The Origin by Chanel Dehond

THE ORIGIN A History of the Spa

PA R S O N S S C H O O L O F D E S I G N I N T E R I O R D E S I G N 2016

PUBLICATION

UNIVERSITY THE NEW SCHOOL

D E PA R T M E N T INTERIOR DESIGN

TERM SUMMER 2016

COLLEGE PA R S O N S S C H O O L OF DESIGN

COURSE ID STUDIO 3 C R N 11 0 1

FA C U L T Y CHANEL DEHOND

THE ORIGIN

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CONTENTS EGYPT x MARIANA RIVERA FINLAND x RICARDO RODRIGUES G R E E C E x A I S H W A R YA P A N D I T I C E L A N D x C AT H E R I N E B E AU D O I N INDIA x SABA KAPOOR ISRAEL x MICHELLE BERMAN I TA LY x C R I S T I N A O T E I Z A J A PA N x H I N A K O N A K A G A W A MEXICO x MARA ACEVES MOROCCO x MAHA ALI N O R T H A F R I C A x S TA C E Y B E L L O TURKEY x MEREDITH FULBRIGHT U S A x L I L A DAV I S

THE ORIGIN

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9 EGYPT by Mariana Rivera

EGYPT by Mariana Rivera

THE ORIGIN

Ancient Egyptian Bath Ritama Haaga

3 D m o d e l o f a n E g y p t i a n Te m p l e w i t h a n E g y p t i a n p o o l Copyright: Cactus42

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11 EGYPT by Mariana Rivera

CONTENTS Description Origin of Practice A r c h i t e c t u r a l Ve r n a c u l a r M a t e r i a l , L i g h t & Te x t u r e Programmatic Elements S p a Tr e a t m e n t s Modern Interpretations Five Vignettes Works Cited

THE ORIGIN

DESCRIPTION

History of Bathing Wa t e r b e i n g p o u r e d o v e r C l e o p a t r a

1500 B.C. Ancient Egyptians gave high importance to the rituals of washing, bathing, and applying cosmetics, as it was believed that the cleaner and well-oiled the person was, the closer they were to the gods. - Egyptians believed that in order to r e a c h a h i g h e r s p i r i t u a l i t y, t h e y h a d t o be clean and beautiful.

- Used baths as places of socialization, health, and worship. - Baths as the meeting place for traders and travelers who passed through the city to bathe, rest, recuperate and exchange news.

- Hygiene, makeup, and clothing was also considered essential when burying the dead, as it would assist them during their gateway to the afterlife. - Unpleasant smells were associated with i m p u r i t y, and good smells indicated the presence of the sacred. History of Cosmetics

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13 EGYPT by Mariana Rivera

ORIGIN OF PRACTICE

History of

Massage Therapy

History of Aromatherapy

Sacred Egyptian Healing

- The ancient Egyptian baths were widely known and were also in the capacity of medical institutions, because various diseases at the time were treated with t h e h e l p o f w a t e r. - Due to the climate, Egyptians were obsessed with cleanliness, often b a t h i n g u p t o 4 t i m e s a d a y. - The Egyptians used baths and the qualities of hot water for therapeutic purposes. - Flower essence and would promote healing.

aromatic

oils

- They were the first to use incense burners filled with oils to purify the air and provide protection from evil spirits. - Wa r m a n d c o l d b a t h s w e r e u s e d b y t h e Egyptians. - A healthy soul could not develop in a body that was not clean. - Ancient Egyptians took care of their bodies; they worried about weight gain, getting wrinkles and losing their hair j u s t a s w e d o n o w.

THE ORIGIN

ORIGIN OF PRACTICE OILS AND ESSENCES - It was a common practice for men and women to oil their bodies daily as a form of moisturization and protection from the hot arid conditions. - Practical and medicinal value to the Egyptians: antiseptic, anti-fungal and anti-inflammatory properties - T h r o u g h o u t t h e d a y, t h e a n c i e n t Egyptians rubbed perfumed oil on themselves, which was usually made from scented flowers combined with fat or oil. - All of these ingredients were placed into a pot. - The oil was complete once all of the scent had been absorbed. - Protect their skin from the damaging e f f e c t s o f t h e d r y w e a t h e r, k e e p t h e m from smelling bad, and treat skin problems like stretch marks, wrinkles and probably even cellulite. BENEFITS: - Skin care - Body massage - Rebalance energies - Improve human nervous conditions - Tr e a t h e a d a c h e s - Promote relaxation - Enhance circulation - Anti-inflammatory - R e l i e v e a n x i e t y, p a i n - Regenerate damaged tissue - Kill viruses and bacteria - Preparing the bodies of the deceased for burial

Egyptians believed the essence of the flower contained magical healing powers given by the Gods so mortals became more perfect by absorbing the scent.

L O T U S : s y m b o l o f r e s u r r e c t i o n , p u r i t y, s e r e n i ty and peace.

JASMINE

ROSE

L AV E N D E R

ALMOND OIL

CINNAMON OIL

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CASTOR OIL

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M U M M I F I C AT I O N - Natron: a white crystalline mineral salt that when blended with oil made soap was used in the mummification process t o s o a k u p w a t e r f r o m t h e b o d y. - After seventy days in natron, the dried out body was washed and rubbed with oil and floral essences to preserve the b o d y. T h e i n s i d e w a s p a c k e d w i t h c l o t h before being wrapped in linen. - The face was painted to make it look like they were still alive.

Lotus flowers and oil jars for mummification.

- The chief embalmer would bless the diseased and priests said prayers to help the dead person on his way into the next world. - F i n a l l y, t h e b o d y w a s w r a p p e d i n l i n e n bandages which were soaked in resin and magical amulets were placed within t h e b a n d a g e s a s s y m b o l s o f p o w e r, protection, and rebirth. - Oils were also buried with the body so the spirits in the afterlife could enjoy their perfumes and medicines. - Some of the mummies preserved today are over 3,000-years-old

Ancient Egyptian process of embalming.

THE ORIGIN

ORIGIN OF PRACTICE HOT TUB - As early as 600 B.C., Phraortes (King of Media [ancient Persia]) built one of the first known hot tubs. - It simply consisted of a waterfilled caldera (a depression resulting from the explosion of the center of a volcano) that was then heated by placing red-hot s t o n e s i n t h e w a t e r. - Materials: stone and granite

First hot tubs. Stone

Cleopatra and the hot tub

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C L E O PAT R A A N D T H E D E A D S E A - The Egyptian Queen Cleopatra traveled to the Dead Sea due to its high concentration of salts and minerals. - Cleopatra is known for her love of bathing t o p r e s e r v e h e r l e g e n d a r y b e a u t y. - The composition of the salts is concentrated in calcium, iodine, magnesium, sodium, potassium. - Salt acted as an exfoliating agent.

Cleopatra’s beauty highlighted in modern m o v i e s . E l i z a b e t h Ta y l o r a s C l e o p a t r a i n 1 9 6 3

- All Cleopatra did was rub it along her skin (paying attention to any roughness of her feet, elbows, or knees) and then wash it away after the concentration of the salts penetrated her skin. - The black mud also has a famed reputation thanks to Cleopatra. It helped her retain her youthful appearance. - When warm, the mud can help to stimulate b l o o d f l o w. T h i s c a n h e l p t o s t i m u l a t e t h e production of collagen so the skin stays firm and young-looking.

Cleopatra’s beauty

- Flora and fauna were also important in Cleopatra’ s beauty regimen. Cold-pressed oils from the finest botanicals were used t o t r e a t C l e o p a t r a ’ s s k i n a n d h e r h a i r. - The Alpine Rose in particular is a popular plant that can give a elastic feel to the skin.

Dead Sea salt and mud

Alpine Rose

THE ORIGIN

ARCHITECTURAL VERNACUL AR ANCIENT TIMES

- Sacred pools were built in temples for both personal and religious reasons. - E g y p t i a n s t y l e c o l u m n s , f i r e , w a t e r, a n d v a p o r w e r e e s s e n t i a l e l e m e n t s .

3 D m o d e l o f a n E g y p t i a n Te m p l e w i t h a n E g y p t i a n p o o l Copyright: Cactus42

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19 EGYPT by Mariana Rivera 3 D m o d e l o f a n E g y p t i a n Te m p l e w i t h a n E g y p t i a n p o o l Copyright: Cactus42

THE ORIGIN

ARCHITECTURAL VERNACUL AR MODERN - OUTDOOR POOLS

Fairmont Sonoma Mission Inn & Spa Sonoma, California, United States

T h e P h a r a o h â&#x20AC;&#x2122; s P a l a c e - Ta m p a , F l o r i d a Ryan Hughes Design

- Egyptian obelisks with water jets, fire bowls, and fog system. PA R S O N S S C H O O L O F D E S I G N I N T E R I O R D E S I G N 2016

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MODERN - INDOOR POOLS

Sofitel Legend Old Cataract Aswan Pool Aswan, Egypt

Ly t l e M a n s i o n S p a M e r c e r I s l a n d , Wa s h i n g t o n , U n i t e d S t a t e s

THE ORIGIN

ARCHITECTURAL VERNACUL AR ARCHES - IN THE EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR

Les Thermes Marins des Cascades S o m a B a y, H u r g h a d a , E g y p t

Four Seasons Sharm El Sheikh El-Salam, Egypt

- The arc is an architectural element used in the exterior and interior of Egyptian spas as a representation of the Arab arquitecture. PA R S O N S S C H O O L O F D E S I G N I N T E R I O R D E S I G N 2016

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EGYPTIAN SPHINX AS A FOCAL POINT

T h e P h a r a o h ’ s P a l a c e - Ta m p a , F l o r i d a Ryan Hughes Design

King Spa D a l l a s , Te x a s

- The Egyptian sphinx, generally of large scale, is mainly located at the entrance or somewhere where it becomes a focal point to attract the visitor ’s attention. WONDERFUL EXTERIOR VIEW

Les Thermes Marins des Cascades S o m a B a y, H u r g h a d a , E g y p t

- Another aspect of Egyptian spas is that most of them have a wonderful exter i o r v i e w, e i t h e r o f t h e s e a o r l a n d s c a p e s , w h i c h c o n t r i b u t e s t o t h e r e l a x a t i o n of the users. Especially in Cairo, where the Pyramids can be appreciated. THE ORIGIN

MATERIAL, LIGHT, AND TEXTURE FIRE BOWLS

E G Y P T I A N T H E M E D S TAT U E S A N D C O L U M N S

T h e P h a r a o h â&#x20AC;&#x2122; s P a l a c e - Ta m p a , F l o r i d a Ryan Hughes Design

- Stone columns, either hand carved, painted or with mosaic patterns.

E G Y P T I A N T H E M E S I N WA L L PA P E R S

La Rose Spa Cairo, Egypt

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Zena Day Spa Los Angeles, California

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N AT U R A L S U R R O U N D I N G E N V I R O N M E N T T E X T U R E S A N D C O L O R S

Mandara Spa - JW Marriott Cairo, Egypt

Les Thermes Marins des Cascades S o m a B a y, H u r g h a d a , E g y p t

Four Seasons Sharm El Sheikh El-Salam, Egypt

- Egyptian spas are characterized by the use of sandy colors and rough textures which represent the desert, and contrasted with cooler hues (blues, purples) to represent the desert at night. - Materials include wood, stone

INDIRECT LIGHTING AND CANDLES

La Rose Spa Cairo, Egypt

Aire Ancient Baths N e w Yo r k , N e w Yo r k

THE ORIGIN

PROGRAMMATIC ELEMENTS 1. RECEPTION

2. DRESSING ROOMS - LOCKERS

- Seats for bathers to rest or wait for their turn.

- Dressing rooms with lockers. - Visitors receive a clean robe and slippers as well as disposable underwear to change into before treatment.

Sofitel Legend Old Cataract Aswan Aswan, Egypt

3 . T R E AT M E N T R O O M S

Sofitel Legend Old Cataract Aswan Aswan, Egypt

Willow Stream Spa, Fairmont Nile City Cairo, Egypt

- Normally there is a separate male and f e m a l e w i n g . H o w e v e r, t h e r e a r e p r i v a t e rooms for couple’s treatments. - The treatment rooms consist of treatment tables and a hot tub, making reference to ancient times. - The treatment rooms have a tranquil ambiance, with soft ambient music playing in the background. T h e P h a r a o h ’ s P a l a c e - Ta m p a , F l o r i d a Ryan Hughes Design

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27 EGYPT by Mariana Rivera

4. HOT STEAM ROOMS

5 . C O L D WAT E R P L U N G E P O O L A F T E R T R E AT M E N T S

6 . M E D I TAT I O N R O O M - R E L A X I N G L O U N G E

Hurghada Marriott Beach Resort Hurghada, Egypt

Aire Ancient Baths N e w Yo r k , N e w Yo r k

Sofitel Legend Old Cataract Aswan Aswan, Egypt

- T h e l i g h t i s d i m m e r. - Relaxing chairs for bathers to rest, eat or drink some coffee, tea or lemon-strawberry water after their treatments. 7. SHOP - Clients can purchase the products used in the spa as well as slippers, robes and gift sets. THE ORIGIN

SPA TREATMENTS EGYPTIAN BODY MASSAGE - This massage technique uses palms and elbows to produce deep pressure that release s m u s c l e t e n s i o n , s t i m u l a t e s b l o o d c i r c u l a t i o n , r e l a x e s t h e b o d y, a n d e n h a n c e s e n e r g y levels. - Further therapeutic benefits are achieved with the application of traditional remedy oils.

Mandara Spa - JW Marriott Cairo, Egypt

The History of Massage Therapy Agyptisches Museum

AROMA HOT STONE THERAPY - A deep-heat massage, performed with warmed volcanic stones and rich aromatherapy oils, to relieve muscle tension and eliminate stress. - Stones are placed on key energy points, while the deep penetrating heat from the stones is used to massage the body to release muscular tension and balance the spirit. - Wa r m e d o i l s a r e m a s s a g e d d e e p l y i n t o t h e b o d y f o r m a x i m u m r e l a x a t i o n . - This treatment stimulates every sense and provides a unique aromatic journey for the soul.

Mandara Spa - JW Marriott Cairo, Egypt

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- Pressure is applied to various zones on the feet using the thumbs, fingers and palms to induce relief from pain, illness and stress. - Combined with a nourishing cream, it particularly relieves headaches, benefits poor circulation and a slow digestive system. - Records of hand and foot massages have been found on ancient Egyptian temple w a l l s , w i t h t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f e s s e n t i a l o i l s s o m e t i m e s t a k i n g t h e p l a c e o f s u r g e r y.

T H E C L E O PAT R A M I L K B AT H - Inspired by Cleopatra herself, this relaxing bath combines milk and the soothing properties of honey to ensure the skin will feel pure and smooth as silk. - F i r s t , t h e u s e r i s i m m e r s e d i n a r i c h b a t h o f m i l k , h o n e y, D e a d S e a s a l t s , e s s e n t i a l rose and lavender oils, and rose petals to relax and relieve muscle tension. - The experience continues with a locally developed aromatherapy-oil massage, designed to deepen relaxation, and finishes with a refreshing face treatment.

Mandara Spa - JW Marriott Cairo, Egypt

Model: Dia Dence as Cleopatra Photography by Damon Pix

THE ORIGIN

29 EGYPT by Mariana Rivera

EGYPTIAN FOOT MASSAGE

SPA TREATMENTS THE NILE JOURNEY - The journey begins with a Pharaonic Ritual including an aromatic herbal steam, scrub and body wrap using Egyptian clay followed by a deeply relaxing massage.

Miami Day Spa Miami, Florida

E G Y P T I A N G O L D FA C I A L - Cleopatra was said to have worn a gold mask every night to keep her youthful looks a m o n g h e r v a r i e d t r e a t m e n t s s h e u s e d t o m a i n t a i n h e r b e a u t y. - The first steps are to cleanse, tone, and exfoliate the face. - Then a serum is applied in order to stick the 24-carat gold sheets. - The mask takes about 15 minutes to dry before it is peeled off. - Benefits of gold for the skin are: Improves circulation, increases radiance, reduces the appearance of fine lines, wrinkles, sun damage and age spots, prevents premature aging of the skin, increases elasticity of the skin, fights acne and aids in the treatment of scaring by speeding up the healing process, smooths out wrinkles and firms the skin, soothes inflammation, and treats skin discoloration.

The â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Egyptian Goldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; facial at Raffles Dubai Hotel Photo: Nigel Brand

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DermaSphere

- Egyptians discovered that a combination of heat and water can revitalize the body and mind. - A steam-bath ritual. - In the warming room, the user is enveloped in relaxing steam to open the pores. - Then, the skin is cleansed with a kese (exfoliating glove), improving circulation and removing dead cells. - A massage with an eucalyptus soap is followed by a warm rinse from overhead rain showers.

Hammam Luna McLean, Virginia

Hammam Spa To r o n t o , C a n a d a

RASUL - A traditional Egyptian treatment that includes Dead Sea mud and steam. - F i r s t p h a s e : t h e v i s i t o r r e l a x e s b y c l e a r i n g s h o w e r, w a s h i n g a w a y a l l t h e e x c e s s f r o m the body - Second phase: the mud is applied to the body and face, while steam and essence of lavender flow around to open the pores and allow the mud to penetrate further into the skin. - The ritual finishes with a soft, warm rain shower that removes the mud leaving the skin incredibly soft and smooth. - The skin is intensively cleansed of toxins. - Mud helps to stimulate the blood flow and revive the tissue.

Eve Spa P a i s l e y, U n i t e d K i n g d o m

Rasul Room - SplendidSpa Montenegro

THE ORIGIN

31 EGYPT by Mariana Rivera

H A M M A M H E AV E N

MODERN INTERPRETATIONS F O U R S E A S O N S R E S O R T S H A R M E L S H E I K H S PA EL-SALAM, EGYPT

Entrance

Tr e a t m e n t r o o m

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33 EGYPT by Mariana Rivera Exterior pool

- In this spa, the following aspects of the common Egyptian spa can be seen: - Arches in the interior and e x t e r i o r. - Pool and hot tubs - Indirect lighting - Natural colors that reflect the desert and natural environment

Relaxing lounge

Tr e a t m e n t r o o m

THE ORIGIN

MODERN INTERPRETATIONS LES THERMES MARINS DES CASCADES S O M A B A Y, H U R G H A D A , E G Y P T

Hydrotherapy pool

- This spa reflects the following aspects of the common Egyptian spa: - Arches in the interior and exterior - Pool - Steam room - Relaxing lounge - Natural colors that contrast with cooler tones

Outdoor pool

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35 EGYPT by Mariana Rivera Relaxing lounge / healthy bar

Relaxing lounge

Steam room

Entrance

THE ORIGIN

FIVE VIGNETTES

H I S TO RY O F T H E H O T T U B

The hot tub, which was first built by the request of Phraortes, the King of Media. Made out of stone, the water was heated by placing hot stones inside. Most modern Egyptian spas have a hot tub in the treatment rooms.

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37 EGYPT by Mariana Rivera

THE POOL/TEMPLE

In ancient times, pools where built in temples, and it was the main element for the bathing ritual. The columns are a characteristic aspect of Egyptian temples, and they are still used today in modern Egyptian spa pools. Other elements such as fire and vapor are also important in these spas.

THE ORIGIN

FIVE VIGNETTES

M AT E R I A L S , T E X T U R E S , A N D C O L O R S

Egyptian spas incorporate the use of natural surrounding materials, textures, and colors which represents the natural environment (desert). These earth colors are contrasted with cooler hues such as blues. The Arab arches are an architectural element Egyptian spas share.

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39 EGYPT by Mariana Rivera

T H E H I S T O R Y O F M A S S A G E A N D T H E I M P O R TA N C E O F A R O M AT I C O I L S

I n a n c i e n t t i m e s , f o o t m a s s a g e w a s v e r y p o p u l a r, a n d t o d a y c o n t i n u e s t o b e a t r e a t m e n t in Egyptian spas. Aromatic oils and flower essences were used for healing, and provided protection from evil spirits. Lavender oil was the most common and the lotus flower as symbol of the sun and rebirth.

THE ORIGIN

FIVE VIGNETTES

C L E O PAT R A A N D T H E D E A D S E A

C l e o p a t r a i s k n o w n f o r b a t h i n g i n t h e D e a d S e a t o p r e s e r v e h e r b e a u t y. S h e w o u l d rub salt on her face which acted as an exfoliating agent and mud to maintain her skin firm and looking young. Flowers that grew around the area were also important i n C l e o p a t r a â&#x20AC;&#x2122; s b e a u t y. T h e o i l s f r o m t h e s e f l o w e r s w e r e u s e d o n h e r s k i n a n d h a i r.

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- “ A i r e A n c i e n t B a t h s N e w Yo r k ” . A i r e . A c c e s s e d M a y 3 0 , 2 0 1 6 . < h t t p : / / w w w. a n c i e n t b a t h s n y. c o m / g a l l e r y / > . - “ A f r i c a C a i r o - J W M a r r i o t t H o t e l . ” M a n d a r a S p a – R e s o r t S p a Tr e a t m e n t a n d M a n a g e m e n t . A c c e s s e d M a y 3 0 , 2 0 1 6 . < h t t p : / / w w w. m a n d a r a s p a . c o m / s p a / C a i r o - J W - M a r riott-Hotel.aspx>. - C a c t u s 4 2 . “ E g y p t i a n B a t h Tu b ” . Y U R d i g i t a l . S e p t e m b e r 2 1 , 2 0 1 5 . A c c e s s e d M a y 3 0 , 2 0 1 6 . < h t t p : / / w w w. y u r d i g i t a l . c o m / c a t a l o g / 1 9 6 7 - e g y p t i a n - b a t h - t u b > . - Draycott, Jane. Approaches to Healing in Roman Egypt. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports Limited, 2012. - Egyptian Gold Facial at Raffles Dubai.” Spa & Sport. July 25, 2014. Accessed May 3 0 , 2 0 1 6 . < h t t p : / / w w w. l u x u r y t r a v e l m a g a z i n e . c o m / n e w s - a r t i c l e s / e g y p t i a n - g o l d - f a c i a l at-raffles-dubai-22040-2.php>. - H a a g a , R i t a m a . ” H i s t o r y o f B a t h Tu b s & B a t h i n g – P a r t I I I . ” T h e B a t h t u b D i v a B a t h R e c i p e s P r o d u c t R e v i e w s . 2 0 1 2 . A c c e s s e d M a y 3 0 , 2 0 1 6 . < h t t p : / / w w w. t h e b a t h t u b d i va.com/history-of-bath-tubs-bathing-part-3/>. - Hughes, Ryan. “Egyptian Echoes.” AQUA Magazine. February 2014. Accessed May 30, 2016. <http://aquamagazine.com/builder/egyptian-echoes.html>. - “Les Thermes Marins Des Cascades.” World Spa Resorts. Accessed May 30, 2016. < h t t p : / / w w w. w o r l d - s p a - r e s o r t s . c o m / h o t e l / L e s T h e r m e s M a r i n s d e s C a s c a d e s > . - M a n n i c h e , L i s e . S a c r e d L u x u r i e s : F r a g r a n c e , A r o m a t h e r a p y, a n d C o s m e t i c s i n A n c i e n t E g y p t . N e w Yo r k : C o r n e l l U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1 9 9 9 . - Millmore, Mark. “Egyptian Mummification.” Discovering Ancient Egypt. 1997. Accessed May 30, 2016. <http://discoveringegypt.com/egyptian-mummification/>. - News, ABC. “Beauty Secrets From the Dead Sea.” ABC News. 2005. Accessed May 30, 2016. <http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/BeautySecrets/story?id=1333102>. - “Sharm El Sheikh Egypt.” Sharm El Sheikh Resort. 2016. Accessed May 30, 2016. < h t t p : / / w w w. f o u r s e a s o n s . c o m / s h a r m e l s h e i k h / > . - S h e r i e f , A b d e l - R a h m a n . “ T h e A n c i e n t Tr a d i t i o n o f C a i r o ’s B a t h H o u s e s . ” D a i l y N e w s E g y p t . O c t o b e r 11 , 2 0 1 2 . A c c e s s e d M a y 3 0 , 2 0 1 6 . < h t t p : / / w w w. d a i l y n e w s e g y p t . c o m / 2 0 1 2 / 1 0 / 11 / t h e - a n c i e n t - t r a d i t i o n - o f - c a i r o s - b a t h - h o u s e s / > . - “ S o f i t e l L e g e n d O l d C a t a r a c t A s w a n S p a . ” L u x u r y H o t e l A S WA N . A c c e s s e d M a y 3 0 , 2 0 1 6 . < h t t p : / / w w w. s o f i t e l . c o m / g b / h o t e l - 1 6 6 6 - s o f i t e l - l e g e n d - o l d - c a t a r a c t - a s w a n / index.shtml>. - “ W i l l o w S t r e a m S p a a t F a i r m o n t N i l e C i t y. ” C a i r o S p a : L u x u r y S p a H o t e l i n C a i r o , E g y p t - F a i r m o n t N i l e C i t y. A c c e s s e d M a y 3 0 , 2 0 1 6 . < h t t p : / / w w w. f a i r m o n t . c o m / n i l e city-cairo/willow-stream/>. THE ORIGIN

41 EGYPT by Mariana Rivera

WORKS CITED

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43 FINLAND by Ricardo Rodrigues

FINL AND by Ricardo Rodrigues

THE ORIGIN

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THE ORIGIN 45 FINLAND by Ricardo Rodrigues

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47 FINLAND by Ricardo Rodrigues

CONTENTS Description Origin of Practice Materials Programmatic Elements A r c h i t e c t u r a l Ve r n a c u l a r S p a Tr e a t m e n t s Modern Interpretations Five Vignettes Works Cited

Thermae Retreat 2016 Fort Lauderdale, FL

THE ORIGIN

DESCRIPTION A sauna is an enclosed space typically m a d e o f c e d a r. C e d a r â&#x20AC;&#x2122; s a b i l i t y t o withstand and not conduct heat makes it an ideal material for sauna building. Cedar remains a primary building material for saunas because artificial materials may be hazardous due to off gassing of chemicals that occurs when exposed to high temperatures. Cedar is a coniferous tree meaning one of its characteristics is that it grows quickly making it an ideal renewable building material for the Finnish people. Cedar also has aromatic properties that make it an enjoyable wood to be encased in at high temperatures. Some woods tend to taste bitter when burned or heated. Birch leaves are also added to the sauna to add an additional aromatic experience. H o w e v e r, i t i s n o t r e c o m m e n d e d t o b r i n g birch leaves into a sauna if one is prone to allergy or asthmatic. Finnish people lighting beat their muscles with branches of birch leaves as a form of massaging themselves and releasing tension in knotted areas.

Joanna Laajisto Arch. Dezeen Finland May 2016

Laying, over sitting is recommended in t h e s a u n a . Te m p e r a t u r e s r i s e 1 0 d e g r e e s Celsius or 18 degrees Fahrenheit for every 300mm or 1 ft. Laying ensures that the entire body receives relatively equal heat (Konya, Allen 1987). Te m p e r a t u r e s o f s a u n a â&#x20AC;&#x2122; s r a n g e f r o m 4 5 d e g r e e s C e l s i u s ( 11 3 F a h r e n h e i t ) t o 1 0 0 Celsius (212 Fahrenheit). It is important to keep moisture content in mind as this becomes a major factor in the success of a bath in the sauna. The drier the air the more a person can bare. It is much easier to withstand temperatures of 212 degrees Fahrenheit in a dry environment than 120 degrees Fahrenheit in a sauna w i t h w a t e r s a t u r a t e d a i r. T h e h u m i d i t y makes breathing difficult (Konya, Allen 1987).

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Herrankukkaro Finland 2016.

49 FINLAND by Ricardo Rodrigues

ORIGIN

Sami People, Unknown

The Sauna or steam bathhouse, is â&#x20AC;&#x153;an invariable appendage of the Finnish f a r m ( M a t h e r, C o t t o n 1 9 6 3 ) . â&#x20AC;? At its most primitive, the sauna was a pit dug into a slope, with a heap of heated s t o n e s i n o n e c o r n e r.

Slash-and-burn agriculture or burnheating was very labor intensive; up to the nineteenth century households were made up of many extended family groups. Sir-names were long to indicate which m a j o r c l a n o n e b e l o n g e d t o ( M e i n a n d e r, Henrik 2007)

The dugout developed into a fourcornered log hut with an earth floor and a chimney-less stove; this served as a primitive dwelling and bath. To d a y t h e F i n n i s h w o r d s a u n a m a y r e f e r to a building or just a room with wooden walls. THE ORIGIN

MATERIALS Not all materials are made equal. That is the case in their thermal capacities. There are cases where bricks have been used to create the envelope of a sauna. This requires the stove capacity to be increased due to the loss of heat. Therefore, bricks are not an ideal building material because they require more energy for equal output. Ty p e s o f s t o v e s i n c l u d e w o o d , o i l , g a s , and electric. To d a y b e c a u s e o f a d v a n c e m e n t s i n technology both in the resistance of glass as well as the way it is sealed, glass has become a component of the contemporary sauna. Joints are tremendously important in the mill-work of a sauna. Especially in a place like Finland where the winters and summers vary drastically in temperature. To a v o i d i s s u e s , s h i n g l e b o a r d s a r e overlapped with gaps that allow the wood to expand and contract as nature intended it to. Other joinery like tongue and groove are implemented to enforce the structural integrity and reduce the risk of warping. Each board serves as a l o c k t o i t s n e i g h b o r.

Konya, Allan. Finnish Sauna. London, England: Architectural Press, 1987.

Rocks are also a major component to the Finnish sauna. Without rocks, wood would be the only providing source of heat which could be costly and labor intensive. The same way bricks are more difficult to heat because they transmit the cold from the outside, rocks also transmit heat and radiate that energy over a period of time. This serves to heat more effectively without exclusively relying on wood (Konya, Allen 1987). Konya, Allan. Finnish Sauna. London, England: Architectural Press, 1987.

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51 FINLAND by Ricardo Rodrigues Konya, Allan. Finnish Sauna. London, England: Architectural Press, 1987.

Konya, Allan. Finnish Sauna. London, England: Architectural Press, 1987.

THE ORIGIN

PROGRAMMATIC ELEMENTS The programmatic elements of the Finnish sauna today include a the sauna itself, a lounge, a changing area, showers, dip pools, massage rooms, resting cubicles and the entrance. In a modest residential setting, the sauna is an extension of the bathroom. Over time the sauna has evolved to encompass such things as tanning beds and gym equipment to fulfill other needs of sauna goers.

Changing rooms are semi-private areas in the sense that in some saunas only a particular family may use it at a time or in other cases they are segregated by sex. Lounge areas and reception areas are communal areas. The lounge space is where families typically gather for lunch and relaxation.

Although spaces where people experience saunas have evolved into Some programmatic elements may vary more elaborate and luxurious spaces, from what someone outside of Finland there are levels to the programmatic may expect. The washroom for example, elements based on budget and other is not simply a shower stall. In many constraints. The most stripped down finish saunas an attendant does the programmatic elements are an enclosed washing of the patron much like a space with a heater and a shower in masseuse provides the massage. As order to experience the stress and relief a designer this would be an important of the two polars. Everything that is question to ask in order to fulfill the added to the program only enhances programmatic needs of a particular sauna comfort and the ability to enjoy the and allowing for adequate space. a c t i v i t y a n d t r e a t m e n t s w i t h c o m p a n y. Another consideration when looking into the programmatic elements of the Finnish sauna is that some spaces are meant to be private, others semi-private and lastly the communal areas. Private areas usually include a massage room where one is attended at a time and the only inhabitants of the space is the masseuse and the person receiving the massage. Dip pools are not necessarily private but kept small because everyone comes out of the sauna at different times based on their desires and ability to manage heat.

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53 FINLAND by Ricardo Rodrigues Konya, Allan. Finnish Sauna. London, England: Architectural Press, 1987.

Konya, Allan. Finnish Sauna. London, England: Architectural Press, 1987.

Harvia Sauna Components Finland 2016 .

THE ORIGIN

SPA TREATMENTS The sauna is still the most important element of a day in the Finnish Spa. Other treatments include, a bath by hand that is provided by a wash-person, a massage, a tanning and exercise equipment. Finnish people feel that the sauna encompasses all senses from feeling, to touch & smell. Hearing is meant to be muted and important that patrons behave without making any noise. This is to deprive the sense of hearing and focus on the others. The sauna experience is one of putting the body not only in a situation where one is cleansing him or herself and releasing

toxins but one of enjoyable stress. The stress is educed by the experience of extremities. A proper sauna experience is one in which the body is heated a n d t h e n p l u n g e d i n t o c o l d w a t e r. T h a t process is repeated as desired. This begs the question of stress and its roll in peoples lives. Are some stressors ideal in moderation?

Konya, Allan. Finnish Sauna. London, England: Architectural Press, 1987.

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55 FINLAND by Ricardo Rodrigues Konya, Allan. Finnish Sauna. London, England: Architectural Press, 1987.

Konya, Allan. Finnish Sauna. London, England: Architectural Press, 1987.

THE ORIGIN

ARCHITECTURAL VERNACUL AR The following photos express the vernacular of the Finnish sauna through its lineage. C o i n c i d e n t a l l y, t h e i n v e n t i o n o f t h e Finnish sauna can be categorized as Ve r n a c u l a r A r c h i t e c t u r e . Ve r n a c u l a r Architecture is a subset of architecture that requires no architect at all. It comes about through the necessities of the people, the materials they have at hand and the tools or methods they conceive. Although the sauna is seen much different today and correlated more s o a s a l u x u r i o u s s p a a c t i v i t y, i t w a s invented as a means of survival and a way to conduct activities ranging from child birth, bathing, smoking meats, drying vegetables, blood letting and preparing the body for death. Through advancements in Finlandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s socioeconomic situation and modern practiced in medicine, the modern sauna focuses on the healing and treatment component a l m o s t e x c l u s i v e l y.

Konya, Allan. Finnish Sauna. London, England: Architectural Press, 1987.

The vernacular has also changed due t o a d v a n c e m e n t s i n s a f e t y. T h e f i r s t prototypes of saunas were kept separate from the home. This was a way to protect assets from the potential of a fire. In some cases, storage space for wood has also been removed from the vernacular of the Finish sauna because o f t h i n g s s u c h a s e l e c t r i c i t y, c o a l a n d delivery services of wood that are common in Finland.

Konya, Allan. Finnish Sauna. London, England: Architectural Press, 1987.

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Expo 2010 Sauna Kyly Shanghai, China 2010

To e p f e r h a u s H o t e l S a u n a S c h l e s w i g - H o l s t e i n , Finland 2016.

57 FINLAND by Ricardo Rodrigues

MODERN INTERPRETATIONS

Marsh and Clark Design houzz.com 2016

Meneghello Paolelli Associati

Current Prefab Finland 2016

THE ORIGIN

Kempinski Grand Hotel Des Bains, Switzerland

Modulorbeat One Man Sauna Arch Daily 2014 Bochum, Germany

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Gondola Lifts Finland

2016.

g o C s t u d i o 2 0 1 5 S e a t t l e , WA

G o C s t u d i o 2 0 1 5 S e a t t l e , WA Expo 2010 Sauna Kyly Shanghai 2010 China Kempinski Grand Hotel Des Bains, Switzerland Konya, Allan. Finnish Sauna. London, England: Architectural Press, 1987. Marsh and Clark Design houzz.com 2016 USA Meinander Henrik A History of Finland Columbia Press 2007 USA. Meneghello Paolelli Associati

Current Prefab 2016 Finland

Modulorbeat One Man Sauna Arch Daily

2014 Bochum, Germany

To e p f e r h a u s H o t e l S a u n a S c h l e s w i g - H o l s t e i n , 2 0 1 6 F i n l a n d .

THE ORIGIN

59 FINLAND by Ricardo Rodrigues

WORKS CITED

䤀ᤠ䴀䄀䌀䔀伀

䈀䄀一䬀䔀刀一唀刀匀䔀

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匀䄀䰀䔀匀䴀䄀一

61 FINLAND by Ricardo Rodrigues

䠀䄀䰀䘀一䄀䬀䔀䐀伀一䔀匀圀䔀ᤠ刀䔀䨀唀匀吀䠀唀䴀䄀一匀

圀䔀ᤠ䐀䈀䔀䘀唀䰀䰀夀一䄀䬀䔀䐀䈀唀吀夀伀唀䬀䔀䔀倀䌀伀䴀䤀一䜀䐀唀刀䤀一䜀吀䠀䔀圀伀䴀䄀一ᤠ匀䠀伀唀刀

THE ORIGIN

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THE ORIGIN

63 FINLAND by Ricardo Rodrigues

吀䠀䔀夀匀䠀伀唀䰀䐀䠀䄀嘀䔀吀伀一䜀唀䔀䄀一䐀䜀刀伀伀嘀䔀䐀唀匀Ⰰ 䐀伀一吀吀䠀䔀夀䬀一伀圀䠀伀圀吀䔀䴀倀䔀刀䄀䴀䔀一吀䄀䰀圀䔀䜀䔀吀圀䠀䔀一吀䠀䔀匀䔀䄀匀伀一匀䌀䠀䄀一䜀䔀㼀

吀䠀䔀匀䄀唀一䄀䔀堀吀䔀一吀䤀伀一圀䄀匀匀唀䌀䠀䄀䜀伀伀䐀䤀䐀䔀䄀

䤀䬀一伀圀䐀唀䐀䔀Ⰰ 䰀伀伀䬀䄀吀䄀䰀䰀吀䠀䤀匀匀䴀伀䬀䔀䐀䴀䔀䄀吀

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THE ORIGIN 65 FINLAND by Ricardo Rodrigues

䠀䔀夀吀伀一䜀唀䔀Ⰰ 匀䤀一䌀䔀匀唀䴀䴀䔀刀䤀匀䌀伀䴀䤀一䜀䄀一䐀吀䠀䔀䄀䄀䰀吀伀匀圀伀一吀䈀䔀匀伀䐀䔀倀䔀一䐀䔀一吀伀一唀匀吀伀䬀䔀䔀倀圀䄀刀䴀䤀䘀䤀䜀唀刀䔀䐀圀䔀ᤠ䐀吀䄀䬀䔀䄀䈀刀䔀䄀䬀

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67 FINLAND by Ricardo Rodrigues

匀唀䴀䴀䔀刀䌀伀䴀䔀匀䄀一䐀夀伀唀圀䄀一吀吀伀匀䔀䔀伀吀䠀䔀刀䨀伀䤀一䔀刀夀Ⰰ 圀䠀䄀吀䔀䰀匀䔀䤀匀一䔀圀⸀⸀⸀ 䌀䄀䰀䰀䴀䔀圀䠀䔀一䤀吀匀吀䄀刀吀匀䜀䔀吀吀䤀一䜀䌀䠀䤀䰀䰀夀

THE ORIGIN

䈀䄀䈀䔀䤀吀䠀䤀一䬀吀䠀䔀䈀䄀䈀夀䤀匀刀䔀䄀䐀夀吀伀䌀伀䴀䔀伀唀吀

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69 FINLAND by Ricardo Rodrigues

一伀吀吀伀䐀䄀夀Ⰰ 夀伀唀䬀一伀圀䄀唀一吀刀伀匀䔀䌀伀䴀䔀匀伀嘀䔀刀䘀伀刀䈀䰀伀伀䐀䰀䔀吀吀䤀一䜀伀一圀䔀䐀一䔀匀䐀䄀夀匀

THE ORIGIN

夀䔀䄀䠀吀䠀䔀一䔀圀伀一䔀匀䄀刀䔀倀刀䔀吀吀夀⸀⸀⸀ 倀刀䔀吀吀夀唀匀䔀䰀䔀匀匀⸀ 圀䔀圀䔀刀䔀唀一䜀䰀伀刀䤀䘀䤀䔀䐀䠀伀䴀䔀匀䈀䄀䌀䬀䤀一伀唀刀䐀䄀夀

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THE ORIGIN 71 FINLAND by Ricardo Rodrigues

䄀刀䔀圀䔀一伀吀䜀伀伀䐀䔀一伀唀䜀䠀一伀圀吀䠀䄀吀夀伀唀䠀䄀嘀䔀吀䠀䔀䠀伀唀匀䔀㼀

䤀䴀匀吀䤀䰀䰀一伀吀伀嘀䔀刀夀伀唀吀圀伀䴀䔀䰀吀䤀一䜀䴀夀䘀䰀䄀吀匀䌀刀䔀䔀一

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THE ORIGIN 73 FINLAND by Ricardo Rodrigues

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75 GREECE by Aishwarya Pandit

GREECE by Aishwarya Pandit

THE ORIGIN

IN P A TRESROIN OSR SDCEHSO I GONL SOTFU D D EI O S I 3G NS U I NMTM ER ER I O2R0 1D6E S I G N 2 0 1 6

7 7 GGRREEEECCEE bbyy A i s h w a r y a P a n d i t

Pandit, Aishwarya A. Grey in Blue. 07.07.2015 P e r s o n a l Tr a v e l Collection

AST SH I GENOMREIN G TI N1

ANCIENT GREECE

Artist Depiction of Minoan Palace Life

I N MY T H O LO G Y: Sacred Pools A s p e r t h e G r e e k M y t h o l o g y, c e r t a i n natural springs were â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;blessedâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; by gods to cure any possible diseases. These springs formed sacred pools, which were later established formally as bathing facilities for anyone that needed healing. This procedure would be available to anyone in exchange for certain offerings.

Primitive Steam Bath: The Spartans formed the first primitive steam bath- the Balinuem. This went on to become an invention picked up by the romans to create the roman baths, or expansive Thermae.

IN P A TRESROIN OSR SDCEHSO I GONL SOTFU D D EI O S I 3G NS U I NMTM ER ER I O2R0 1D6E S I G N 2 0 1 6

7 9 GGRREEEECCEE bbyy A i s h w a r y a P a n d i t

ORIGIN OF PRACTICE

P a n d i t , A i s h w a r y a A . K n o s s o s B a t h . 0 7 . 0 9 . 2 0 1 5 . P e r s o n a l Tr a v e l C o l l e c t i o n

BATHING Earliest bathing practices date back to 2 Millennium BC, found in the Palace complex in Knossos, Crete. The Luxurious Bathtubs, basins were made of a b e a u t i f u l A l a b a s t e r. This Palace Complex is known to have set a benchmark of the ancient Greek civilization in terms of Architectural planning. With futuristic systems such as drainage and sewage planned out, the concept of l u x u r i o u s b a t h s c a m e i n t o p l a y.

AST SH I GENOMREIN G TI N1

ARCHITECTURAL VERNACUL AR Greece is known to have the bluest skies and the whitest structures. Blue and white makes for a strong visual element in the topography of Greece. The white Stucco is used to bounce off the harsh sunlight. The white became a visual element that has been maintained over decades. The Windows in a typical home are very small, again due to the fact that the sun can get overbearing. A gymnasium or a palaestra adjoined many baths. Athletes and sportsmen used this facility the most. There were various rooms that had different purposes. Heated room would be the first room to e n t e r, w h e r e y o u w o u l d b e a b l e t o r e l a x your muscles and ease the fatigue. This would also start the sweating process. The main pool would be located in the next facility- the hottest room with water that was heated over a 100 degrees Fahrenheit with coal. T h e f i n a l r o o m w o u l d b e m u c h c o o l e r, t o close the pores of th skin.

Pandit, Aishwarya A. Landscape. 0 7 . 0 8 . 2 0 1 5 P e r s o n a l Tr a v e l C o l l e c t i o n

Pandit, Aishwarya A. Vignette 0 5 . 2 8 . 2 0 1 6 P e r s o n a l Tr a v e l C o l l e c t i o n

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MATERIAL, LIGHT AND TEXTURE Bathing in Greece had humble beginnings. It all started with simple basins or tubs where young Athletes splashed their bodies post workout and sport. In a more domestic setting, the concept came first to the Aristocrats or the w e a l t h y, w h o w o u l d c l e a n s e t h e i r b o d y regularly in order to be healed from any disease or ill. Va r i o u s e l e m e n t s w e n t i n t o a c o m p l e t e bathing experience. A Bath of clay water and Epsom salts were believed to draw out toxins from the b o d y. L a v e n d e r, a f l o w e r p r e d o m i n a n t a t t h e time was also used to infuse into the w a t e r. L a v e n d e r, w e l l k n o w n f o r i t s soothing effects helps calm nerves and relax. A Strigil was the old school â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Loofahâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, used to ex foliate the skin- was commonly used by men,

Pandit, Aishwarya A. Basin. 0 7 . 0 9 . 2 0 1 5 P e r s o n a l Tr a v e l C o l l e c t i o n

Strigil

AST SH I GENOMREIN G TI N1

PROGRAMMATIC ELEMENTS The Greek public bathing system involved a heavy social aspect, which meant that this bathing was a place where the public could meet and converse about day-tod a y l i f e w i t h o n e a n o t h e r. There was a three point system which mainly consisted of the following: A h e a t e d r o o m o r k n o w n a s t h e Te p i d a r i u m Wa s u s e d t o r e l a x a n d u n w i n d . The Room with the pool, was the Caldarium- where the water would be heated to a 100 degrees Fahrenheit. This would be the main focal point of the entire space. The third and final room is the cooler room- the Frigidarium. This room will close back the pores and hence prepares the body to come back to a normal temperature. There was also a clear gender divide in most establishments, which meant that t h i s w a s a g e n d e r b a s e d a c t i v i t y.

Thermae floor plan (Roman based)

Pandit, Aishwarya A. Vignette 05.28.2016. Vignette

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SPA TREATMENTS Medicinal Bathing This type of bathing has a spiritual and a physical component to it. This bathing was meant for spiritual and physical well being. The Greeks believed that bathing had certain therapeutic powers. The minerals, salts that came from the rich blue waters in lakes of Greece had healing properties.

Pandit, Aishwarya A. Basin. 0 7 . 0 9 . 2 0 1 5 P e r s o n a l Tr a v e l C o l l e c t i o n

A n c i e n t Tu b , K n o s s o s P a l a c e

AST SH I GENOMREIN G TI N1

MODERN INTERPRETATIONS Balneotherapy: Balneotherapy is medicinal bathing. Although this healing is heavily integrated with the sciences, this is considered a spa treatment. Va r i o u s d i s e a s e s i n t h i s t r e a t m e n t a r e cured by the mineral springs.

Pandit, Aishwarya A. Vignette 05.28.2016. Vignette

IN P A TRESROIN OSR SDCEHSO I GONL SOTFU D D EI O S I 3G NS U I NMTM ER ER I O2R0 1D6E S I G N 2 0 1 6

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VIGNETTEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S

Pandit, Aishwarya A. Vignette 05.28.2016.

Pandit, Aishwarya A. Vignette 05.28.2016. Vignette

IN P A TRESROIN OSR SDCEHSO I GONL SOTFU D D EI O S I 3G NS U I NMTM ER ER I O2R0 1D6E S I G N 2 0 1 6

8 7 GGRREEEECCEE bbyy A i s h w a r y a P a n d i t Pandit, Aishwarya A. Vignette 05.28.2016. Vignette

AST SH I GENOMREIN G TI N1

WORKS CITED S u z a n n e S t a f f o r d , G r e e k S t y l e ( N e w Yo r k : C r o w n P u b l i s h e r s . ) Susan Bird, Greek Designs (London: The British Museum Press.) Image Links: H t t p : / / w w w. c l a s s i c s . u p e n n . e d u / m y t h / c o n t e n t / t o o l s / m e d i a / 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 A . g i f https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Medicine_aryballos_Louvre_ CA1989-2183_n2.jpg http://hgustafs.myweb.usf.edu/ https://sofaarome.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/balneae2.jpg http://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/view/47334809?width=3000&height=3000

IN P A TRESROIN OSR SDCEHSO I GONL SOTFU D D EI O S I 3G NS U I NMTM ER ER I O2R0 1D6E S I G N 2 0 1 6

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91 ICELAND by Catherine Beaudoin

ICEL AND by Catherine Beaudoin

THE ORIGIN

2 ICELAND by Catherine Beaudoin P A R S ODESIGN NS SCH O O L O3FSUMMER D E S I G N2016 INTERIOR DESIGN 2016 INTERIOR STUDIO

9 3 I C E L3AICELAND N D b y C by a t hCatherine e r i n e B eBeaudoin audoin

CONTENTS Description (Iceland) A r c h i t e c t u r a l Ve r n a c u l a r Materials & texture Origin of Practice (Blue Lagoon) Modern interpretation spa treatment programmatic elements things no one tells you

"Blue Lagoon Geothermal Spa in Iceland." Blue Lagoon Geothermal Spa in Iceland. Web. 24 May 2016.

THE ORIGIN

4 ICELAND by Catherine Beaudoin

DESCRIPTION ICELAND

Google maps

Located in the North-Atlantic ocean close by the Arctic Circle, Iceland is very much a bridge between continents. It takes approximately five hours to fly f r o m N e w Yo r k t o R e y k j a v Ă k , a n d t h r e e hours from London. Thanks to the Gulf Stream, Iceland enjoys a cool, temperate maritime climate, with refreshing summers and surprisingly m i l d t e m p e r a t u r e s i n w i n t e r. I c e l a n d i c culture has been shaped by isolation and the extreme forces of nature. These conditions have created a resilient people, where family ties are close, the sense of tradition is strong, and the bond with nature is tight.

It remains the most sparsely populated country in the continent with less than t h r e e i n h a b i t a n t s p e r s q u a r e k i l o m e t e r. Shaped by the unrelenting forces of nature, Icelandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s harsh natural environment has bred a resilient nation that has learnt to exist under extreme conditions, and harness the natural resources they create for its own p r o s p e r i t y. To d a y, I c e l a n d i s a p r o g r e s s i v e , m o d e r n society that continuously ranks at the top of measurement's for quality of life, such as the United Nations Human Development Index. Its economy is one of the most productive economies in the world, per-capita, and it is annually considered to be one of greenest countries on the planet, due in large parts to its vast renewable energy resources.

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9 5 I C E L A5NICELAND D b y C a by t h eCatherine r i n e B e aBeaudoin udoin K o e r b e r, B r i a n . " T h e W h i t e - h o t B e a u t y o f I c e l a n d i n 11 S t u n n i n g P h o t o s . " M a s h a b l e . 2 0 1 5 . Web. 24 May 2016.

Iceland is a country of sharp contrasts. A place where fire and ice co-exist. Where dark winters are offset by the summer ’s midnight sun. From a geological standpoint, Iceland is a v e r y y o u n g c o u n t r y, s t i l l i n t h e m i d s t of its own creation. Shaped by the forces of nature, the, barren landscapes demonstrate the creativity powers of the f o u r b a s i c e l e m e n t s — e a r t h , a i r, f i r e , a n d w a t e r — i n a d r a m a t i c w a y. A c t i v e volcanoes, bright green valleys, glaciercut fjords, black sand beaches, and roaring rivers are the most distinctive features of the Icelandic landscape. And although they are very accessible, they still remain virtually untouched by human civilization.

Despite the name, “ice” only covers about 10% of the land, but still represents the largest glaciers left in Europe. It represents a source of pure water and symbolizes the purity of Icelandic products. Icelanders are proud of their close ties to nature, and dedicated to preserving this natural w e a l t h t h r o u g h r e s p o n s i b l e conservation. According to the Environmental Performance Index, created by the World Economic Forum in 2012, Iceland is the world's greenest c o u n t r y. I c e l a n d i s a t t h e f o r e f r o n t o f renewable energy production, and nearly every home in the country is supplied with heating and energy from renewable energy sources.

THE ORIGIN

H e m b y g d s m u s e e t i G l a u m b æ r, I s l a n d , augusti 2005. Foto: Narziss

Icelandic turf houses were the product of a difficult climate, offering superior insulation compared to buildings solely made of wood or stone, and the relative difficulty in obtaining other construction materials in sufficient quantities. 30% of Iceland was forested when it was settled, mostly with birch. Oak was the preferred timber for building Norse halls in Scandinavia, but native birch had to serve as the primary framing material on t h e r e m o t e i s l a n d . H o w e v e r, I c e l a n d d i d have a large amount of turf that was suitable for construction. Some structures in Norway had turf roofs, so the notion of using this as a building material was not alien to many settlers.

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ARCHITECTURAL VERNACULAR

Hólakirkja, the largest stone church constructed i n t h e c o u n t r y, J u n e 2 0 0 8

Stone buildings Many high-quality stone buildings were e r e c t e d i n t h e 1 8 t h c e n t u r y, t h e v e r y f i r s t b e i n g a m a n s i o n o n V i ð e y, m a d e completely out of Icelandic stone. These were some of the first buildings in Iceland to actually be constructed by trained architects, who were from Denmark, as these buildings were constructed for the Danish authorities. This type of building was considered very expensive, and is seen in many official buildings such as Bessastaðir (the presidential residence) and Alþingishúsið in Reykjavík. Sooner or later, this type of building was discontinued.

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"Duleepa Wijayawardhana." Duleepa Wijayawardhana. Web. 24 May 2016.

9 7 I C E L A7NICELAND D b y C a by t h eCatherine r i n e B e aBeaudoin udoin

MATERIALS & TEXTURES

" K n i t t i n g To u r a n d W o r k s h o p i n I c e l a n d I s a G r e a t Va c a t i o n O p t i o n . " I c e l a n d To u r s / I c e l a n d T r a v e l / T r a v e l Agency in Iceland. Web. 24 May 2016.

From fish-leather lamps to high-tech prosthetics, lava chairs to smart phone d e s i g n , o r i g i n a l i t y, r e s o u r c e f u l n e s s , individualism and innovation continue to shape Icelandic design, whether in form, function or use of materials. In recent years, the field has been rapidly blossoming, growing from its craft-based roots into fundamental industry involving thousands of people and significantly contributing to the e c o n o m y. F o l k l o r e , h e r i t a g e , h i s t o r y a n d a touch of nostalgia influence designers, attempting to define and celebrate a national identity in a globalized world.

Lack of available materials is a challenge, causing designers to think creatively and seek new possibilities. Wool, however, remains a trusty material, now with a fresh approach. I n c i d e n t a l l y, e c o - c o n s c i o u s n e s s p l a y s a fundamental role in Icelandic design, as manifested in the recycling and repurposing of objects, as well as the utilization of remnant materials. The Iceland Design Centre promotes the field and provides information locally as well as abroad, nurtures innovation and ensures development.

THE ORIGIN

THE STORY When building the Geothermal plant by the mountain Svartsengi on the Rykjanes Peninsula in the late seventies, a large lagoon appeared in t h e l a v a n e a r b y. A t f i r s t p e o p l e n o t i c e d the small lake because of the beautiful b l u e c o l o r. A t t h a t t i m e a y o u n g m a n i n t h e n e a r b y t o w n o f K e f l a v Ă k , Va l u r Margeirsson, was fighting Psoriasis. Somehow he got the idea that the water in the lagoon could help his disease. N e e d l e s s t o s a y, p e o p l e h a d t h e i r doubts. Among the most doubtful was the head physician at the dermatology department at the National Hospital who w a r n e d M r. M a r g e i r s s o n t o d i v e i n t o t h i s unknown combination of sea, water and chemicals from the ground.

INTERIOR DESIGN STUDIO 3 SUMMER 2016

His dermatologist, on the other hand, was positive towards the idea and encouraged him to try bathing in the n e w l a g o o n . A f t e r M r. M a r g e i r s s o n h a d got permission from the CEO of the Svartsengi Power Plant, he took his first swim in the Blue Lagoon in September 1981. After bathing a few times, it was obvious that swimming in the blue lagoon helped curing the disease. In the following years, more people with psoriasis started to dip into the blue lagoon to find a cure. And later others began to swim in the Blue Lagoon for f u n . To d a y t h e B l u e L a g o o n i s p r o b a b l y the most visited and best-known place in Iceland with thousands of visitors e v e r y d a y o f t h e y e a r. J u s t r e c e n t l y M r. Margeirsson, the man who discovered the Blue Lagoon, passed away at the age of 66.

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ORIGIN OF PRACTICE (BLUE LAGOON)

99 ICELAND by Catherine Beaudoin 9 ICELAND by Catherine Beaudoin " B a c k t o I c e l a n d A f t e r 2 8 Ye a r s - D a v i d H u m e K e n n e r l y. " D a v i d H u m e K e n n e r l y. 2 0 1 4 . W e b . 2 4 May 2016.

THE ORIGIN

T H E FA C T S 9 million liters for the debts of the earth The geothermal water originates 2,000 meters below the surface, where freshwater and seawater combine at extreme temperatures. It is then harnessed via drilling holes at a nearby geothermal power plant, Svartsengi, to create electricity and hot water for nearby communities. On its way to the surface, the water picks up silica and minerals, before emerging at a soothing 38°C (100°F). Perfect for a relaxing and re-energizing bath.

Winter

why is it blue? The geothermal water has a unique composition, featuring three active ingredients – Silica, Algae & Minerals. The blue color comes from the silica and the way it reflects sunlight. During summer there can also be a hint of g r e e n i n t h e w a t e r. T h i s i s t h e r e s u l t o f the algae, which multiplies quickly when exposed to direct sunlight.

Summer

The water is self-cleansing – it renews itself every 40 hours. Blue Lagoon is mostly 0.8-1.2 meters (2.6’-4’) deep. Its deepest point is 1.6 meters (5.2’).

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ORIGIN OF PRACTICE (BLUE LAGOON)

101 ICELA D b y C a by t h eCatherine r i n e B e aBeaudoin udoin 11 NICELAND

ORIGIN OF PRACTICE (BLUE LAGOON)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QLq5Nbr3QEg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MF6z_bUapIg

THE ORIGIN

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MODERN INTERPRETATION Blue Lagoon is among Icelandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most well known and unique attractions. In addition to relaxing in the lagoon, guests have access to steam baths and sauna. In-water massage and spa treatments are available. Blue Lagoon has designed a selection

SPA TREATMENT The idea of using the baths as a means of relaxation and a source of physical and spiritual well-being is an ancestral practice dating back thousands of years. This European tradition is better known u n d e r t h e n a m e o f h y d r o t h e r a p y, o r w a t e r t h e r a p y.

"Thermal Resort Blue Lagoon, Iceland." AirPano. Web. 24 May 2016.

Water seems to be endowed with miraculous powers that help eliminate s t r e s s a n d r e j u v e n a t e t h e b o d y. I t w o r k s on the skin and muscles, and enables the body to be revitalized. The benefits of water therapy are multiple. By using the bodyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s reaction to hot and cold stimuli, it helps revitalize the mind, eliminate toxins, and calm the nervous system.

"Iceland Wellness." - 6 Days 5 Nights. Web. 24 May 2016.

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PROGRAMMATIC ELEMENTS First comes the body-heating period, when the surface blood vessels dilate and carry more blood to the skin’s surface. The raised body temperature this produces – through a eucalyptus steam bath, Finnish sauna or hot bath – causes profuse sweating that cleanses the skin.

The second stage consists of closing the pores of the skin through a beneficial rinse in cool water through a Nordic shower or cold plunge.

The final stage is designed to allow the cardiovascular system to regulate itself through a period of relaxation in the privacy of the relaxation areas.

"Iceland Wellness." - 6 Days 5 Nights. Web. 24 May 2016.

THE ORIGIN

The land is natural, as is the lava that shapes the pool, but the water is actually the result of runoff from the g e o t h e r m a l p l a n t n e x t d o o r. The plant was built first, and it uses Iceland’s volcanic landscape to produce h e a t p o w e r. T h e r u n o ff i s f i l t e r e d straight into the Blue Lagoon, which is w h a t h e a t s t h e w a t e r. T h a t d o e s n ’ t m e a n it’s dangerous or toxic — far from it! It’s just not the natural phenomenon that many people believe it to be. Not unlike many spas around the world, you need to take a shower before going i n t o t h e p o o l . H o w e v e r, t h e B l u e L a g o o n goes one step further and requires you to shower naked. The shower stalls use to be open, there are now several stalls t h a t l o c k f o r p r i v a c y. Once you’re rinsed and conditioned, you can put your bathing suit back on and head on in. The offer The very

locker rooms at the Blue Lagoon l o t s o f c o n d i t i o n e r, f o r a r e a s o n . blue lagoon water make hair very very dry!

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THINGS NO ONE TELLS YOU

1 0 5 I C E L A15NICELAND D b y C a by t h eCatherine r i n e B e aBeaudoin udoin

VIGNETTE

how it works -geothermal energy

THE ORIGIN

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VIGNETTE

bright blue lagoon and atmosphere

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VIGNETTE

steam and the atmosphere

THE ORIGIN

warm water

silica

cold rejuvenating water

relaxation

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VIGNETTE

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VIGNETTE

cold vs hot and the body

THE ORIGIN

“World Economic Forum." World Economic Forum ICELAND. Web. 24 May 2016. "Geothermal Gradient." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 24 May 2016. "Research & Development | Blue Lagoon Iceland." Research & Development | Blue Lagoon Iceland. Web. 24 May 2016. " T h i n g s N o O n e Te l l s Yo u A b o u t t h e B l u e L a g o o n . " A d v e n t u r o u s K a t e R S S . W e b . 2 4 M a y 2 0 1 6 . "History of Iceland." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 24 May 2016. "The Official Gateway to Iceland | Iceland.is." The Official Gateway to Iceland | Iceland.is. Web. 24 May 2016. K o e r b e r, B r i a n . " T h e W h i t e - h o t B e a u t y o f I c e l a n d i n 11 S t u n n i n g P h o t o s . " M a s h a b l e . 2 0 1 5 . Web. 24 May 2016. "The Origins of the Icelanders." The Origins of the Icelanders. Web. 24 May 2016. "GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF ICELAND." GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF ICELAND. Web. 24 May 2016. "Iceland Maps." World Maps. Web. 24 May 2016. "Spa Scandinave Montréal | Bain Nordic Et Massage." Spa Scandinavia Montréal | Bain Nordic Et Massage. Web. 24 May 2016. " G e o t h e r m a l E n e r g y. " Te c h n o l o g y. W e b . 2 4 M a y 2 0 1 6 .

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WORKS CITED

THE ORIGIN 111 ICELAND by Catherine Beaudoin

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113 INDIA by Saba Kapoor

INDIA by Saba Kapoor

THE ORIGIN

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CONTENTS INTRODUCTION UNCONVENTIONAL RITUALS C O N V E N T I O N A L T R E AT M E N T S AY U R V E D A Introduction Origin of Practice Modern Interpretations S p a Tr e a t m e n t s A r c h i t e c t u r a l Ve r n a c u l a r M a t e r i a l , L i g h t & Te x t u r e Programmatic Elements WORKS CITED

http://travel.cnn. com/mumbai/play/ city-essentials/ best-massagesmumbai-130566/

THE ORIGIN

INTRODUCTION India is the birthplace and home of numerous healing, medicinal and spiritual practices. Most of these practices originated in the name of religion. Some of these practices are extremely unconventional and may even be illegal in a majority of the world but are allowed under the name of religion in India. At the same time there are practices such a s Yo g a w h i c h h a v e been widely accepted and have become an integral part of the world culture. This exploration of spas in India shall begin with listing a handful of the unconventional rituals and practices followed in India. It shall then elaborate upon the widespread and relatively conventional practices originating from India. The bulk of this booklet shall concentrate on Ayurveda studying its origin, architectural v e r n a c u l a r, u s e o f material, light and texture, programmatic elements and, modern interpretations.

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117 INDIA by Saba Kapoor h t t p : / / w w w. i n d i a y o g a f e s t i v a l . c o m / i y f - h o m e . h t m l , I n d i a Yo g a F e s t i v a l .

THE ORIGIN

UNCONVENTIONAL RITUALS KILL OR BE KILLED Men hit one another on the head with long sticks demonstrating killing of the demon.

h t t p : / / w w w. s c o o p w h o o p . c o m / i n o t h e r n e w s / unbelieveable-celebrations-of-india/ Bani Festival, Andhra Pradesh

CANNIBALISM AND NECROMANCY Saints eat remains of humans after cremation in addition to having intercourse with corpses. As they believe it holds tantrik healing powers.

h t t p : / / w w w. s c o o p w h o o p . c o m / i n o t h e r n e w s / unbelieveable-celebrations-of-india/ The Aghori way of life, Banaras

SPIT BATH In order to get rid of ailments lower castes roll over the leftover food of individulas of the upper castes.

h t t p : / / w w w. s c o o p w h o o p . c o m / i n o t h e r n e w s / unbelieveable-celebrations-of-india/ Madey Snana , Karnataka

SMASHING COCONUTS Devotees allow priests to smash coconuts on their heads with the hope of b e c o m i n g l u c k i e r a n d h e a l t h i e r.

h t t p : / / w w w. s c o o p w h o o p . c o m / i n o t h e r n e w s / unbelieveable-celebrations-of-india/ A a d i F e s t i v a l , Ta m i l N a d u

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h t t p : / / w w w. s c o o p w h o o p . c o m / i n o t h e r n e w s / unbelieveable-celebrations-of-india/ T h e e m i t h i , Ta m i l N a d u

PIERCING THE BODY Devotees pierce their bodies with hooks and skewers and some even try to pull tractors and other heavy objects.

h t t p : / / w w w. s c o o p w h o o p . c o m / i n o t h e r n e w s / unbelieveable-celebrations-of-india/ T h a i p o o s a m , Ta m i l N a d u

BABY DROPPING With the hope of bringing prosperity to the family- babies are dropped from 50ft and are caught on a sheet held by men.

h t t p : / / w w w. s c o o p w h o o p . c o m / i n o t h e r n e w s / unbelieveable-celebrations-of-india/ Maharashtra and Karnataka

COW TRAMPLING People decorate their cows with color and flowers. Following which they lay on the floor and allow the cows to trample over them.

h t t p : / / w w w. s c o o p w h o o p . c o m / i n o t h e r n e w s / unbelieveable-celebrations-of-india/ Govardhan Puja, Madhya Pradesh

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FIRE WALKING People walk over fire owed to the belief that their wishes shall be granted.

CONVENTIONAL PRACTICES YOGA

BATHING IN THE GANGES

It is a practice involving mental, physical and spiritual well-being with the main goal of moaksha or liberation. It is b e l i e v e d t o d a t e a s b a c k a s p r e - Ve d i c India.

Individuals believe that as the water of the Ganges wash away the dirt off their bodies while they bathe in the Ganges, it also washes away all their sins and metaphorical â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;dirtâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;.

Over the years it has been applied to various religious practices including Buddhism, Jainism and Hinduism. Over the past century it has become a worldwide physical and mental health practice. It has been expanded and integrated into various other forms of activity including aerial yoga and power yoga.

There are several festivals that take place in India when thousands of individuals gather and bathe in the waters of the Ganges in the hope of being purified. The most famous among these is the Kumbh Mela.

http://theplanetd.com/patnem-beach-has-some-pretty-awesome-yoga/

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121 INDIA by Saba Kapoor Maha Kumbh Mela, 2013. http://mahakumbhfestival.com/2012/09/maha-kumbh-mela-2013-photos/

THE ORIGIN

W l l a k a , V i c k y. M a n B a t h i n g a t t h e G o l d e n Te m p l e , A m r i t s a r . h t t p : / / t r a v e l . n a t i o n a l g e o g r a p h i c . c o m / t r a v e l / traveler-magazine/photo-contest/2013/entries/206903/view/,

B AT H I N G I N S A R O VA R A sarovar is a pool that is incorporated within the complex of the Gurdwara, a Sikh building to worship the lord in. Devotees of Sikhism believe that by bathing in the holy waters they shall gain spiritual blessings and benefits.

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123 INDIA by Saba Kapoor h t t p : / / w w w. t r e e l i f e t r i b e . c o m / p u r i f i c a z i o n e - d e l l e - c a v i t a - n a s a l i - j a l a - n e t i /

JAL NEETI In order to clear the nasal cavity and relieve it of debris and mucus, Jal Neeti is practiced. It is a nasal irrigation technique that dates back to several centuries. It is an integral component of the Shathkarmas (practices to purify the human body).

THE ORIGIN

AYURVEDA INTRODUCTION Ayurveda is a traditional medicinal system based upon holistic healing. It is based upon the school of thought that health and wellness is based upon the balance of b o d y, m i n d a n d s p i r i t . I t o f f e r s a b o d y o f w i s d o m d e s i g n e d t o h e l p p e o p l e s t a y v i b r a n t and healthy while realizing their full human potential.

h t t p : / / i n t e g r a t i v e h e a l t h . u s c . e d u / s e r v i c e s . h t m l b i z % 2 F s i t e s % 2 F d e f a u l t % 2 F f i l e s % 2 FA l l _ a b o u t _ A y u r v e d i c _ S h i r o d h a r a ! . j p g & i m g r e f u r l = h t t p % 3 A % 2 F % 2 F w w w. k e r a l a a y u r v e d a . b i z % 2 F c o n t e n t % 2 F s w i n e - f l u - f i g h t through-ayurveda&docid=pNjp1rJZz68x-M&tbnid=amWhSZrrKLg5M%3A&w=2716&h=1810&bih=1099&biw= 1 9 2 0 & v e d = 0 a h U K E w j 5 2 L 6 x w f X M A h V K G D 4 K H W I f Av k Q M w i WA S g n M C c & i a c t = m r c & u a c t = 8

The primary aim of Ayurvedic medicine is to promote good health, rather than fight disease. The two main guiding principles of Ayurveda are: 1. The mind and the body are inextricably connected, and 2. Nothing has more power to heal and transform the body than the mind.

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1. Space

2. Air

3. Fire

4 . Wa t e r

5. Earth

These elements combine in the human body to form three life forces or energies, called doshas. They control how your body works. The three doshas are: 1 . Va t a d o s h a ( s p a c e a n d a i r ) 2. Pitta dosha (fire and water) 3. Kapha dosha (water and earth)

The above vignette created using herbs depicts the five elements each human is c o m p o s e d o f . T O P t o B O T T O M : S p a c e , W a t e r, F i r e , A i r a n d E a r t h . THE ORIGIN

125 INDIA by Saba Kapoor

The followers of Ayurveda believe that every person is made of a combination of five basic elements found in the universe:

Everyone inherits a unique mix of the three doshas. One dosha is usually more dominant. Each dosha controls a different body function. It is believed that your chances of getting sick are linked to the balance of your doshas. VATA D O S H A Va t a d o s h a ( s p a c e a n d a i r ) i s t h o u g h t t o b e t h e m o s t p o w e r f u l o f a l l t h r e e d o s h a s . I t controls very basic body functions, such as how cells divide. It also controls ones: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Mind Breathing Blood flow Heart function Ability to get rid of body waste through the intestines

This vignette, created using herbs, depicts t h e Va t a D o s h a f o r m e d as a combination of the elements Space and A i r. P I T TA D O S H A The pitta dosha (fire and water) controls: 1. Digestion 2. Ability to break down foods (metabolism) 3. Certain hormones linked to appetite

This vignette, created using herbs, depicts the Pitta Dosha formed as a combination of the elements Fire and W a t e r. PA R S O N S S C H O O L O F D E S I G N I N T E R I O R D E S I G N 2016

127 INDIA by Saba Kapoor

KAPHA DOSHA The kapha dosha (water and earth) controls: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Muscle growth Body strength and stability Weight Immune system

The above vignette, created using herbs, depicts the Kapha Dosha formed as a c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e e l e m e n t s Wa t e r a n d E a r t h .

ORIGIN OF PRACTICE PRE-HISTORIC Excavations at different sites suggest that medical interventions such as dentistry and trepanation were practiced as early as 7000 BCE in the Indian subcontinent. Organized forms of agriculture practiced by the people of the Indus civilization, the importance they gave to certain medicinal plants and trees and the emphasis on hygiene and water sanitation suggest an advanced awareness of health management. Recent archeology-botanical excavations give evidence for the use in the Middle Gangetic region of medicinal plants since the 2nd millennium BCE that are still used by Ayurvedic physicians and folk healers. VEDIC PERIOD T h e Ve d i c h y m n s o f t h e m i g r a n t A r y a n t r i b e s a r e t h e e a r l i e s t l i t e r a r y s o u r c e o f information about healing practices in the sub-continent. These hymns provide insights into diseases prevalent during the period and their perceived causes. Most ailments, both physical and mental, were attributed to malevolent spirits and cures consisted of rituals, charms, mantras, medicines and surgical intervention. THE ORIGIN

P O S T- V E D I C P E R I O D T h e S a n s k r i t - s p e a k i n g Ve d i c A r y a n i n f l u e n c e e v e n t u a l l y s p r e a d e a s t w a r d f r o m t h e Punjab and Doab region towards the Middle Gangetic plains, which had its own socio-cultural and linguistic context. This was a period when diverse cultures were interacting in small kingdoms and urban centers and there was growing awareness of the influence of life-style and regimens on health and well-being. Buddhism, Jainism and other new ascetic and philosophical movements arose. Early Buddhist and Jaina texts describing the use of medicines, surgical procedures, trepanation, purges and emetics, practices consolidated from all levels of society have been found. The early texts also recognized the importance of cultivating compassion and humanistic values as being essential for health and well-being. Buddha himself was seen as the â&#x20AC;&#x153;healing guruâ&#x20AC;? (Bhaishajyaguru) and healing practices were part of the Buddhist monastic tradition. Medical centers privileging humanistic values that were attached to Buddhist monasteries catered to monks and lay persons. Buddhist monks disseminated Indian medical knowledge westward to Persia and Central Asia, to China and to South-east Asia. Buddhism also took with it medical knowledge to southern part of the sub-continent and Sri Lanka, especially during and after the reign of Ashoka the Great. E M E R G E N C E O F AY U R V E D A The spirit of scientific enquiry influencing the intellectual world since the time of Buddha led to old belief systems being questioned and tangible proofs being sought a f t e r. I n t h i s c u l t u r a l m i l i e u i n t h e I n d o - G a n g e t i c a n d l o w e r H i m a l a y a n r e g i o n s , t r i b a l and wandering healers, learned physicians, ascetic and yogic traditions such as Buddhism and Jainism, and philosophical schools such as Samkhya, Visheshika and Nyaya all contributed to the emergence of a formal scientific culture of healing that became Ayurveda. The earliest works on Ayurveda dealt with one specific branch of medical practice. The fundamental concepts and practices of Ayurvedic healing continued to be elaborated and refined over centuries and were codified during the early centuries of the C.E. in treatises. COLONIAL PERIOD During the British colonial period official status of Ayurveda and other traditional healing systems were relegated to secondary roles and western medicine became dominant. Nonetheless, Ayurvedic colleges offering diplomas were created and the in many centers around India. Many of these institutions integrated Ayurveda education with biomedical education curriculum and western concepts of disease and wellness. Pharmaceutical companies also began to manufacture Ayurvedic and other forms of traditional medicines on a large scale to deal with the diminished capability of practitioners and patients to make medical preparations. After Independence, the government of India made efforts to recognize Ayurveda as being on par with allopathic biomedicine. The government created the Deparment o f AY U S H ( D e p a r t m e n t o f A y u r v e d a , Yo g a & N a t u r o p a t h y, U n a n i , S i d d h a a n d Homoeopathy) to support research and development of traditional medicine, and to set standards and regulate the activities related to practice. PA R S O N S S C H O O L O F D E S I G N I N T E R I O R D E S I G N 2016

In the last few decades there has been growing interest in alternative forms of t h e r a p y g l o b a l l y. I n a d d i t i o n , a t t e m p t s b y d e v o t e e s o f N e w A g e c u l t u r e t o a s c r i b e new layers of meaning to the concepts of Ayurveda have propagated a simplified and modified version of Ayurvedic culture and practice. While this has stimulated the development of tourism for well-being, leisure Ayurveda, in India, with spas and hotels offering different kinds of simplified treatments, for many in India and abroad these commercialized variants have come to represent Ayurveda. There are attempts by biomedical and Ayurvedic researchers to correlate Ayurvedic understanding of the nature of disease with modern biomedical concepts. Ayurveda has attracted the attention of researchers and commercial concerns in India and abroad interested in identifying active molecules and manufacturing commercial versions of traditional formulations. These novel demands along with renewed popularity traditional medical practices within India itself have created conflicting c o n d i t i o n s f o r t r a d i t i o n a l m e d i c i n e i n g e n e r a l a n d f o r A y u r v e d a i n p a r t i c u l a r.

h t t p s : / / w w w. g o o g l e . c o m / i m g r e s ? i m g u r l = h t t p % 3 A % 2 F % 2 F w w w. k e r a l a a y u r v e d a . b i z % 2 F s i t e s % 2 F d e f a u l t % 2 F f i l e s % 2 FA l l _ a b o u t _ A y u r v e d i c _ S h i r o d h a r a ! . j p g & i m g r e f u r l = h t t p % 3 A % 2 F % 2 F w w w. k e r a l a a y u r v e d a . b i z % 2 F c o n t e n t % 2 F s w i n e - f l u - f i g h t through-ayurveda&docid=pNjp1rJZz68x-M&tbnid=amWhSZrrKLg5M%3A&w=2716&h=1810&bih=1099&biw=1920&ved=0 a h U K E w j 5 2 L 6 x w f X M A h V K G D 4 K H W I f Av k Q M w i WA S g n M C c & i a c t = m r c & u a c t

THE ORIGIN

129 INDIA by Saba Kapoor

MODERN INTERPRETATIONS

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131 INDIA by Saba Kapoor h t t p : / / w w w. k e r a l a a y u r v e d a . b i z / c o n t e n t / a y u r v e d i c - p a n c h a k a r m a - w h a t - i t - w h y - d o - w e - n e e d - i t

THE ORIGIN

S PA T R E ATM E N T S SHIRODHARA “Shiro,” means head, and “dhara” is the continuous flow of a liquid. In this process, warm herbal oils, milk or buttermilk, are poured in a slow steady stream on your forehead in order to provide mental clarity and comprehension.

A B H YA N G A An oil massage therapy for detox and stress reduction performed using herbal oils. It incorporates an aromatic combination of oils prepared with herbs warmed and blended depending upon a person’s Dosha type.

http://deals.webindia123.com/deal/5593/ shirodhara-head-massage-neck-massageshoulde/

h t t p : / / w w w. c u r e j o y. c o m / c o n t e n t / a y u r v e d a abhyanga-indian-ayurvedic-massage/

L E PA N A Herbal paste is applied over the entire body a n d a l l o w e d t o d r y. I t i s t h e n r e m o v e d w i t h warm milk using a special deep tissue technique leaving muscles revitalized and flexible. It is traditionally given for obesity and inflammatory conditions, skin diseases, arthritis, gout, muscular strains, and circulatory imbalances.

h t t p s : / / w w w. y o u t u b e . c o m / watch?v=SSnNCQEQ7W4

PINDA SWEDANA

The whole body is made to perspire by the external application of hot herbal puddings in the form of boluses tied up in muslin bags. It is for rheumatism, joint pain, emaciation of limbs, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and certain kinds of skin diseases.

h t t p : / / w w w. t h e n e w p o r t m a s s a g e s c h o o l . c o m / p i n d a swedana/

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http://soundshoreayurveda.com/catalog/nabhibasti/

KUNDALINI This special neuromuscular therapy is given to the back and spine using an oil preparation containing a very special blend of herbs. A local steam shower is given to your entire back after this thera p y.

h t t p : / / w w w. b l i s s a y u r v e d a . n l

KARNA PURANA Ear Therapy is an Ayurvedic process of healing ear problems with herbal oils. The ears are lightly massages, a warm steam towel is applied and few drops of Ayurvedic oil are poured into ears.

h t t p : / / w w w. s e a s t o n e s n a t u r a l . c o m / w h a t - i s - k a r n a purna/

PEDI KARMA The entire body can be accessed via the nerve endings on the feet. Pedi Karma is a gentle and sensitive healing foot therapy with herbal oil or ghee using predominantly soft circular motions and stroking considering Marma points in that area.

h t t p : / / w w w. i n - y o u r - e l e m e n t . c o m / a y u r v e d i c therapies.php

THE ORIGIN

133 INDIA by Saba Kapoor

NABHI BASTI This therapy helps balance the vital center where all 72,000 subtle energy pathways converge. After applying oil to the abdominal area, a dough dam is placed using lukewarm medicated oil and a warm towel is applied for improvement of digestion.

ARCHITECTURAL VERNACULAR The primary elements of all structures trends to remain same. The base model is n o r m a l l y c i r c u l a r, s q u a r e o r r e c t a n g u l a r p l a i n s h a p e s w i t h a r i b b e d r o o f e v o l v e d f r o m functional consideration. The most distinctive visual form of architecture is the long, steep sloping roof built to protect the walls and to withstand the heavy monsoon, normally laid with tiles or thatched labyrinth of palm leaves, supported on a roof f r a m e m a d e o f h a r d w o o d a n d t i m b e r. S t r u c t u r a l l y t h e r o o f f r a m e w a s s u p p o r t e d o n the pillars on walls erected on a plinth raised from the ground for protection against d a m p n e s s a n d i n s e c t s i n t h e t r o p i c a l c l i m a t e . O f t e n t h e w a l l s w e r e a l s o o f t i m b e r. Gable windows were evolved at the two ends to provide attic ventilation when ceiling was incorporated for the room spaces. M o s t b u i l d i n g s a p p e a r s t o l o w h e i g h t v i s u a l l y, d u e t o o v e r - s l o p i n g o f r o o f s , w h i c h a r e meant to protect walls from rains and direct sun shine. T h e s c i e n c e o f Va s t u p l a y s a v e r y i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n d e v e l o p i n g a r c h i t e c t u r e s t y l e s . The basic concept underlines that, every structure built on earth has its own life, with a soul and personality which is shaped by its surroundings. The most important science which has developed purely indigenously is Thachu-Shastra (Science of Carpentry) as the easily availability of timber and its heavy use of it. The concept of Thachi underlines that as timber is derived from a living form, the wood, when used for construction, has its own life which must be synthesized in harmony with its surroundings and people whom dwell inside it.

This is a collage created using herbs depicting the materials, colors, shapes and the environment of the hut which forms the exterior of the spa.

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135 INDIA by Saba Kapoor http://signatureholidays.co.in/wp/my-10-favourite-resorts/

THE ORIGIN

MATERIAL, LIGHT & TEXTURE T h e n a t u r a l b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l s a v a i l a b l e f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n a r e s t o n e s , t i m b e r, c l a y a n d p a l m l e a v e s . Ti m b e r i s t h e p r i m e s t r u c t u r a l m a t e r i a l a b u n d a n t l y a v a i l a b l e i n m a n y v a r i e t i e s â&#x20AC;&#x201C; f r o m b a m b o o t o t e a k . P e r h a p s t h e s k i l f u l c h o i c e o f t i m b e r, a c c u r a t e j o i n e r y, a r t f u l a s s e m b l y a n d d e l i c a t e c a r v i n g o f w o o d w o r k f o r c o l u m n s , w a l l s a n d roofs frames are the unique characteristics of the architecture. Clay was used in many forms â&#x20AC;&#x201C; for walling, in filling the timber floors and making bricks and tiles after pugging and tempering with admixtures. Palm leaves were used effectively for thatching the roofs and for making partition walls. The lighting is mostly dim or candle-lit. Since the tempertaure in India is hot and humid the floors are either tiled o r s t o n e d i n o r d e r t o p r o v i d e r e l i e f t o t h e b a r e - f o o t c u s t o m e r. A m a j o r i t y o f t h e s p a trements take place upon a wooden bed- like platform.

h t t p : / / s i l v a s s a . y a l w a . i n / I D _ 1 3 3 111 2 5 4 / S h a n t h y - T h e e r a m - K e r a l a - A y u r v e d i c - H e a l t h - S PA . h t m l

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ENTRY/RECEPTION The customers enter the Spa by walking through the patio in front the hut. Upon entering they two things may occur: Usually the customers check-in or sign-up and make payment at the reception desk. Following which, they are usually greeted with flowers and a welcome drink. This area is usually heavily ornamental and well-light.

http://keralablogexpress.com/kerala-backwater-cruise-rainbow-cruises/

CHANGING ROOM The customers then are either taken to the treatment room or a common changing area where they can freshen upand change into the appropriate clothing for the spa treatment.

h t t p : / / w w w. r e s e m b l e t o u r s . c o m / t h e - l e e l a /

THE ORIGIN

137 INDIA by Saba Kapoor

PROGRAMMATIC ELEMENTS

T R E AT M E N T R O O M S If the treatment room is not itself the space where the customer changes- they are taken to a spa treatment room. This room may be semi-outdoors, be communal or may be a seperate enclosed area.

h t t p : / / w w w. b a n a s u r a . c o m / a y u r v e d a - s p a - a t - r e s o r t s in-wayanad-kerala

h t t p : / / w w w. i m p a c t h o l i d a y. c o m / y o g a . h t m l

The common factor amongst all treatment rooms is the wooden bed. The vignette below is created using herbs and spices. It depicts material and shape of theses beds.

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The circulation areas can either have dim lightoing or bright lighting depending upon the mood and effect the spa wishes to create. A majority of the spas have wooden o r n a m e n t a t i o n o r i n e t r i o r e l e m e n t s i n t h e c o m m o n a n d c i r c u l a t i o n a r e a s . A d d i t i o n a l l y, natural elements such as water and plants are used in these areas.

h t t p : / / w w w. g r e a v e s i n d i a . c o m / b l o g / p o s t s / 2 0 1 4 / m a r c h / 5 0 - l u x u r y - t h i n g s - t o - d o - i n - i n d i a /

BACK OF THE HOUSE There are limited images and information available in regards to back of the house.

THE ORIGIN

139 INDIA by Saba Kapoor

C I R C U L AT I O N A R E A

WORKS CITED Ayurveda Integrative Wellness Institute, Holistic Healing Spa Therapies For Perfect W e l l n e s s , h t t p : / / w w w. a y u r v e d a i n p i t t s b u r g h . c o m / s p a . Deepak Chopra, What Is Ayurveda? (The Chopra Center). M a r a C a r r i c o , A B e g i n n e r â&#x20AC;&#x2122; s G u i d e t o t h e H i s t o r y o f Yo g a ( Yo g a J o u r n a l , 2 0 0 7 ) . S i k h i W i k i , h t t p : / / w w w. s i k h i w i k i . o r g / i n d e x . p h p / S a r o v a r S i t a Wa d h w a n i , 6 b e s t M u m b a i m a s s a g e s , h t t p : / / t r a v e l . c n n . c o m / m u m b a i / p l a y / c i t y e s s e n t i a l s / b e s t - m a s s a g e s - m u m b a i - 1 3 0 5 6 6 / ( C N N T r a v e l , 2 0 11 ) . S o n a l i M u s h a h a r y, 2 4 U n u s u a l R i t u a l s A n d F e s t i v a l s o f I n d i a T h a t W i l l G i v e Yo u Goosebumps (ScoopWoop, 2014) Upinder Singh, Nayanjot Lahiri, Ancient India: New Research (Oxford University Press, 2010) Yo g a w i z , h t t p : / / w w w. y o g a w i z . c o m / y o g a - t i p s / j a l - n e t i - y o g a - t i p s . h t m l W e b M D , A y u r v e d i c M e d i c i n e , h t t p : / / w w w. w e b m d . c o m / b a l a n c e / g u i d e / a y u r v e d i c treatments Wikipedia, Architecture of Kerala, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_ Kerala Wikipedia, Ayurveda, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Wikipedia, Ganges, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges#The_purifying_Ganga Zysk, K., Asceticism and Healing in Ancient India: Medicine in The Buddhist Monastery, (Motilal Banarisidas, Delhi, 1998). Z y s k , K . , M e d i c i n e i n t h e Ve d a : R e l i g i o u s h e a l i n g i n t h e Ve d a M o t i l a l B a n a r i s i d a s , (Delhi, 1996)

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THE ORIGIN 141 INDIA by Saba Kapoor

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143 ISRAEL by Michelle Berman

ISRAEL by Michelle Berman

THE ORIGIN

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145 ISRAEL by Michelle Berman

THE ORIGIN

DESCRIPTION The spa practice in Israel is one that came about as a result of the geological phenomenons that are present throughout the land, as well as the strong presence of varying religious practices that have an emphasis on health and hygiene. It is a medical practice that focuses on using natural minerals to heal both physical ailments and the mind. There is also a leisurely component through relaxation and group settings. ORIGIN OF PRACTICE In ancient times the relationship between medicine and God was closely connected, especially amongst the Jewish and Arab traditions. In ancient Jewish practice, healing was in the hands of God, and d o c t o r s w e r e t h e i n s t r u m e n t s o f G o d 1. Similarly Islamic practice emphasized the importance of care for the body and soul. Biblical medicine puts a strong emphasis on the important of Hygiene. Specifically in Jewish tradition many of the commandments are related to medical health.

healing properties for many physical and mental ailments. The origin for the use of hot springs for medicinal practices comes from the Greco-Roman world. The medicinal practice was recommended for both the s i c k a n d t h e h e a l t h y. W a t e r w a s r e g a r d e d as a source of enjoyment, particularly that of medicinal baths. Aside from its medicinal powers, the baths were also a place for leisure and entertainment, and were a big part of the Roman culture. Adjacent buildings were added for other recreational activities such as for reading and hearing lectures. The baths evolved into meeting places and cultural centers. In Israel, the hand of the divine in the creation of the hot springs was important. Wa t e r t h a t i s h e a t e d e v a p o r a t e s a s s t e a m however because of the contradicting occurrence of heat and wetness at the springs, the belief was that it must be t h e r e s u l t o f a s u p e r n a t u r a l p o w e r. T h u s the springs became a spiritual site. The addition of a synagogue nearby the springs was common.

HOT SPRINGS AND THE DEAD SEA

A hot spring is a spring whose water is at a higher temperature than that of its s u r r o u n d i n g s 2. H o t s p r i n g s a r e a n a t u r a l l y occurring phenomenon in Israel. Legendâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s of the Arab and Bedouin people attribute the springs to the time of Solomon, and Judaic sources attribute them to the creation of the earth, or the days of the g r e a t f l o o d 3. T h e a r c h a e o l o g i c a l e v i d e n c e a t t h e s p a s d a t e t h e m t o t h e 2 n d C e n t u r y, during the time of the Roman period. The spas drew people from across the Roman Empire, and were believed to have 1 http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ ejud_0002_0013_0_13493.html 2 Merriam Webster 3 https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2022/1920/18(1)%20 32-58.pdf?sequence=1 (38)

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HOUSE

DEAD SEA SPRINGS

THE ORIGIN

O L D C I T Y J E R U S A L E M , W E S T E R N WA L L

T E L AV I V S Y N A G O G U E

DOME OF THE ROCK

ARCHITECTURAL VERNACULAR ISRAEL

-Jerusalem stone - Influenced by the architecture of the different occupiers -Islamic -Byzantine -Rome -Bauhaus -1948- the need to build fast to house masses of immigrants 1 1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Israel

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149 ISRAEL by Michelle Berman RIMONIM

H A M AT G A D E R

H A M E I Y O AV

HOTEL TIBERIAS

NEVE MIDBAR

ARCHITECTURAL VERNACULAR CONTINUED S PA

-Multiple pools with different temperatures -Wood roof structure for indoor-outdoor pools -Minerals may vary between pools

THE ORIGIN

Sidon

--- - --

Oamasoua

Nahariya Akko

Mediterranean Sea

RIMONIM TIBERIAS Hadeta.

Syria HAMAT GADER

Netanya.

Herzhya • •Klar

ShchenJ

Saba

• ?1amla flamalla

Belhlehem HAMEI YOV

DEAD SEA

TetAviv + Yafo

. . . Jeruaelelo ienchO

Aza •

Se'erSheva

Israel

Arad

Dsad (SMrJ Sea

NEVE MIDBAR

Ha Negev

Sinai Desert

.Mitspe Raman

.Petr•

Gulfo1

Amman

arar

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Jordan

151 ISRAEL by Michelle Berman

M AT E R I A L , L I G H T, A N D T E X T U R E

ANCIENT SPRINGS

JERUSALEM STONE

HOT SPRING

MINERALS

S A LT

MUD

THE ORIGIN

PROGRAMMATIC ELEMENTS T H E R O M A N B AT H H O U S E

An example of a typical Ancient Roman bathhouse can be seen at En-Gedi on the western shore of the Dead Sea. The visitor enters the bath into a vestibule with a small pool for washing their feet. The visitor then proceeds to the changing room. South of the changing rooms were three baths, each with a different temperature. One cool bath, one warm, and one hot. The furnace was in a room beyond.

In Jewish practice men and woman do not swim together in the same pool. Therefore at many spas there are either p o o l s s e p a r a t e d b y g e n d e r, o r s o m e spas have hours that are for men or w o m a n o n l y.

Some of the larger spas, such as that at Hamat Gader in Northern Israel, had separate entrances and pools for lepers, who used the pool as a medical treatment . T H E S PA

To d a y, s p a s i n I s r a e l v a r y i n f o r m b u t have similar programmatic elements. These include: -Social mineral pools with different temperatures -Private mineral pools with different temperatures -Dry and wet saunas -Jacuzzis -Changing rooms -Showers L O W E N D S PA

-Pay at entrance -Lockers for storing -Bathrooms, changing rooms, showers -Outdoor showers H I G H E N D S PA -A s s i s t e d

by an attendant -Private treatment rooms

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H A M AT G A D E R

-Mineral pools -Zoo and alligator farm -Guest Rooms -Swimming Pool/water park -Private treatment rooms -Changing rooms -Bathrooms

WOMANâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S POOL

GUEST ROOMS

SWIMMING POOL

S PA V I L L A G E

THE ORIGIN

HEALING PROPERTIES MINERAL SPRINGS

The practice of using mineral water for healing purposes is known as “ b a l n e o l o g y ” 1. T h e h e a t o f t h e p o o l increases body temperature which kills germs and viruses, eliminates toxins, increases blood flow and circulation, and increases metabolism. The minerals of t h e p o o l s o a k i n t o t h e b o d y. In particular Sulfur is an important and prominent mineral that occurs in springs. Sulfur is referred to as “natures beauty mineral”. It is concentrated in Keratin that gives you strong nails, hair and skin, and also facilitates in the production of collagen which keeps your skin elastic. Sulfur also helps reduce redness and itchiness from eczema, protects your body from toxins in the environment, and can reduce the pain of arthritis when in a hot bath. Sulfur is also what causes the putrid scent of a hot spring.

H A M AT G A D E R

Mineral springs are recommended for helping cure: -Urinary tract disturbances -Digestive tract disturbances -Weakness -Headaches -Join Pains -Diseases of the skin and eye -Women’s complaints -Chest pains -Pneumonia -Breathing Difficulties Different Spas may focus on healing specific medical issues. For example, the Zohar springs focus on healing rheumatism, skin diseases, allergies, and bronchial asthma. H A M AT G A D E R

1 https://frenchwinegirltravels.wordpress.com/2010/07/09/health-benefits-of-natural-mineral-hot-springs/

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DEAD SEA

Similar to the hot springs, the medicinal properties of the dead sea have been known for thousands of years. There is evidence of many historians from the ancient period that write about its benefits in connection to healing an a c h i n g b o d y. What is unique about the dead sea is that its water contains 27% of various salts, compared to the 3% in normal sea w a t e r 1. T h e m a i n c o m p o n e n t s o f t h e s a l t water at the dead sea are magnesium, potassium, calcium chloride, and bromide. Magnesium combats stress and fluid retention, which slows skin aging and calms the nervous system. Potassium energizes the body and is particularly important following exercise. Calcium also works to retain fluid and strengthens bones and nails. Bromide relaxes the muscles. The makeup of the salt water is also good for healing cuts and scrapes, though on initial contact it burns.

DEAD SEA

In addition to the minerals contained in t h e w a t e r, t h e m u d o f t h e s e a f l o o r i s also particularly therapeutic. The mud is formed from the clay sediments rich in organic compounds. It is also rich in magnesium, potassium, calcium, and bromide, and can help soothe irritation from eczema and acne. The salt from the sea is also used as an exfoliant. Because of its low sodium count it retains water and leaves the skin smooth and soft.2

DEAD SEA MUD

1 https://www.seasalt.com/salt-101/dead-sea-salt-benefits/ 2 http://www.livestrong.com/article/195073-the-benefits-of-scrubbing-with-deadsea-salt/

THE ORIGIN

Last, First M. Photograph Title. Month Date, Ye a r C r e a t e d . C o l l e c t i o n , M u s e u m / I n s t i t u t i o n , Location.

SPA TREATMENTS Spas particularly in the Dead Sea area take advantage of the minerals in the water and mud and use them in specially designed treatments. For example at the Vitalia Spa at the Dead Sea Spa Hotel some treatments include, Dead Sea Revitalizing Facial, Dead Sea Purifying Facial, and Mini Mud Facial, all of which use the mud from the Dead Sea to improve the skin in different ways. The mud is rubbed onto the skin in thick layers, and then sits so that the minerals are absorbed into the skin.

There is a new massage treatment in Israel called the snake massage. As the title implies, non venomous snakes are placed on an area of the body and move there way around aching muscles and stiff joints.1

Sulfur bath for soaking Sea salt scrub

1http://www.nbcnews.com/id/16812096/ns/business-small_business/t/spa-unleashes-snakes-your-pains/#.V0SyMfmH-G4

L a s t , F i r s t M . P h o t o g r a p h T i t l e . M o n t h D a t e , Ye a r C r e a t e d . C o l l e c t i o n , M u s e u m / I n s t i t u t i o n , L o c a t i o n .

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DEAD SEA

THE ORIGIN

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MODERN INTERPRETATIONS BERESHEET MIZPE RAMON -Integrate the architecture into surrounding desert H A M AT G A D E R -Making the spa a place for social gathering and culture like the Roman baths- petting zoo and alligator farm C A R M E L F O R E S T S PA C R A M I M S PA

B E R E S H E E T S PA

C A R M E L F O R E S T S PA

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CRAMIM

C R A M I M S PA

THE ORIGIN

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ADDITIONAL IMAGES

S PA C L U B H O T E L D E A D S E A

B E R E S H E E T S PA

CRAMIM

B R O W N B E A C H H O U S E , T E L AV I V

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161 ISRAEL by Michelle Berman DEAD SEA

T R E E H O U S E S PA , E I L AT

C I E L O S PA , T E L AV I V

M Aâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; I N D E A D S E A , J O R D A N

THE ORIGIN

WORKS CITED H i r s c h f e l d , Y i z h a r, T h e R o m a n B a t h s o f H a m a t G a d e r, I s r a e l E x p l o r a t i o n J o u r n a l 1975 h t t p : / / w w w. m f a . g o v. i l / m f a / i s r a e l e x p e r i e n c e / h i s t o r y / p a g e s / h a m a t % 2 0 g a d e r % 2 0 - % 2 0 baths%20of%20medicinal%20hot%20springs.aspx http://cojs.org/hammat_gadar_roman_baths-_2nd_century_ce/ https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2022/1920/18(1)%2032-58. pdf?sequence=1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movenpick_Dead_Sea_Spa_and_Resort h t t p : / / w w w. j e w i s h v i r t u a l l i b r a r y. o r g / j s o u r c e / j u d a i c a / e j u d _ 0 0 0 2 _ 0 0 1 3 _ 0 _ 1 3 4 9 3 . h t m l h t t p : / / w w w. n b c n e w s . c o m / i d / 1 6 8 1 2 0 9 6 / n s / b u s i n e s s - s m a l l _ b u s i n e s s / t / s p a - u n l e a s h e s snakes-your-pains/#.V0SyMfmH-G4 h t t p : / / w w w. l i v e s t r o n g . c o m / a r t i c l e / 1 9 5 0 7 3 - t h e - b e n e f i t s - o f - s c r u b b i n g - w i t h - d e a d - s e a salt/ h t t p s : / / w w w. s e a s a l t . c o m / s a l t - 1 0 1 / d e a d - s e a - s a l t - b e n e f i t s / https://frenchwinegirltravels.wordpress.com/2010/07/09/health-benefits-of-natural-mineral-hot-springs/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Israel M e r r i a m W e b s t e r, H o t S p r i n g

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ITALY

by Cristina Oteiza

THE ORIGIN 1 6 5 I TA LY b y C r i s t i n a O t e i z a

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A l m a Ta d e m a , S i r Laurence A Favorite C u s t o m . 1 9 0 9 . Ta t e G a l l e r y, L o n d o n / A r t R e s o u r c e , N e w Yo r k .

THE ORIGIN

A SYMBOL OF ROME ROMAN BATHS When asked by a foreigner why he bathed o n c e a d a y, a R o m a n e m p e r o r i s s a i d t o have replied “Because I do not have the t i m e t o b a t h e t w i c e a d a y. ” A bath was not just a bath in ancient Rome, it was an important part of their lifestyle. Romans bathe daily and spent a considerable amount of their time in their extravagant appointed public baths. Far beyond meeting the normal hygienic function of washing, the Roman Baths provided facilities for sports and recreation, massage, body culture, relaxation and social exchange. They resembled more like a club or community c e n t e r. The popularity of the public baths as a social and cultural institution is reflected in the large number of baths known from written sources and excavated sites. The most famous discovered bath structures are those of Pompeii, Bath in England, o f C a r a c a l l a , o f D i o c l e t i a n , o f Ti t u s , a n d b a t h s o f T r a j a n , t o n a m e a f e w. One could claim that, with the possible exception of temples, there were more baths than all other ancient building types. From the written sources, arguably one of the best testimonies of the importance of the bath rituals to the Romans was taken from a schoolboy exercise book: “ I m u s t g o a n d h a v e m y b a t h . Ye s , i t ’ s time. I live. I get myself some towels and follow my servant. I run and catch up with the others who are going to the baths and say to them one and all, ‘How are you? Have a good bath! Have a good supper!’” It is believed by historians that at the height of the Roman Empire, public baths embodied the ideal Roman way of urban living.

THE DEMOCRACY OF BATHS Among the social institutions of ancient Rome, public baths were unique for their inclusive rather than exclusive policy and their vast appeal to the masses r e g a r d l e s s o f s e x , c o l o r, c r e e d o r w e a l t h . Roman baths and bathing culture, were categorically open: anyone could pay the paltry entrance fee (and some of the best and biggest baths were free) could pick and choose among the practically thousands of baths spread across the realm. Although there is considerable evidence for social segregation in many other institutions of public entertainment, there is no proof of separation or segregation of pagans, Christians, and Jews in baths as happens in the Middle Ages. Nor were there any parts of the baths reserved for higher-paying clientele.

ORIGINS GREECE There is little doubt that Romans first came to appreciate hot baths and bathing as a pleasurable custom through their contact with the Greeks of Sicily and South Italy in the early days of the Republic. These were proper Greek baths on Italian soil from the late fourth t o e a r l y t h i r d c e n t u r y B C . H o w e v e r, Greek baths had heating systems far more primitive than the central floor heating systems of Roman baths, and no rationally conceived plans based in a controlled and graded heating of spaces. Furthermore, they did not cater to a social custom of quotidian bathing.

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1 6 9 I TA LY b y C r i s t i n a O t e i z a Overbeck - Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities. P l a n o f t h e O l d B a t h s a t P o m p e i i ( Te r m e d e l F o r o ) . L e g e n d A — a t r i u m B — a p o d y t e r i u m ( r o o m f o r undressing) C — frigidarium (cool bath) D — tepidarium (warm room) E — caldarium (hot bath) F — thermal chamber G — women’s tepidarium H — women’s apodyterium J — women’s cold bath K — the servants’ atrium M — chamber for fornacatores (persons in charge of the fires) a, a2, a3 — entrances to men’s baths b — entrance to women’s baths c, c2 — entrances to furnace rooms d — circular furnace e — passages f — probably an oecus or exedra g — portico h — walls i — small room m — small vestibule q — passage to the furnace room r — mouth of the furnace x — water closet (latrina)

THE ORIGIN

PROGRAMATIC SPACES PA L A E S T R A: The palaestra was and outdoor garden/gymnasium where men would engage in various ball games and exercises. There, among other things, weights were lifted and the discus thrown. Men would oil themselves (as soap was still a luxury good and thus not widely available), and remove the excess with a strigil. APODY TERIUM: The apodyterium was a s p a c i o u s c h a m b e r, w i t h s t o n e s e a t s along two sides of the wall. Holes are still visible on the walls, and probably mark the places where the pegs for the bathersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; clothes were set. The chamber w a s l i g h t e d b y a g l a s s w i n d o w, a n d had six doors. One of these led to the tepidarium and another to the frigidarium. TEPIDARIUM: The tepidarium was a room that did not contain water but was merely heated with warm air of an agreeable temperature, in order to prepare the body for the great heat of the vapour and warm baths, and, upon returning, to prevent a too-sudden t r a n s i t i o n t o t h e o p e n a i r. I n t h e b a t h s at Pompeii this chamber also served as an apodyterium for those who took the warm bath. The walls feature a number of separate compartments or recesses for receiving the garments when taken off. The compartments are divided from each other by figures which project from the walls and support a rich cornice above them in a wide arch. Three bronze benches were also found in the room, which was heated as well by its contiguity to the hypocaust of t h e a d j o i n i n g c h a m b e r, a s b y a b r a z i e r of bronze. The tepidarium is generally the most highly ornamented room in baths. It was merely a room to sit in and be anointed in. In the Forum Baths at Pompeii the floor is mosaic, the arched ceiling adorned with stucco and painting on a coloured ground, the walls red. Anointing was performed by slaves called unctores and aliptae. It sometimes took place before going to the hot bath, and

Overbeck - Harry Thurston Peck, APODYTERIUM Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities., Public Domain.

Overbeck - Harry Thurston Peck, TEPIDARIUM Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities., Public Domain.

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sometimes after the cold bath, before putting on the clothes, in order to check the perspiration. Some baths had a special room (destrictarium or unctorium) for this purpose. CALDARIUM: From the tepidarium a door opened into the caldarium, whose mosaic floor was directly above the furnace or hypocaust. Its walls also were h o l l o w, f o r m i n g a g r e a t f l u e f i l l e d w i t h h e a t e d a i r. A t o n e e n d w a s a r o u n d b a s i n (labrum), and at the other a quadrangular bathingplace (puelos, alveus, solium, calida piscina), approached from the platform (schola) by steps. The labrum h e l d c o l d w a t e r, f o r p o u r i n g u p o n t h e bather â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s head before he left the room. These basins are of marble in the Forum Baths, but we hear of alvei of solid s i l v e r. B e c a u s e o f t h e g r e a t h e a t o f t h e room, the caldarium was but slightly ornamented. FRIGIDARIUM: The frigidarium was a cold room with its cold plunge-bath. There would be a small pool of cold water or sometimes a large swimming pool (though this was usually covered). The water could be also kept cold by u s i n g s n o w. T h e b a t h i n t h i s c h a m b e r is of white marble, approached by two marble steps.

Overbeck - Harry Thurston Peck, CALDARIUM Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities., Public Domain.

Overbeck - Harry Thurston Peck, FRIGIDARIUM Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities., Public Domain.

THE ORIGIN

THE BATHING RITUAL

Oteiza, Cristina. Sweat, Oil, Warm, Hot, Cold: Sensorial Representation of the Roman Bath Ritual. May 3 0 , 2 0 1 6 . N e w Yo r k .

A SENSORIAL EXPERIENCE It is around 2:30pm in a sunny summer d a y. A f t e r a h a r d w o r k i n g m o r n i n g , I h a d a light lunch and Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve just woken up from a short siesta. The blazing summer sun should have warmed the waters for an optimal relaxing bath! I ask my servant to follow me to the public baths with my towels. It is a hot day and most people are joining me for my daily bath. Passing through the principal entrance, which is removed from the street by a narrow footway surrounding the building and after descending three steps, I pass the familiar small chamber to my left which contains the water closet (latrina), and proceed into a covered portico which ran round three sides of an open

court (atrium)These together formed the vestibule of the baths (vestibulum balnearum) in which our servants waited. I tell my servant to await next to one of the many tall masonry columns that separate the open arena in the middle of the building. My servant likes this space because of the linear shadows the columns cast on the long portico. I always found him in a different place because he keeps following the movement of the shadows throughout the afternoon. I keep walking to the open atrium and already feel the blazing sun again in my face. I go and join my peers at the open courtyard garden and start playing my favorite ball game while peeking sometimes at the women doing light exercises. I can already start to feel

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MATERIALIT Y

“...Fine polychromatic marbles, intricate mosaics, stucco ornament, gleaming bronze hardware, and d e c o r a t i v e s t a t u a r y, a l l u n d e r l o f t y, w e l l - l i g h t e d v a u l t s a n d d o m e s ” i s h o w F i k r e t Ye g ü l d e s c r i b e s t h e Emperial Thermaes in Bathing in the Roman World.

the drops of sweat running down my face, which means I am now ready to take my bath! I walk again towards the portico to get my servant and walk through a passage that leads into the changing room, to undress and leave my clothes in my chosen space, and change to a bath appropriate attire. Thank the Gods I have my own servant to really take care of my clothes, because the capsarii slaves are notorious for their dishonesty! I head next to the warm air room (tepidarium), where I like to sit and relax first from the exercise. My servant knows this is the time when I like to be oiled with different ointments to treat m y b o d y. T h e n , I p r o c e e d t o t h e h o t t e s t room of all; the caldarium, where 104ºF /40ºC temperatures should increase my

sweat. After my vapor bath, I proceed to the round alcove that contains a large pool. Here, I sit at the second step and proceed to ask my servant to massage a n d c l e a n m y o i l y, s w e a t y s k i n w i t h s t r i g i l before rinsing myself with repeated s p l a s h e s o f w a t e r. E v e n t h o u g h I h a v e my servant, sometimes I like to go to the unctorium, where a masseur would settle me on a couch and perform a relaxing massage. After I’m clean, I proceed to the final room; the frigidarium, where I plunge into the pool and enjoy the delight of the cool bath after all the heat.

THE ORIGIN

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1 7 5 I TA LY b y C r i s t i n a O t e i z a Pauli, Georg. The Roman Baths. Photo: Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images

THE ORIGIN

ROMAN VERNACUL AR ARCHITECTURE

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1 7 7 I TA LY b y C r i s t i n a O t e i z a Paulin, Edmond. Baths of Diocletian. 1880. Ã&#x2030;cole Nationale des Beaux-Arts- Paris, France

THE ORIGIN

TESTIMONIAL â&#x20AC;&#x153;I have lodgings right over a bathing establishment. So, picture yourself the assortment of sounds, which are strong enough to make me hate my very powers of hearing! When your strenuous gentleman, for example is excercising himself by flourishing leaden weights; when he is working hard, or pretends to be working hard, I can hear him grunt; and whenever he releases his imprisoned breath, I can hear him panting in wheezy a n d h i g h - p i t c h e d t o n e s . O r, p e r h a p s , I n o t i c e s o m e l a z y f e l l o w, c o n t e n t w i t h a cheap rub-down, and hear the crack o f t h e p u m m l i n g h a n d o n h i s s h o u l d e r, varying in sound according as the hand i s l a i d o n f l a t o r h o l l o w. T h e n p e r h a p s , a professional comes along, shouting out

the score [of a ball game]; that is the finishing touch. Add to this the arresting of an occasional thief or pickpocket, the racket if the man who always likes his own voice in the bathroom, or the enthusiast splashing. Besides all these voices, if nothing else are good, imagine the hair-plucker with his penetrating, shrill voice -for purposes of advertisement, -continually giving vent and never holding his tongue except when he is plucking the armpits and making his victims yell instead. Then t h e c a k e - s e l l e r, w i t h h i s v a r i e d c r i e s , t h e s a u a g e m a n , t h e c a n d y - s e l l e r, a n d the vendors of food hawking their goods, each with his distinctive intonation.â&#x20AC;? - Seneca

O t e i z a , C r i s t i n a . A b s t r a c t R e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f b e h a v i o r i n t h e B a t h s . M a y 3 0 , 2 0 1 6 . N e w Yo r k .

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1 7 9 I TA LY b y C r i s t i n a O t e i z a O t e i z a , C r i s t i n a . PA L A E S T R A . W a t e r c o l o r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f R o m a n a t r i u m . M a y 2 9 , 2 0 1 6 . N e w Yo r k .

THE ORIGIN

THE ITALIAN SPA ROMAN INSPIRED TREATMENTS The Spanish brand AIRE has opened several Spas inspired by the ancient roman bath treatments. The facilities i n c l u d e a Te p i d a r i u m , a C a l d a r i u m , several Natatoriums, Flotariums, a Frigidarium, among others. THERMAL BATH WITH AROMATHERAPY Consists of the freedom to use: baths of different temperatures, temperate (97ºF), hot (102°F), and cold (61ºF); the Steam Room, the Propeller-Jet Bath and the Flotarium; the relaxation room where you may rest on heated marble seating and e n j o y t e a o r w a t e r. A 30, 45, or 60 minute massage can be added. A 45, 60 minute four-handed massage can be added. RED WINE RITUAL The Red Wine Ritual is an indulgent experience based in the antioxidant properties of wine. All the products used come from the grapes in the Matarromera winery in Spain. The experience includes a relaxing wine bath in a private thermal tub. During the 30-minute bath you will soak in a concentrate of tempranillo grapes and experience the antioxidant effects of red wine. It is the perfect experience for the skin to feel pampered and recover the ideal level of hydration. These sensations are followed by a 90minute four-handed body experience t h a t i n c l u d e s a To n i n g G r a p e S e e d b o d y e x f o l i a n t - t h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f Ve r d e j o Grape Seeds, Brown sugar and grape oil in this exfoliant will eliminate impurities and dead cells from the skin and leave it nourished, hydrated, luminous and soft; a the Grape Seed body wrap- a special antioxidant treatment using red grape seed, aloe vera and ginseng to help regenerate dry and dehydrated skin and help neutralize and eliminate toxins and a four-handed relaxing massage using grape body butter and grape seed oil. The ritual includes their signature 90-minute Thermal Session in their

baths at different temperatures: ice pool (46ºF), cold pool (61ºF), warm pool (97ºF), hot pool (102ºF), as well as t h e i r S t e a m R o o m w i t h a r o m a t h e r a p y, Propeller-Jet Bath (97ºF), and salt-water pool (flotarium); you may also use the relaxation area to rest on heated marble seating and relax while sipping some tea. OLIVE OIL RITUAL The experience includes the following elements: Ritual soak (30 minutes): During 30 minutes you will soak and enjoy this calming and relaxing experience. This part of the ritual will take place in the private VIP area, where you will soak in a tub (for one or two people) where you’ll be able to choose among the following elements to soak in: red wine, cava, milk or citrus. Four-handed Olive Oil massage (90 minutes): The olive oil ritual includes a special corporal massage using the fourhanded massage technique (2 therapists synchronized) as well as a cranial/facial and foot massage using warm olive oil marmalade with nutrient, hydrant and elastic properties to give skin a boost of e n e r g y. Thermal bath experience (90 minutes):The ritual includes a 90 minute experience of the signature thermal circuit where you will enjoy our baths at different temperatures: ice pool (46ºF), cold pool (61ºF), warm pool (97ºF), hot pool (102ºF), as well as our Steam Room, Propeller-Jet Bath (97ºF), and salt-water pool; you may also use the Relaxation Room to rest on heated marble seating and enjoy a cup of tea or juices. KERALA RITUAL The experience includes the following elements: Ritual soak (30 minutes): During 30 minutes you will soak and enjoy this calming and relaxing experience. This part of the ritual will take place in the private VIP area, where you will soak in a tub (for one or two people) where you’ll

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soak in a tub (for one or two people) where you’ll be able to choose among the following elements to soak in: red wine, cava, milk or citrus. Wa r m C a n d l e Wa x m a s s a g e ( 9 0 m i n u t e s ) : The Kerala ritual massage is a journey for the senses that includes a special corporal massage using warm candle wax with essential oils that leaves the skin hydrated and soft. The massage is finalized with a relaxing facial massage that brings a serene and relaxing sensation. Thermal bath experience (90 minutes): The ritual includes a 90 minute experience of the signature thermal bath circuit where you will enjoy our baths at different temperatures: ice pool (46ºF), cold pool (61ºF), warm pool (97ºF), hot pool (102ºF), as well as our Steam Room, Propeller-Jet Bath (97ºF), and salt-water pool; you may also use the Relaxation Room to rest on heated marble seating and enjoy a cup of tea or juices. putting on the clothes, in order to check the perspiration. Some baths had a special room (destrictarium or unctorium) for this purpose.

A i r e . F r i g i d a r i u m . h t t p : / / w w w. a n c i e n t b a t h s n y. c o m / . N e w Yo r k

OTHER TREATMENTS ITALIAN WET HAY TREATMENTS Hotel Heubad in Italy offers a spa treatment that’s straight from local m e a d o w s . T h e O r i g i n a l Vo l s e r H a y B a t h involves a hot water bed soak, followed by wet hay being wrapped around your b o d y. T h e h a y c o m e s f r o m A l p e d i S i u s i and is harvested between the months of July and August. This itchy-sounding treatment is actually said to be great for y o u r m e t a b o l i s m a n d i m m u n i t y. One thing to remember when going to Spas in Italy: “Go for the massage but expect some second-base action, get waxed beforehand if you want a full m o n t y, t r y o u t t h e b o d y w r a p e v e n i f it sounds outlandish, and, whatever happens, don’t ever take off those paper panties.”

A l b e l d a , J e r e m y. I t a l i a n W e t H a y Tr e a t m e n t . J u l y 2 1 , 2 0 1 2 . . h t t p : / / w w w. t h e w o r l d o r b u s t . c o m /

THE ORIGIN

ANCIENT ROMAN BATHS

Oteiza, Cristina Roman Baths. 2010. Bath, UK.

C a l d a r i u m a t P o m p e i i . h t t p : / / w w w. d l . k e t . o r g / latin2/mores/baths/history/pompeii.htm

Oteiza, Cristina Architectural Detail in Caldarium. 2015. Pompeii, Italy

Oteiza, Cristina Apodyterium. 2015. Pompeii, Italy

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Fremura, A. GAMES AND SPORTS IN PA L A E S T R A . B a t h i n g i n t h e R o m a n W o r l d . Cambridge.

A i r e . G e n e r a l V i e w . h t t p : / / w w w. a n c i e n t b a t h s n y. c o m / N e w Yo r k

Oteiza, Cristina Axo view of Pompeii Baths. 2 0 1 6 . N e w Yo r k .

A i r e . Te p i d a r i u m ( W a r m B a t h ) . h t t p : / / w w w. a n c i e n t b a t h s n y. c o m / N e w Yo r k

THE ORIGIN

1 8 3 I TA LY b y C r i s t i n a O t e i z a

MODERN ROMAN BATHS

WORKS CITED F i k r e t Ye g ü l , B a t h i n g i n t h e R o m a n W o r l d ( N e w Yo r k : C a m b r i d g e U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 2010),1–53 F r a n ç o i s e d e B o n n e v i l l e , T h e B o o k o f t h e B a t h ( N e w Yo r k : R i z z o l i I n t e r n a t i o n a l Publications, 1998),23–33 Wikipedia, Thermae (Internet: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermae) J e r e m y A l b e l d a , T h e M o s t U n i q u e S p a Tr e a t m e n t s i n t h e W o r l d ( T h e W o r l d o r B u s t . h t t p : / / w w w. t h e w o r l d o r b u s t . c o m / t h e - m o s t - u n i q u e - s p a - t r e a t m e n t s - i n - t h e - w o r l d / , 2 0 1 2 ) Ondine Cohane, Going to an Italian Spa? Prepare for Second-Base Action (The Cut, NY Magazine. http://nymag.com/thecut/2014/09/italian-spa-tip-prepare-for-2nd-baseaction.html, 2014) L a r r y O l m s t e d , A n c i e n t R o m a n B a t h s M a k e C o m e b a c k - I n N e w Yo r k C i t y ( F o r b e s M a g a z i n e . h t t p : / / w w w. f o r b e s . c o m / s i t e s / l a r r y o l m s t e d / 2 0 1 2 / 0 3 / 0 7 / a n c i e n t - r o m a n - b a t h s make-comeback-in-new-york-city/#78089cf6dd4b, 2012) A i r e , Tr e a t m e n t s : S e r v i c e s a n d R a t e s ( A i r e . h t t p : / / w w w. a n c i e n t b a t h s n y. c o m / treatments/services-and-rates/) T i m o t h y B . L e e , 4 0 m a p s t h a t e x p l a i n t h e R o m a n E m p i r e ( Vo x . h t t p : / / w w w. v o x . com/2014/8/19/5942585/40-maps-that-explain-the-roman-empire, 2014)

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JAPAN

by Hinako Nakagawa

THE ORIGIN 1 8 7 J A PA N b y H i n a k o N a k a g a w a

ONSEN

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SENTO

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温泉-ONSEN (HOT SPRING) HOT SPRING : formed when ground water is heated by nearby body of magma or hot rock underground There are about 100 active volcanos in Japan and they produce more than 3,000 hot springs. That’s why Japanese and hot springs are inseparable.

Encyclopaedia Britannica. Geyser August 26, 2015

IN P A TRESROIN OSR SDCEHSO I GONL SOTFU D D EI O S I 3G NS U I NMTM ER ER I O2R0 1D6E S I G N 2 0 1 6

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DISTRIBUTION OF VOLCANOS Vo l c a n o Vo l c a n o F r o n t

Tr e n c h

DISTRIBUTION OF HOT SPRINGS More Than 25°C Less Than 25°C

神奈川県温泉地学研究所日本の温泉 May 24, 2016

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DEFINITION OF ONSEN

1, TEMPERATURE more than 25°C 2, SUBSTANCE (INCLUDED ONE OF THE SUBSTANCE BELOW) UMI JIGOKU(Ooita, Japan)

dissolved matter Carbon dioxide (CO²) Lithium ion (LI+) Strontium (Sr²+) Barium ion (Ba²+) Ferrous, Ferrous iron(Fe²+, Fe³+) Manganese(II) ion (Mn²+)

UKENOKUCHI ONSEN(Ooita, Japan)

Hydrogen ion (H+) Bromine (Br-) Iodine (I-) Fluorine (F-) Hydrogen arsorate (HPO4²-) Molar mass (HAsO2) Sulfur (S)

KUNIMI ONSEN(Iwate, Japan)

Oxoborinic acid (HBO2) Silicic acid (H2SiO3) Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) Radon (Rn) Radium (Ra)

Y O S H I M AT S U O N S E N ( K a g o s h i m a , J a p a n )

IN P A TRESROIN OSR SDCEHSO I GONL SOTFU D D EI O S I 3G NS U I NMTM ER ER I O2R0 1D6E S I G N 2 0 1 6

QUALIT Y OF WATER

EFFECT BY THE BATHING

EFFECT BY DRINKING WATER

Chloride spring

cut, burn, chronic skin disease, physically weak children, chronic women’s diseases

chronic digestive disease, chronic constipation disease

Polyatomic anion spring

cut, burn, chronic skin disease

chronic digestive disease, diabetes, gout, liver trouble

Sulfate spring

arteriosclerosis, cut, burn, chronic skin disease

chronic cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, chronic constipation, o b e s i t y, d i a b e t e s , g o u t

Carbon dioxide spring

high blood pressure, arteriosclerosis, cut, burn

chronic digestive disease, chronic constipation disease

Iron-containing spring

Menstrual disorder

anemia

Sulfur spring

chronic skin disease, chronic women’s diseases, cut, diabetes, high blood pressure, arteriosclerosis,

diabetes, gout, constipation

Acidity spring

chronic skin disease

chronic digestive disease

Radioactivity Spring

gout, arteriosclerosis, high blood pressure, chronic cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, chronic skin disease,

gout, chronic digestive disease, chronic cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, neuralgia, sore, joint pain

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QUALIT Y AND EFFECT OF WATER

JAPANESE SPA - ONSEN The history of the hot springs began before the history of the human. It is mentioned in the oldest Japanese document “KOJIKI”. The hot spring was considered as a sacred thing because it cure illness. In the war period(15th-16th century), h o t s p r i n g w a s u s e d f o r c u r i n g i n j u r y. in the Edo period(17th-19th century), it was used for recovering from fatigue because they traveled often and it was not only for wealthy person, but also the common people.

CHUNICHI Web 江戸時代の旧白山温泉 January 28, 2014

箱根町立郷土資料館底倉 April 16, 2010

IN P A TRESROIN OSR SDCEHSO I GONL SOTFU D D EI O S I 3G NS U I NMTM ER ER I O2R0 1D6E S I G N 2 0 1 6

1 9 5 J AJ PA PA N bN y Hinako Nakagawa

TRADITIONAL ONSEN

Dougo Onsen(Ehime, Japan)

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TRADITIONAL ONSEN BATH INDOOR BATH

R y o k a n Ta n i g a w a ( G u n m a , J a p a n )

HINOKI One of the traditional material of wood. HINOKI has many oils, disinfection, strong fragrance and smooth touch. IN P A TRESROIN OSR SDCEHSO I GONL SOTFU D D EI O S I 3G NS U I NMTM ER ER I O2R0 1D6E S I G N 2 0 1 6

1 9 7 J AJ PA PA N bN y Hinako Nakagawa

OUTDOOR BATH

Shirakawago Onsen(Gifu, Japan)

ROCK Rock is also one of the traditional material for ONSEN. It is used as natural shape. AST SH I GENOMREIN G TI N1

JAPANESE SPA - SENTO SENTO is one of the public baths. The difference between ONSEN and SENTO i s t h e w a t e r. S e n t o u s e s t a p w a t e r o r w e l l w a t e r. The beginning of the SENTO dates b a c k t o t h e 6 t h c e n t u r y. A t t h a t t i m e , Buddhism was introduced to Japan and bathing became one of the important work for people who worked for Buddha. A r o u n d 8 t h c e n t u r y, S E N T O b e c a m e important facility for common people since there is not bathroom in their house. SENTO was the space people can communicate with various classes of people since they didn’t wear clothes. Until 1890, mixed bathing was popular in Japan.

日本遠征記 (Description of expedition to japanwritten by M a t t h e w C a l b r a i t h P e r r y, 1 8 5 6 )

江戸名所図屏風(Screen drawn in EDO period)

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symbol

NOREN

柳湯 Ya n a g i - y u e n t r a n c e ( K y o t o , J a p a n )

番台-BANDAI (RECEPTION) BANDAI is a reception which is higher place than floor level and also person who is there. BANDAI receive the fee and keep an eye out for both men and women.

BANDAI

CHANGING ROOM The space is divided into men and women’s changing room by wall which is lower than ceiling. So both men and women can hear each voice.

帝国湯 Te i k o k u - y u , ( To k y o , J a p a n )

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暖簾-NOREN (A J A PA N E S E H A L F C U R TA I N) To d i s t r i b u t e t h e e n t r a n c e f o r m e n a n d women, many SENTO use different colors of NOREN. There is also symbol of SENTO.

TRADITIONAL SENTO EXTERIOR The traditional architecture of SENTO is similar to temple because original SENTO was made by carpenters who were specialized to build temples. The gorgeous facade became popular a n d i t i s s t i l l u s e d n o w.

明神湯 M y o u j i n - y u ( To k y o , J a p a n )

IN P A TRESROIN OSR SDCEHSO I GONL SOTFU D D EI O S I 3G NS U I NMTM ER ER I O2R0 1D6E S I G N 2 0 1 6

2 0 1 J AJ PA PA N bN y Hinako Nakagawa

TRADITIONAL SENTO INTERIOR The space is divided into men and women’s bathroom by wall same as changing room. There is a big picture of mount Fuji in the back of the space which is traditional element of the SENTO.

Communication with local people “ Te r m a e R o m a e ” 2 0 1 2

帝国湯 Te i k o k u - y u , ( To k y o , J a p a n )

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MODERN HOSINO RESORT

IN P A TRESROIN OSR SDCEHSO I GONL SOTFU D D EI O S I 3G NS U I NMTM ER ER I O2R0 1D6E S I G N 2 0 1 6

2 0 3 J AJ PA PA N bN y Hinako Nakagawa Hosino resort

Kai Hakone(Kanagawa, Japan)

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MODERN GINZAN ONSEN FUJIYA

IN P A TRESROIN OSR SDCEHSO I GONL SOTFU D D EI O S I 3G NS U I NMTM ER ER I O2R0 1D6E S I G N 2 0 1 6

2 0 5 J AJ PA PA N bN y Hinako Nakagawa 銀山温泉藤屋 ( Ya m a g a t a , J a p a n , K e n g o K u m a )

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MODERN ATAMI KAIHOUROU

IN P A TRESROIN OSR SDCEHSO I GONL SOTFU D D EI O S I 3G NS U I NMTM ER ER I O2R0 1D6E S I G N 2 0 1 6

2 0 7 J AJ PA PA N bN y Hinako Nakagawa ATA M I 海峯楼 ( S h i z u o k a , J a p a n , K e n g o K u m a )

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MODERN HIKARI NO YAKATA (HOUSE OF LIGHT)

IN P A TRESROIN OSR SDCEHSO I GONL SOTFU D D EI O S I 3G NS U I NMTM ER ER I O2R0 1D6E S I G N 2 0 1 6

2 0 9 J AJ PA PA N bN y Hinako Nakagawa 光の館 ( N i i g a t a , J a p a n , J a m e s Tu r r e l l )

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Entrance - barricade which separates the inside from the outside

Indoor bath - the view is considered as a painting

Outdoor bath - feel like IN the nature

IN P A TRESROIN OSR SDCEHSO I GONL SOTFU D D EI O S I 3G NS U I NMTM ER ER I O2R0 1D6E S I G N 2 0 1 6

Light - repetition, moderated light

VIGNETTE

Landscape and materials are important elements for Japanese culture. In these vignettes, they are expressed.

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2 1 1 J AJ PA PA N bN y Hinako Nakagawa

Bath - communication space

CITE “ 6 t h G r a d e C h . 3 S e c . 4 Vo l c a n i c L a n d f o r m s ” , S l i d e S h a r e , O c t o b e r 4 , 2 0 11 , h t t p : / / w w w. s l i d e s h a r e . n e t / a l l s a i n t s s c i e n c e / 7 t h - g r a d e - c h - 3 - s e c - 4 - v o l c a n i c - l a n d f o r m s R o b e r t W. D e c k e r, “ Vo l c a n o ” , E n c y c l o p e d i a B r i t a n n i c a , D e c e m b e r 9 , 2 0 1 5 , h t t p : / / w w w. b r i t a n n i c a . c o m / s c i e n c e / v o l c a n o / H o t - s p r i n g s - a n d - g e y s e r s H a c h i , “ 4 R e t r o S e n t o i n To k y o T h a t W i l l t a k e Yo u B a c k t o T h e G o o d O l d T i m e s ! ” , Fast Japan, February 27, 2016, https://fastjapan.com/en/p102634 " 銭湯 " , トリセツ , M a y 3 0 , 2 0 1 6 , h t t p : / / w w w. t v - a s a h i . c o . j p / t o r i s e t s u / c o n t e n t s / 1 0 0 / 0 7 0 / “ 温泉スーパー銭湯の違い " , 2つの違い事典 , M a y 3 0 , 2 0 1 6 , h t t p : / / l a n c e 3 . n e t / c h i g a i / z 0 1 4 4 . html " 温泉百科 " , 日本温泉協会温泉名人 , D e c e m b e r 11 , 2 0 1 5 , h t t p : / / w w w. s p a . o r. j p / “ 日本の温泉 " , 神奈川県温泉地学研究所 , M a y 3 0 , 2 0 1 6 , h t t p : / / w w w. o n k e n . o d a w a r a . kanagawa.jp/modules/study/index.php/content0005.html 金沢中日文化センター講師 , " 金栄健介ボタニカルアートの世界 " , 中日新聞 , J a n u a r y 2 8 , 2 0 1 4 , http://www.chunichi.co.jp/hokuriku/art icle/kanae/CK2014012802000209.html

IN P A TRESROIN OSR SDCEHSO I GONL SOTFU D D EI O S I 3G NS U I NMTM ER ER I O2R0 1D6E S I G N 2 0 1 6

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215 MEXICO by Mara Aceves

MEXICO by Mara Aceves

THE ORIGIN

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217 MEXICO by Mara Aceves

CONTENTS Origin of Practice Description Programmatic Elements S p a Tr e a t m e n t Modern Interpretations M a t e r i a l , L i g h t & Te x t u r e Five Vignettes Works Cited

Caballero, Rodrigo. Ritual Indigena. November 30, 2013 Michoacan, Mexico.

THE ORIGIN

B e l l , To m . A m a g i c r i t u a l i n C h i c h i c a s t e n a n g o , G u a t e m a l a . J u l y 2 4 , 2 0 0 5 .

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THE ORIGIN OF MEXICAN FOLK MEDICINE Mexican folk medicine is a healing philosophy with several disparate p a s t s . Tw o s i g n i f i c a n t i n f l u e n c e s a r e the seemingly incompatible races of the American Indian and the Spanish conquistadors. The fusion of these two cultures has created the unique healing philosophy of the Mexican people. Before the arrival of the Spaniards, Meso-America (the area of central Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, and parts of Honduras) had been agricultural for over three thousand years. A connection between nature, religion, and health was slowly established. The Aztecs referred to this delicate balance as a “harmony” between themselves and nature. Disease, it was believed, was caused by the gods t o p u n i s h s i n n e r s . Ti l t i n g o n e ’s b a l a n c e would cause serious illness or death. S i m i l a r l y, t h e S p a n i a r d s b e l i e v e d t h a t health was “God’s will,” and could be taken away as rectification. I n t h e f i f t e e n t h c e n t u r y, t h e H u a x t e p e c garden was developed by Moctezuma I. It housed a collection of several thousand medicinal plants. Academic priests conducted research with plant derivatives for their pharmacological benefits. About this same time, Spain was leading in European medical advancement. Its superiority in medicine had been due, in part, to the knowledge acquired while under Arabic rule. I n t h e s i x t e e n t h c e n t u r y, t h e S p a n i s h conquistadors first set foot in the New World. The ancient codices of the Aztec priests were considered blasphemous by Catholic priests, prompting Hernan Cortes to order all works on botany and science to be destroyed. The values, convictions, and traditions of the Aztec people were almost completely eradicated by Spain in a relatively short period of time. The early missionaries played a paradoxical role in salvaging the remnants of Aztec knowledge. They traveled throughout Nuevo Espana collecting and documenting materia

medica, while integrating European healing philosophies. The friars also introduced the Catholic faith and the use of prayers for curing illnesses. Some of the native remedies have survived the conquest due to quick-thinking Indians who renamed the plants used in ancient ceremonial practices, using the names of benevolent saints. The Spaniards introduced humoral p a t h o l o g y, H i p p o c r a t e s ’ t h e o r y o f health being dependent on the proper distribution of the body’s four humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black b i l e . F r o m h u m o r a l p a t h o l o g y, t h e h o t and cold theory of disease has survived in Mexico and in the Southwestern United States. In order to restore the body’s s y m m e t r y, p l a n t s w i t h o p p o s i n g q u a l i t i e s are still taken. From the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries, a great quantity of the America’s medicinal plants and vegetation, such as potatoes and corn, were shipped to Europe. Likewise, Old World plants such as garlic, chamomile, and lemons, were imported to the Americas. Medieval superstitions, i n c l u d i n g w i t c h c r a f t a n d s o r c e r y, w e r e also introduced to Meso-America by the conquerors. F o r t u n a t e l y, m a n y r e m e d i e s d i d s u r v i v e the conquest and are still used in Mexican America. The Mexican Institute for the Study of Medical Plants was established in 1975. Researchers at the institute have been examining the sixteenth century records, to determine the validity of indigenous medicines, with great success. The science which had dismissed traditional remedies, has begun to reevaluate therapeutic values of botanical lore.

THE ORIGIN

219 MEXICO by Mara Aceves

ORIGIN OF PRACTICE

HERBAL MEDICINE Aside from tomato and corn, many other plants widely used in Europe and North America are in fact based on traditional knowledge of the Aztecs and other Mexican indigenous groups. Aguacatl (or avocado) and chilli are just two of the many examples. Medicinal plants are an important element of indigenous medical systems in Mexico as well as in many other countries. These resources are usually regarded as part of a culture’s ‘ t r a d i t i o n a l ’ k n o w l e d g e . To d a y o n e f i n d s such plants on Mexican markets and many people in rural and urban areas regularly use herbal medicines. Some examples are: Altea: (plantain, Plantago spp.): for d y s e n t e r y, c o o k t h e r o o t i n r i c e Anil: (indigo, Indigofera suffruticosa): for children’s headaches, boil leaves until soft, then apply the leaves like a bandage to the forehead

Plate 69 from the Badianus Manuscript (‘An A z t e c H e r b a l o f 1 5 5 2 ’ ) , n o w i n t h e Va t i c a n Library

A r n i c a : ( g o l d e n a s t e r, H e t e r o t h e c a inuloides): for bruises, boil the flower heads into a mass, and apply Borraja: (borage, Borago officinalis): for bronchitis and fevers, boil 10 grams of flowers and young leaves in a liter of w a t e r, a n d d r i n k t h e t e a Cedron: (lemon verbena, Aloysia triphylla): tea from the boiled leaves, taken while fasting, and regularizes the m e n s t r u a l f l o w. C h i c a l o t e : ( p r i c k l y p o p p y, A r g e m o n e ochroleuca): for stomach pain, mash 4 g r a m s o f s e e d s i n 2 0 0 c c o f w a t e r, t a k e two or three times a day Clavellina: (ceiba, Bombax palmeri): for skin wounds, roast and grind the bark, and apply

M u r s e l l , I a n . M e x i c a n C h i l i s - W o w ! h t t p : / / w w w. mexicolore.co.uk/aztecs/health/mexican-herbalmedicines

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Gordolobo: (cudweed Gnaphalium spp.): a handful of this weedy herb brewed in a pot of water is very much used against coughs and sore throats. M a g n o l i a : ( m a g n o l i a , Ta l a u m a m e x i c a n a ) : a tea from the bark serves as a general tonic, but too much causes the heart to beat irregularly Nanche: (golden spoon, Byrsonima crassifolia): to improve digestion and appetite, and generally improve oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s feeling, cook the bark and drink the tea Naranjo agrio: (sour orange, Citrus aurantium): a tea from the leaves is used as a general tonic, calming agent, for heart palpitations, and epilepsy Nogal: (walnut, Juglans regia): wash skin sores and cure thrush in infants with a tea made from boiled leaves

C e r e m o n i a d e l F u e g o . w w w. e s p a c i o n a t u r a . c o m

Ortiga: (jatropa, Jatropha spp.): several different plants are called ortiga, but the roots of this one are used against venereal diseases Palo dulce: (eysenhardtia, Eysenhardtia polystachya): for kidney problems, place w o o d c h i p s i n t o w a t e r, a n d w h e n t h e w a t e r t u r n s b l u e , t h e n r e d o r a m b e r, d r i n k Pata de leon: (wild geranium, Geranium spp.): an infusion of this herb is added to the bath water of babies to rid them of the rash; the brew is also good for washing wounds. Ti l i a : ( l i n d e n o r b a s s w o o d , Ti l i a s p p . ) : for coughs, a tea brewed from the boiled flowers is drunk Zacate limon: (lemon-grass, or citronella,): the lemony brewed tea is a good anti-flatulent and soothes the intestines in general

h t t p : / / w w w. r i c h a r d - e v e n e m e n t . f r / a c t u / i d e e seminaire-entreprise/

THE ORIGIN

TEMAZCAL

Z a m o r a , J u l i o A r m a n d o . R o n d e a u . F e b r a r y, 2 0 1 5 . M o n t e r e y, M e x i c o .

The word “temazcal” comes from the Nahuatl word temazcalli, meaning “house o f h e a t ” o r “ h o u s e b a t h ” . T h e Te m a z c a l is a steam bath of pre-Hispanic origin used for therapeutic, detoxifying and r i t u a l p u r p o s e s . H i s t o r i c a l l y, i t w a s a ceremony of purification and cleanliness common among the diverse pre-Hispanic groups of Mesoamerica. It signifies a return to the womb of Mother Earth for healing and rebirth as a new person. Some therapeutic benefits believed to be gained by engaging in a temazcal ceremony are: * Filtering and cleansing of the lungs * Release of muscle tension

* Tr e a t m e n t o f o s t e o p o r o s i s * Introspective exploration * Release of negative energy and stress The temazcal process is similar to a sauna in that participants sit in an enclosed area at a high temperature. The main heat source in a temazcal is a pile o f v o l c a n i c r o c k p l a c e d i n t h e c e n t e r. Herbs are thrown onto the rock to create a healing vapor and further increase the temperature inside the hut. The intense sweat that comes with the temazcal treatment encourages blood flow and increases circulation, heart rate, and metabolic rate.

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TEMAZCAL SPA TREATMENT

M o d e r n Te m a z c a l . w w w. m i s i o n d e l s o l . c o m / p h o t o s . h t m M i s s i o n d e l S o l R e s o r t & S p a

THE TEMAZCAL TREATMENT EXPERIENCE -Arriving to the Spa you will change your clothes for a swimming suit. -The healer guide will light copal and prepare the herbs to start the cleaning of the soulâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ritual. This consists of touching your body with the herbs and passing around the smoke of the copal while chanting or praying. -The healer will guide you inside the temazcal where the volcanic rocks are already extremely hot.

-The guide will throw water and herbs on t h e s t o n e s t o p r o d u c e t h e v a p o r. -One hour after the guide will ask you to go out of the temazcal, drink herbal tea and take a shower with cool water to allow your skin to come back to the normal temperature. -After the shower you will lay down for about 30 minutes and with this will finish the treatment.

THE ORIGIN

MODERN INTERPRETATIONS

Sapphire Spa, w w w. i c e p o r t a l . c o m / b r o c h u r e s Sapphire Riviera Cancun, Mexico

The YHI spa, w w w. m e l i a . c o m / e n / h o t e l s / m e x i c o / Me by Melia Cabo San Lucas,Mexico.

Rosewood Mayakoba Spa w w w. d i f f e r e n t w o r l d . c o m / c a r i b b e a n - c o a s t - h o t e l s . Rivera Maya,Cancun,Mexico.

Ya a n S p a yaanwellness.com Tu l u m , Q . R . M e x i c o

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MATERIAL, LIGHT & TEXTURE

Fabric

Clay

Wood Sticks

Plants

THE ORIGIN

MATERIAL, LIGHT & TEXTURE

Skylight

Hand Made Fabric

Vo l c a n i c R o c k s

Gravel, Rocks and Plants

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VIGNETTES

The copal and herbs

THE ORIGIN

VIGNETTES

Copal

The Four Elements in Mayan Symbols

T h e Te m a z c a l

The Floor Plan

The

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A n n e t t e S a n d o v a l , H o m e g r o w n H e a l i n g : Tr a d i t i o n a l H o m e R e m e d i e s f r o m M e x i c o , (Berkeley: Berkeley Books, 1998). Thomas H. Frederiksen, Aztec Student Research Guide (1997-2005) P a x s o n , M o n i c a R . H e r b a l M e d i c i n e s f r o m M e x i c o ( h t t p : / / w w w. m e x p e r i e n c e . c o m / Xavier Lozoya Legorreta, Plantas, medicina y poder: breve historĂa de la herbolaria mexicana (Mexico, Los libros del consumidor 1994)

THE ORIGIN

229 MEXICO by Mara Aceves

WORKS CITED

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231 MOROCCO by Maha Ali

MOROCCO by Maha Ali

THE ORIGIN

IN P A TRESROIN OSR SDCEHSO I GONL SOTFU D D EI O S I 3G NS U I NMTM ER ER I O2R0 1D6E S I G N 2 0 1 6

3 C 2O 3U 3 NMTO RR Y ObC y CNO a mbey S Muarhnaa m A lei

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DESCRIPTION

THE MOROCCAN BATH ALSO KNOWN ASHAMMAM MAGRIB, ORIGINATED FROM THE ROMAN EMPIRE TIMES. DUE TO THE LACK OF PLUMBING IN MOROCCAN H O M E S , T H E H A M M A M W A S A P L A C E T O B A T H E A N D P U R I F Y. IN ISL AMIC CULTURES, BATHING IS AN OBLIGATION BEFORE PERFORMING RELIGOUS RITUALS. THE IDEA OF PURIFICATION AND CLEANLINESS IS ESSENTIAL IN THE ISL AMIC CULTURE, GIVING THE HAMMAM THE S I G N I F I C A N C E I T H A S N O W A D AY S A N D I N T H E PA S T. THE TURKISH AND MOROCCAN BATH ARE THE MOST POPUL AR BATHS IN THE MIDDLE EASTERN CUTLURE. THE DIFFERNCE BETWEEN BOTH BATHS IS THE USE OF STEAM AND WATER. OTHER THAN BEING A PL ACE OF REL AXATION, THE HAMMAM IS ALSO CO N S I D R E D A S A S O C I A L S PAC E.

IN P A TRESROIN OSR SDCEHSO I GONL SOTFU D D EI O S I 3G NS U I NMTM ER ER I O2R0 1D6E S I G N 2 0 1 6

AST SH I GENOMREIN G TI N1 5 C 2O 3U 5 NMTO RR Y ObC y CNO a mbey S Muarhnaa m A lei

ARCHITECTURAL VERNACUL AR

T H E C O U R T YA R D I S O N E O F T H E ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS IN MOROCCAN ARCHITECTURE.

F R O M A C U LT U R A L S TA N D P O I N T, P R I VA C Y I S A N I M P O R TA M T A S P E C T OF THE MOROCCAN AND ISLAMIC C U LT U R E . T H E I N D O O R C O U R T YA R D O F F E R S T H E O C C U PA N T S P R I VA C Y FROM THEIR NEIGHBORS, CREATING VIEWS TO THE CENTER OF THE HOME.

“WATER IS A POTENT SYMBOL OF LIFE IN DESERT LANDS AND AS SUCH IS VA L U E D A S S A C R E D. I T R E P R E S E N T S THE VITAL LIFE FORCE OF THE HOUSE. T H U S , T H E C O U R T YA R D I S T H E F O C U S T H E F O U N TA I N U S U A L LY H A S F L O W E R PETALS TO INFUSE REL AXING AROMA OF THE HOUSE AND THE FOUNTAIN THAT SPREADS AROUND THE HOUSE. OR BASIN IS THE FOCUS OF THE C O U R T YA R D. ” P O O L S H AV E R E C E N T LY B E C O M E PA R T OF THE ARCHITECTURE AS A MODERN TWIST ON THE FOUNTAIN. IN P A TRESROIN OSR SDCEHSO I GONL SOTFU D D EI O S I 3G NS U I NMTM ER ER I O2R0 1D6E S I G N 2 0 1 6

AST SH I GENOMREIN G TI N1 7 C 2O 3U 7 NMTO RR Y ObC y CNO a mbey S Muarhnaa m A lei

S PA N I S H I N F LU E N C E

IN P A TRESROIN OSR SDCEHSO I GONL SOTFU D D EI O S I 3G NS U I NMTM ER ER I O2R0 1D6E S I G N 2 0 1 6

9 C 2O 3U 9 NMTO RR Y ObC y CNO a mbey S Muarhnaa m A lei T H E I N F LU E N C E B E T WE E N T H E T WO C U LT U R E S, S PA N I S H A N D A R A B I C MAKES FOR AN INTERETSING ARCHITECTURLA AND AESTHETIC COMBINATION. ANICONISM IS THE MAJOR ELEMNT IN ISLAMIC ART WHICH IS THE ABSENCE OF ANY ICON OR PHYSICAL REPRESENTATIONS DEPICTING GOD OR THE PROPHETS. ISL AMIC ART ORIGINATED IN THE 7TH CENTURY UNDER THE INFLUENCE O F E A R LY C H R I S T I A N A R T, R O M A N A N D B Y Z A N T I N E S T Y L E S . T H E U S E O F B R I G H T CO LO R S I S T H E R E S U LT O F T H E S PA N I S H INFLUENCE THAT HAS INFLUENCED THE ARCHITECTURE.

AST SH I GENOMREIN G TI N1

SPA TREATMENTS

IN P A TRESROIN OSR SDCEHSO I GONL SOTFU D D EI O S I 3G NS U I NMTM ER ER I O2R0 1D6E S I G N 2 0 1 6

11 C 2O 4U 1 NMTO RR Y ObC y CNO a mbey S Muarhnaa m A lei

SABON BALADI; ITS A BLACK SOAP MADE FROM OLIVE OIL. USED TO SOFTEN THE SKIN AND GET RID OF DEAD CELLS

RHASOUL: ALSO KNOWN AS RED MOROCCAN C L A Y. I T I S A M I N E R A L C L A Y F O U N D I N THE ATL AS MOUNTAINS IN NORTH AFRICA.

RHASSOUL HAS BEEN USED FOR CENTURIES IN THE MORROCAN BATH TO TREAT HAIR AND SKIN. IT CONTAINS SILICON, MAGNESUIM, SODIUM, IRON AND POTASSIUM.

AST SH I GENOMREIN G TI N1

THE HAMMAM HAS 4 DIFFERENT STAGES: 1) RINSE THE COLD WATER RINSE ALLOWS FOR THE BODY TEMPRATURE TO COOL D O W N T O A C T I VAT E A N D S T I M U L AT E T H E T H Y R O I D A N D H E A R T. 2) BATHE THE BODY IS REPLENISHED WITH T H E N AT U R A L C L AY T O S O F T E N A N D SMOOTH SKIN AND HAIR. 3) EXFOLIATION IT INCREASES THE BLOOD CIRCUL ATION, REMOVES DIRT FROM THE SKIN, IMPROVES SKIN TONE, GETS RID OF DEAD SKIN AND PREVENTS FUTURE INGROWN HAIR. 4) STEAM ROOM THE STEAM ROOM IS THE MOST I M P O R TA N T PA R T O F T H E H A M M A M. IT RELAXES THE MUSCLES, OPENS THE PORES TO REMOVE TOXINS AND RELEIVES ACHES. A L S O T H I S I S T H E M A I N S PAC E F O R SOCIALIZING OR SLEEPING.

IN P A TRESROIN OSR SDCEHSO I GONL SOTFU D D EI O S I 3G NS U I NMTM ER ER I O2R0 1D6E S I G N 2 0 1 6

13 C 2O 4U 3 NMTO RR Y ObC y CNO a mbey S Muarhnaa m A lei H A M M A M S H AV E A D I S T I C T S E P E R AT I O N B E T W E E N B O T H G E N D E R S . U S UA L LY AT T H E E N T R A N C E O F T H E H A M M A M T H E R E W O U L D B E T W O SEPERATE DOORS, ONE FOR FEMALES AND THE OTHER FOR MALE. B O T H G E N D E R S H AV E T H E S A M E P R O C E D U R E W H E N I T C O M E S T O T H E R I TUALS AND PROCEDURE OF THE HAMMAM. H OWE V E R, I N B OT H S PAC E S CO M PL E T E NU D I T Y I S CO N S I D R E D TA B B O O. MEN ARE GIVEN EITHER SHORTS AND A TOWEL UPON ENTRY AND ARE NOT ALLOWED TO TAKE OFF THE SHORTS. W O M E N A S W E L L A R E N T A L L O W E D T O B E C O M P L E T E LY N A K E D I N T H E HAMMAM EVEN THOUGH SOME HAMMAMS ALLOW IT IN THE STEAM ROOM.

AST SH I GENOMREIN G TI N1

MODERN INTERPRETATION

P R O J E C T: J O YA S PA S P A D E S I G N : S P A D ( S Y LV I A P L A N N I N G A N D D E S I G N ) ARCHITECT: ALEN + PHILIP LOCATION: LINCOLD DRIVE SCOT TSDALE

IN P A TRESROIN OSR SDCEHSO I GONL SOTFU D D EI O S I 3G NS U I NMTM ER ER I O2R0 1D6E S I G N 2 0 1 6

HE WAS ALSO INSPIRED BY THE IDEA THAT THE FOUNTAIN IS PL ACED IN T H E M I D D L E O F T H E C O U R T YA R D A N D R E F E R N C I N G WAT E R A S T H E S O U R C E OF “LIFE”. T H E R E S O R T I S A M O D E R N I N T E R PR E TAT I O N O F A M O R O CC A N S PA. H E USED MANY ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS FOUND IN MOROCCO, SUCH AS T H E C O U R T YA R D, T H E T E X T I L E S , I S L A M I C M O T I F S A N D M O R O C C A N FURNITURE.

AST SH I GENOMREIN G TI N1

15 C 2O 4U 5 NMTO RR Y ObC y CNO a mbey S Muarhnaa m A lei

I N S P I R E D B Y T H E C L I M AT I C C O N D I T I O N S O F T H E A R I Z O N A D E S E R T, DEVELOPER ROBERT FLAXMAN ENVISIONED A MOROCCAN THEME RESORT T H A T W A S B U I L T O N T H E D E S E R T S O F P A R A D I S E V A L L E Y.

IN P A TRESROIN OSR SDCEHSO I GONL SOTFU D D EI O S I 3G NS U I NMTM ER ER I O2R0 1D6E S I G N 2 0 1 6

AST SH I GENOMREIN G TI N1 17 C 2O 4U 7 NMTO RR Y ObC y CNO a mbey S Muarhnaa m A lei

MATERIAL AND TEXTURE

CONTEMPORARY TEXTILE WITH BRIGHT COLORED EMBROIDERY

MACHINE MADE TEXTILES

R I C H LY W O O V E N M E TA L L I C T H R E A D S

R U G S AT T H E B A Z A A R

IN P A TRESROIN OSR SDCEHSO I GONL SOTFU D D EI O S I 3G NS U I NMTM ER ER I O2R0 1D6E S I G N 2 0 1 6

19 C 2O 4U 9 NMTO RR Y ObC y CNO a mbey S Muarhnaa m A lei PA I N E T D L E AT E H R

S I L K E M B R O I D E R E D W E D D I N G B E LT S

MOROCCO IS POPULAR FOR ITS LOCAL HANDWOVEN TEXTILES AND RUGS. THE PRODUCTS RANGE FROM CLOTHING, TO INTERIOR FURNITURE AND TENTS. EMBROIDERED TEXTILES REPRESENTS THE MOROCCAN CULTURE. EACH CIT Y CAN BE DISTINGUISHED BASED ON THE STYLE OF THE TEXTILE THEY PRODUCE. N O WA D AY S T E X T I L E S A R E M O S T L I K E LY T O B E M A S S P R O D U C E D H O W E V E R , M A N Y S T I L L D E S I R E T O H AV E S P E C I F I C A N D C O S T U M M A D E D E S I G N S F O R THEIR HOMES. THERE IS A CORREL ATION BETWEEN THE ARCHITECTURE, CULTURE AND DEISGN IN MOROCCO. THE MOTIFS, SYMMETRY AND GEOMETRIC FORMS, THE U S E O F B R I G H T C O L O R S I S A C O N S T A N T T H E M E I N E V E R Y D E S I G N E L E M E N T.

AST SH I GENOMREIN G TI N1

PROGRAMATIC ELMENT S PAT I A L O R G A N I Z AT I O N

GARDEN WATER

STRUCTURE

IN P A TRESROIN OSR SDCEHSO I GONL SOTFU D D EI O S I 3G NS U I NMTM ER ER I O2R0 1D6E S I G N 2 0 1 6

21 C 2O 5U 1 NMTO RR Y ObC y CNO a mbey S Muarhnaa m A lei

P R I VA C Y L E V E L S

HIGH

LOW

AST SH I GENOMREIN G TI N1

VIGNETTES

T H E F I R S T V I G N E T T E R E P R E S E N T S T H E C O U R T YA R D O R R I YA D F O U N D I N M O R O C C A N H O M E S . I WA S I N S P I R E D B Y T H E WAY T H E A R C H T E C T U R E INCORPORATED NATURE INTO THE HOMES AND THE COLORFUL TILES. THE MODEL COMBINES STENCIL WORK, COLLAGE, M A R K E R S A N D S P R AY PA I N T O N 6 X 6 C H I P B O A R D.

IN P A TRESROIN OSR SDCEHSO I GONL SOTFU D D EI O S I 3G NS U I NMTM ER ER I O2R0 1D6E S I G N 2 0 1 6

23 C 2O 5U 3 NMTO RR Y ObC y CNO a mbey S Muarhnaa m A lei THE SECOND VIGNETTE REPRESENTS THE STRUCTURE OF T H E C O U R T YA R D W H E N P L A C E D I N S I D E T H E H A M M A M . I WA N T E D T O S O L E LY E M P H A S I Z E S C A L E A N D S T R U C T U R E IN THIS MODEL. THE MODEL IS MADE OF CHIPBOARD AND MUSEUM BOARD WITH WOODEN DOWLS TO REPRESENT PEOPLE.

AST SH I GENOMREIN G TI N1

P R I VAT E A N D P U B L I C S PA C E S A R E R E A L LY I M P O R TA N T E L E M E N T S I N T H E H A M M A M . A B O V E A R E M O VA B L E G L A S S PA R T I T I O N S T H AT A R E F L E X I B L E E L E M E N T S I N T H E S PAC E. THE IDEA IS TO CHALLENGE THE BOUNDARIES BETWEEN WHAT IS S H A R E D A N D W H AT I S P R I VAT E . T H I S PA R T I T I O N T R E AT M E N T C R EATES A MILD SEPERATION BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT ROOMS. THE MODEL IS MADE UP OF CHIPBOARD AND PLEXI GLASS.

IN P A TRESROIN OSR SDCEHSO I GONL SOTFU D D EI O S I 3G NS U I NMTM ER ER I O2R0 1D6E S I G N 2 0 1 6

25 C 2O 5U 5 NMTO RR Y ObC y CNO a mbey S Muarhnaa m A lei C O N T I N U I N G O N T H E S U B J E C T O F P U B L I C A N D P R I VAT E S PAC E S, T H I S T R E ATM E N T O F F E R S A D I F F E R E N T A P P R O A C H T O T H I S C O N C E P T. T H E WA L L S A R E S O L I D S TAT I C PA R T I T I O N S H OWE V E R, T H E LEVELS OF THE DOWLS DETERMINE WHAT CAN BE SEEN FROM THE OTHER SIDE. THE MODEL IS MADE UP OF WOOD DOWLS PLACED ON S P R AY PA I N T E D C H I P B O A R D.

AST SH I GENOMREIN G TI N1

MOTIFS ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT ELEMENT THAT DISTINGUISHES ISL AMIC ART THAT OTHER CULTURES. THE USE OF GEOMETRY AND SYMMERT Y IS A STAPLE AESTHETIC THAT DEFINES THIS ART FORM. I USED BRIGHT COLORED PEOPLE AND CREATED DIAMOND SHAPES L AY E R E D O V E R E A C H O T H E R T O C R E AT E D E P T H A N D C O N T R AT S B ETWEEN THE DIFFERENT DIAMONDS.

IN P A TRESROIN OSR SDCEHSO I GONL SOTFU D D EI O S I 3G NS U I NMTM ER ER I O2R0 1D6E S I G N 2 0 1 6

AST SH I GENOMREIN G TI N1 27 C 2O 5U 7 NMTO RR Y ObC y CNO a mbey S Muarhnaa m A lei

WORKS CITED N a m e S u r n a m e , T i t l e ( C i t y P u b l i s h e d : P u b l i s h e r, Ye a r ) , X X â&#x20AC;&#x201C; X X X . L A N D T D E N N I S A N D L I S L D E N N I S , L I V I N G I N M O R O C C O ( G R E AT B R I T I A N : T H A M E S AND HUDSON LIMITED, 1992 Y I N G L E E , H O T E L S PA S & B E A U T Y S PA S / W E L L N E S S C E N T E R S I N T E R I O R DESIGN-VOL.2

IN P A TRESROIN OSR SDCEHSO I GONL SOTFU D D EI O S I 3G NS U I NMTM ER ER I O2R0 1D6E S I G N 2 0 1 6

THE ORIGIN 259 MOROCCO by Maha Ali

PA R S O N S S C H O O L O F D E S I G N I N T E R I O R D E S I G N 2016

261 NORTH AFRICA by Stacey Bello

NORTH AFRICA by Stacey Bello

THE ORIGIN

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CONTENTS Description Origin of Practice A r c h i t e c t u r a l Ve r n a c u l a r M a t e r i a l , L i g h t & Te x t u r e Programmatic Elements Modern Interpretations S p a Tr e a t m e n t s Five Vignettes Works Cited

Brilliant Studios. The Palms. September 18, 2015. Spa Resorts, W e l l - T r a v e l e d B e a u t y, P a l m Tu r k s a n d Caicos.

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DESCRIPTION

King, Justin. Medicine Man. 2016. Collection, Digital Journal.

The word Zareeba also spelled Zariba and Zareba, is Arabic for â&#x20AC;&#x153;private enclosureâ&#x20AC;?. This treatment is meant to isolate the body in a chamber while absorbing the healing scents provided by the stirring of steaming herbs in a large cauldron. This healing ritual predominately focuses on the healing power of nature. There are numerous rituals used by North Africans and by peoples around the world that involve herbal treatment. This treatment in western culture is known as herbalism. Herbalism has become popular in western culture in the early

t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y. T h o u g h m a n y c u l t u r e s acknowledge the healing power of nature in their medicinal practices, Africa has been known to be deeply rooted in connection to the earth and its elements. As a means for spiritual healing, Zareeba is used in North Africa and has been adopted by modern spas of the t w e n t i e t h f i r s t c e n t u r y. T h e p r a c t i c e o f h e a l i n g t h r o u g h s c e n t , a r o m a t h e r a p y, i s also linked to this native African practice as the herbs in ritual are either burned, smeared onto the ill or consumed. The origin of practice is very much linked to the naturalistic practice of Zareeba.

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DESCRIPTION

L e e c h , J o h n . E j e c t i n g a D e m o n . W e l l c o m e L i b r a r y, L o n d o n .

Granger. Medicine Man. September 26, 2013. 19th Century Photographs, Fine Art America.

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ORIGIN OF PRACTICE

N o r t h A f r i c a . J a n u a r y, 2 0 11 . C o l l e c t i o n , U n i v e r s i t y o f Te x a s L i b r a r i e s , Te x a s . E d i t e d b y : S t a c e y B e l l o

“ To b e o f A f r i c a n a n c e s t r y i m p l i e s a n integration of earthly systems with one’s lifestyles.” It is a belief of African ancestry that harmony with nature was essential to maintaining balance with self, the community and the ecosystems. Avoidance of conflict meant a full integration with n a t u r e a n d i t ’ s h e a l i n g c a p a c i t y. A s t h e i r spiritual heritage is deeply rooted in nature, they believe in the importance of connectedness with one another in rituals including rituals associated with t h e e l e m e n t s o f w a t e r, f i r e , e a r t h a n d a i r as well as physical rituals that connect human beings such as sexual intercourse. “Sexual intercourse was viewed as the

connection that made two people one and linked human existence with the spiritual dimension.” (Luquet & Therese) North African tradition and culture, including medicinal treatment, is deeply rooted in the spiritual. Thus illness in native African culture is directly related to a spiritual epidemic rather than infliction b y t h e p h y s i c a l w o r l d . M o r e o v e r, s i c k n e s s is seen as either an implication that the god or gods of the ill person is dissatisfied with their sin, the sin of their kin or the sin o f a p e r s o n o r p e r s o n s i n t h e c o m m u n i t y. There is also a belief that some illness may be obtained by ill will from enemies.

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To c o m b a t t h e s e a i l m e n t s , A f r i c a n t r a d i t i o n s call for “magic” and herbalism. This “magic is able to be practiced by those who have been blessed with healing abilities. Also, herbalism, the use of natural minerals and herbs from the earth for medicinal practice has been used for centuries. The shaman or healer is identified in African culture is various ways. The shaman may be “hysterical” at some point in their life. This hysteria is said to be the over-taking of a spirit. This spirit gives the human divine powers to heal and to k n o w o f t h i n g s b e y o n d h u m a n c a p a c i t y.

Shamans may take on an apprentice, in which another person studies under them to be able to heal once they have been i n i t i a t e d a s a h e a l e r i n a r i t u a l c e r e m o n y. Despite influence from the Western world and other cultures, African culture continues to be deeply rooted in the spiritual. Shamans or healers exist in many cultures of the Caribbean such as Cuban, Haitian and Jamaican peoples. Some cultures refer to what Africans call Zareeba and Santeria.

F r a z i e r, M o l l y. A f r i c a . S p r i n g 2 0 0 9 . C o l l e g e o f W i l l i a m a n d M a r y, W i l l i a m s b u r g , VA .

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ORIGIN OF PRACTICE

ARCHITECTURAL VERNACULAR Zareeba is “a protective enclosure of thorn bushes or stakes surrounding a campsite or village in northeastern Africa.” (Google) African huts were predominantly built in circular or spherical shapes to reiterate what was seen in nature. For instance, the circular form that is a tree trunk, stones, eggs and earth itself is in a circular shape. In essence, the structures mimicked the natural world. Anther reason for the circular shape is for natural causes. For instance, a rush of wind or water will move around a circular building rather than get caught as the edges, which would take place in a square of rectangular like structure. Also, a rounded roof is less likely to experience air-planing, a situation in which strong winds will life the roof from the remaining structure. The pieces of the roof may meet in a ring-like formation, “producing inward and outward pressure which holds

the roof in a state of compression.” In addition, the ring-like structure works to circulate air and maintain temperature. Circular shapes were common also because a structure could be made with less materials and cover he same amount of square footage as a rectangular structure. One modern architect, David Raiit, described the appeal of circular buildings in contemporary architecture, he says “Circular living provides a balance of looking inward and outward, looking out at the natural environment and surroundings but then coming in again to the self and the hearth.” David’s description of the appeal of circular housing, is aligned with African beliefs. Although this description was made by a modern architect, it can be deduced that African builders may have seen th same connection of circular shapes inward an outward, a connection of spirit to earth.

Steward, Linda. M. Building a North African Hut. May 2, 2013. iStock, Getty Images.

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ARCHITECTURAL VERNACULAR

Radivojevic, Dusan. Ethiopia Housing. 2016. Nations Encyclopedia, Advameg Inc.

Wa i t e , M i c h a e l . S t a n d a r d I s s u e M u d H u t . S e p t e m b e r 2 5 , 2 0 0 9 . Tr a v e l , Tr e k e a r t h .

Last, First M. Photograph Title. Month Date, Ye a r C r e a t e d . C o l l e c t i o n , M u s e u m / I n s t i t u t i o n , Location.

Hermite, Bernard I. Palace of Ngaoundere Sultanat. August 26, 2010.Cameroun.

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MATERIAL, LIGHT & TEXTURE

P e s s o l a n o , S e r g i o C h e n c h a . 2 0 1 6 . Tr a v e l P h o t o g r a p h y, P r o m o s H y p e r m e d i a , A u s t r a l i a .

C S I R O O r g a n i z a t i o n . E U C A LY P T U S U S E D I N AFRICAN HOUSE CONSTRUCTION. Science Image, CSIRO, Australia.

Lafforgue, Eric. Erbore women building a new h o u s e . S e p t e m b e r 2 4 , 2 0 11 . P r i v a t e C o l l e c t i o n , Ethiopia.

Jangoux, Jacques. Kanembu men making a t h a t c h h u t . 2 0 1 3 . J u n g l e V i e w.

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The ritual healing that is Zareeba requires natural herbs taken from the e a r t h , a h e a l e r, o r s h a m a n , c o n t a i n e r f o r the herbs, and the ill as well as the family of the ill. The material that is needed can include an enclosed structure. These structures are made of plants such as palm, grass, moss, eculaptus and wood sticks or stacks. The materials are bonded together using plants to tie the structure and mud is used as a sealant. Rocks and stones are used in the making of some huts as structural material, m a k i n g t h e h u t s t u r d y. T h e m y r i a d o f natural materials that are used in these structures are used primarily for their abundance. The earth supplies enough grass, dirt and rock-

to create huts in various locations across North Africa. During the ritual light is provided by fire or by the sunâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rays. Natural sun light is a large component of the ritual c e r e m o n y, a s t h e s u n i n i t s e l f p r o v i d e s healing warmth. Deprivation of sight is sometimes a component of the ritual, not allowing for light to be visible to the a i l e d . T h i s d e p r i v a t i o n , h o w e v e r, i s o n l y m o m e n t a r y, a s t h e h e a l e r w i l l c o v e r t h e eyes of the ailed with his/her hands. The texture of the materials used range from soft to hard. The materials used in the program include those materials used for the huts and herbal containers.

2 7 1NNOORRTTHH AAFFR RIIC CA A by Stacey Bello

MATERIAL, LIGHT & TEXTURE

B u x t o n , E d w a r d N . Tw o A f r i c a n Tr i p s , e t c . 1 9 0 2 . D u k e U n i v e r s i t y L i b r a r y, N C .

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PROGRAMMATIC ELEMENTS

EXTERIOR VIEW

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Ti n z w e i . H e a l i n g . 2 0 1 4 . A l o e M e d i a G r o u p .

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INDOOR HEALING

OUTDOOR HEALING

Amcaja. Rhumsiki sorcerer. December 24, 2004. WikiMedia Commons.

D A N N E L W E B D E S I G N . M a l e k e Tr a d i t i o n a l Healer. August 19, 2008. MA.

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2 7 5NNOORRTTHH AAFFR RIIC CA A by Stacey Bello HERBS

Thompson, Albert. Herbal Remedies. October 13, 2015. LiveStrong.

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OBJEC T TO SIMMER HERBS

Tr a d i t o n a l H e a l i n g S p e l l s . 2 0 1 2 . P i t t s b u r g , PA .

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SPA TREATMENT

Dubourthoumieu, Gwenn. Child Witches. NOOR. Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

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SPA TREATMENT

M a d a m o m b e , I t a i . Tr a d i t i o n a l H e a l e r s B o o s t H e a l t h C a r e . J a n u a r y, 2 0 0 6 . U n i t e d N a t i o n s African Renewal.

The space element of Zareeba takes place simultaneously with the healing component. The healer touches the ailed and may even rub an artifact or herb onto their skin. Each touch accompanies a h e a l i n g p r a y e r, c a l l i n g f o r t h s p i r i t s of good to overcome the ailment of the p h y s i c a l b o d y. T h e s p i r i t s a r e c a l l e d f o r t h to help balance the being whom suffers from spiritual imbalance. Often times. Healing is comprised of more than the a i l e d a n d t h e h e a l e r. T h e e n t i r e f a m i l y and community will be present for the h e a l i n g o f t h e i r a i l e d f a m i l y m e m b e r. Their energy contributes to the healing process and is a strong component of the spa-like treatment of being healed through herbs.

One particular ritual or spa treatment is called femba. Femba requires community participation and is defined as the â&#x20AC;&#x153;possession of a being to identify the spirit cause of an illnessâ&#x20AC;?. In this healing ritual there are performers who d a n c e , t o c r e a t e a t r a n c e a n d d r u m m e r. The community sits on the outskirt while the performers continue their movement. When they are finished, herbs, fire and w a t e r a r e b r o u g h t b e f o r e t h e h e a l e r. T h e healer kneels before the herbs before initiating the healing ritual. The child that is ailed will sit on the grandmother a=while the mother sits abated. This is an example of how spa treatment parallels spiritual treatment. In African culture on does not e x i s t w i t h o u t t h e o t h e r.

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MODERN INTERPRETATIONS

EXTERIOR VIEW

B r i l l i a n t S t u d i o s . A N e w Ye a r â&#x20AC;&#x201C; T i m e t o D e t o x a t t h e R e g e n t P a l m s S p a . J a n u a r y 2 3 , 2 0 1 4 . I s l a n d L i f e & Ti m e s , Tu r k s & C a i c o s I s l a n d .

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MODERN INTERPRETATIONS

HERBS

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MODERN INTERPRETATIONS

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MODERN INTERPRETATIONS

OBJEC T TO SIMMER HERBS

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MODERN INTERPRETATIONS

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MODERN INTERPRETATIONS

INDOOR HEALING

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FIVE VIGNET TES (SKETCH)

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FIVE VIGNET TES

“Human beings are most of the time unaware of the extent and intimacy of their connection with nature.”

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“Every ritual [that] pertains to nature, aims to reveal, heal, and reinstate our own innermost nature.”

“Repeated distractions that plague life in the modern world separate us not only from the natural world but from our own essential nature.”

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FIVE VIGNET TES

“The most striking thing about our relationship with plants is that we need them but they don’t need us.”

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“Surrendered consciousness to Spirit.”

“The need for predictability and control and a fear of what is actually going to happen.”

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FIVE VIGNET TES

FIVE VIGNET TES “Our hands are healing instruments that must be treated as sacred.”

“The lack of being touched in the greatest source of grief in the modern culture.”

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Ernst, E. Herbal Medicine: A Concise Overview for Professionals. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2000. Print. Janzen, John M. Ngoma: Discourses of Healing in Central and Southern Africa. Berkeley: U of California, 1992. Print. L u q u e t , Wa d e , a n d M o T h e r e s e . H a n n a h . H e a l i n g i n t h e R e l a t i o n a l P a r a d i g m : T h e I m a g o R e l a t i o n s h i p T h e r a p y C a s e b o o k . Wa s h i n g t o n , D . C . : B r u n n e r / M a z e l , 1 9 9 8 . Print. Olmos, Margarite Fernández, and Lizabeth Paravisini-Gebert. Healing Cultures: A r t a n d R e l i g i o n a s C u r a t i v e P r a c t i c e s i n t h e C a r i b b e a n a n d I t s D i a s p o r a . N e w Yo r k : Palgrave, 2001. Print. “Shamanism.” Shamanism. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 May 2016. Somé, Malidoma Patrice. The Healing Wisdom of Africa: Finding Life Purpose t h r o u g h N a t u r e , R i t u a l , a n d C o m m u n i t y. N e w Yo r k : J e r e m y P. Ta r c h e r / P u t n a m , 1 9 9 8 . Print. “Why Our Ancestors Built Round Houses - and Why It Still Makes Sense to B u i l d R o u n d S t r u c t u r e s To d a y. ” I n h a b i t a t G r e e n D e s i g n I n n o v a t i o n A r c h i t e c t u r e G r e e n Building. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 May 2016.

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WORKS CITED

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293 TURKEY by Meredith Fulbright

TURKEY by Meredith Fulbright

THE ORIGIN

D E S C R I P T I O N / O R I G I N O F T H E O F H A M M A M B AT H

“ H A M M A M ” - H E AT R E L AT E D T O A N C I E N T G R E E K A N D R O M A N B AT H I N G P R A C T I C E S - M O R E F O C U S E D O N W AT E R THE HAMMAM HAS BEEN ONE OF THE MAJOR ARCHITEC TURAL COMPONENTS OF T H E O T T O M A N A N D T U R K I S H C U LT U R E F O R C E N T U R I E S A R C H I T E C T U R A L F E AT U R E S O F T H E M O S Q U E - T H E S T Y L E S T I L L R E M A N S T H E S A M E T H O U S A N D S O F Y E A R S L AT E R T H E H O M E O F T R A D I T I O N A L P H Y S I C A L A N D S P I R I T U A L P U R I F I C AT I O N A C E N T E R F O R H E A LT H A N D S O C I A L A C T I V I T I E S T H E T U R K I S H B AT H I S A M E T H O D O F S E V E R A L S T E P S O F C L E A N S I N G A N D R E L A X AT I O N : CHANGING ROOM R E L A X AT I O N , W A R M R O O M “ S I C A K L I K ”, T H E H O T R O O M F U L L B O DY WA S H + M A S S A G E “SOGUKLUK”- COOLING ROOM A C C E S S O R I E S F R O M A N C I E N T H A M M A M B AT H S A R E S T I L L U S E D T O D AY PESTEMAL- SILK/COT TON TO COVER THE BODY NALIN- WOODEN CLOGS KESE- ROUGH MITT P O P U L A R AT T R A C T I O N F O R T O U R I S T S

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DESCRIPTION/ ORIGIN OF PRACTICE

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ARCHITECTURAL VERNACULAR

B AT H H O U S E E L E V AT I O N

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P R O G R A M AT T I C E L E M E N T S

B AT H H O U S E E L E V AT I O N A N D P L A N S

B AT H H O U S E D R A W I N G

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M AT E R I A L S , T E X T U R E , A N D O B J E C T S

NALIN CLOGS

TURKISH TOWEL

TURKISH SOAP

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PUMICE STONE

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L I G H T A N D T E M P E R AT U R E

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S PA T R E AT M E N T S T R E AT M E N T S : - S E L F B AT H - D I F F E R E N T T E M P E R AT U R E R O O M S - A R O M AT H E R A P Y M A S S A G E - SCRUB - C L AY M A S K S

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Google Images Wikipedia Images T h e Wa l l s t r e e t J o u r n a l A l l s o p , R o b e r t T h e Tu r k i s h B a t h I t s D e s i g n a n d C o n s t r u c t u o n ( T h e L i b a r a r y o f Alexadria”

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WORKS CITED

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THE ORIGIN

CONTENTS The Native American People Sweat Lodges and Smudging Programmatic Elements Ritual Herbs and Sensory Experience Other Ceremonial Practices Modern Interpretations and Adaptations Works Cited

Sharp, Joseph H. Making Sweet Grass Medicine, Blackfoot Ceremony ca. 1920. R e n w i c k G a l l e r y, S m i t h s o n i a n A m e r i c a n A r t M u s e u m , W a s h i n g t o n , D C .

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THE NATIVE AMERICAN PEOPLE HISTORY The term “Native American” or “American Indian” refers to the people belonging to the indigenous, pre-Columbian population of America. Science hypothesizes that these people were in the Americas as early as 1000 BC, when they traveled from Eurasia over a land bridge during a period of glaciation. These people were composed of numerous distinct tribes, bands and ethnic groups that were commonly differentiated by region. Though different tribes had variations in cultural practice, there exist several common denominators in their c e r e m o n i e s , a n d m o s t l y, t h a t w h i c h t h e y held sacred. SACRED ELEMENTS Native Americans have a long history of worship of and reverence for nature. They assigned identities to natural elements that dictated the cycle of each d a y, c r e a t i n g t h e d i v i n e “ G r a n d f a t h e r S u n , ” “ F a t h e r S k y, ” “ G r a n d m o t h e r M o o n , ” and “Mother Earth.” Each of these divine beings was associated with a cardinal d i r e c t i o n , a c o l o r, a n e l e m e n t , a n d virtues. It was believed that from these deities-especially Mother Earth--were the source of all that humans needed to s u r v i v e : f o o d , s h e l t e r, l i g h t , e t c . I t m a k e s sense, then, that nearly all of Mother Earth’s products were important sacred elements to be respected and thanked for their roles in Native Americans’ lives. In traditional practices, Natives employed the use of sacred herbs such as tobacco, sweetgrass or sage, not least in sweat lodge and smudging ceremonies.

THE ORIGIN

SWEAT LODGES AND SMUDGING ORIGINS Sweat lodge and smudging ceremonies originated within Plains tribes from t h e b e l i e f t h a t t h e h u m a n b o d y, s o u l and mind must be cleansed of negative e n e r g y a n d s p i r i t s . M u c h l i k e Te m a z c a l , it is a spiritual rite of penance and purification. Though the specifics of the ceremony vary among tribes, fasting, singing and prayer in the ancient languages of their people, and sometimes drumming are common. The circular construction of the pit and the overall ceremonial circulation is derived--much like the Native American ceremonial circles--from the aforementioned elemental diagram (or “medicine wheel”) SWEAT LODGE CONSTRUCTION -Dome-shaped huts -Slender Withes of Aspen or Willow -Held together with hide, grass or roots - D i r t f l o o r, e i t h e r c l e a n s w e p t o r c o v e r e d with sage, sweetgrass or cedar boughs -Outer shell of mud or hides from moose, buffalo or bear -Overall framework only 4-5 ft. high -Pit in center about 2’Dia. x 1’D -Entrance faces East and the sacred fire pit on which stones are heated - E n t r a n c e o r i e n t a t i o n h a s s i g n i f i c a n t s p i r i t u a l v a l u e , a s each new day begins with the rising of “Grandfather Sun” in the East -Sun is the source of life and p o w e r, d a w n o f w i s d o m , a n d the fire is the eternal light of t h e w o r l d -Between the lodge and pit is altar barrier with an animal skull on a post to prevent participants from accidentally falling into the fire as they emerge from sweat. At the base of the post is a small raised earthen altar upon which are placed items sacred to the group (sage, sweetgrass, feathers) bordered with the four colors

Native American Ceremonial Circle

Sweat Lodge section, construction

Sweat Lodge greater ceremonial area

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313 USA by Lila Davis Religious activities among Dakota Indians included vision quests and ritual purification in the sweat lodge. These men are seated in a sweat lodge with its covering partially raised.

THE ORIGIN

PROGRAMMATIC ELEMENTS CEREMONIAL MOVEMENT SMUDGING - To b l e s s a p e r s o n , l o o k i n t o t h e i r e y e s for a moment to greet them, fan the smoke at their heart and up to the right side of the person’s head, moving around sunwise (clockwise), wash them with smoke on their front, turn them around (sunwise) and repeat -Seven Directions - F a c i n g E A S T : W e l c o m i n g t h e e n e r g y o f t h e r i s i n g s u n , t h e beginning of the day and the light of illumination - F a c i n g S O U T H : W e l c o m i n g t h e energy of service to all relatives, the heat of the noonday sun and the spirit of action in the world - F a c i n g W E S T : W e l c o m i n g t h e s p i r i t w i t h i n t o s e e k t h e g i f t o f renewal and healing - F a c i n g N O R T H : W e l c o m i n g the energy of wisdom and blessing, welcoming the elders’ knowledge, welcoming the spirit of giving - L o o k i n g U P : W e l c o m i n g t h e s p i r i t o f a b o v e — f a t h e r s k y, s t a r p e o p l e , cloud people, welcoming all that is m a s c u l i n e , e n e r g y a n d s p i r i t of late male relatives - L o o k i n g D O W N ( t o u c h i n g t h e g r o u n d ) : W e l c o m i n g t h e e n e r g y o f m o t h e r e a r t h , t h e f e m i n i n e p r i n c i p l e w e l c o m i n g e n e r g y and spirit of late female relatives - L o o k i n g W I T H I N ( h o l d i n g y o u r hands over your heart): Welcoming the principle of being connected to energy and spirit within, welcoming t h e g i f t s o f b a l a n c e , o n e n e s s , c o n n e c t i o n w i t h a l l t h i n g s , a s all things are related

S W E AT L O D G E -After smudging, crawl into the lodge in a clockwise direction and in close contact with earth mother - Ta k e a s e a t i n t h e c i r c l e s i t t i n g c r o s s legged and upright -Lodge entry flap is closed, lodge becomes dark and silent

Vignette 1 (above): Visual representation of the spiritual and corporeal cleansing that are essential to both the sweat lodge and smudging ceremonies: the smoke and steam wipe clean all i m p u r i t i e s , g i v i n g o n e a n e w, b b l a n k s l a t e w i t h which to move forward

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315 USA by Lila Davis Vignette 2: Breakdown of sweat lodge construction, function and scale

THE ORIGIN

RITUAL THE CEREMONY The sweat lodge is a place of spiritual refuge and mental and physical healing, a place to get answers and guidance by asking spiritual entities for wisdom and p o w e r. Many sweats start with the participants fasting for an entire day of contemplation in preparation for the ceremony while avoiding caffeine, alcohol and other unhealthy substances. T h e d a y o f a s m u d g i n g c e r e m o n y, m e n and women alike are expected to dress m o d e s t l y. S m u d g i n g a l s o t a k e s p l a c e immediately before the ceremony either in a separate tepee or outside the sweat lodge. D u r i n g t h e c e r e m o n y, s t o n e s a r e h e a t e d in a sacred fire pit by a designated fire tender--the western stone first, then north, east, south and a center stone (taking shape of the medicine wheel and c e r e m o n i a l c i r c l e s . Wa t e r i s p o u r e d o v e r them to create steam A sweat is typically four 30-45 minutes sessions 1: for recognition of the spirit world which resides in the black West where the sun goes down, and the Creator may be asked for a â&#x20AC;&#x153;spirit guideâ&#x20AC;? by some of the participants. 2: courage, endurance, strength, c l e a n l i n e s s , a n d h o n e s t y, c a l l i n g u p o n the power of the white North. 3 : k n o w l e d g e a n d i n d i v i d u a l p r a y e r, praying to the direction of the daybreak star and the rising sun that we may gain wisdom, that we may follow the Red Road of the East in all our endeavors. 4: spiritual growth and healing, symbolized by the yellow sun. From our spirit guides from the west, from the courage, honesty and endurance of the north, from the knowledge and wisdom obtained from the east, we continue the circle to the south from which comes growth. It is from growth and maturing that healing comes.

Vignettes 3, 4 and 5 (above): Representations of the ceremonial goal of complete connection b e t w e e n m a n a n d E a r t h , w a t e r, a i r, s k y a n d heavens at a corporeal and spiritual level

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S M U D G I N G P R AY E R G r a n d f a t h e r, M y s t e r i o u s O n e , We search for you along this Great Red Road you have set us on. S k y F a t h e r, T u n k a s h i l a , We thank you for this world. We thank you for our own existence. We ask only for your blessing and for your instruction.

past the darkness we have entered. Te a c h u s t o h e a l o u r s e l v e s , to heal each other and to heal the world. L e t u s b e g i n t h i s v e r y d a y, t h i s v e r y h o u r, the Great Healing to come.

G r a n d f a t h e r, S a c r e d O n e , Put our feet on the holy path that leads to you, and give us the strength and the will to lead ourselves and our children

Sharp, Joseph H. Making Sweet Grass Medicine, Blackfoot Ceremony ca. 1920. R e n w i c k G a l l e r y, S m i t h s o n i a n A m e r i c a n A r t M u s e u m , W a s h i n g t o n , D C .

THE ORIGIN

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RITUAL

HERBS AND SENSORY EXPERIENCE HERBS - To b a c c o Said to be the main activator of all plantsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;used to communicate with the earth and the spirit world First used as an offering, likely placed on altar or smoked before sweat -Sweetgrass Burned before sage because it attracts all the spirits Va n i l l a - l i k e s c e n t , s a i d t o b e b r e a t h o f mother earth, bringing the blessing of her love Burned to remind us of the essence of the feminine and that the earth provides us with everything we need Eagle feather used to promote more smoke or douse the person/object of blessing Use underside of feather: it is the underside of the bird and its wings that face mother earth as it flies and this is the surface of the feather that offers the blessing medicine of the bird

Smudge kit with burning sage, eagle feather and shell used to direct the smoke

-Sage Drives out bad feelings, bad spirits, negative thoughts and negative energy Smoke used to bless, cleans and heal the person/object being smudged Used to â&#x20AC;&#x153;wash offâ&#x20AC;? the outside world when one enters the ceremony or other sacred space -Cedar Medicine of protection Cedar trees can grow very old, and are therefore considered to be wise and powerful spirits -Protects a person or place from unwanted spirits and/or influences

Burning Sage at a smudging ceremony

Positive effects of herbs backed by science: when burned, sage and other herbs release negative ions, which research has linked to a more positive mood

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In the darkness and silence, all physical appearance is erased, and everyone becomes one, just as they are in the eyes o f t h e f a t h e r a n d t h e w o m b o f t h e m o t h e r. Each person is sitting with the creator at t h e c e n t e r, i t i s h e r e t h a t h e a l i n g b e g i n s .

Vignette 6: Representation of atmoshphere and feeling inside the sweat lodge: as if one is sitting in the womb of Mother Earth

Beneath and around you, there is only Mother Earth--the dirt, sage, sweetgrass or cedar bough floors, the wood skeleton, the mud or animal hide covering. All is dark and silent as if you are in the womb of Mother Earth, as close as possible to the divine. The steam is said to carry messages and prayers to the divine, and as the steam rises, so do the senses. Messages and vision from the Spirit World are received through the group consciousness of the participants. One at a time, as a talking stick is passed, all the people inside get an opportunity to pray and to ask for guidance and forgiveness from the C r e a t o r.

Vignette 7: Representation of the inhalation of the smudging smoke and the ensuing cleansing that it provides--another representation of â&#x20AC;&#x153; w i p i n g â&#x20AC;? t h e b o d y, m i n d a n d s p i r i t c l e a n o f impurities

SIMIL AR RITES IN OTHER CULTURES - Te m a z c a l ( s w e a t b a t h o f a n c i e n t t r i b e s of Mexico as religious rite of penance and purification) -Secular uses around the world: -Indigenous people around Bering Strait -Ancient Greeks -Ancient Romans -Northern Finns and Laplanders - E n g l i s h Tu r k i s h B a t h s

THE ORIGIN

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SENSORY EXPERIENCE SEE: darkness HEAR: silence FEEL: surrounding earth, heat SMELL: surrounding earth, sage, s w e e t g r a s s , c e d a r, t o b a c c o , h o t s t o n e s TA S T E : n o n e

OTHER CEREMONIAL PRACTICES

Unknown Blackfeet Boy Learns to Smoke a Peace Pipe. February 1929.

PEACE PIPE CEREMONY The Peace Pipe Ceremony is a sacred ritual connecting the physical and spiritual worlds. The pipe is prayers in physical form, and the smoke becomes the words of those in pursuit of a connection with the spiritual realm. Much like the steam that rises in the sweat lodge, the smoke from the pipe becomes the words or prayers, and as it continues to rise, it touches everything and becomes a part of all there is.The fire in the pipe is the same fire in the sun, which is the source of life The reason why tobacco is used to connect

the worlds is that the plantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s roots go deep into the earth, and its smoke rises high into the heavens. The ceremony begins by beseeching t h e w e s t p o w e r ( e n e r g y, i n t r o s p e c t i o n ) , followed by the north power (endurance, strength, honesty). Then, the east power (knowledge, spirituality), the south p o w e r, ( b o u n t y, m e d i c i n e , a n d g r o w t h ) . Next is the earth spirit. Since Mother Earth depends on the sunâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s life giving e n e r g y, t h e p i p e i s t h e n h e l d u p t o w a r d s t h e s k y. L a s t l y, t h e p i p e i s h e l d s t r a i g h t u p t o t h e G r e a t S p i r i t , t h e G r e a t M y s t e r y, the unexplainable source of all life.

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OTHER CEREMONIAL PRACTICES

Te r r e l l , S e a n I m p r e s s i o n o f P e y o t e C e r e m o n y. 2 0 1 2 .

PEYOTE HEALING CEREMONY The ritual smoking of peyote began with the Native American Church--a religion that incorporates elements of native spiritual practice as well as symbolic e l e m e n t s f r o m C h r i s t i a n i t y. M e d i c i n a l l y, p e y o t e i s t h e c h i e f r e m e d y of the Native American church--used to cure multiple disorders. Peyote is considered to be curative because the practice of smoking it draws one closer to Mother Earth--a healing act in and of i t s e l f . A d d i t i o n a l l y, p e y o t e i s s a i d t o b e able to find the problem in your body and naturally cure it.

C h e m i c a l l y, p e y o t e c a n b e s y n e s t h e t i c , creating rich visual or auditory effects alongside experiences of deep spiritual introspection and insight. Scientifically stated, it is a psychedelic pathogen. S p i r i t u a l l y, p e y o t e i s c a l l e d t h e â&#x20AC;&#x153; d i v i n e m e s s e n g e r, â&#x20AC;? a n d t h e s m o k i n g c e r e m o n y --that occurs in a designated tepee--is seen as a visionary sacrament that opens a pathway to the dieties.

THE ORIGIN

MODERN INTERPRETATIONS AND ADAPTATIONS

S p i r i t F l i g h t Tr e a t m e n t M i r a v a l S p a , Tu s c o n , A Z

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A J I S PA - N a h t o g i g ( â&#x20AC;&#x153; F o u r D i r e c t i o n s â&#x20AC;? ) Tr e a t m e n t Using Indigenous ingredients to represent sunset, illumination, sandstorm a n d w a t e r, t h i s l u x u r i o u s b o d y t r e a t m e n t brings to life the Creation Mosaic which greets you when you arrive at Aji Spa. Skin is exfoliated and nourished with a rich combination of pomegranate, salt, h o n e y a n d b l u e c o r n m e a l . Yo u e n d t h e treatment with a soothing, warm honey pomegranate drink and a copy of the Creation Story to bring home to keep you feeling grounded and connected.

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M I I A M O R E S O R T A N D S PA - I n n e r Q u e s t Tr e a t m e n t A celebration of Native American ceremony and ritual, starting with the Medicine Wheel, representing the four s t a g e s o f l i f e . Yo u a r e w r a p p e d i n t h e Circle of Life blanket, which is used to create the warmth of a sweat lodge and honor the tribal elders. Sweet grass is burned to attract good things and e n c o u r a g e p o s i t i v i t y. T h i s b e a u t i f u l treatment is a perfect way to reconnect with your inner self and internalize the sacred wisdom of the ancestors.

Sweetgrass smudging Kit Mii Amo Resort and Spa Sedona, AZ

Aji Spa Chandler AZ

S K A N A S PA, N Y -Sage and White Pine Massage -Sage Stone Massage -Earth Mud Wrap - B a l a n c i n g Wa t e r s R i t u a l i n v o l v i n g h o t and cool water treatments -Sauna -Steam bath

Aji Spa C h a n d l e r, A Z

THE ORIGIN

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THE ORIGIN

WORKS CITED “About Sacred & Blessing Herbs.” About Sacred Herbs & Smudging Ceremonies. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 May 2016. “ C e r e m o n i e s & T r a d i t i o n s . ” N a v a j o I n d i a n s . W o r d p r e s s , 1 0 M a r. 2 0 11 . W e b . 2 5 M a y 2016. C h a r l e y b o y, L i s a . “ T h e A n c i e n t A r t o f S m u d g i n g . ” S p i r i t u a l i t y & H e a l t h M a g a z i n e . N . p . , N o v. 2 0 1 2 . W e b . 2 5 M a y 2 0 1 6 . M a r k , L o i s A l t e r. “ N a t i v e A m e r i c a n - I n s p i r e d S p a T r e a t m e n t s : W h e r e To G e t T h e B e s t . ” 1 0 B e s t . U S A To d a y, 2 8 O c t . 2 0 1 5 . W e b . 2 5 M a y 2 0 1 6 . “ N a t i v e A m e r i c a n H e a l i n g T r a d i t i o n s : To o l s a n d H e a l i n g P r a c t i c e s . ” T h e P o w e r W i t h i n Us. N.p., 30 June 2015. Web. 25 May 2016. “Native Americans in the United States.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 25 May 2016. “ T h e N a t i v e A m e r i c a n S w e a t l o d g e , A S p i r i t u a l Tr a d i t i o n . ” T h e N a t i v e A m e r i c a n S w e a t l o d g e , A S p i r i t u a l Tr a d i t i o n . N . p . , n . d . We b . 2 5 M a y 2 0 1 6 . Schilling, Vincent. “5 Spas in Indian Country Using Luxury Accommodations and N a t i v e - B a s e d T r e a t m e n t s . ” I n d i a n C o u n t r y, 1 5 N o v. 1 4 . W e b . “Smudging.” Sacred Serpent. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 May 2016. “Sweat Lodge.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 25 May 2016.

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