Architectural Design Dissertation on Bamboo Research and Training Center.

REDEFINING THE CONVENTIONAL: BAMBOO RESEARCH AND TRAINING CENTER. ALVEERA PATEL B. ARCH. DESIGN DISSERTATION ACADEMIC YEAR 2020-21 ADMISSION NO. 2016HA0067 EXAM NO. RE/DEC2020/9039

PILLAI HOC COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE, RASAYANI

UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI JANUARY 2021

Pillai HOCL Educational Campus, HOCL Colony, Rasayani – 410 207

Certificate This is to certify that the Design Dissertation titled

Redefining the conventional: Bamboo Research and Training Center Is the bona fide work of

Alveera Patel for the Final Year B.Arch. examination and was carried out in the college under the guidance of Prof. Parvathy Chavan

Signature of guide

Signature of principal

Signature of Juror 1

Signature of Juror 2

Date: 12.01.2021

College Seal

Plagiarism Declaration by Student

I, Alveera Javed Patel confirm that the Design Dissertation titled Redefining the conventional: Bamboo Research and Training Center is my own work and is not copied from any other person's work (published or unpublished), and has not previously been submitted for assessment either at Mumbai University or elsewhere. I confirm that ALL the work submitted for assessment is my own unaided work except where I have explicitly indicated otherwise. I have followed the required conventions in referencing the thoughts and ideas of others.

I understand that Mumbai University may take disciplinary action against me if sound plagiarized or I have failed to acknowledge the source of the ideas or words in my writing.

Alveera Javed Patel Name and Signature of the student

Date: 12.01.2021

Place: Rasayani

Bamboo research & training centre

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Author: Alveera Patel pg. 5

Bamboo research & training centre 2 List of Figures ............................................................................................................... 5 Note from Author....................................................................................................... 11 Chapter 01 ............................................................................................................1.1-13 1.1

Introduction ........................................................................................1.1-14

1.2

Background ........................................................................................1.2-14

1.3

Scope of Work ....................................................................................1.3-15 1.3.1 Aim ...............................................................................................1.3-15 1.3.2 Objective ......................................................................................1.3-15 1.3.3 Limitations ...................................................................................1.3-15

1.4

Research Questions ............................................................................1.4-17 1.4.1 Primary research:..........................................................................1.4-17 1.4.2 Secondary research:......................................................................1.4-17

Chapter 02 ...............................................................................................................2-18 2

Literature Review .......................................................................................2-19 2.1

Current Use of Bamboo in India ...........................................................2-19

2.2

Availability of natural Bamboo in India-North East Region-Tripura ...2-20

2.3

Role of bamboo in socio-economy of North East Region ....................2-21

2.4

Bamboo Trade .......................................................................................2-21

2.5

North East Market .................................................................................2-23

2.6

Understanding Bamboo as Plant- Morphology .....................................2-24 2.6.1 Cultivation .......................................................................................2-25 2.6.2 Planting............................................................................................2-25 2.6.3 Grading of Bamboos .......................................................................2-26 2.6.4 Environmental conditions for the growth of bamboo .....................2-26 2.6.5 Propagation of bamboo for Nursery cultivation. .............................2-27

2.7

Bamboo as a Construction Material ......................................................2-28 2.7.1 Good use of bamboo in construction...............................................2-29

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 2

Table of Contents 2.7.2 Limiting features for the selection of a good bamboo ................... 2-29 2.7.3 Load elements ................................................................................ 2-30 2.7.4 Hardness ......................................................................................... 2-30 2.7.5 Moisture content ............................................................................. 2-31 2.7.6 Static Bending ................................................................................ 2-31 2.7.7 Grading of Bamboo for construction ............................................. 2-31 2.8

Treatment and Preservation .................................................................. 2-32 2.8.1 Cutting ............................................................................................ 2-32 2.8.2 Traditional Method ......................................................................... 2-32 2.8.3 Chemical Treatment ....................................................................... 2-33 2.8.4 Drying of Bamboo .......................................................................... 2-33

2.9

IS Code 19624 ...................................................................................... 2-34

2.10

Limiting Factors ................................................................................... 2-35 2.10.1 Fire Rating ...................................................................................... 2-35 2.10.2 Jointing Systems............................................................................. 2-36 2.10.3 Splitting Behaviour of bamboo ...................................................... 2-36

2.11

Summary of Literature Review ............................................................ 2-36

Chapter 03 .............................................................................................................. 2-39 3

Case Studies................................................................................................ 3-40 3.1

Category 1: Existing Institutions .......................................................... 3-41 3.1.1 Bamboo Research and Training Centre, Chichhpalli, Nagpur ....... 3-41 3.1.2 Green School, Bali, Indonesia ....................................................... 3-51

3.2

Category 2: Proposed Institutions ........................................................ 3-58 3.2.1 Bamboo Centre, DEI Agra, India ................................................... 3-58

3.3

Category 3: Research Institutions ........................................................ 3-62 3.3.1 Biosciences Research Centre, Ireland ............................................ 3-62 3.3.2 TERI- Micro propagation Technology Park, Delhi ....................... 3-70

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Bamboo research & training centre 4 3.4

Category 4: Climate and Material responsive Institute .........................3-75 3.4.1 METI and DESI Centre, Bangladesh. .............................................3-75

Chapter 04 ...............................................................................................................4-80 4

Methodology ................................................................................................4-81

Chapter 05 ...............................................................................................................4-82 5

Data Collection ............................................................................................5-83 5.1

Public Survey ........................................................................................5-83

5.2

Interview 1: Sanjeev Karpe, KONBAC ................................................5-85

Chapter 06 ...............................................................................................................5-87 6

Way forward ...............................................................................................6-88 6.1

Topic - Bamboo Research and Training Centre ....................................6-88

Chapter 07 ...............................................................................................................6-90 7

Site Study .....................................................................................................7-91 7.1

Background Study .................................................................................7-91

7.2

Existing Conditions .............................................................................7-101

7.3

Climate Study ......................................................................................7-102

7.4

Local Architecture ...............................................................................7-105 7.4.1 Study of Common Facility Centre in Tripura ...............................7-107

7.5

Site Byelaws ........................................................................................7-109

Chapter 08 .............................................................................................................7-112 8

Design Program ........................................................................................8-113

9

Sustainable Approach ..............................................................................9-118 9.1

IGBC Green Logistics Parks and Warehouses Rating System ...........9-118

9.2

Architectural Strategies .......................................................................9-119

10

Appendix..................................................................................................10-129

11

Bibliography ................................................................................................. 144

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 4

Bamboo research & training centre

List of Figures Figure 1.3.3-i World distribution of bamboo (Author, 2020) ............................... 1.3-16 Figure 1.3.3-ii Sustainable properties of Bamboo we fail to look at. (Author, 2020) ..................................................................................................................................... 1.3-16 Figure 1.3.3-iii What is Bamboo for us? Wild Grass- Bamboo (Google, n.d.) ... 1.3-16 Figure 2.1-1.4.2-i State wise distribution of bamboo

genera and availability. .... 2-19

Figure 1.4.2-i Quantity and value of imported bamboo and its products (INBAR, 2015) ........................................................................................................................................ 2-22 Figure 1.4.2-ii Quantity and value of exported bamboo and its products (INBAR, 2015) ........................................................................................................................................ 2-22 Figure 1.4.2-i Economic output and projections of bamboo industry in NER (INBAR, 2015) .............................................................................................................................. 2-23 Figure 1.4.2-ii State-wise bamboo bearing area by density recorded in forests (km2) (Forest Survey of India, Dehradun. , 2019) (Author, 2020) .......................................... 2-23 Figure 1.4.2-i Morphology of a typical tropical bamboo (Author, 2020)............... 2-24 Figure 1.4.2-ii Comparison of a tropical and temperate bamboo (Lopez, 1960)..... 2-24 Figure 1.4.2-iii Relation

between culm fibre lengths and rhizome internodes (Lopez,

1960) .............................................................................................................................. 2-25 Figure 2.6.2-i Classification of bamboo for auction, (RAMESH KALAGHATGI, 2004) ........................................................................................................................................ 2-25 Figure 2.8-2.6.4-i Flow chart of a nursery, (Jayaraman Durai, 2013) ..................... 2-27 Figure 3-2.6.5-i Methods of bamboo propagation for a nursery setup, ................... 2-28 Figure 2.6.5-i Do's and Don’ts for a good bamboo construction ............................. 2-29 Figure 2.7.2-i Unacceptable conditions of good bamboo, (Ubidia, Moran,2016, 2016) ........................................................................................................................................ 2-29 Figure 2.7.2-i Common Horizontal cross section types of bamboo species, (Author, 2020) .............................................................................................................................. 2-30 Figure 2.7.4-i Typical longitudinal cross section of a culm affecting load transmission, (Author, 2020)................................................................................................................ 2-30 Figure 2.7.4-ii Device used for measuring hardness to the interior (concave) face of the bamboo wall specimen, (Trujillo2016) .......................................................................... 2-30 Figure 2.7.4-iii Strength and stiffness comparison (Janssen) .................................. 2-30 Figure 3.6-2.8.1-i Cutting Bamboo to reduce starch. (Lucila, 2013)....................... 2-32

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 5

Bamboo research & training centre 6 Figure 2.8.2-i Immersion technique, longitudinal perforation pushing an iron rod through all nodes before immersion, (Gernot) ................................................................2-32 Figure 3.4.3-2.8.3-i Air drying of Bamboo Culms, (Lucila, 2013) ..........................2-33 Figure 3.1.1-i Arial View of Academic Block of BRTC, (SHiFt Architects, 2018) 3-41 Figure 3.2.1-ii Article on BRTC, (Boost to Bamboo, Boost to Economy, 2019) ....3-41 Figure 3.2.1-iii Arial View of Site Plan of BRTC, (SHiFt Architects, 2018) ..........3-42 Figure 3.2.1-iv Site Zoning, BRTC ..........................................................................3-42 Figure 3.2.1-v Formation process and User Study, (Author, 2020) .........................3-43 Figure 3.2.1-vi Academic Block Zoning and Planning, ...........................................3-44 Figure 3.2.1-vii Flowchart of site planning and Areas, (Author, 2020) ...................3-44 Figure 3.2.1-viii Interior of the Academic Block, (Karpe, Bamboo Construction, 2020) .........................................................................................................................................3-45 Figure 3.2.1-ix Top- Exterior of the academic block, Bottom- Interior of the Academic Block, (Karpe, Bamboo Construction, 2020) ................................................3-45 Figure 3.2.1-x Erection of the Bamboo Roof of the Exhibition Hall, (Karpe, Bamboo Construction, 2020).........................................................................................................3-46 Figure 3.2.1-xi Ground and Mezzanine Floor of the Exhibition hall, (Karpe, Bamboo Construction, 2020).........................................................................................................3-47 Figure 3.2.1-xii South Side Exterior of Exhibition Block, (Karpe, Bamboo Construction, 2020).........................................................................................................3-48 Figure 3.2.1-xiii North Side Exterior of Exhibition Block, (Karpe, Bamboo Construction, 2020).........................................................................................................3-48 Figure 3.2.1-xiv Under construction arial view of Academic block, (SHiFt Architects, 2018) ...............................................................................................................................3-49 Figure 3.2.1-xv Illustration of typical structural details in BRTC, (Author, 2020) ..3-49 Figure 3.2.1-xvi Construction details of BRTC, (SHiFt Architects, 2018) ..............3-50 Figure 3.2.1-xvii Sectional View of Academic Block of BRTC, (SHiFt Architects, 2018) ...............................................................................................................................3-50 Figure 2.10.3-i Exterior View of Green School Bali, (Author, 2020) ......................3-51 Figure 3.1.1-ii Location Map of Green School., (Google, n.d.) ...............................3-51 Figure 3.1.1-iii Site Planning via Map study, (Google, n.d.)....................................3-52 Figure 3.1.1-iv Formation and User Analysis, Illustration by (Author, 2020) .........3-52 Figure 3.1.1-v Space and User response, Illustration by (Author, 2020) .................3-53

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 6

List of Figures Figure 3.1.1-vi Zoning Study via Maps, (Google, n.d.), Illustration by (Author, 2020) ........................................................................................................................................ 3-53 Figure 3.1.1-vii Exterior view of HGS,

(IBUKU, 2009) ................................... 3-54

Figure 3.1.1-viii Main Column supporting Roof of HGS, (IBUKU, 2009) ............ 3-54 Figure 3.1.1-ix Heart of the Green School, (IBUKU, 2009) ................................... 3-54 Figure 3.1.1-x Bamboo Skeleton of the HGS, (IBUKU, 2009) ............................... 3-55 Figure 3.1.1-xi Planning of the HGS, Plan Drawing by- (IBUKU, 2009), Illustration by (Author, 2020) ........................................................................................................... 3-55 Figure 3.1.1-xii Construction Techniques used for Roofing, (IBUKU, 2009) ........ 3-56 Figure 3.1.1-xiii Construction Techniques used for the structure, (IBUKU, 2009) 3-56 Figure 3.1.1-xiv Construction technique for footings, (IBUKU, 2009) .................. 3-57 Figure 3.1.1-xv Allied Construction Techniques at HGS, (IBUKU, 2009) ............ 3-57 Figure 3.3.1-i Bamboo Centre at DEI, (Manjunath, 2015) ...................................... 3-58 Figure 3.3.1-ii Hall at Bamboo Centre, (Manjunath, 2015)..................................... 3-58 Figure 3.3.1-iii Conference Hall-1 Built up Area: 740 sq.m Clear span: 26 m, (Manjunath, 2015).......................................................................................................... 3-59 Figure 3.3.1-iv Conference Hall-2 Built up Area: 380 sq.m Clear span: 20 m, (Manjunath, 2015).......................................................................................................... 3-59 Figure 3.3.1-vi Bamboo-Mud Walls ........................................................................ 3-60 Figure 3.3.1-vi Section through classroom, (Manjunath, 2015) .............................. 3-60 Figure 3.3.1-vii Creche for Kids, left- interior, right- exterior, (Manjunath, 2015) 3-60 Figure 3.3.1-viii Floor Plan for Creche, (Manjunath, 2015) .................................... 3-61 Figure 3.3.1-ix Front Elevation of the Creche, (Manjunath, 2015) ......................... 3-61 Figure 3.3.1-x Roof Plan for Creche, (Manjunath, 2015) ........................................ 3-61 Figure 3.4.1-i Site Plan of BRB, (Sullivan, 2013) ................................................... 3-62 Figure 3.4.1-ii Map Location of BRB, (Sullivan, 2013) .......................................... 3-62 Figure 3.4.1-iii BRB Exterior View, (Sullivan, 2013) ............................................. 3-63 Figure 3.4.1-iv Land use and site Ecology strategies at BRB ................................. 3-64 Figure 3.4.1-v Typical Research Plan Zoning, Plan by- (Sullivan, 2013) Illustration by(Author, 2020)................................................................................................................ 3-65 Figure 3.4.1-vi Vertical Program of the BRB, (Sullivan, 2013) .............................. 3-65 Figure 3.4.1-vii Transparency in the Laboratory Wings .......................................... 3-66 Figure 3.4.1-viii Layered Laboratory zoning, (Sullivan, 2013) ............................... 3-67 Figure 3.4.1-ix Energy Strategies, (Sullivan, 2013) ................................................ 3-68

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Bamboo research & training centre 8 Figure 3.4.1-x Water Cycle Strategies, (Sullivan, 2013) ..........................................3-68 Figure 3.4.1-xi Exterior of BRB, (Sullivan, 2013) ...................................................3-69 Figure 3.4.1-xii Future Expansion Strategies, (Sullivan, 2013) ...............................3-69 Figure 3.4.1-i TERI- Micropropagation Technology Park, (Saxena, 2013) .............3-70 Figure 3.4.2-ii TERI-MTP, (Saxena, 2013) ..............................................................3-70 Figure 3.4.2-iii Media Preparation Lab, (Saxena, 2013) ..........................................3-71 Figure 3.4.2-iv Autoclave Area, (Saxena, 2013) ......................................................3-72 Figure 3.4.2-v Media Store, (Saxena, 2013) .............................................................3-72 Figure 3.4.2-vi Transfer Area- Incubation Rooms, (Saxena, 2013) .........................3-73 Figure 3.4.2-vii Growth Room, (Saxena, 2013) .......................................................3-73 Figure 3.4.2-viii Nursery, (Saxena, 2013) ................................................................3-74 Figure 3.4.2-ix Green House, (Saxena, 2013) ..........................................................3-74 Figure 3.4.2-x Process of Tissue Culture Propagation, (Author, 2020) ...................3-74 Figure 3.4.2-i METI- Modern Education and Training Institute Bangladesh, .........3-75 Figure 3.5.1-ii Poor construction quality of rural houses in Bangladesh,.................3-75 Figure 3.5.1-iii Site Plan - METI & DESI School, ...................................................3-76 Figure 3.5.1-iv Context of METI and DESI School, ................................................3-76 Figure 3.5.1-v Left- First floor classroom with bamboo panelled windows, RightGround Floor Classrooms with smaller window apertures.............................................3-77 Figure 3.5.1-vi Plans and Section of METI school ...................................................3-78 Figure 3.5.1-i Construction Details of METI School ...............................................4-79 Figure 3.5.1-ii Survey Question 2 (Author, 2020) ....................................................5-83 Figure3.5.1-ii Survey: Question 1 (Author, 2020) ....................................................5-83 Figure 3.5.1-i Why use Bamboo ...............................................................................5-84 Figure 5.1.1-ii Survey Question 3 (Author, 2020) ....................................................5-84 Figure 5.1.1-iv Bamboo Symphony, Architect's Office ...........................................5-84 Figure 5.1.1-iv The Hidden Pavilion, Residence of a family. ..................................5-84 Figure 5.1.1-i Left:Awarded as India's larggest Bamboo Structure, Right: VIP Guest House of 100% Bamboo .................................................................................................5-86 Figure 5.1.1-i Way forward to a BRTC, Illustration by (Author, 2020)...................6-89 Figure 5.1.1-ii Road Map of a BRTC (Author, 2020) (Vector Stock, n.d.)..............6-89 Figure 5.1.1-i Site Location Map Study....................................................................7-91 Figure 5.1.1-i Biogeographical Location of Tripura .................................................7-91 Figure 5.1.1-ii Two Industrial Areas around the Site ...............................................7-92

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 8

List of Figures Figure 5.1.1-iii Site Area identification on Google Maps ....................................... 7-92 Figure 5.1.1-iv Seismic Location of Site ................................................................. 7-93 Figure 5.1.1-v Left: Erosion Map, Right: Ground Water Map of Tripura............... 7-93 Figure 5.1.1-vi Left: Geomorphology Map, Right: Soil Map of Tripura ................ 7-93 Figure 5.1.1-vii Land Use map of Tripura and Site ................................................. 7-94 Figure 5.1.1-viii Site Proximity within 5000 Km radius ......................................... 7-95 Figure 5.1.1-i 3KM radius site context Study ........................................................ 7-101 Figure 5.1.1-ii Map study: Evolution of site context and clusters, ........................ 7-101 Figure 5.1.1-i Site Boundaries and approach roads ............................................... 7-102 Figure 5.1.1-ii Site Contours .................................................................................. 7-102 Figure 5.1.1-iii Monthly Diurnal Average ............................................................. 7-103 Figure 5.1.1-iv Ground Temperature : Monthly Average. ..................................... 7-103 Figure 5.1.1-v Wind Wheel ................................................................................... 7-103 Figure 5.1.1-vi Sky Coverage ................................................................................ 7-103 Figure 5.1.1-vii Temperature Range ...................................................................... 7-103 Figure 5.1.1-viii Sun Chart .................................................................................... 7-103 Figure 5.1.1-ix Wind Velocity Range .................................................................... 7-103 Figure 5.1.1-i Psychrometric Chart ........................................................................ 7-104 Figure 5.1.1-ii Sun Shading Chart ......................................................................... 7-104 Figure 5.1.1-iii House on plain land ...................................................................... 7-105 Figure 5.1.1-iii House on mountain slopes ............................................................ 7-105 Figure 5.1.1-iii House on elevated foundation....................................................... 7-105 Figure 7.4.1-i Site Plan (Mother Plot) with dimensions and contour lines, (Author, 2020) ............................................................................................................................ 7-110 Figure 7.4.1-ii Site Photos ..................................................................................... 7-111

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Bamboo research & training centre 10 Acknowledgement Dedicated to the two women who greatly inspired me and who made this education possible in our tough financial background. It’s because of the hardest efforts by my mother, Reshma Patel and my dearest grandmother, Hamida Tamboli that I have been able to cherish these five years.

I thank my father, Javed Patel and brother Danish Patel for the unconditional support and for being the cherry of common man perspective to my research and design. I would like to convey my deepest regards to my family and friends for their constant constructive critics.

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my thesis guide and mentor Ar. Parvathy Chavan ma’am for her support, keen interest, and above all her overwhelming attitude to help her students. Her advice, guidance, instructions and the freedom to explore the topic boundlessly were valuable for the completion of this dissertation.

My special thanks to Sanjeev Karpe Sir from KONBAC for sharing the knowledge of lifetime on bamboo which makes a valuable count on the dissertation. To INBAR, CGBMT, Mansaram Architects and SHiFt Architects, IBUKU, for being the source of knowledge on bamboo and only ray of hope in this pandemic situation.

Thank you to Dhirty Hands and Imarat Architects for making me believe in Natural Materials and introducing me to the world of Building with natural Materials.

A heartly thank you to the pure souls of the Deshmukh family for being a second home to me for all these tough years away from my family and Ar. Swapnil Gupta ma’am for caring for me selflessly in one of the most challenging times of pandemic at Chandigarh. It is a pleasure to express my deep sense of thanks and gratitude to each and every one who walked alongside me during the last five years.

Thanks, are also due to all the unknown and known people who have spent their valuable time for expressing their ideas and views towards the project. To, everyone who has been a part of this project with any medium for case studies and information through books, webinars, workshops and websites, I hold my sincere gratitude.

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 10

Note form Author

Note from Author Growing up while looking at the built and unbuilt sources around, added with the study of architecture has given me a look at the greener side of the grass.

Nature has always been a never-ending painting of numerous scenic situations with different colors to us humans. One of those colors is “green” which somewhere disappears in the vast range of colors but still stands the most important in completing the concept of “nature”. Restoring this color by the opportunity of ‘creating’ is an architect’s responsibility in today’s time.

As a budding architect, I would want to cater to my responsibility through the wild grass, Bamboo. Bamboo has been used since the 2 century for writing nd

scripts over and has been explored in almost every aspect of living from food, sanitation, a renewable resource, fuel, shelter, aesthetics’ and many more. It has earned its identity as the strongest growing woody plant from the sea level to the heights of 12,000 feet on every continent apart from the poles.

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Author: Alveera Patel pg. 12

Introduction

Chapter 01 1.1 Introduction

Frame Work

1.2 Background 1.3 Scope of Work 1.4 Research Questions

pg. 1.1-13|

Bamboo 1.2-14 research & training centre 1.1 Introduction Throughout the world there is a massive wave of “Save the Earth”, where an architect is expected to deliver infrastructure without any harm caused to the planet. Humans have eventually understood the importance of sustainable livelihood and that only basic necessities are enough for one’s survival, but what really matters is protecting the environment around for a peaceful living. Being a part of the noble profession, building structures that promote use of sustainable techniques and advances towards betterment of future lifestyle is the motivation to my thesis. There are numerous ways by which one can be sustainable. Even the smallest practice of tightening a leaking tap contributes to sustainability.

Thus, learning about the evolution of structures, importance of design for climate, vivid psychological aspects, different materials of construction, techniques used by various building vocabularies, inventing new approaches, identifying & rectifying previous shortcomings and implementing them in practice is a privilege that architects have.

Using this privilege, I would want to stick to the roots of Indian vernacular architecture principles and with the aid of modern day’s technologies, the vision is to uplift the Bamboo Construction sector.

As Gautama Buddha says, “Being in a bamboo grove restores calmness and stimulates creativity.”

1.2 Background Being the country, which has been an origin to many remarkable inventions from very first use of the golden grass- Bamboo in the 2nd century for

writing the Vedic scripts

on a green bamboo strip to use of bamboo culms in building vaults as animal shelters during the Vedic civilization, today this material is looked upon just as a “Poor man’s Timber” which has to be proven to its true perks as the “Rich man’s Luxury”.

Today there are a number of architects and organizations like INBAR- International Network for Bamboo and Rattan, Green School Bali- IBUKU- Elora Hardy, Guadua Bamboo - Latin America, California & Europe, Auroville Bamboo Centre-India, Manasaram Architects- Ar. Neelam Manjunath- India, Bamboo Pecker-India and many more with the same vision.

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 1.2-14

Introduction 1.3 Scope of Work 1.3.1 Aim Promote use of sustainable practices

among

all

de-

mographics, not just via architecture but via entire livelihood with the target to restore the planet.

1.3.2 Objective 1.

Preserve resources and save the environment form vanishing into carbon waves.

2.

Design sustainably by thinking for the entire Ecology and not just Humans.

3.

Generate consciously as a community to live and let live with minimum impact.

1.3.3 Limitations 1. Bamboo was not considered as a pukka construction material until November-2020.

2. Due to lack of awareness of the material, it has not been used as frequently as other materials.

3. Treatment processes used for getting construction quality bamboo increases the cost of the material.

4. Lack of material demand has led to limited workmanship that expertise n the field.

5.

Rural settlements that have the last few artisans are not exposed to the opportunities, due to lack of infrastructural demand.

6. North East India being a natural reserve of bamboo still faces naxalism due to lack of education and infrastructure.

7. Bamboo being a natural material possess certain flaws in terms of straightness, exposure to moisture and fungus, and fire resistance. These can be treated to some extent and bamboo can be further processed to achieve the necessary fire retardance, but it increases the cost and embodied energy of the material.

8. Vertical construction with bamboo over a height of 15 meters has rarely been practiced which makes it difficult to use the material in high rise buildings as the main structural element.

9. The material needs to be protected from direct sunlight and water for its long functionality.

pg. 1.3-15|

Bamboo 1.3-16 research & training centre

Figure 1.3.3-i World distribution of bamboo (Author, 2020)

Figure 1.3.3-iii What is Bamboo for us? Wild Grass- Bamboo (Google, n.d.)

Figure 1.3.3-ii Sustainable properties of Bamboo we fail to look at. (Author, 2020)

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 1.3-16

Introduction 1.4 Research Questions 1.4.1 Primary research: 1. What is the availability of natural Bamboo in India-North East Region-Tripura?

2. What is the contribution of bamboo in India’s GDP-bamboo industry and

em-

ployment?

3. What is the role of bamboo in socio-economy of North East Region?

4. Understanding Bamboo as a building material- properties, fire resistance, treatments, grading, and joinery.

5. What are the recent interventions in Bamboo sector- farming, construction, tissue culture, composites, engineered Bamboo?

1.4.2 Secondary research: 1. What are the fields of work/employment in Bamboo Industry?

2. What are the latest engagement policies by government of India for artisans and small-scale enterprises?

3. What are the policies/working modules for bamboo industry in South East Asia?

4. What are allied uses and reasons to start using bamboo?

pg. 1.4-17|

Bamboo research & training centre 2-18

Chapter 02 21. Current Use of Bamboo 2.2 Availability of Bamboo 2.3 Socio-Economy of Tripura 2.4 Bamboo Trade 2.5 North East Market 2.6 Bamboo Morphology 2.7 Bamboo Construction 2.8 Treatment & Preservation 2.9 IS Code- 19624 2.10 Limiting Factors

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 2-18

Literature Review

Literature Review 2

Literature Review

2.1 Current Use of Bamboo in India Bamboos are the largest members of the grass family represented by 75 genera and 1,621 species across the tropics and sub-tropics in the Asia, Americas, Africa and the Pacific. (INBAR, 2015). India has 20% of the world’s bamboo resources spreading across around 14 million ha

of forest land (ICFRE2014).India has abundant bamboo resources of about 29 genera and 148 species (both wild and cultivated). (INBAR, 2015) The MSME Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises contribute 29% to the national GDP of the country. (MSME, 2020). Out of which bamboo sector is of bare minimum percentage. These MSME’s have a requirement of Bamboo growers, Bamboo depots, centre for bamboo artisans training under the National Bamboo Mission. (Lopez, 1960) Figure 2.1-1.4.2-i State wise distribution of bamboo genera and availability.

(INBAR, 2015) (Author, 2020)

pg. 2-19|

2-

Bamboo research & training centre 2-20 2.2 Availability of natural Bamboo in India-North East Region-Tripura According (Kumar, 1998), India con-

Some naturally grown species in

sisted of 18 genera of Bamboo whereas accord-

the North East Region are intensively

ing to ‘ (INBAR, 2015), the North East Region

used by the local people, which include

alone consists of 16 genera of bamboo with 89

Bambusa balcooa, B. tulda, B. pallida,

species and the rest of the country has 29 gen-

B. nutans, Dendrocalamus hamiltonii

era and 148 species which takes the total to 45

and Melocanna baccifera, and are thus

genera and 237 species in India.

economically important. (INBAR, 2015)

The North East Region has 28% of the

The (National Bamboo Mission,

bamboo area and 66% of the growing stock of

2014.) recognized 13 commercially im-

the country, ‘ (National Bamboo Mission, 2014.)’

portant bamboo species in India in the

A survey ‘ (Forest Survey of India, Dehradun. , 2019)States that Assam bares 204

sq.km pure bamboo, 2,350 sq.km dense forest and 7,664 sq.km scattered forest, and Tripura consists of 20sq.km 617 sq.km and 3,146 sq.km respectively.

year of which the best quality is available in the NER: Bambusa balcooa, B.bambos, B.nutans, B.pallida, B tulda, B.vulgaris var. vulgaris, Dendrocalamus asper, D.giganteus, D. hamiltonii, D.strictus,Melocanna baccifera,Ochlandratra vancorica and O.parvifolia. (See Appendix-2)

Inference: This data concludes that India as a country is abundant in the

nat-

ural growth of bamboo documented since 1998 and is emerging as an employment and economy generating factor for the country.

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 2-20

Literature Review 2.3 Role of bamboo in socio-economy of North East Region According to (NECS, 2015),

The (KPMG,2015, 2015)states that the

Bamboos cover about 3.1 million hec-

direct sales market of Assam that was

tares of the area in North East Region

worth INR3 Billion in 2014 is esti-

and provide employment to 0.12 mil-

mated to reach INR6 billion by 2025 of-

lion people with a potential of generat-

fering women empowerment, self-em-

ing 80 million days of employment in

ployment, Small and Medium industry

the region. The region has a population

setup, if adequate infrastructure, con-

of 45.5 million with a relatively low

nectivity and availability of opportuni-

density of 174 individuals per km2.

ties is provided.

Around 82% of the population from the

2.4

Bamboo Trade

region lives in rural areas that is higher

The National Bamboo Mission

than the country’s average of 69%,

recognizes 13 commercial bamboo spe-

which makes rural areas a focus for de-

cies in India of which in general the best

velopment, (NECS, 2015).

quality is available in the NER. The

The literacy rate in the region is 74.5%, which is slightly better than the country’s average of 74% NECS 2015.

multiple uses of bamboo include house construction, bamboo ply, agricultural implements,

handicraft,

irrigation,

brooms, medicine, food, fuel, fodder, NER lags behind the country on various

paper and pulp, especially bamboo as a

developmental parameters especially in

perfect substitute for some wood based

infrastructure, connectivity and income

products. (National Bamboo Mission,

and

2014.).

employment

opportunities,

(KPMG,2015, 2015)

There are about 1,500 documented apThe region shows a per capita income

plications of bamboo, which include

of INR 49,959 as compared to the coun-

use as floor boards, bamboo mat corru-

try’s per capita income of INR 68,747,

gated sheets, bamboo mat boards, bam-

(ibid). Agriculture and allied activities

boo ply boards and bamboo particle

constitute the predominant source of

boards. (INBAR, 2015) In India, the total

livelihoods. Around 65% of the popula-

demand of various bamboo consuming

tion is dependent on agriculture for

sectors is estimated at 26.9 million tons.

livelihood either as cultivators or as labourers, (MoDoNER, 2008).

pg. 2-21|

Bamboo research & training centre 2-22 The estimated supply is 13.47 million

India imports around 250 million INR

tons, hence, only half of the total de-

worth of bamboo and products of which

mands (Salam2013). The pulp and paper

the most predominant is bamboo shoots

industry, construction, cottage industry

which alone account for INR 131 mil-

and handloom, food, fuel, fodder and

lion. (INBAR, 2015)

medicine annually consume about 13.4 million tons of bamboo. (Salam2013).

India exports bamboo items worth INR 289 million. The most important export items are mats and screens followed by furniture and - flooring products,

India exports bamboo items worth INR 289 million. The most important export items are mats and screens followed by furniture and - flooring products, (INBAR, 2015) (Stakeholders of Bamboo Industry, See Appendix - 9)

(INBAR, 2015)

Figure 1.4.2-i Quantity and value of imported bamboo and its products (INBAR, 2015)

Figure 1.4.2-ii Quantity and value of exported bamboo and its products (INBAR, 2015)

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 2-22

Literature Review 2.5 North East Market Non forest areas contributed

5.7

million

tons or 66% of the total produce, whereas forest areas contributed the

rest

of

34%

(ibid).There are various

sectors such as handicrafts, bamboo shoots,

Figure 1.4.2-i Economic output and projections of bamboo industry in NER

furniture,

incense (INBAR, 2015)

sticks

bamboo

and

charcoal which can be explored and expanded in the region. The value of bamboo shoots on the international market is estimated INR 75,000 million where as in India the market size is still small (Borah2008).

It has been estimated that 432 million work days per annum are provided by the bamboo sector in India (Salam2013).

Around

0.12 million people are estimated to be employed in the bamboo related

Figure 1.4.2-ii State-wise bamboo bearing area by density recorded in forests (km2) (Forest Survey of India,

Dehradun. , 2019) (Author, 2020)

industry in NE India (INBAR, 2015)

pg. 2-23|

Bamboo research & training centre 2-24 Inference: The state wise distribution of bamboo survey done by (Forest Survey of India, Dehradun. , 2019) In 2011 and 2019 show the areas covered in sq.km. There has been a drastic

drop in pure and scattered bamboo available in state of Tripura by 2019. This depicts an alarming case for working on the propagation of bamboo cultivation. The increase in pure bamboo availability in entire NER has increased by only 2% in nine years which states the need of adequate guidance to the local stakeholders and Research and Development for quality raw material availability. Allied uses of bamboo that can generate economy needs to be increased among people. Infrastructure that aids the development and retention of deteriorating situations of the North East Region needs to be put into place.

2.6 Understanding

Bamboo

as

Plant- Morphology o Clump: A cluster of bamboo poles that are interconnected or belong to a single bamboo plant. o Culm or stem: An individual bamboo pole; hollow cylinder or main stem above the ground. o Inter-node: Portion of bamboo between two nodes. The inter-nodal portion has linear fibres.

Figure 1.4.2-i Morphology of a typical tropical bamboo (Author, 2020)

o Node: Projected or joining portion of two inter-nodes. This is the growth point of the vegetative axis. Nodes have a cross or interwoven fibre structure (horizontal and vertical). o Shoot: New emerging culm o Bud and Rhizome: Eyelike formation located on a culm node or rhizome node, underground portion of bamboo. o Culm sheath: Protective layer on newly emerging culms. The layer drops off on maturity. (See Appendix - 3)

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 2-24

Figure 1.4.2-ii Comparison of a tropical and temperate bamboo (Lopez, 1960)

Literature Review

Figure 1.4.2-iii Relation between culm fibre lengths and rhizome internodes (Lopez,

1960)

2.6.1 Cultivation Definition: the growing and cultivation of trees.

The report, (RAMESH KALAGHATGI, 2004)states that the Silviculture system adopted in India is “culm selection system”, which includes cleaning and tending operations. The main objective is to ensure maximum production without impairing the physical strength of the clump and to protect bamboo to ensure sustained growth and productivity.

2.6.2 Planting Quality bamboo planting and growth are regulated by: − Loose and well aerated soil for rapid development of the rhizome Adequate growing space for rhizome during its life and − Enough moisture in the soil, particularly during the growing season from July to October. − Heavy soils with poor drainage should be avoided.

Figure 2.6.2-i Classification of bamboo for auction, (RAMESH KALAGHATGI,

2004)

pg. 2-25|

Bamboo research & training centre 2-26 2.6.3 Grading of Bamboos There are felling rules for bamboo which provide guidelines for adequate time of harvest, age of clump, technique and tools used for cutting and strictly repugnant practices for the best quality produce.

Depending on the market demand, the best quality harvested bamboos are classified on basis of their diameters, (RAMESH KALAGHATGI, 2004) Following table shows the classification of bamboos in the North East Region which are then set open for auction within 6 weeks of harvest.

2.6.4 Environmental conditions for the growth of bamboo Following are the major environmental factors according to report (Ratan Lal Banik, 2015), considered for the cultivation of good quality bamboo yield.

2.6.4.1 Topography and soil condition The shoot emergence on a hill side is earlier in the southern slope than that in the northern slope. Saline soil is not suitable for bamboo growth, (Ratan Lal Banik, 2015). Flat land and gentle slopes are best suited. Highly compact or sticky or clayey soil, rocky, and extremely sandy soils are not suitable, (Jayaraman Durai, 2013) The most suitable soil type for bamboo is sandy loam to clay loam due to its porosity, fertility and water/moisture-holding capacity. The depth of soil should be at least 30–45 cm, (Jayaraman Durai, 2013).

2.6.4.2 Temperature and light The majority of clump forming bamboos grow at temperature ranging from 7 C (sometimes 2 -3 C) to 40 C. Partial sunlight and freedom from weed competition are essential for the survival of bamboo seedlings during the natural regeneration process, (Banik1990)Architectural studies of bamboo crown showed that the structure is adapted to capitalize on the high light regime of the early successional environment (Rao1990). Thus, in general, a bamboo clump is more efficient in trapping the sun light than many other tree species. (Jayaraman Durai, 2013), suggests, it’s advised to plant bamboo in an open area (direct sunlight) or in locations with sparse canopy (<10%).

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 2-26

Literature Review 2.6.4.3 Rainfall and cyclones The distribution of bamboos in India has been related to the rainfall,

(Gamble1896).

The most common range of rainfall is 1,200 to 4,000 mm per year. Rainfall is an important factor and 1,000 mm seems to mark the minimum annual precipitation requirement for the growth of bamboo

Figure 2.8-2.6.4-i Flow chart of a nursery, (Jayaraman Durai, 2013)

2.6.5 Propagation of bamboo for Nursery cultivation.

The technical Report, Manual for Sustainable Management of Clumping Bamboo Forest, (Jayaraman Durai, 2013) was formulated because lack of knowledge for establishment and management of bamboo, especially for clumping bamboo, the potential of bamboo is still untapped in many countries. For quality stock provision nurseries must be set up which need to follow area responsive propagation of bamboo. This manual gives an overview of sustained way of establishment and management of bamboo plantation. (See Appendix -7) Inference: To propagate the growth and use of bamboo, and extract best of economic profits, the right knowledge of site selection, planting methods, planting conditions, right maintenance, and inter-crop cycle must be understood by the people working in the bamboo field.

pg. 2-27|

Bamboo research & training centre 2-28 2.7 Bamboo as a Construction Material The culms of some bamboos have certain characteristics which vary from species to species that limit its versatility as a building material. (McClure, 1973) (Rashmi Manandhar, DOI: 10.1080/13467581.2019.1595629). Identifies, renewed interest during the 1980s in bamboo as a

construction material has revitalized bamboo not only as a cheap material but also as a durable material. The interest in bamboo as a building material renewed during the global shortage of housing materials, especially the timber industry, in 1980s ( (Rao1995); (Tadesse2006) (Basumatary2015) ; (Nurdiah2016) Out of all the 1500 available species, only 20–38 species are

useful in construction, with Moso bamboo, Guadua and Giant bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper) being the most important, the strongest and largest of them all. (Rashmi Manandhar, DOI: 10.1080/13467581.2019.1595629). The NBM has shortlisted species for construction.

(See Appendix 10)

Figure 3-2.6.5-i Methods of bamboo propagation for a nursery setup,

(Ubidia, Construction Manual , 2015)

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 2-28

Literature Review 2.7.1 Good use of bamboo in construction 1. Use of good raw material: Use of unripe or fresh culms without drying causes cracks and leads to building failure.

2. Insulation of columns and walls from moisture: The columns are not to be embedded directly into ground or concrete to avoid deterioration or rottenness.

3. Protection of reeds from rain and direct sunlight: Direct sunlight promotes the produce of fungi in moisture areas, thus deep eaves are recommended. A coating layer with sand-cement mortar or earth is adequate while using crushed bamboos.

4. Avoid crushing and breakage of reeds: Local loads when applied to the inter-nodes of the structure they tend to crack thus loads must be applied on the nodes or concrete filled shank. (Ubidia, Moran,2016, 2016) Manual for construction with bamboo.

Figure 2.6.5-i Do's and Don’ts for a good bamboo construction

2.7.2 Limiting features for the selection of a good bamboo 1. With gaps or cracks: Woodpeckers and insects cause holes in the bamboos which are not recommended for construction as they show structural defects.

2. With Deformation or Varied Diameter: Discolorations and deformations indicate disease and effects the physical characteristics of the culm 3. With Very Long Internodes: Culms with internodes more than 50 cm are not recommended in construction 4. Rotten or Disease symptoms: Evident rots should not be used. (Ubidia, Moran,2016, 2016) Manual for construction with bamboo.

Figure 2.7.2-i Unacceptable conditions of good bamboo, (Ubidia, Moran,2016, 2016)

pg. 2-29|

Bamboo research & training centre 2-30 2.7.3 Load elements A study showed that the tensile strength of bamboo is about 28,000 N/ m2 (0.028 MPa), which is similar to steel (Nurdiah16). The strength of bamboo however depends on the

species (Kyakula) (Leake2010) as it depends on the age, diameter, wall thickness, position of load, radial position from outside to inside and levels of water.

2.7.4 Hardness

Figure 2.7.2-i Common Horizontal cross section types of bamboo species, (Author,

2020)

According to ISO 22157-1 measuring density can be a slow, laborious process, which would not be practical to adopt as part of a grading process.

Hardness was explored as a proxy for density as in timber. A hardness test conducted by (Jangra, 2016) for a 6 mm diameter culm concluded that hardness as a proxy for density did

not

necessitate further research.

Figure 2.7.4-ii Device used for measuring hardness Figure 2.7.4-i Typical longitudinal cross section of a to the interior (concave) face of the bamboo wall culm affecting load transmission, (Author, 2020) specimen, (Trujillo2016)

Figure 2.7.4-iii Strength and stiffness comparison

(Janssen)

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 2-30

Literature Review 2.7.5 Moisture content ISO 22157-1 contains a procedure for the determination of moisture through loss of mass by oven-drying. This procedure is accurate, but impractical for a grading process, as specimens are required to remain in an oven for over 24 hours. A moisture meter instrument was considered for testing the moisture content by (Trujillo2016) and was found to be acceptable.

2.7.6 Static Bending Determination of flexural strength and stiffness properties in timber are pivotal to structural design and can be applied for bamboo, at least when the design of elements and frames is being considered, though connections and splitting. Experimental adaptations for flexural bending were made along with ISO 22157-1,

(Trujillo2016). Results noted the failures as:

1. zone of constant moment-Bending failures 2. zone of constant shear-Being shear failures 3. occurring directly underneath points of load application- generally Bending failure modes, unless there was evidence of a Shear failure mode 4. Density seems to increase with age and along the culm.

5. The modulus of elasticity increases along the culm and bending strength peak at around 3 to 4 years and then start dropping.

2.7.7 Grading of Bamboo for construction The control of mechanical properties over natural products, such as timber, or labourintensive products, such as masonry, is low as compared to factory made products, such as steel, precast concrete and aluminium, which is very high. Wherever control is low, variability is high.

There are two methods of grading bamboos: Visual Grading Machine Grading

pg. 2-31|

Bamboo research & training centre 2-32 2.8 Treatment and Preservation Preservation of bamboo is essential to increase its shelf life and prevent attacks of insects and micro-organisms. There are traditional and chemical methods of treatment that should be properly applied considering the effect on both the user and the environment. Bamboo contains a large quantity of starch, which attracts insects, especially when the level of sap is high. Also, the presence of humidity can cause the appearance of fungus and lichens. An increase in the durability of a culm begins from the process and time of cutting it. (See Appendix -1)

2.8.1 Cutting Cutting bamboo is done with a machete or saw directly above the first or second aboveground node, keeping in mind that the cut Figure 3.6-2.8.1-i Cutting

should be inclined, to avoid the penetration of rain into the rhizome, Bamboo to reduce starch. thereby rotting it. The humidity of the plant interior is lower in the (Lucila, 2013) waning phase of the moon and in the early hours of the morning before the sun rises.

2.8.2 Traditional Method The traditional/physical treatment is also known as curing; it has the purpose of removing, destroying, or reducing the starch in the culm. However, it does not protect bamboo from the attack of termites and fungus. It is the most inexpensive treatment and, for this reason, it has been used traditionally.

1

Curing in Clumps

2

Curing by immersion

3

Curing by heat

4

Curing by Smoking

5

Protection by whitewash

Figure 2.8.2-i Immersion technique, longitudinal perforation pushing an iron rod through all nodes before immersion, (Gernot)

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 2-32

Literature Review 2.8.3 Chemical Treatment If round bamboos are subjected to the high pressures and high temperatures used in the treatment of wood, the air inside the chambers of the internodes will expand, producing cracks along the culm. For this reason, the use of high temperatures and high pressures in the treatment of round bamboos is not recommended. (Lopez, 1960) (See Appendix -1) The chemical treatments of bamboo can generally be divided into 2

categories:

1. Temporary treatment, known as prophylactic treatment, used for round and split bamboos, and 2. Long term treatment, which includes a) the treatment of green bamboos (freshly cut), and b) the treatment of dry bamboo.

2.8.4 Drying of Bamboo Bamboos that are going to be used in temporary constructions don’t need to be dried. The only problem that occurs that the ties become loose once the bamboo pieces become dry because they shrink and their diameter becomes smaller. This can produce the collapse of the structure.

For a permanent construction, the culms need to be air dried at least two to Figure 3.4.3-2.8.3-i Air drying of Bamboo Culms,

four months prior to use, since use of tools

(Lucila, 2013)

for the fine detailing is not recommended on green bamboos. As moisture content is one of the limitations, in green bamboos, where the moisture content decreases from bottom to top, but after air drying, the moisture content does not vary greatly from the bottom to the top of the culm.

Seasoning of bamboo is accomplished either by air drying or kiln drying.

pg. 2-33|

Bamboo research & training centre 2-34

2.9 IS Code 19624 When selecting the sample for initial evaluation to obtain evidence of what the structural properties of the given grade(s) will be the (International Organization for Standardization, 2018) states:

1. The sample must originate from the same source region (i.e. geographical region) [and same species] that is to be used during production, material originating from outside will not apply.

2. The sample must be similar to the production material in terms of variability of material originating from the source region. If within the source region particularly large or small specimens are known to occur, these are to be included in the sample. If zones within the region are known to produce material of lower quality, and are to be exploited during production, these must be included.

3. If the source region covers more than one country, material originating from each country should be included.

4. If control for age at plantation is not possible or practical to implement, the sample must contain specimens of a range of ages.

5. Samples that fail any of the grading rules should not be included in the sample.

Inference: With adequate implementation of planting techniques and selection of best quality raw material, mechanical factors play an important role for construction. With existing timber testing and grading methods, more adaptations to grading quality of bamboo is required. For bamboo to incorporate as a primary construction material there is a need of in-depth R&D.

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 2-34

Bamboo research & training centre 2.10 Limiting Factors As an economic building material, bamboo’s rate of productivity and cycle of annual harvest outstrips any other naturally growing resource. Apart from its structural abilities, it caters to environment improvement by carbon sequestration, energy substitution with activated charcoal, edible consumption of shoots, soil erosion and land drifting prevention with extreme roots network, reduced deforestation by replacing woody trees that take years to mature.

If today one plants three or four structural bamboo plants, then in four or five years later he will have mature clumps, and in eight years he will have enough mature material to build a comfortable, low-cost house. (Mr. Nitin Kumar, 2017) Bamboo is a natural material and hence has certain limitations.

2.10.1 Fire Rating Susceptibility to fire is a limiting factor in the use of whole bamboo culms in buildings. The maximum duration to withstand fire in 45 minutes which is relatively lower that other construction materials. Engineered bamboo is a solution to this problem, but it is unaffordable to the majority of clients. (Manjunath, 2015) Inference: Hence fire rating of round bamboo and fire retarding treatment material and methodologies need to be developed for bamboo to be used in large-scale projects.

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 35

Bamboo research & training centre 2-36 2.10.2 Jointing Systems Owing to the round shape, jointing is very difficult in bamboo. The reduction of diameter along the length is another limiting factor. Not many studies have been done relating suitability of joints and their mechanical behaviour. (Manjunath, 2015) (See Appendix-4,5,6)

Inference: Various types of engineered and tested jointing systems with appropriate materials need to be developed for effective structural load distribution and transfer.

Researchers need to include connection types with complete structural systems.

2.10.3 Splitting Behaviour of bamboo Most common failure is splitting in longitudinal direction. These failures are usually due to tension, compression and flexure loads in bolted connections and also from drying. There is need to formulate simple mathematical equations involving fundamental properties of bamboo which can be used for designing complex structures with bamboo with the same confidence as for other materials. (Manjunath, 2015)

Inference: R&D platforms and infrastructure must be made available in areas of abundant natural bamboo growth.

2.11 Summary of Literature Review Once these problems are countered, bamboo will become a highly appropriate building material for India. For seismic regions it is reputed to cause the least damage to life and property. Due to its light-weight, foundation costs also can be saved. Bamboo Reinforced Concrete can also be designed in a manner similar to that of steel reinforced concrete with a few extra precautions. All these technological advancements will help bamboo to get its rightful place in the building sector and result in tremendous economic and environmental advantage.

Academics, Research and Development has to be the highlight which engages young minds. Awareness needs to be built through workshops, seminars and lectures etc. by experts in the universities and institutes. The students need to be exposed to innovation and global best practices in the field. All the previous

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 2-36

Literature Review research and findings must seep into the classrooms immediately, through dissemination by academicians.

Architectural Solutions by aesthetically designed prototypes in prominent locations, for active promotions and display, to attract those willing to experiment with construction of bamboo buildings, has to be taken up on to make bamboo a desirable material. Most of the bamboo buildings in India today have been done by government agencies as part of some testing and research with minimum attention to aesthetics and finish thus needs to be revised.

Skill development and training programs must be taken up before the actual construction boom for bamboo buildings in order to provide skilled manpower for high quality construction practices.

Non-availability of data and Research results in usable format. Research and innovations in alternative materials and building technologies hardly see the light of day due to major reason, the cumbersome and elaborate precautions to be considered which makes it non user-friendly, thus we need to simplify the treatment methods and eliminate operational problems in making bamboo a mainstream building material.

Social acceptability: Experts from the industry indicate that bamboo as whole has failed to live up to the social urban image. This can be dealt with by modern bamboo construction and aesthetical architectural design using global innovations and best practices.

The intend is not only use bamboo as a material at an individual level but is to promote bamboo for an integrated approach to responsible existence, social upliftment, provide means of recognition and adapt the change for better future.

pg. 2-37|

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Author: Alveera Patel pg. 38

Case Studies

Chapter 03 3.1 Category-1 Existing Institutions 3.2 Category-2 Proposed Institutions

Case Study

3.3 Category-3 Research Institutions 3.4 Climate and Material responsive

pg. 2-39|

Bamboo research & training centre 3-40 3

Case Studies

Categories of Selection of Case Studies: Category 1: Existing Institutions National: Bamboo Research and Training Centre, Chichhpalli, Nagpur International: Green School, Bali Intent: To Understand technical applications of Bamboo on large scale projects with areas more than 5000 sq.m as an institutional building serving to a community of more than 10,000 people. Holistic sustainability in planning and performance of the structure.

Category 2: Proposed Institutions National: Bamboo Centre, DEI Agra.

Intend: To understand scope and use of Bamboo as a structural member in upcoming projects catering to newer technologies in India. Understanding the Area programmes for institutes serving as Bamboo development Centres in India.

Category 3: Research Institutions International: Biosciences Research Centre, Ireland National: TERI- Micro propagation Technology Park, Delhi Intend: To understand structural and area requirements of Research institutes for optimum functioning and sustainable performance along with modern machineries and technologies.

Category 4: Climate and Material responsive Institute International: METI and DESI Centre, Bangladesh.

Intend: To understand vernacular applications of Bamboo in response to local climate and intervention in rural construction techniques to overcome failures due to heavy rains.

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 3-40

Case Studies 3.1 Category 1: Existing Institutions 3.1.1 Bamboo Research and Training Centre, Chichhpalli, Nagpur

Figure 2.10.3-i Arial View of Academic Block of BRTC, (SHiFt Architects, 2018)

About Structure: The Bamboo Research and Training Centre located in Chandrapur, Nagpur a tribal area in Maharashtra is conceived as one of Asia’s largest training centre built in locally available Bamboo. The tribes of Chichhpalli that are dependent on non-timber forest produce for daily livelihood and abundant availability of natural Bamboo stock and skills led to the development of this centre ensuring high quality job creation with economic growth while working within global environmental limits.

Figure 3.1.1-ii Article on BRTC, (Boost to Bamboo, Boost to Economy, 2019)

pg. 3-41|

Bamboo research & training centre 3-42

Figure 3.1.1-iii Arial View of Site Plan of BRTC, (SHiFt Architects, 2018)

3.1.1.1 Site Planning The site area of 12.5 Acre is largely divided into seven blocks with main central

Ac-

ademic Block of 5,750 sq. m. area. The entire project is constructed in two phases, where, the Exhibition, Admin and Workshop areas were built in phase one and the

academic,

hostel, and residence blocks in phase two. Overall site planning is done in the north-south axis with a hierarchy of private to public zones with an area for future expansion to south.

BRTC stands globally by exhibiting scope of bamboo works in India, training rural artisans and generates employments by taking workshops for the students. A research and academic block take up the work of promoting scientific applications and inventions in the field. The residential facilities for the students and the teaching staff

allows a large capacity of

uninterrupted human productivity

Figure 3.1.1-iv Site Zoning, BRTC

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 3-42

Figure 3.1.1-v Formation process and User Study, (Author, 2020)

Case Studies

pg. 3-43|

Bamboo research & training centre 3-44

Figure 3.1.1-vii Flowchart of site planning and Areas, (Author, 2020)

Figure 3.1.1-vi Academic Block Zoning and Planning,

Plan by: (SHiFt Architects, 2018), Illustration by: (Author, 2020)

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 3-44

Case Studies

Figure 3.1.1-ix Top- Exterior of the academic block, Bottom- Interior of the Academic Block, (Karpe, Bamboo Construction, 2020)

Figure 3.1.1-viii Interior of the Academic Block, (Karpe, Bamboo Construction, 2020)

pg. 3-45|

Bamboo research & training centre 3-46

Figure 3.1.1-x Erection of the Bamboo Roof of the Exhibition Hall, (Karpe, Bamboo Construction, 2020)

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 3-46

Case Studies

Figure 3.1.1-xi Ground and Mezzanine Floor of the Exhibition hall, (Karpe, Bamboo Construction, 2020)

pg. 3-47|

Bamboo research & training centre 3-48

Figure 3.1.1-xiii North Side Exterior of Exhibition Block, (Karpe, Bamboo Construction, 2020)

Figure 3.1.1-xii South Side Exterior of Exhibition Block, (Karpe, Bamboo Construction, 2020)

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 3-48

Case Studies 3.1.1.2 Construction Techniques Bamboo

construction

needs to be protected from direct water and harsh sun rays for its long life. In BRTC, the bamboo columns rise up from RCC footings that Figure 3.1.1-xiv Under construction arial view of Academic block,

protect them from direct (SHiFt Architects, 2018) exposure.

The on-site excavated mud is used as 8-10 m tall exposed rammed earth walls for the structure which goes up to 14 meters high.

Locally available bamboo species of tulda and strictus form the beams and columns that are tied with intricate jinery of bunching and lashing with jute rope and nutbolt technique.

Each culm varies from 50-80 mm diameter and few 100 mm dia bamboos were imposted from the north east of India.

The roof is rested on this bamboo skeleton of rafters and purlins wich is covered with locally handmade bamboo shingles with laternate layering of waterproof coats to prevent water seepage.

Figure 3.1.1-xv Illustration of typical structural details in BRTC, (Author, 2020)

pg. 3-49|

Bamboo research & training centre 3-50

Figure 3.1.1-xvi Construction details of BRTC, (SHiFt Architects, 2018)

3.1.1.3 Inference BRTC being the first large scale project in India built with bamboo has made it possible to understand the challenges faced while constructing with the material.

It shows how along with sustainable materials, daily functions of an institutional buildings can be achieved. Various experimentations have led to a clear vision of do’s and don’ts in the field of bamboo construction.

Figure 3.1.1-xvii Sectional View of Academic Block of BRTC, (SHiFt Architects, 2018)

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 3-50

Case Studies 3.1.2 Green School, Bali, Indonesia

Figure 3.1.1-i Exterior View of Green School Bali, (Author, 2020)

About Structure: Green School is sited in Banjar Saren, which is about thirty kilometres away from downtown Denpasar, Bali. The school has won the Aga Khan Award for the recycle category in 2010. Green School was first operated in May 2009, with a current capacity of 700 students. It is clustered into kindergarten, elementary and junior high school. The devotion and passion of John Hardy, for the Balinese culture, education, and environment led him to establish the school.

Indonesia Bali Figure 3.1.2-ii Location Map of Green School., (Google, n.d.)

pg. 3-51|

Bamboo research & training centre 3-52 3.1.2.1 Site Planning The school complex spread across 20 hectares of land was built in two phases. It was formed by the amalgamation of Meranggi Foundation and PT Bamboo which led to promoting bamboo farming and its use on a daily basis along with its structural use with aes-

Figure 3.1.2-iii Site Planning via Map study, (Google, n.d.)

thetically appealing designs. The first phase has the Heart of Green School, a 3-storey high structure that mainly catered to various purposes of classroom, laboratory, and a multi-function hall. The second phase was later developed which has additional multi-purpose halls, sports halls, classrooms, office, student dormitory, teacher’s house, etc. The layout of the buildings responds to the natural orientation, consisting of several building masses. The school complex was sited dominantly, among the masses and is used according to the primary functions.

Figure 3.1.2-iv Formation and User Analysis, Illustration by (Author, 2020)

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 3-52

Case Studies

Figure 3.1.2-vi Zoning Study via Maps, (Google, n.d.), Illustration by (Author, 2020)

The Campus of Green School has a holistic approach in development of the humans from academic influence on students, to practical learning in the green camps, Organic living with Kul-Kul farm produce and leaving a carbon positive footprint by recycling, reusing and producing their own energy for self-sustenance.

Figure 3.1.2-v Space and User response, Illustration by (Author, 2020)

pg. 3-53|

Bamboo research & training centre 3-54 3.1.2.2 Heart of the Green School A two to three storeys building located at the centre of the site as the main building Heart of the Green School (HGS) is dominated by three spherical shapes that resemble the nautilus shell of the complex. This nautilus takes after the roof that is linked to the wide envelope below the building, while smaller size nautilus is connected harmoniously in a continuous order of expected nautilus shape.

Figure 3.1.2-ix Heart of the Green School, (IBUKU, 2009)

Figure 3.1.2-vii Exterior view of HGS, 2009)

(IBUKU, Figure 3.1.2-viii Main Column supporting Roof of HGS, (IBUKU, 2009)

It is distinguished that the HGS building is taking an organic shape, where arches, spline, and other curvature profiles have naturally supported the weight above; thus, bamboo is the most appropriate material to achieve these. The lightweight of bamboo enabled the integration of the roof and supporting structure cohesively.

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 3-54

Case Studies

Figure 3.1.2-xi Planning of the HGS, Plan Drawing by- (IBUKU, 2009), Illustration by (Author, 2020)

HGS implemented the active-structure system with its organic-nautilus shape. . The organic-nautilus shell shape is generated to tackle the surface structure by using bamboo pillars to support its battens, rafters, and purlins. The system resembles a tensile structure system while the round purlins help to provide a continuous strength to support the shell shape of the roof. The three spiral-shaped staircases are directed into three core systems of the building to secure and stabilize the building structure. The cores are the highest level which is pragmatically connected to form a single structure building within the spiral organization.

Figure 3.1.2-x Bamboo Skeleton of the HGS, (IBUKU, 2009)

pg. 3-55|

Bamboo research & training centre 3-56 3.1.2.3 Construction Techniques Three types of local bamboo were used in the HGS construction system, namely Dendrocalamus asper (bamboo petung), Gigantochloa apus (bamboo rope), and Bambusa blumeana (bamboo thorn). The roof structure of each building is covered with bundles of cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica), while an alternate combination of bamboo, clay, mud, and kapok was also used to construct the wall.

Figure 3.1.2-xiii Construction Techniques used for the structure, (IBUKU, 2009)

Figure 3.1.2-xii Construction Techniques used for Roofing, (IBUKU, 2009)

The splitting method is applied in the HGS structure system, mainly to support the arches that distribute the structure into spaces for the classrooms. In terms of the structure properties, Dendrocalamus asper is stiff, high strength and compressive value are used as columns for it enables to bear the compressive force as well as to sustain deflection risk.

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 3-56

Case Studies

Figure 3.1.2-xiv Construction technique for footings, (IBUKU, 2009)

Figure 3.1.2-xv Allied Construction Techniques at HGS, (IBUKU, 2009)

3.1.2.4 Inference The utilization of bamboo for building construction material in creative and innovative ways could create an interesting architectural structure. As applied in Green School, the potential of bamboo was explored in the design and construction.

Implementation of bamboo for building construction material has to be explored further, especially to promote appropriate technology and create employment among the locals. The skill of the craftsman, as well as the technique of construction, has to be refined.

pg. 3-57|

Bamboo research & training centre 3-58 3.2 Category 2: Proposed Institutions 3.2.1 Bamboo Centre, DEI Agra, India DEI (Deemed University) has planned Bamboo Centres in four locations across India. The Bamboo Centre supports bamboo and agricultural activities. It comprises a tissue culture lab, workshop, classrooms, lecture halls, offices, creche for kids and an audito-

Figure 3.2.1-i Bamboo Centre at DEI, (Manjunath, 2015)

rium.

The site is located within the campus of DEI (Deemed University), Agra, it has a semi-arid climate that can get very hot and is also prone to sand and dust storms. As a response to these, the spaces were provided with generous roofs in order to prevent them from getting overheated. These spaces are lit mostly through indirect light and clerestories in the centre of each room that also allows the hot air to escape and provide extra light. The building uses locally available and low embodied energy materials. This contributed to keep the carbon footprint of the project very low, especially if compared to current concrete and steel constructions.

Figure 3.2.1-ii Hall at Bamboo Centre, (Manjunath, 2015)

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 3-58

Case Studies 3.2.1.1 Conference Halls The campus consists of two main conference halls that set a milestone in India for Bamboo Architecture, where a span of 84 feet, and 72 feet has been achieved. This structure projects the capabilities of Bamboo as an advanced Building construction material with no limits.

Figure 3.2.1-iii Conference Hall-1 Built up Area: Figure 3.2.1-iv Conference Hall-2 Built up Area: 740 sq.m Clear span: 26 m, (Manjunath, 2015) 380 sq.m Clear span: 20 m, (Manjunath, 2015)

pg. 3-59|

Bamboo research & training centre 3-60 3.2.1.2 Creche for Kids The building consists of four pentagonal classrooms that are interconnected, along with an external covered hallway. The main structural element is bamboo. Each room is covered by a concentric spiralling bamboo frame, which extends beyond their perimeter, creating a veranda all around. This playful way of construction and the materials used in the project create a stimulating and healthy environment for the children to develop their sensibilities. Natural thatch was used for the roof with a mud coating for protection, and the walls are made of a combination of bamboo and mud.

Figure 3.2.1-vii Creche for Kids, left- interior, right- exterior, (Manjunath, 2015)

Figure 3.2.1-vi Bamboo-Mud Walls Figure 3.2.1-vi Section through classroom, (Manjunath, 2015)

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 3-60

Case Studies

Figure 3.2.1-x Roof Plan for Creche, (Manjunath, 2015)

Figure 3.2.1-viii Floor Plan for Creche, (Manjunath, 2015)

Figure 3.2.1-ix Front Elevation of the Creche, (Manjunath, 2015)

pg. 3-61|

Bamboo research & training centre 3-62 3.3 Category 3: Research Institutions 3.3.1 Biosciences Research Centre, Ireland The Biosciences Research Building (BRB) is a simple, 8000sq.m thin, linear walkup bar building sited in a rolling meadow in Galway, Ireland, with uninterrupted views in four directions. The BRB provides high technology science research space dedicated to cancer research, regenerative medicine, chemical biology and BSL3 animal research, and is one of the most energy efficient research buildings in the world dedicated to such an intense scientific agenda.

Figure 3.3.1-ii Map Location of BRB, (Sullivan, 2013)

Figure 3.3.1-i Site Plan of BRB, (Sullivan, 2013)

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 3-62

Case Studies The building is built for cutting-edge program efficiency, energy conservation and thermal comfort. This led to a “minimum energy” approach that resulted in a superior working environment with a radically lower energy profile.

Figure 3.3.1-iii BRB Exterior View, (Sullivan, 2013)

3.3.1.1 Site Planning Office suites, connected on three levels with a communicating stair, bookend the plan. These three seams of vertical communities within the linear plan enhance collaboration and provide a sense of place for the scientists. The building is accessed mostly by bicycle, foot or with the University bus system. Twice the numbers of bicycle spaces as vehicular spaces are provided as a reflection of the integration of the building into the large bicycle and pedestrian transportation pathway system where the building is located.

The building is particularly sensitive to its ecological surroundings; landscape grades remain virtually unchanged, except vegetation that acts as bioswales, filtering the water feeding the rainwater harvesting system. The project’s landscape is comprised of native Irish grasses and trees that shape a campus walk that connects to the main campus.

pg. 3-63|

Bamboo research & training centre 3-64

Figure 3.3.1-iv Land use and site Ecology strategies at BRB

3.3.1.2 Research Laboratory The “minimum energy” approach is made possible by “layered lab” concept with a high/low energy strategy, which places the most mechanically intensive spaces such as tissue culture and imaging suites, into a zone adjacent to the open lab space. Low energy use spaces, such as writing carrels, offices and interaction spaces are grouped along the perimeter to lower ventilation rates and optimize the opportunity for ample natural ventilation and daylighting.

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 3-64

Case Studies The “layered lab” concept also achieves a programmatic efficiency creating a compact and productive layout comprised of reconfigurable benches, coupled with lab support rooms. The increase in programmatic efficiency allowed the research to grow by 33% by increasing lab density from 2 to 3 bench positions per lab bench. This was achieved without a change to the building footprint, dramatically reducing the energy consumption per bench position.

Figure 3.3.1-vi Vertical Program of the BRB, (Sullivan, 2013)

Figure 3.3.1-v Typical Research Plan Zoning, Plan by- (Sullivan, 2013) Illustration by- (Author, 2020)

pg. 3-65|

Bamboo research & training centre 3-66 3.3.1.3 Bioclimatic Design

Figure 3.3.1-vii Transparency in the Laboratory Wings

The design of the BRB embraces the moderate climate of Ireland. By locating lowload spaces along the perimeter of the building, the project is able to take advantage of natural ventilation as the sole conditioning strategy for the majority of the year and is supplemented less than 10% of the year with radiant heating. Due to this approach, 45% of this intensive research building is able to function without mechanical ventilation. This is an extremely simple, yet radical approach.

3.3.1.4 Natural ventilation Natural ventilation is fundamental to the building. 45% of the floor area is naturally ventilated and supplemented with radiant heat when needed. High operable windows are controlled by the building automation system to maintain comfortable temperatures and minimum ventilation, while lower casement windows are controlled by the occupants to allow adjustment to meet individual comfort needs.

There was careful detailing for a tight thermal envelope (R-value 28) to impede heat loss in the cooler months in order to minimize the need for supplemental heating.

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 3-66

Case Studies To deal with the long western façade of the building, a “thermal corridor” acts as a buffer, or “sweater,” between the interior and exterior. The thermal sweater was allowed to have an expanded temperature range (55° – 85°) to mediate between the closely controlled thermal environment of the lab and the exterior. The wooden slats integrated into the curtainwall create more filtered light and reduce glare, a chronic condition at this latitude.

Figure 3.3.1-viii Layered Laboratory zoning, (Sullivan, 2013)

pg. 3-67|

Bamboo research & training centre 3-68

Figure 3.3.1-x Water Cycle Strategies, (Sullivan, 2013)

Strategies like use of bioswales and porous paving pre-treat the rainwater and infiltrate much of the rainfall, and then overflow to an underground filtration and attenuation system than filters 100% of the stormwater and slowly releases 25% of the rainfall.

In addition, the BRB captures rainwater off the building roof for the flush fixture and other building uses, meeting 100% of the flush fixture demand.

Figure 3.3.1-ix Energy Strategies, (Sullivan, 2013)

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 3-68

Case Studies

Figure 3.3.1-xii Future Expansion Strategies, (Sullivan, 2013)

To facilitate a flexible and collaborative use of spaces, the laboratory casework is designed as a plug-and-play, movable table-based system, in which elements are not fixed to the building infrastructure and connections are made to service points in the ceiling.

Hard-piped lab services are provided as “headers” in the lab zone and are located within close proximity of the lab bench. Final connections are provided only where needed, yielding significant first-cost savings. Also, the head-end systems are designed to support two future research wings that plug in to the west-facing thermal corridor.

Figure 3.3.1-xi Exterior of BRB, (Sullivan, 2013)

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Bamboo research & training centre 3-70 3.3.2 TERI- Micro propagation Technology Park, Delhi

Figure 3.3.1-i TERI- Micropropagation Technology Park, (Saxena, 2013)

3.3.2.1 About To bridge the gap between research and application, the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India sponsored the setting-up of two pilot-scale facilities for largescale propagation of elite planting material of forest trees through tissue culture.

Micropropagation Technology Park (MTP) at Gurgaon, Haryana is one of the largest tissue culture production units in north India with an annual production capacity of 1.5 million plants. MTP is responsible for supply of tissue cultured plants of various species in the domestic and the international markets.

Figure 3.3.2-ii TERI-MTP, (Saxena, 2013)

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 3-70

Case Studies The Park has an infrastructure with modern laboratories, latest equipment, greenhouses and polyhouses. The highly aseptic laboratories allow Micropropagation of the elite species, simply put, means producing identical plants by culturing plant tissues or organs under sterile conditions. MTP currently produces tissue culture plantlets of Bambusa bambos,Dendrocalamus asper, Dendrocalamus strictus.

3.3.2.2 Space Requirements The Tissue Culture labs consist of four zones of Washing Area, Media Preparation Area, Culture Area and Transfer Area. (See Appendix 8) 1. A store area with the necessary inventory of all the glassware’s, plasticware, foils, instruments are mandatory. This space must have provisions of shelves, Freezers, ad refrigerators.

2. Washing Area is a store where equipment from the inventory is washed before being used for the media preparation. This area consists of wet and dry zones.

Heavy machinery of washing machines is placed in wet areas for glassware. A nonstop water flow is a must in this area and needs a provision of RO water for cleaning purpose. The equipment can be manually dried or by using dryers.

3. Media Preparation Area is where the plant media is made ready for its propagation and consists of various workstations and equipment. The workstations are placed at the centre of the room and shouldn’t have a hard table top.

4. Culture Area is a closed sterile store where suitable atmospheric conditions are made for the growth of the prepared media. It has two major sections of a) Autoclave and b) Media Store.

Figure 3.3.2-iii Media Preparation Lab, (Saxena, 2013)

pg. 3-71|

Bamboo research & training centre 3-72 (a)Autoclave is a pressurised sterile zone that can be referred to a larger scaled pressure cooker with constant temperature of 121C. This area avoids microbial growth on the media.

It has a single entrance service which is also the only opening to this room and is mechanically ventilated with a cycle of 1-hour air flow in the room and 15 min air flow at the media rack.

Figure 3.3.2-iv Autoclave Area, (Saxena, 2013)

(b). Media Store is a super sterile area placed near to the autoclave to minimize the chances of contamination. It stores the media for 3 days under UV light. It consists of simple shelves with or without light provision. The scale of the media decides size of the shelves.

Figure 3.3.2-v Media Store, (Saxena, 2013)

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 3-72

Case Studies 5. Transfer Area has laminar air flow services that allow filtered air circulation within so that the media parts are protected and kept sterile. It can be called as an incubated operation area due to the level of intricacy of its work.

Figure 3.3.2-vi Transfer Area- Incubation Rooms, (Saxena, 2013)

6. Growth Rooms are the final sterile area that the media is stored in before taken in open. These areas need to have a maintained temperature with maximum variation of 2C. This room has a single opening and is protected from any microbial growth of walls or equipment. The shelves have a constant light flow of 300 lux and provision of ducts for good circulation.

Figure 3.3.2-vii Growth Room, (Saxena, 2013)

pg. 3-73|

Bamboo research & training centre 3-74 7. With adequate observation, the media is taken to the outside world through a transfer area where the media is washed, potted and sent to green house, where the plantlet is gradually exposed to temperatures and provided with artificial nutrients for 2 weeks to boost its immunity and chances of survival.

Figure 3.3.2-ix Green House, (Saxena, 2013)

8. Finally, these are sent to the nursery for f their transport to the field growth.

3.3.2.3 Inference This process of tissue culture is rapidly growing in India and will greatly help in availability of quality produce for bamboo cultivation and propagation in the north eastern states. It is Essential to educate the local.

Figure 3.3.2-viii Nursery, (Saxena, 2013)

Figure 3.3.2-x Process of Tissue Culture Propagation, (Author, 2020)

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 3-74

Case Studies 3.4 Category 4: Climate and Material responsive Institute 3.4.1 METI and DESI Centre, Bangladesh.

Figure 3.3.2-i METI- Modern Education and Training Institute Bangladesh,

3.4.1.1 About The aim of project was to improve existing building techniques, to contribute to sustainability by utilising local potential and to strengthen regional identity. On average nearly 1000 people live in every square kilometre and over 80% of the population live in rural areas.

Much of the vernacular-built tradition uses earth and bamboo as a building material, however, construction techniques are error-prone and many buildings lack foundations and damp proof coursing. Such buildings require regular maintenance, are often

Figure 3.4.1-ii Poor construction quality of rural houses in Bangladesh,

prone to damage and last on average only 10 years.

METI aims to promote individual abilities and interests taking into account the different learning speeds of the schoolchildren and trainees in a free and open form of learning.

It offers an alternative to the typical frontal approach to lessons. The architecture of the new school reflects this principle and provides different kinds of spaces and uses to support this approach to teaching and learning.

pg. 3-75|

Bamboo research & training centre 3-76

Figure 3.4.1-iii Site Plan - METI & DESI School,

3.4.1.2 Site Planning The school is in the village of Rudrapur, about ten hours by road from Dhaka. The 370-kilometre drive is gruelling, but passes through beautiful verdant countryside and ricefields. It is near Dinajpur, in the northwest of the country close to the Indian border.

The project is located in the compound of a Bangladeshi NGO, Dipshikha that is dedicated to helping children in rural areas learn to read and write.

3.4.1.3 Climatic conditions The climate is generally mild in winter and hot in summer. The thick mud walls are obviously good for heat insulation and the thatched roofing does not allow heat to penetrate the interior. This use of locally available construction materials appears to be a good solution, a traditional method that is sustainable.

Figure 3.4.1-iv Context of METI and DESI School,

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 3-76

Case Studies 3.4.1.4 Construction Techniques The only buildings one sees are the farmers’ houses, which have mud walls and straw-thatched roofs. The building materials are available within the villages. Bamboo is used extensively – as structural members (fastened with jute ropes/string), or flattened for wall panelling, or simply woven together to act as screens.

The classrooms at the ground floor with area of 275 sq. metres are enclosed by a mud wall, with apertures and doorways strategically positioned to allow light and wind penetration. The classrooms on the first floor with area of 50 sq. meters have walls of slatted bamboo that allow diffused light into the space as well as natural ventilation.

Figure 3.4.1-v Left- First floor classroom with bamboo panelled windows, Right- Ground Floor Classrooms with smaller window apertures

Articulation of facades: Rhythmically spaced vertical bamboo trusses (at one-metre centres) are juxtaposed with horizontal bamboo slats to create a powerful imagery. The intricate decorative effect of the trusses is accentuated by the play of sunlight. The horizontal slatted window frames are camouflaged as part of the wall. Three layers of bamboo post are bound together for the floor beams and anchored at both ends into the mud wall with a one metre by one metre mud mass as a balustrade.

Traditional village houses are formed from mud balls reinforced with straw and stacked one on top of the other. The mud walls are not properly compact and have cavities that provide a ready habitat for rats from the rice fields. The bamboo trusses and bamboo frames follow simple engineering principles, using a steel dowel as the principal connector between three layers of bamboo and nylon rope fastenings. The roof is covered with uninsulated sheets of plate-iron coated with zinc. Bamboo slats are naturally water-repellent.

The mud walls will weather naturally and time should enhance their finishes.

pg. 3-77|

Bamboo research & training centre 3-78

Figure 3.4.1-vi Plans and Section of METI school

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 3-78

Case Studies

4

Figure 3.4.1-i Construction Details of METI School

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Bamboo research & training centre 4-80

Methodology

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 4-80

Chapter 04

Methadology 4

Methodology

pg. 4-81|

Bamboo research & training centre 4-82

Data Collection

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 4-82

Chapter 05

Data Collections

5

Data Collection

5.1 Public Survey The author faced a major question of, ‘Why is bamboo not used as commonly in the construction field?’ despite of such pros.

This is the foremost question that must be answered before getting into the question how bamboo is used. A public survey with 100+ responses was conducted by the author dated 28th of May 2020 for knowing about the awareness of bamboo and its construction, following shows results.

Figure 3.4.1-ii Survey Question 2 (Author, 2020)

Figure3.4.1-ii Survey: Question 1 (Author, 2020)

pg. 5-83|

Bamboo research & training centre 5-84

Figure 5.1.1-ii Survey Question 3 (Author, 2020)

5.1.1 Inference of Survey It is the natural tendency of a human mind to adapt to the things that are readily available and things that are more commonly used by other people it sees around. When we Indians were introduced to the foreign materials of Glass and Iron in construction, our minds got adapted to its use irrespective of its pros and cons on our livelihood.

Gradually this has become a statement of identity to our minds that, when we think of an office building a glass structure pops up and when we think of a farmhouse or cottage a bamboo hut with a thatched roof pops up in our minds! Thus, it is very important to bring to notice the best of this material’s

Figure 3.4.1-i Why use Bamboo

(Author, 2020)

uses in order to make wise choices contributing to the global crises of climate change today.

Figure 5.1.1-iv Bamboo Symphony, Archi- Figure 5.1.1-iv The Hidden Pavilion, Residence of a family. tect's Office

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 5-84

Data Collections 5.2 Interview 1: Sanjeev Karpe, KONBAC Sanjeev, a qualified Electrical Engineer has been associated with bamboo Industry for last fifteen years and has pioneered the work in setting up of indigenous bamboo-based enterprises in rural India. With practical knowledge in bamboo sector, viz., plantation and management, training of manpower, selection and commissioning of plant and machinery, product design and development, production, business strategy, as well as quality control and technology transfer, Sanjeev has been advising, both – formal and non-formal bamboo sector entrepreneurs in India. (INBAR, 2019) As founder director of Konkan Bamboo & Cane Development Centre he has developed a self-sustaining institutional ecosystem in Bamboo products by developing facility for designing, prototyping, producing and marketing bamboo products.

He has drawn a blueprint to carry forward its replicable model to new locations in India and developed an entire product line of pre-fabricated bamboo construction, thereby creating an entire eco-system of supply of bamboo products in India. (INBAR, 2019) Sanjeev is involved in implementation of some of the most noteworthy and outstanding pioneering projects in India which includes Construction of the largest bamboo structure in India – single structure of 10,750 sq. ft. and Construction of one of the largest bamboo construction projects in Asia comprising construction of 1500 sq.m (1,60,000 Sq.ft.) Institutional Building. (INBAR, 2019) The author had an opportunity of interviewing Mr. Karpre on the 3rd of August, 2020.

The interaction led to a fruitful communication leaving behind insights of the material and first-hand tips from the interviewee.

Following are the highlights of the telephonic interview. (Karpe, Journey of KONBAC, 2020)

pg. 5-85|

Bamboo research & training centre 5-86

“Improvement of Bamboo quality was the first milestone we achieved”

“Bamboo always needs to be treated before use. Any institute that relates to bamboo must have a separate Primary Processing Unit and a dry storage space”

“We as makers look at the % of failure but for a consumer, a single flaw means its failure. We need to commit to Bamboo before committing to the consumers”

Figure 5.1.1-i Left:Awarded as India's larggest Bamboo Structure, Right: VIP Guest House of 100% Bamboo

“Don’t talk about changing people’s perspective, start by knowing about bamboo by owning your own bamboo”

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 5-86

Findings & Discussion

Chapter 06 6.1 Inferences

Findings &

6.2 Topic- BRTC

Discussion

pg. 5-87|

Bamboo research & training centre 6-88 6

Way forward Cities around the world are going under rapid urbanization at a very fast pace. They

are increasing with the population as well as the density of spaces occupied by the people.

Due to the urbanization, there is a large-scale migration from the rural areas and North Eastern states of India are some of the rural states to face the reduction of population density. As population increases, there is a need of increased opportunities in these rural areas to cater to their daily necessities.

With the study of both national and international use of Bamboo in various fields and construction being at its peak, it is evident that with adequate precautions and technical knowledge about the material, wonders can be achieved with considerate economy. Moreover, the north eastern dwellers understand the importance of this golden plant which needs to be used as their strength.

Building on the fact that India is leading towards being a high-tech country, getting along the natural mine of Bamboo is a must for its numerous benefits. Moreover, it is time to accept the fact that adapting to the nature with its resources will provide us with a healthy and wealthy living.

6.1 Topic - Bamboo Research and Training Centre Developing the Bamboo sector is the primary agenda of this dissertation.

The selected project plans to redesign the way large scale institutions are looked upon in cities. Under the National Bamboo Mission (NBM) each state mission focuses on getting bamboo as an economic factor contributing to national GDP by means of cultivation, tissue culture, paper produce, handicrafts, bio fuel, export, etc. The project will contribute to educating and exploring newer faces of Bamboo.

A deep and holistic understanding of existing contribution of Bamboo in the field of construction was achieved by the literature study and way ahead is analysed via the casestudies. BRTC Nagpur being the first ever to achieve this prospect with Bamboo, the North East India still stays aloof of the infrastructural development.

Thus, being a natural resource hub of India, the selected site is in Tripura.

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 6-88

Findings & Discussion A Tissue Culture Laboratory and a Nursery allow the research and storage of fast growing, high yielding, high strength and commercially important bamboos.

A Training Centre will provide skill development of local people for necessary commodity resulting in prompt employment chances.

A Training Centre will provide the necessary education to students and volunteers for the awareness of its uses resulting in more bamboo commodities.

Figure 5.1.1-i Way forward to a BRTC, Illustration by (Author, 2020)

Figure 5.1.1-ii Road Map of a BRTC (Author, 2020) (Vector Stock, n.d.)

pg. 6-89|

Bamboo research & training centre 6-90

Chapter 07 7.1 Site Selection Criteria

Site Study

7.2 Site Identification 7.3 Background Study 7.4 Defining Site 7.5 Existing Conditions

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 6-90

Site Study

7

Site Study

Figure 5.1.1-i Site Location Map Study

7.1 Background Study Tripura is situated in the North- Eastern Region of India lies approximately between latitude 22o 56' and 24o 32' N and longitude 91o 10' and 92o 21' E. The state is bordered

by Bangladesh on the West, South and the North, by Assam on the North-East and by Mizoram on the East. Tripura is comprised of 8 districts, 23 subdivisions, and 45 development blocks. It has a geographical area of 10,491 sq.km. After Assam, Tripura has the highest population in the North East. As per the 2011 census, the population of Tripura is 3.67 million. The State is considered to be one of the Bio-diversity rich states in the country.

Figure 5.1.1-i Biogeographical Location of Tripura

pg. 7-91|

Bamboo research & training centre 7-92 Site is in the West zone of Tripura located approximately 10 km from Capital City Agartala and approx. 3 km from nearest Industrial Food Park at Bodhjungnagar, in the Radha Kishore Nagar Industrial Estate Area.

The Bodhjungnagar Industrial Estate (BIE), classified as Semi-rural and composite Industrial Estate, having an area of 238.53 acres, the largest among all, has been developed, in Bodhjungnagar Village in Mohanpur Tehsil adjacent to the state capital, Agartala, on about 550 acres of land with all infrastructure facilities like road, power, water, pipes natural gas, etc. Presently, there is a multi-industry complex at Bodhjungnagar, which comprises of an Industrial Growth Centre, an EPIP, a Food Park and a Rubber Park.

Figure 5.1.1-ii Two Industrial Areas around the Site

Figure 5.1.1-iii Site Area identification on Google Maps

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 7-92

Site Study

Figure 5.1.1-iv Seismic Location of Site

Figure 5.1.1-vi Left: Geomorphology Map, Right: Soil Map of Tripura

Figure 5.1.1-v Left: Erosion Map, Right: Ground Water Map of Tripura

pg. 7-93|

Figure 5.1.1-vii Land Use map of Tripura and Site

Bamboo research & training centre 7-94

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 7-94

Site Study

Figure 5.1.1-viii Site Proximity within 5000 Km radius

Tripura is enclosed with rich and diverse bamboo resources. Bamboo has been traditionally used in Tripura for various domestic purposes as well as commercial use like marketing of bamboo mats, Agarbatti sticks, handicrafts etc. Cane and bamboo handicrafts of Tripura are considered to be among the best in the country for their exquisite designs, wide range of products and artistic appeal. The handicrafts have also been exported to some countries. Over the years, efforts have been made to organize the handicrafts artisans to the cluster with a view to provide the necessary support, including forward and backward linkages, so that, the sector can grow and realize its full potential. Till 2013-14, about 19 clusters have been formed with total membership of about 7,800. The products of handicrafts artisans are marketed through 16 sales outlets of Tripura Handloom Handicraft Development Co-operation Ltd. (THHDC).as well as through the private traders.

Source FSI report, Clump Forming Bamboo

Nos

Non-Clump Forming Bamboo

Weight

Nos

Average per hectare

58.954

94.931 kg

1058.36

Total for the State

37,093 million

59415.985 M.T

665.920 million

1993 Weight 1255.08 kg 789695.77 M.T

pg. 7-95|

Bamboo research & training centre 7-96 Parameters

Details Overview

Capital

Agartala

Geographical area (sq km)

10,486

Administrative districts (No)

8

Population density (persons per sq km)

350

Total population (million

3.7

Male population (million)

1.9

Female population (million)

1.8

Sex ratio (females per 1,000 males)

961

Literacy rate (%)

87.8 Physical Infrastructure

Road Connectivity

Major towns are connected by national highways that run through the state for about 400 km. NH-44 links Tripura with rest of the Northeast.

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 7-96

Site Study

Railway Connectivity

Major railway stations are located in Agartala, Dharmanagar and Kumarghat.

Air Connectivity

Tripura has a domestic airport at Agartala, known as C.A. Agartala Airport. The airport is administered by the Airports Authority of India and is located 12 km southeast of Agartala city.

pg. 7-97|

Bamboo research & training centre 7-98 Social Infrastructure Education As per Census 2011, Tripura has a literacy rate of 87.8 per cent; the male and female literacy rates are 92.2 per cent and 83.2 per cent, respectively.

School The School Education Department of Tripura focuses on achieving zero dropout and 100 per cent retention in elementary level of schooling in Tripura through Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) Scheme.

Higher Education Tripura has a central university called Tripura University, a National Institute of Technology (NIT) and a state institute of technology called Tripura Institute of Technology (TIT).

Industrial Infrastructure Resources, policy incentives, infrastructure and climate in the state support investments in sectors such as natural gas, food processing, rubber, tea, bamboo, handloom and handicrafts, sericulture, tourism, IT and medicinal plants.

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 7-98

Site Study Other potential sectors are organic spices, medicinal plants and bio-fuel. A state Bio-Fuel

--

Mission has been implemented under the State Department of Forest, Tripura.

Industrial Estates

Proposed Industrial Parks

pg. 7-99|

Bamboo 7-100 research & training centre Bamboo Industry Tripura is endowed with rich and diverse bamboo resources. It is home to 21 species of bamboo of the 130 species available in India. About 60.0 per cent of the entire country’s requirement for bamboo sticks for making incense sticks is met from Tripura.

List of Government Agencies in Tripura

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 7-100

Site Study 7.2 Existing Conditions The site is located 10 km form Agartala City, in the RadhaKishor Nagar with a total households of 3000. Bodhjungnagar Industrial Area and the RK Nagar Industrial Estate are within 3 Km radius of the site.

Figure 5.1.1-i 3KM radius site context Study

2000

2010

2015

2020

Figure 5.1.1-ii Map study: Evolution of site context and clusters, Maps : (Google, n.d.), Illustration by: (Author, 2020)

pg. 7-101|

Bamboo 7-102 research & training centre 7.3 Climate Study

Figure 5.1.1-ii Site Contours

Figure 5.1.1-i Site Boundaries and approach roads

The site measures 40 acres with level difference of 20 m throughout. The site is accessible from all four sides which is a key feature allowing trafficless movement of vehicles.

The highest point on the site is 41m from sea level and lowest is 21m. The site analysis shows that there are 2 water collection points on the site. It is majorly exposed to the southern side and consists of a patch of dense bamboo plantation which acts as a benefit for the proposed project. The site has a gradual slope allowing natural drainage pattern.

The Tripura Urban Development Authority has planned a Bamboo Park on this 40 acres of land consisting of various MSME and large scale industries with the facilities of dedicated electric and water supply.

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 7-102

Site Study

Figure 5.1.1-iv Ground Temperature : Monthly Average.

Figure 5.1.1-vi Sky Coverage

Figure 5.1.1-viii Sun Chart

Figure 5.1.1-iii Monthly Diurnal Average

Figure 5.1.1-vii Temperature Range

Figure 5.1.1-ix Wind Velocity Range

Figure 5.1.1-v Wind Wheel

pg. 7-103|

Bamboo 7-104 research & training centre

Figure 5.1.1-ii Sun Shading Chart

Figure 5.1.1-i Psychrometric Chart

Inference: The site being in hot and humid climatic conditions, above climate analysis and hence derived Psychometric Chart shows the need of multiple minute architectural interventions for optimum performance of the proposed structure. Humidity, daylight and ventilation for users and moisture control for the structure are the key points to be considered while designing. These will aid in making the proposed project more cost efficient and sustainable. Local architecture is to be looked upon for an accurate approach to the do’s and don’ts for this large-scale project.

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 7-104

Site Study 7.4 Local Architecture This region is located in subtropical monsoon climatic region where the topography consists of plains, mountain and frequent flood affected areas. Hence, these conditions have resulted into broadly three types of housing patterns with respect to the foundation of house: a) Houses on plain b) Houses on mountain slopes and

Figure 5.1.1-iii House on plain land

c) Houses on elevated foundations (near river banks/ frequent flood affected areas).

The lifestyle of the North-Eastern rural population demonstrates the example of sustainable living where bamboo plays a major role. Bamboo has its home in this tropical climatic region of India.

Figure 5.1.1-iii House on mountain slopes

Bamboo is like the backbone of the economy and socio-cultural heritage of bamboo growing area of India, particularly in North-East India.

It is utilized in many ways, for housing, fencing, functional articles, agricultural implements, basketry, and even fuel

Figure 5.1.1-iii House on elevated foundation

and food.

It is visible that the traditional housing pattern is influenced by the local availability of material, climatic and topographic conditions, skills of the people and the economic ability of the individual.

pg. 7-105|

Bamboo 7-106 research & training centre

Most common construction type is the Riang House of Tripura. The main construction material is Bamboo and timber. These houses are typically raised above the ground level to protect from flooding and keep the structure ventilated and avoid contact with the moist ground. Flattened Bamboo slats are use as the wall panels and floors. The roofs are typically thatched with bamboo rafters and purlins. The construction of these houses comes from the concept of local availability of materials and low cost put into materials.

Cons: These are constructed with exposed bamboo techniques which reduces the life of the material and the bamboos used are non-treated which also reduces the performance of the material. The joinery is merely rested on each other instead of fixing and tying them, hence these houses are highly prone to damage.

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 7-106

Site Study 7.4.1 Study of Common Facility Centre in Tripura

pg. 7-107|

Bamboo 7-108 research & training centre

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 7-108

Site Study

7.5 Site Byelaws

Following are some of the key spaces in the design scope of this Design Dissertation Proposal: Bamboo Research and Tissue Culture

Laboratory.

Bamboo

Nursery and Bamboo Setum.

Farmers Training - Propagation, Trade and Marketing.

Students and Youth Training Skill Development and Propagation in the sustainable use of Bamboo. Bamboo Markets and Incubators - Annual Exhibition.

Sustainable Considerations Water Management & Conservation Solar Energy Utilization Energy Efficiency Use Waste Management and Reuse

pg. 7-109|

Bamboo 7-110 research & training centre

Figure 7.4.1-i Site Plan (Mother Plot) with dimensions and contour lines, (Author, 2020)

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 7-110

Site Study

Figure 7.4.1-ii Site Photos

pg. 7-111|

Bamboo 7-112 research & training centre

Design Program Chapter 08

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 7-112

Design Program

8

Design Program

pg. 8-113|

Bamboo 8-114 research & training centre As per AICTE Norms for Technical Educational Institutions.

For an institute of Applied Arts and Crafts offering Diploma and Under Graduate program with intake of 90 students, in 3 divisions and course length of 1 (one) year of Diploma and 2 (two) years of Under Graduate program. Total capacity of the institution is 270 students.

Bamboo Research and Training Centre Spaces

No. of Units x

Standard req. area

Proposed Area

Capacity

(sq.m)

(sq.m)

Education & Skill Development Instructional Areas

1,731 sq.m

1 Room per Class Rooms

Division per Year x30

3*66

198

(1yr Diploma) 3*66*2

396

(2yrs UG) 25% of total Class

Tutorial Room

2 x 60

Common Workshop

2 x 60

90*2

180

Technical Room

1 x 60

110

110

Display Room

1 x 30

132

132

Craft Centre

1 x 30

66

66

Computer Room

1 x 30

75

75

Seminar Hall

1 x 90

100

100

Common Library

1

150

150

Language Lab

1

66

66

Area

Amenity Area

250*2 = 500

1,950 sq.m

Toilets- (B+G)

Desirable x 270

350

350

Student common rm.

1

100

100

Farmer common rm.

1

100

100

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 8-114

Design Program Cafeteria

1

150

150

Stationary

1

10

10

First Aid

1

10

10

Principal’s Quarters

1

150

150

Guest House

1

30

30

Sports Club

1

250

250

Amphitheatre

1

400

400

Construction Yard

2

2*200

400

Admin Area

530 sq.m

Principal Office

1

30

30

Board Room

1

20

20

Office all inclusive

1

300

300

1

20

20

Faculty Rooms

6

5*6

30

Central Store

1

30

30

Material Store

1

30

Maintenance

1

10

10

Security

1

10

10

Housekeeping

1

10

10

Pantry for Staff

1

10

10

Registration Office

1

30

30

1

30

30

1

30

30

Cabin for Head of Department and Department Office

Examinations Control Office Placement Office

(A) Toal Area for Educational Facilities

4,211sq.m

pg. 8-115|

Bamboo 8-116 research & training centre

Spaces

No. of Units x Capacity

Standard req. area

Proposed Area (sq.m)

(sq.m)

Research and Development Admin Area

(x) 300 sq.m

Office all inclusive

1

200

200

Doctor Rooms

6x3

12*3

70

Pantry for Staff

1

10

10

Security

1

10

10

Housekeeping

1

10

10

Tissue Culture Lab

(y) 1600 sq.m Resource Inventory Washing Area Media Prep.

Autoclave Media Store Growth Room Incubators Transfer Area

R&D Lab

(z) 800 sq.m

Tuition Lab

1x30

160

160

Research Lab

2x6

90*2

180

Study Cubicles

6x2

15*6

90

Clean Room

1

30

30

Central Store

1

60

60

Material Library

1x30

180

180

Specialist Library

1x15

100

100

Support Services

800 sq.m (30% of x+y+z)

Electric Room Transformer Station Equip. Workshop Sanitary Services

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 8-116

1

100

100

Design Program (B) Total Research and Development Area

3,500 sq.m

No. of Spaces

Units x

Standard req.

Proposed Area

Capac-

area (sq.m)

(sq.m)

ity High- Tech Nursery Facilities for 200,000 seedlings/yr Growth Area

--

--

3000

Non-Productive Areas: a) Roads b) Admin area c) Storage

--

20% of Growth

500

Area

d) Sand bins e) Compost bins Spacing out Area

--

Equal to

50% of Growth

Future Expansion

1500

Area

Green House Facilities Head House

3000

Growth Area

1500 --

14sq.m/100sq.m of green house

(C) Total Plantation Facilities

210 9,710sq.m

(D)= Total Project Area Proposed = (A)+(B)+(C)

17,500 sq.m

Additional 35% of circulation on (D)

23,500 sq.m

Total Project Area Proposed approximately = (A)+(B)+(C)+(D)

23,500 sq.m

pg. 8-117|

Bamboo 9-118 research & training centre 9

Sustainable Approach

9.1 IGBC Green Logistics Parks and Warehouses Rating System Parameters Erosion and Sedimentation Control Green Cover Heat Island Effect Water Metering Access to Public Transport Segregation of waste, Post Occupancy Security Facilities Green Packaging Electric Vehicles and E-charging Stations Green Procurement Policy Docking Facilities at Warehouses Eco-labelled materials products & Equipment Energy Metering and Management Systems Warehouse Management System Organic Waste Management, Post Occupancy GHG Inventory and Mitigation Measures Handling of waste Materials Optimal Vehicular Routing No Smoking Premises Efficiency & Maintenance of Service Vehicles Parking for Service Vehicles Fresh Air Ventilation Daylighting Commissioning of Building Equipment & Systems Basic Amenities Energy Efficiency Systems Green Measures Beyond the Fence Renewable Energy Systems Water and Energy Performance Rainwater Harvesting

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 9-118

Design Program 9.2 Architectural Strategies Following are a few architectural strategies that need to be considered while planning of the institute in a hot and humid climate zone like Tripura.

pg. 9-119|

Bamboo 9-120 research & training centre

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 9-120

Design Program

pg. 9-121|

Bamboo 9-122 research & training centre

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 9-122

Design Program

pg. 9-123|

Bamboo 9-124 research & training centre

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 9-124

Design Program

pg. 9-125|

Bamboo 9-126 research & training centre

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 9-126

Design Program

pg. 9-127|

Bamboo 9-128 research & training centre

Appendix

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 9-128

Chapter 09

Appendix 10 Appendix Appendix-1 Chemical Treatment of Bamboo Temporary or prophylactic treatment of bamboo This type of treatment with chemicals is used in the round and split bamboo and is advisable for preventing fungal degradation of raw bamboo during temporal) l storage, particularly in tropical countries where the biodeterioration is very severe.

It is recommended for when the bamboo has to be in storage for several months in forest depots, as well as in paper mill yards, and for long transportation of green bamboo in open trucks.

In experiments carried out in the test yard by Kumar & Dobriyal (1988), they found that untreated round bamboo belonging to Bambusa poiymorpha and Dendroca[amus strictus species were destroyed in 19 months by termites and fungi. This destruction can be pre-

vented by simple prophylactic treatment of bamboos at a coverage rate of 24 liters per ton, using 1. Boric acid + borax (1:1) 2 percent solution or 2. Sodium pentachloro phenate + boric acid + borax (0.5:1:1) 2.5 percent solution

pg. 10-129|

Bamboo 10-130 research & training centre Long term chemical treatments Stepping method (for green bamboo) In the stepping method, the bamboo culm is placed in a suitable tank containing the preservative with its butt end dipping in the solution. It is held upright (with its branches and leaves) and supported against a neighbouring bamboo or tree. The preservative is sucked up during the transpiration of the leaves. (See "Curing in the Clump").

Open tank method (soaking and diffusion treatment) for round and split bamboo.

The open tank treatment is made by soaking the bamboo culms or split bamboos in a solution of a water-soluble preservative for a sufficiently long time to obtain adequate absorption and penetration. This treatment is considered to be one of the best and most economic treatments of green round and split bamboo by the diffusion process.

Penetration and absorption of water-soluble

preservatives

are

lower in freshly felled culms than in air-dried material. Split culms can be treated more easily than round ones; thus, the soaking period can be reduced to 1/3 -1/2. The preservative concentration should be higher when green bamboos are treated.

Boucherie method for the treatment of round green bamboos.

An effective but more expensive variant is to pass the immunizing agent by pressure through the longitudinal tissues of the cane; it is commonly called the “Boucherie method”.

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 10-130

Appendix Appendix-2 The growing stock of Vegetation in Tripura

Stratum

1.Hardwood (misc) forests

Area in km sq.

Forest area

(m3)/ha

% of volume weighted Geo.area) average)

Total volume (million m^3)

829

7.43

6.178

4.788

84

4.61

9.839

1.444

3.Bamboo forests

938

8.94

9.0733

0.851

4.Plantations

2221

21.17

20.69

4.275

5.Shifting cultivation

840

7.81

5.339

0.521

Grand Total

6292

59.98

2.Hardwood (misc) mixed with bamboo

11.879

Research statistics corroborate the fact and the following table shows that the MAI of commercial important trees in plantations are quite high.

The Yield of Bamboos in the State (taking a rotation of 5 years) Yield in Weight

Yield in Number

Category (metric ton)

(million)

Clump forming

14853

9.27

Non-clump forming

197424

166.05

Total

212277

175.32

pg. 10-131|

Bamboo 10-132 research & training centre Appendix-3

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 10-132

Appendix Appendix-4

pg. 10-133|

Bamboo 10-134 research & training centre Appendix-5

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 10-134

Appendix Appendix-6

pg. 10-135|

Bamboo 10-136 research & training centre Appendix-7 Cost of Propagation by Seedling based and Tissue Culture-based model.

Sr No

Particulars of works

Unit

Rate

Seedling based model

Manday

Rate

Tissue Culture Plants based model

Manday (MD)

12

1

Site preparation, clearing

2

Alignment & staking

MD

3

Digging of pits (60 cm 3)

MD

36

MD

36

Rs/kg

0.5

Rs/kg

0.5

Rs/kg

100

Rs/kg

100

Rs/kg

4

Rs/kg

12

MD

11

MD

11

12

MD/ weeding

12

(MD)

12

Unit

4

MD

4

@ 12 pits/ MD and refilling of pits after mixing FYM, fertilisers & insecticides 5

@ 40 pits/ Manday

6

7

Cost of plants including transport (333,66)

8

Planting @ 30 plants/ Manday

9

Soil working & weeding

MD/ weeding 10

Lifesaving irrigation months

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 10-136

Appendix only

Rs. / irrigation Rs./irrigation

600

(8 times per yr)

600

in dry months only

Pruning/tending/cleaning/ 11

MD

10

MD

10

Rs

LS

Rs

LS

Rs

LS

Rs

LS

burning

12

13

Bio-fencing/Live hedge fencing Inter cropping

Tortal

Say Rs 25,500

Say Rs 35,000

pg. 10-137|

Bamboo 10-138 research & training centre Appendix-8 Equipment checklist for a tissue culture laboratory, (International Atomic Energy Agency, 2004)

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 10-138

Appendix

pg. 10-139|

Bamboo 10-140 research & training centre

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 10-140

Appendix Appendix-9 Bamboo Stakeholders in the North East Region There are various stakeholders ranging from national to local level working for the development of bamboo sector in the north-eastern region of the country. Despite the range of stakeholders working at different event levels, there is only limited progress in the bamboo sector in North East due to the lack of coordination, credit facilities, skill development and appropriate extension, (INBAR, 2015)

pg. 10-141|

Bamboo 10-142 research & training centre Appendix-10 Fact File of Bamboo Species available in Tripura.

Author: Alveera Patel pg. 10-142

Appendix

pg. 10-143|

Bamboo research & training centre 144

11 Bibliography (n.d.). Retrieved June 2020, from Vector Stock: https://www.vectorstock.com/ Author. (2020). Illustrations. Illustrations. PHCOA, Mumbai.

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Forest Survey of India, Dehradun. . (2019). ENVIS Centre, Ministry of Environment & Forest, Govt. of India. Retrieved July 04, 2020, from State/UT wise Bamboo bearing

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under

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Recorded

Forest

area:

http://www.frienvis.nic.in/Database/Bamboo-bearing-area_2479.aspx Gernot, M. (n.d.). Building With Bamboo.

Google. (n.d.). Google Maps. Retrieved 2020, from Maps: https://www.google.com/maps/ Google.

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2020,

from

Google.com:

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End of document. Thank You for Reading

pg. 147|