meadow, or forming additional biking paths around the meadow, residents from the surrounding areas would have the possibil-

FIG. 17 BIKE LANES OF COPENHAGEN Photo by David Alpert

ity of using the area to its maximum advantage. This would be an addition to Oxford’s city in creating an all-inclusive city that accommodates for all communities within accessible distances and improve the overall health of the city.

17

CHANGES TO THE BOATHOUSES: TOWARDS A HEALTHIER/ ALL-INCLUSIVE OXFORD

FIG. 18 ACCESS Allowing access into the large open spaces of Christ Church meadow would attract a larger community and allow space for more interactive activities.

FIG. 19 ACCOMMODATING FOR NEEDS Providing more public inclusive activities near the boathouse areas would attract a larger audience hence result in a more inclusive Oxford instead of one that leads towards separation.

FIG. 20 BIKE ROUTES Creating bike routes throughout the paths of Christ Church meadow would allow for easier transport and exercise purposes increasing the health and sustainability contribution of the boathouse area to Oxford

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FINAL THOUGHTS: In exploring the boathouse island and the surrounding Christ church meadow through an all-encompassing analysis of the presence of the human dimensions, it can be concluded that the site, to a minimal extent portray such characteristics. Liveliness at the boathouses are considerable as the site does not provide for the various needs of Oxford’s population however, it can be argued that due to the environment and location of the boathouses, this aspect excels. Similarly the social and general sustainability of the site are mainly present through locational factors providing easy access to public transportation and a green environment. The health and safety aspect of the human dimensions are present in the boathouses and surroundings through the ability to provide the users with large open spaces for exercise and is constantly occupied and surrounded with both residential and public spaces making it a safe space.

Even though it can be argued that the boathouses only express the human dimensions minimally, the contribution of the site creates a somewhat larger impact to Oxford’s human dimensions. The proximity to the city centre even though exceeds the appropriate walking distance to meet the needs of the users, other benefits such as providing various activities such as punting and cultural/historical experiences increases the liveliness contributed to Oxford. Furthermore, attracting tourists through the use of the site by allowing public access to the university colleges and garden and providing all the communities with ease of access transport to London from St. Aldate’s and to several other locations within Oxford only a few steps away from the site encourages the use of public transport which adds to the sustainability dimension. Therefore, to conclude, it is visible that the boathouses and surroundings have the ability to build on to the human dimensions that Oxford is seeking to further its development. With a few minor changes and sole focus on the human dimensions that invites all and everyone as discussed by Gehl, the boathouses, to a large extent do contribute to making Oxford an all-inclusive and growing urban city.

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FIGURE REFERENCES: Cover image Facey, P., 2011. Oxford College Boathouses &Copy; Peter Facey. [online] Geograph.org.uk. Available at: <https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/2497411> [Accessed 23 November 2020].

Figure 1 Eade, J., n.d. Boathouse Island - WHERE THAMES SMOOTH WATERS GLIDE. [online] Thames.me.uk. Available at: <https://thames.me.uk/s01672.htm> [Accessed 23 November 2020].

Figure 8 Ox.ac.uk. n.d. Searchable Map | University Of Oxford. [online] Available at: <https://www.ox.ac.uk/visitors/map> [Accessed 23 November 2020].

Figure 9 Mann, R., n.d. Oxford Cycle Map. [online] Transportparadise.co.uk. Available at: <http://www.transportparadise.co.uk/cyclemap/> [Accessed 23 November 2020].

Figure 10 Gehl, J., 2010. Cities For People. Washington DC: Island Press, p.233.

Figure 11 Gehl, J., 2010. Cities For People. Washington DC: Island Press, p.121.

Figure 13 Eade, J., n.d. Boathouse Island - WHERE THAMES SMOOTH WATERS GLIDE. [online] Thames.me.uk. Available at: <https://thames.me.uk/s01672.htm> [Accessed 23 November 2020].

Figure 14 Belsize Architects. (n.d.). Belsize Architects | University College Boathouse. [online] Available at: http://www.belsizearchitects.com/portfolio/education/university-college-boathouse-oxford/ [Accessed 18 Nov. 2020].

Figure 16 Gehl, J., 2010. Cities For People. Washington DC: Island Press, p.239.

Figure 17 Alpert, D., 2016. Copenhagen Uses This One Trick To Make Room For Bikeways On Nearly Every Street. [online] Ggwash.org. Available at: <https://ggwash. org/view/43010/copenhagen-uses-this-one-trick-to-make-room-for-bikeways-on-nearly-every-street> [Accessed 23 November 2020].

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LITERARY REFERENCES: Alpert, D., 2016. Copenhagen Uses This One Trick To Make Room For Bikeways On Nearly Every Street. [online] Ggwash.org. Available at: <https://ggwash.org/view/43010/copenhagen-uses-this-one-trick-to-make-room-for-bikeways-on-nearly-every-street> [Accessed 23 November 2020].

Archello. (n.d.). University College Boathouse | Belsize Architects. [online] Available at: https://archello.com/project/university-college-boathouse [Accessed 16 Oct. 2020] Belsize Architects. (n.d.). Belsize Architects | University College Boathouse. [online] Available at: http://www.belsizearchitects.com/portfolio/education/ university-college-boathouse-oxford/ [Accessed 18 Nov. 2020].

Eade, J., n.d. Boathouse Island - WHERE THAMES SMOOTH WATERS GLIDE. [online] Thames.me.uk. Available at: <https://thames.me.uk/s01672.htm> [Accessed 23 November 2020].

Gehl, J., 2010. Cities For People. Washington DC: Island Press.

Lin, J. and Meele, C., 2005. The Urban Sociology Reader. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, pp.16-22. www.tukemanton.co.uk. (n.d.). Tuke Manton/Architects | Projects | University College Oxford Boat House & Graduate Accommodation. [online] Available at: http://www.tukemanton.co.uk/projects/ university-college-oxford.php [Accessed 12 Oct. 2020].

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APPENDIX: Relevant pages from group report

ZONING IN THE AREA

Bub ble diagram Socialize

Private houses

University Accommodation �

\

Coucil Houses

/

RESIDENTIAL

PARK AND RECREATION

Ball games

PARK AND RECREATION-

PATHS -

This area is mostly used for relaxing and socializing amongst Oxford University students and also the residents of Oxford City. The fields of the park propose an urban pasture for cattle.

They are present only around the perimeter of the park and are crucial to providing access to the boathouses as thats the only way of a pedestrian can access the area.

Are designated for playing collegiate sports.

Proximity and full access to site aid provide

SP ORTS GROUND-

encouragement to potential users. The boathouses are a host to the Rowing club which has over 150 crews.

While

RESIDENTIAL-

only

University

accommodation

is used

by students of University of Oxford

during houses

the are

academic used

throughout the year.

year, by

c i ty

the

private

residen t s

COMMUNITIES WITHIN THE AREA

AGE OF POPULATION

BORN OUTSIDE THE EU

EMPLOYMENT

Merton Field

niv)

(niv)

Merton Field

f

Pav {> Merton College (Univ)

Pav � Merton College (Univ)

Slu,ce , 1

Offi<es

Sports Ground

) ,i

Christ Church

Meadow

FB

Christ Church

Meadow

"

P,11,-,

!, _,,,/ ��0,\

J

Queen's College Sports Ground

'L.J

'\ ''"''

�

Park

-,, '

BrasenoseCollege

SportsGn?u�d.

0%

.:;;j

0%

16 The concentration of the y ouger community is centered around university grounds and

the age of the community decreases as you get

further.

people

Boathouses

throughout

all

are

years

used

of

As

by

34

boathouses

only

nneeds

a

limited amount of coaches on site so we

further

can see a reduction in employment.

education and shows more diversity in that

regard.

the

80%

The ma1n internatioal community is based

around the University, its grounds and amenities.

20%

EVOLUTION OF BOATHOUSE ISLAND 1800s - current

1800s

1882: Oxford University Boathouse was completed with the help of donations and University endorsements

1900s

1930s: The first college boathouse belonging to Christ Church was built with the help of funds raised through the several events that occurred throughout the years

1970s

1970s and onwards: Other boat clubs belonging to Oxford University built boathouses shared with 2-3 colleges as it was more efficient to have storage and practice spaces than renting out barges.

NOTICEABLE CHANGES FROM THE PAST During the 1800s, most of Oxford University’s colleges had purchased barges to store their boats and equipment hence at the time, now known as Boathouse Island did not exist. Boathouses were starting to be build in the late 1800s after Christ Church started charging the colleges rent for each gate that was occupied by the barges in 1867.

CHANGES FROM THE PAST - River Cherwell coming from the North was extended to join River Isis hence creating Boathouse Island.

CHANGES

BOATHOUSE ISLAND SITE MAP FROM 1880s

URBAN PLANNING TRANSPORT ROUTES

Oxford’s punting route used to get to boathouses/ famous tourist attraction in Oxford

Punting route Bus route Oxford’s several buses go through the city centre through St. Aldates, diverting at Speedwell street for routes to London

Bus stops

River/ waterways Grass fields/ meadows

Archello. (n.d.). University College Boathouse | Belsize Architects. [online] Available at: https://archello.com/project/university-college-boathouse [Accessed 16 Oct. 2020] Belsize Architects. (n.d.). Belsize Architects | University College Boathouse. [online] Available at: http://www.belsizearchitects.com/portfolio/education/university-college-boathouse-oxford/ [Accessed 18 Oct. 2020].

Cherwell Boathouse. (n.d.). About | Cherwell Boathouse Oxford. [online] Available at: https://cherwellboathouse.co.uk/about/ [Accessed 19 Oct. 2020].

Cherwell Boathouse. (n.d.). Useful Information | Cherwell Boathouse Oxford. [online] Available at: https://cherwellboathouse.co.uk/about/useful-information/ [Accessed 19 Oct. 2020]. christchurch-rowing. (n.d.). HISTORY. [online] Available at: https://www.christchurchrowingclub.co.uk/history [Accessed 15 Oct. 2020]. eodg.atm.ox.ac.uk. (n.d.). A History of Oxford College Rowing. [online] Available at: http://eodg.atm.ox.ac.uk/user/dudhia/rowing/history.html#barges [Accessed 19 Oct. 2020].

Lomholt, I. (2008). University College Oxford Boathouse. [online] e-architect. Available at: https://www.e-architect.co.uk/oxford/oxford-boathouse [Accessed 14 Oct. 2020]. thames.me.uk. (n.d.). University College Boathouse - WHERE THAMES SMOOTH WATERS GLIDE. [online] Available at: https://thames.me.uk/s01670.htm [Accessed 12 Oct. 2020]. www.chch.ox.ac.uk. (n.d.). Gardens and Meadows | Christ Church, Oxford University. [online] Available at: https://www.chch.ox.ac.uk/gardens-and-meadows [Accessed 19 Oct. 2020]. www.chch.ox.ac.uk. (n.d.). Meadow Restoration | Christ Church, Oxford University. [online] Available at: https://www.chch.ox.ac.uk/blog/meadow-restoration [Accessed 19 Oct. 2020]. www.chch.ox.ac.uk. (n.d.). The Boat Club | Christ Church, Oxford University. [online] Available at: https://www.chch.ox.ac.uk/current-students/boat-club [Accessed 19 Oct. 2020]. www.chch.ox.ac.uk. (n.d.). The Boathouse: Advent Doors 2018 | Christ Church, Oxford University. [online] Available at: https://www.chch.ox.ac.uk/blog/boathouse-advent-doors-2018 [Accessed 19 Oct. 2020]. www.checkmybus.co.uk. (n.d.). Bus and Coach Christchurch (UK) - Oxford | CheckMyBus. [online] Available at: https://www.checkmybus.co.uk/christchurch/oxford [Accessed 19 Oct. 2020]. www.sabre-roads.org.uk. (n.d.). A4144 - Roader’s Digest: The SABRE Wiki. [online] Available at: https://www.sabre-roads.org.uk/wiki/index.php?title=A4144 [Accessed 19 Oct. 2020]. www.tukemanton.co.uk. (n.d.). Tuke Manton/Architects | Projects | University College Oxford Boat House & Graduate Accommodation. [online] Available at: http://www.tukemanton.co.uk/projects/ university-college-oxford.php [Accessed 12 Oct. 2020].

2019. Lists Of National And Local Planning Application Validation Requirements. [ebook] pp.8,12. Available at: <https://www.gov.uk/housing-local-and-community/planning-and-building> [Accessed 15 October 2020].

FIGURES Figure 7: www.tukemanton.co.uk. (n.d.). Tuke Manton/Architects | Projects | University College Oxford Boat House & Graduate Accommodation. [online] Available at: http://www.tukemanton.co.uk/ projects/university-college-oxford.php [Accessed 12 Oct. 2020].

Figure 8: Belsize Architects. (n.d.). Belsize Architects | University College Boathouse. [online] Available at: http://www.belsizearchitects.com/portfolio/education/university-college-boathouse-oxford/ [Accessed 18 Oct. 2020].

Figure 9: thames.me.uk. (n.d.). University College Boathouse - WHERE THAMES SMOOTH WATERS GLIDE. [online] Available at: https://thames.me.uk/s01670.htm [Accessed 12 Oct. 2020].