Building Services

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Architecture

BUILDING SERVICES (BLD 60903/ BLD 61904) Project 2​: Building Services in Multi-Storey Buildings Involving Public Use (Case Study on Taylor’s University)

Tutor : Mr Azim Sulaiman Report By: Chai Paul Ie 0330312 Christopher Ivan Tan 0330189 Chuah Yi Yiang 0330783 Hong Junn Keat 0330255 One Yuh Huey 0330289

Acknowledgement Despite facing one of the most serious pandemic in our times, this report is made possible thanks to a collective of individuals that has helped out in finishing this report. Firstly we would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to Taylor's University Facilities Management for providing the floor plans to complete this assignment. A fellow peer, Wee Si Ying helped obtain the Floor Plans from the management. The assignment would not be completed without their help.

We would like to express our sincerity and gratitude towards our tutor Mr Azim Sulaiman for assisting and supervising the assignment despite having a non physical contact. Providing valuable guidelines and insights which will help us along the way in the future. To end, to the group, who without the dedication and effort in procuring and curating the report despite such limited resources, the report would not be a success without everyone’s contribution.

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Contents Acknowledgement 1.0 ​Introduction to Taylor’s University 2.0​ Mechanical Ventilation 3.0 ​Air Conditioning System 4.0 Passive Fire Protection 5.0 Active Fire Protection 6.0 Mechanical 103-119 References

​2 ​ 4 ​5-19 ​20-44 ​45-70 ​71-102 Transportation

​120-121

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1.0 Introduction to Taylor’s University

Taylor’s University completed in 2009 was designed by award winning architecture firm NWKA architects. The architectural concept of Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus is about the form, function, environment and art. It is exciting for students’ architecturally and is a fundamental design shift from institutional centric to non-hierarchical democratic spaces where the students love to be instead of having to be.

It’s a Modern Tropical concept. Modern defines the architectural language by the use of clean lines, light forms and materials as a forward looking concept. Tropical means the use of the architecture to respond to the environment by employing passive, natural cooling systems and sustainable criteria to shape and mould the built environment.

Environmentally, the concept has emphasised on passive sustainable green design focusing on practical knowledge rather than technology. High on the environment list is the rehabilitation of the wasteland if an ex-mining pond and dump site into a productive university if you want to teach our children about looking after the world.

Some awards that the design has won includes: ● ● ●

Malaysia Property Award 2013 FuturArc Green Leadership Award 2013 - Citation PAM Awards 2011 Gold Winner

(write up extracted from the architect’s website http://www.nwka.com.my/project/taylors-university-lakeside-campus/​ )

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2.0 Mechanical ventilation Ventilation is the intentional entrant of outside air into a space. Ventilation is used mainly by diluting and displacing indoor emissions to monitor the indoor air quality. It may also be used for thermal comfort or dehumidification purposes when the introduction of external air will help to achieve the desired psychrometric conditions indoors.

The intentional introduction of outside air can either be categorized as mechanical ventilation or as natural ventilation. Mechanical ventilation uses fans to drive external air flow to a building.

In the case of positively pressurized buildings, or in the case of exhaust ventilation systems, this can be accomplished by pressure exertion. Many manually ventilated buildings use a mixture of both, integrating the ventilation into the HVAC system.

Mechanical ventilation is used to control the quality of the indoor air, excess humidity, odours and contaminants can often be controlled through dilution or external air replacement.

Specialized ventilation systems in humid climates can however remove excess moisture from the air. The mechanical ventilation system is applied at Taylor’s university.

Taylors University asserts passive urban ecological architecture in environmental terms with an emphasis on practical knowledge instead of technology. Natural open spaces and public spaces such as the main concourses, building corridors, sky bridges and lift lobbies are naturally lit, ventilated and cooled by wind funnels, therefore reducing energy consumption.

Since most of the campus flow dropped below 1.5 m/s, the campus' natural ventilation is considered poor. Proper ventilation would then result in greater convenience for users of the building.

Functions of Mechanical Ventilation ● To help in moderating internal temperatures. ● Oxygen replenishment. ● Reducing moisture, odors, bacteria, dust, carbon dioxide accumulation, ● Smoke and other toxins which can accumulate during the times occupied. ● Build air movement which enhances occupant comfort.

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Benefits of Mechanical Ventilation Great indoor air quality. The indoor air can be polluted even more than the outdoor air.

Ventilation systems can greatly improve the air quality of a building by eliminating allergens, pollutants and moisture which can exacerbate mold problems.

More Control . When buildings rely on air circulation through walls , roofs, and windows for ventilation, the amount of air entering the building is not regulated. However, mechanical ventilation systems provide the adequate fresh air flow along with suitable intake and exhaust locations.

Improved Comfort. Mechanical ventilation systems allow a constant flow of outside air into the home and can also provide filtration, dehumidification, and conditioning of the incoming outside air (Energy Star, n.d).

Types of Mechanical Ventilation Systems · Supply System · Extract System · Balance/Combined System

Comparison between Natural and Mechanical Ventilation Natural Ventilation Mechanical Ventilation Freely available

Controlled

Fresh air

Fresh air ; positive ventilation all the time

No maintenance

Maintenance cost

No filter

Filter can be provided

Uncertain and unpredictable

Predictable

Uniform Building By-Law (UBBL) Section 41. Mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning

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1. (1) Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the relevant building by laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting, and heights of rooms may be waived at the discretion of the local authority.

2. (2) Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in addition to the permanent air-conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of ventilating the air-conditioned enclosure, such that within half an hour of the air-conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period when the air-conditioning system is not functioning.

3. (3) The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings which are mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned.

4. (4) Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with the requirements of the Third Schedule to these By-laws, the provisions of these By- laws relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting shall not apply to such lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or corridors.

Case Study 2.2 Balanced System The ductworks are quite extensive, with supply ducts to provide fresh air to classrooms and learning spaces within the University and exhaust ducts to remove stale air from bathrooms and kitchen spaces. Taylors University utilizes the Multi-Point ERV with Partial Connection to Central Air Handler.

Taylors University utilizes both Supply system and Extract System depending on the location and use of each space. Balance system is basically the supply and exhaust fans working in cooperation. Different duct systems can be found in Taylors University, one for supply air and one for exhaust air.

This option draws exhaust air from the common areas and supplies outside air to the central air handler’s supply trunk. The ventilation air is then distributed throughout the house via the supply ductwork system. Periodic operation of the air handler fan provides whole- house mixing for distribution of ventilation air.

This is accomplished with a fan cycling controller on the air handler. The controller should be set to turn the central system fan on a minimum of 10 minutes per hour. A motorized damper is installed on the supply duct, which is opened when the ERV is running, and closed to prevent duct leakage during HVAC runtime.

Differing air flows through the ERV can occur due to pressures created by the central air handler in the trunks. The duelling pressures can significantly reduce ventilation effectiveness.

Local exhaust fans are still required in kitchens and bathrooms due to risk of fouling the heat exchanger core.

According to UBBL 1984 Section 41: Mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning Windows and openings allowing uninterrupted air passage are not necessary if the rooms are equipped with mechanical ventilation or air conditions.

In case of air-conditioning failure there should be alternative ways to introduce fresh air into the room within half an hour.

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Figure 2.2.1 Learning spaces in Block E that utilizes Balance

Figure 2.2.2 B ​ alanced system is used in the​ Culinary School Kitchens and Laboratories

​Figure 2.2.3

​Diagram illustrates Balanced system

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2.3 Extract System Exhaust Ventilation Systems where the Indoor air is continuously exhausted to the outdoors with one or more fans often located in bathrooms. Mechanical extract only systems are used mostly when the air becomes contaminated such as in kitchens, bathrooms where there is a need for constant and predictable extraction of air. For a room with locally generated pollutants, such as a bathroom, toilet or kitchen, the negative pressure system is often used. Exhaust-only ventilation definitely has its place, but mainly in isolated applications. In Taylors it can be found in places such as exhausting cooking fumes from the kitchen or water vapor from bathrooms and even in the architecture studio.

Figure 2.3.1 Extract system located in toilets in Block E, Taylors University

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Figure 2.3.2 Location of toilet and changing room in Block E that uses Extract system to ventilate the air

2.4 Pressurization system Pressurized staircases keep exit routes smoke free in the event of a fire, lending precious minutes to building occupants during an evacuation. The pressures specified to keep a stairwell pressure positive vary by code.

However, the universal goal is to restrain smoke but still allow the opening of doors in the stairwell shaft. In the event of a fire and a subsequent evacuation there will be intermittent losses of pressure inside the stairwell as stairwell doors open.

An appropriate pressurization system must provide adequate capacity for providing air fans to generate energy to deter smoke from entering as doors open. Damper actuators which are accessible to pressurized stairwells are also operated using pressure sensor signals. For such situations a fan forces air into a duct that goes up the stairwell. About every three floors there is an actuated damper. This control method keeps smoke from spreading as doors to the stairwell open.

According to UBBL 1984 Section 202: Pressurised system for staircase All staircases serving buildings of more than 45.75 metres in height where there is no adequate ventilation as required shall be provided with a basic system of pressurisation – (d) where the mechanical system to present smoke from entering the staircase shall be automatic by a suitable heat detecting device, manual or automatic alarm or automatic wet pipe sprinkler system.

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Figure 2.4.1 Location of fire staircase in Block E, Taylors University. Pressurized staircases keep exit routes smoke free in the event of a fire.

Figure 2.4.2 Diagram of a stairwell. pressurization system

Figure 2.4.3 Fire Staircase located at the Commercial block, Taylors University

2.5 Smoke Spill System These are located in the basement car parks of Taylors University's commercial block.

The primary objective is to ventilate those areas that may become totally smoke logged after a fire. To allow access, they're supposed to clear the smoke. We are not expressly designed to provide security to escaping . They are not specifically intended to offer protection to occupants escaping the building.

Escape routes should normally comply with building regulation requirements to facilitate escape before smoke becomes life threatening. Generally, these systems remove the smoke from the building allowing escape routes to be kept clear of smoke and provide a clear access route for the attending fire officers. This is highly important for an educational institution to comply with as the building will always be occupied with students and educators on a daily basis. Many lives could be saved by having an effective smoke spill system installed in the building.

Smoke spill fans only work during fire alarm operation. If the fire alarm is activated the warning will hit the Smoke Spill Sensor from the fire alarm unit. A delay of 20 seconds allowed enough time for closure or opening of the motorized dampers. The smoke spill fans will then run and discharge out of the building.

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Figure 2.5.1 Smoke Spill vent area in the basement parking of Taylors University

Figure 2.5.2 Smoke Spill vent in the basement parking of Taylors University commercial block

2.6 Components involved in mechanical ventilation system 2.6.1 Propeller Fan A propeller fan is used to provide cooler air while eliminating colours and moisture from air.

These fans are especially found in bathrooms and kitchens where high humidity levels are

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present. Using these fans will benefit from a reduction in problems such as mold and its resultant negative effects and excessive moisture.

Propeller fan works better under a small area and its well known to be economically friendly, ease of installation and low noise level. In Taylors University, propeller fans can be seen in toilets as well as the kitchen areas.

Figure 2.6.1 Propeller fan dimensions

Figure 2.6.2 Propeller Fan Unit

2.6.2 Axial Fan Axial fans are a type of propeller fan with a cylindrical housing or shroud to enclose the fan itself. These type of fans are used to inject exhaust air when mounted inside ductwork or a vessel housing.

The internal motor mounted within centralizes the unit within the interior while the external mountings use electrical connections and grease fittings. The direction of air glow and rotation of the shaft are shown on arrow indicators, enabling the unit to be installed in a proper manner.

Axial fans are usually used in places like the basement or tunnel and can only be seen applied in the basement parking of the commercial block in Taylors University.

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Figure 2.6.1 Component of an Propeller Unit

Figure 2.6.2 ​Axial fan located in the axial basement parking

2.6.3 AIR FILTERS Located inside the ductwork to filter the inlet air from outdoor or outlet air before it is released to the atmosphere. Air Filters of fibreglass or pleated paper or membrane-like material framed by cardboard, plastic or rigid materials with similar qualities. Through the use of filters, the quality of indoor air sees a significant increase thus improving comfort levels.

Fibreglass Panel Filter

Figure 2.6.2 Fiberglass Panel Filter

This throwaway air filter is the most common type. Layered fiberglass fibres are laid over each other to form the filter media and typically are reinforced with a metal grating that supports the fiberglass to prevent failure and collapse.

Washable Bag Filter

Figure 2.6.2 Extracted and cleaned bag filter

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These products are not as common and rely on the build-up of dust along the cloth to improve the efficiency of the filter. Industrial processes involving high volumes of coarse dust are typical applications.

According to UBBL 1984 PART IX MISCELLANEOUS (Third Schedule): 3. Filters for exhaust air. (1) Filters for the removal of airborne bacteria shall be provided for all exhaust air discharge points to the requirements of the governing health authority.

2.6.4 DUCTWORK Ductworks play the role of a distribution system of either heated or cooled airflow throughout the building using ducts. Common types of ducts are as follows: ●

Galvanized steel

● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Aluminium (Al) Polyurethane and phenolic insulation panels (pre-insulated air ducts) Fiberglass duct board (preinsulated non-metallic ductwork) Flexible ducting Fabric ducting PVC low-profile ducting Waterproofing

Flexible ducting

Figure 2.6.1 Flexible Duct Tube

Figure 2.6.2 Installation Diagram

Flexible ducts (also known as ​flex)​ are typically made of flexible plastic over a metal wire coil to shape a tube, using both polyester fibre and glass wool for thermal insulation. A protective layer surrounds the insulation, and is usually composed of polyethylene or metalized PET. Flexible duct is very convenient for attaching supply air outlets to the rigid ductwork. It is commonly attached with long zip ties or metal band clasp. However, the pressure loss is higher than for most other types of ducts.

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Galvanized steel ( Rigid Sheet Metal Ductwork ) Galvanized mild steel​ is the standard and most common material used in fabricating ductwork because the zinc coating of this metal prevents rusting and avoids cost of painting. For insulation purposes, metal ducts are typically lined with faced ​fiberglass​ blankets (duct liner) or wrapped externally with fiberglass blankets.

Figure 2.6.3 Installation of galvanised metal ductwork

Figure 2.6.4 Detailed Section

PVC Low Profile Ducting PVC ​low-profile ducting has been developed as a cost-effective alternative to steel low-profile ducting. The growth of low-profile ducting has grown significantly due to the reduction of available space in ceiling cavities in an effort to reduce cost.

Figure 2.6.4 A low-profile PVC duct

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2.6.5 FIRE DAMPERS

Figure 2.6.1 Static Fire Damper

Figure 2.6.2 Dynamic Fire Damper

A fire damper can be defined as “a device installed in ducts and air transfer opening of an air distribution or smoke control system designed to close automatically upon detection of heat. It also serves to interrupt migratory airflow, resist the passage of flame, and maintain the integrity of the fire rated separation.”

Static Fire Dampers Static fire dampers are designed to cut off airflow as soon as there is a fire. When a fire is detected by your building’s fire system, it will automatically trigger your HVAC system, telling it to shut off. This causes the fans within your HVAC system to stop, which in turn causes your static fire dampers to close because there is no air pressure within the ducts. Once static fire dampers close, no air can pass through the ducts.

Dynamic Fire Dampers Dynamic fire dampers are typically found within the vertical barriers of your HVAC system.

Dynamic fire dampers are spring-loaded, which is how they shut. In the event of a fire, the HVAC system where the dynamic fire dampers are placed will continue to operate. Since dynamic fire dampers will need to shut against circulating air, they have built-in fans that turn on to activate the spring-loaded system.

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Figure 2.6.5 An “out of the wall/ partition” fire damper installed on a 2- hour-rated steel/gypsum firewall

2.6.6 VENTILATION DIFFUSERS DIFFUSER​: A device used to direct the air at different angles by profiled blades when the air is leaving the unit and going into the space

Figure 2.6.1 Types of diffusers

GRILE: ​A special device used in supplying and extracting air vertically without any kind of deflection

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Figure 2.6.2. Types of diffusers

These two are the integral part of any HVAC for the distribution of air and hence cause the building to be more comfortable for the occupants. They are made with the following materials. ● ● ● ●

Aluminium Mild Steel Stainless Steel Plastic

Figure 2.6.6 Diffusers located in every air Conditioned room throughout Taylors University Eg : Classrooms , labs, library

Figure 2.6.7 Exposed ducting network through the diffuser

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3.0 Air Conditioning Unit

(diagram showing a typical HVAC in a commercial building)

As with most all air conditioning system , the principle remains the same whereby the heat is removed from one area and replaced with chilled dry air and the hot air is expelled, on a regular basis the ambient air is drawn over the condenser that can best be described as a ‘radiator’ with refrigerant gas running through the system.

To ensure continuous maximum operational efficiency of the existing Building Automation System, which guarantees effective air-conditioning control for Blocks A, B, LTs and part of the Library. This will be done through active preventive maintenance. Airflow to all the three blocks are supplied through Variable Refrigerant Volume (VRV) Air Conditioning System.

The University’s management aims to improve the Air Conditioning System by setting a fixed range of 23 to 25 degree Celsius. The university also aims to explore new emerging technologies for instance using the Hydrocarbon Refrigerant system.

Ms 1525:2007 8.1.2 Indoor design conditions Room comfort condition is dependent on various factors including air temperature, mean radiant temperature , humidity , clothing , metabolic rate and air movement preference of the occupant.

For the purpose of engineering design , room comfort condition should consider the following three (3) main factors:

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1. Dry bulb temperature; 2. Relative humidity; and 3. Air movement (air velocity) In general , an individual feels comfortable when metabolic heat is dissipated at the rate at which it is produced. The human body temperature needs to be maintained at a constant 37 ± 0.5 oc regardless of the prevailing ambient condition. The higher the space relative humidity, the lower the amount of heat the human body will be able to transfer by means of perspiration.

Section 13a At normal comfort room temperature (23 °C to 26 °C) , the acceptable air velocity would be in the region of 0.15 to 0.5 m/s . The indoor design conditions of an air –conditioned space for comfort cooling is recommended to have dry bulb of 23 °C to 26 °C . The recommended design relative humidity is 55-70%. The recommended air movement is 0.15 to 0.5 m/s .According to Department of Malaysia Standards, the maximum air movement is 0.7m/s 8.3 Separate air distributions system 8.3.1 Zones which are expected to operate non-simultaneously for more than 750 hours per year should be served by separate air distribution systems. As an alternative off-hour controls should be provided in accordance with 8.4.4 The centralised Air Conditioning system’s main function is to produce chilled water which is generated in the chiller and it's later distributed to the Air Handling Unit(AHU) which is located on the lowest ground floor of the University . The air distribution ducts will receive the cooled air and will evenly distribute through the ’ diffusers’ to all the spaces throughout the university.

Due to Taylor’s University being a multi-storey university, It requires a substantial amount of cooling load to be evenly distributed to all the spaces. This is achievable with both a Centralised Air Conditioning System and a Split Air Conditioning System.

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Operation System

( a diagram showing an overall operating system for an air conditioner)

Cooling Tower The Cooling Tower acts as the outermost machinery that removes most of the heat from the hot water which was pumped directly from the condenser to the tower . The atmospheric temperature is used to reduce the temperature of the water meanwhile the heat is released to the atmosphere .

Chiller A chiller is the main machine that removes heat from the liquid through vapor-compression or more commonly known as absorption refrigeration cycle. It also transfers the heat from the AHU to the Condenser Unit Air Handling Unit (AHU) Air Handling Units “condition” and “distributes”the air as part of the Heating, Ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) system . The air entering the AHU has to pass through air filters across both the Heating and Cooling coils.

Air Duct Air Ducts are channels used in the HVAC systems to deliver or remove heated/cooled air to different parts of the building or rooms while returning the same amount of air back to the HVAC system itself

Diffuser Evenly distribute the flow of air, in the desired directions. To enhance mixing of room air into the primary air being discharged.

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Return Air Duct Main Purpose of the said Air ducts is to balance airflow in the HVAC system and it brings air that has been warmed or cooled. The air is recycled and filtered of any particulates and contaminants .

(picture on the left showing open loop cooling tower, picture on the right show closed loop Cooling Tower)

Cooling towers in general are used to dispose of excess heat from a building . The water is run through cooling it to a lower temperature using the process of evaporation. The size of Cooling Towers vary from larger hyperboloid structures to smaller ones depending on the building.

Cooling towers vary in size and design based on the cooling load of a building. The cooling load is determined by the size of a building from which heat needs to be extracted. The other factor that affects this design is the relative humidity of the air.

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Case Study (Taylor’s University) Location of the cooling towers in Taylor’s University

(cooling towers located by the bus drop off point at Block B)

(Taylor’s Cooling tower. Source Christopher Tan 2020)

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There are a total of 4 Cooling Towers in Taylor’s University . They are all located behind block A and they are all classified under Closed cooling towers or better known as Indirect Cooling Tower . In short they circulate warm water from the chiller plant through tubes located in the tower Closed circuit cooling towers function similarly to open towers with an exception of the heat exchanger coil within the tower that divides the cooling tower water with the building’s cooling water . The water from the cooling tower is pumped from the basin all the way up to the spray header which then sprays water onto a coil containing the building’s cooling water which finally cools it down. Since the building cooling water isn’t exposed it will not be subject to fouling caused by oxygen and dirt particles .

A closed cooling tower tends to have a higher first cost but in the long run, they maintain their efficiency a whole lot better than open tower with plate and frame heat exchangers simply because their heat transferring capability is far less impaired by fouling.

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Make Up Tank.

( location of the make up tank located adjacent to the cooling towers ) A Make Up tank is located right beside the Cooling Towers and can hold up to 8200 Litres of fresh water . Makeup water , often referred to as “Makeup� , is fresh water that is added to replace water lost by mostly evaporation To allow the system to function at minimum standard, the Makeup water from the tank needs to be of a minimum standard of quality . Pretreatment of makeup water for cooling towers is not required if the level of impurities in the water are not on the excessive levels.

In accordance to the MS 1525:2007

8.8 Balancing The system design should provide means for balancing the air and water system such as but not limited to dampers, temperature and pressure test connections and balancing valves.

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Chiller

(location of the chiller plant room located at block B lower ground floor)

A chiller basically works through vapor compression or vapor absorption. They provide a continuous flow of coolant to the cooler side of the water system at an average temperature of about 10 degrees celsius . The heat is then extracted out as the coolant is pumped through .

A chiller utilizes a vapor compression refrigerant system that connects to the water system and the device is more commonly known as an evaporator . The evaporator then functions as a heat exchanger by transferring the heat that is obtained to the refrigerant .

During the process of the heat transfer , the refrigerant evaporates turning the low- pressure liquid into gaseous vapour, while the temperature of the process coolant reduces.

The refrigerant then flows into a compressor which performs multiple functions.

1. Removes any refrigerant from the evaporator and makes sure that the pressure inside the evaporator remains low to ensure heat is absorbed accurately.

2. It also increases the pressure in the outgoing refrigerant vapor to ensure that the temperature is constant to be able to release heat when it reaches the condenser . The said refrigerant then returns to its liquid state while the latent that is released changes into liquid and is carried by a cooling medium (air/water).

There are two confirmed cooling mediums which are air or water which can facilitate the transfer of heat released during the process where the refrigerant changes from vapor to liquid .

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To conclude, chillers can use two differently type of condensers which are Air-cooled and water-cooled

Air Cooled and Water Cooled Condensers

(diagram to the left showing, Air-cooled Chillers while on the right showing a water-cooled chillers)

Air-Cooled Condensers Air-cooled condensers are a lot like “radiators� that cool the automobile engines . A motorized blower is included to force air across a grid of refrigerant lines . To work efficiently , air-cooled condensers require ambient temperatures around 35 degrees Celsius or lower to be able to operate effectively.

Water-Cooled Condensers Water-cooled condensers roughly perform the same function as its Air-cooled counterpart but, it needs a double step to properly complete heat transfer. Firstly , the heat moves into the condensed water from the refrigerant . The warm water is pumped to cooling towers where the heat is then discharged into the atmosphere

(location of the water- cooled chiller)

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(picture showing a typical water cooled chiller)

The chillers at Taylor’s University are Water-Cooled Chillers and it features a water-cooled condenser connected to the Cooling Tower . It is commonly used for medium to large installations in this case Taylor’s university that has an abundant amount of water supply.

The chill room is located on the lower ground floor of block A of the university. There are a total number of 4 chillers in the university.

The chilled water is then transferred to different levels of a 4 part system which consists of the AHU(air handling unit) . The water that has been chilled will eventually flow through the cooling unit in FCU (fan coil unit) . The chilled water will be pumped back up to the chiller plant

by CHWP(chilled water pump) and ready to be recirculated .

In accordance to ​MS 1525 8.11.1 ACMV system components, as listed in Table 23, whose energy input is entirely electrical, should, at the Standard Rating Conditions specified in Table 22 for water chillers and at additional standard rating conditions specified in applicable standards for particular system components show a Coefficient of Performance (COP) – cooling.

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（picture showing a typical evaporator)

Evaporator Evaporator is a heat exchanger , where heat is removed from the refrigerant . The refrigerant will be chilled before it is ready to be circulated back to the AHU . It allows the evaporation of vapor as it gains heat from the surrounding air . The vapor that is drawn down and out of the evaporator will be pumped to the condenser Compressor

The compressor is the heart and soul of the entire cooling cycle . The entire process starts with the compressor absorbing cool , low-pressure refrigerant gas from the indoor atmosphere . The motored compressor’s sole function is to “squeeze” the refrigerant , increasing its temperature and pressure so it will be released from the compressor as a hot high-pressured gas The compressor used in Taylor’s University is probably the screw Compressor as it uses a pair of helical rotors where it traps and compresses the gas as the rotors revolve in the cylinder . It is most commonly used In a HVAC system and they are used in systems with a high capacity .

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The male rotor and the female Rotor are pre-built inside the cylinder . The low pressure refrigerant enters one end of the compressor and the high pressured refrigerant is discharged at the end of the process into the condenser

(diagram on the left showing an open shell and tube)

The condenser functions as a heat exchanger where refrigerant vapor passes through a mist eliminator into the condenser tube . Condensed water is then produced from the condensed refrigerant vapor which then flows through the tubes.

Within a shell-and-tube condenser , water is pumped through the pipes while the refrigerant flows in the shell . Extra installation of fins and pipes allows for a more effective and efficient heat transfer . Besides that, the shell-and-tube condensers are generally low costs and are fairly easier to maintain

In accordance with ​MS 1525:85 Piping insulation : All piping installed to serve buildings and within the building should be adequately insulated to prevent excessive energy losses. Additional insulation with vapour barriers may be required to prevent condensation under some conditions.

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(diagram showing a thermostatic expansion valve)

A thermostatic valve Uses a valve Mechanism to control the flow of liquid refrigerant into the evaporator coil . The flow is controlled by the pressure in the evaporator .The valve provides a higher flow rate and when it cools down , It will reduce the flow rate.

Some other names for it are namely TXV , TEV , or TX valve . The sensing bulb below it is used to detect the temperature of the coil and is usually located at a higher temperature inside of the evaporative.

The bulb will be clamped firmly to the coil to ensure proper sensing . When the temperature of the evaporator increases due to the demand for cooling , the pressure in the bulb will also increase hence pushing the spring to open the valve. Similarly when the temperature of the evaporator reduces due to a lack of demand for cooling , the pressure in the bulb will drop hence causing the spring to close the valve.

In accordance with ​MS 1525:2007 (8. Air –conditioning and mechanical ventilation (ACMV) system) 8.2.2 ​Where chillers are used and when the design load is greater than 1000 kWr, a minimum of two chillers or a single multi –compressor chiller should be provided to meet the required load.

8.2.3 Multiple units of the same equipment type, such as multiple chillers, with combined capacities exceeding the design load may be specified to operate concurrently only if controls are provide which sequence or otherwise optimally control the operation of each unit based on the required cooling load .

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8.2.4 Individual air cooled or water cooled direct expansion (DX) units greater than 35 kWr (reciprocating compressor) or 65 kWr(scroll compressor) should consist of either multi compressors or single compressor with step/variable unloaders

Control Panel The control panel room is also located within close proximity of all the mechanisms and the processes within the chiller room itself . The control panel controls the distribution of electricity to all the machines and has gauges to show the reading and temperatures of each of the specific chillers.

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(floor plan showing the AHU units loathed in Block A and B)

(picture showing a AHU unit)

Housing The Housing is where all the other components of the AHU is stored and it is mainly made of metal, and is painted with anti corrosive paint . Where the fans and coils are housed , 1-2 inches of Polyurethane foam or PU in short is used to insulate them to prevent condensation to form on the panel .

A drain pan is also added as a precautionary step in the event of condensation.

Fan

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A centrifugal fan is used to circulate the air to different parts of the building. There a re few types of fan that is commonly used namely, Backward Inclined , Backward Curved , Forward curve and Airfoil.

The major effects of vibration on the motor panel could be reduced by installing the motor and fan on the vibration isolator only except when the drive assembly is external to the fan casing

Cooling Coil

(diagram showing a typical cooling coil)

The cooling coil is used to dehumidify the air . Direct Expansion(DX) cooling and Chilled Water (CW) cooling coils are available for use depending on the system design .

The coils are arranged in rows side by side with non identical fin spacings . Aluminium fins and copper tubes are used in the designs of the coils . Hydrophilic fins are too used due to its corrosion resistance and its low costs and its low resistance to the air velocity which makes it highly suitable.

(a picture showing filter)

The function of the filter is to remove any dust particles and contaminants of various sizes from the air. The type of air filter will highly depend on the application system .

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There are three known filter that is commonly used namely: 1. Panel Filter –The panel Filter is a flat rectangular filter that provides a minimum low efficiency filtration . The high velocity filter has a vertical arrangement whereas the lower velocity counterpart . An average air velocity ranges from about 2-3 m/s 2. HEPA Filter- HEPA Filter is by far the most efficient and is able to achieve efficiencies up to 99.97% , removing any minute particles . It is usually used in clean rooms.

3. Electrostatic Filter –Electrostatic filter removes particles from the air by using highly charged electrodes In accordance ​MS 1525 code 8.6, Air Heating Duct system Insulation “All ducts, plenums and enclosures installed in or building should be adequately insulated to prevent excessive energy use. Additional insulation with vapour barriers may be required to prevent condensation under some condition.”

(picture showing a typical humidifier) Humidifiers During a cooler day, The humidity level can be relatively lower than average and might cause some discomfort to the users and that is where humidifiers come into play. It is used to increase the humidity of the air and there are three common types of humidifiers used in the industry.

1. Spray Type- The spray type comes with a header and spray nozzle that spray the water with an average pressure of 15 psi 2. Steam Pan type – The steam pan basically has a pan and a heating coil to preheat the water of the pan .The humidity of the surrounding air will increase due to the evaporation process undergone by the water.

3. Steam Grid Type- It usually has tiny holes on the pipe to distribute stream that flows through it. The water is heated to produce steam which is used to be supplied to the grid.

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Mixing

The mixing has inlets that are attached to the dampers and the process where the outside air and the recirculated air are mixed to provide the accurate proportion of air to be distributed to the different parts of the building.

Airducts

(pictures showing an air duct)

The ductwork system is Designed to direct the airflow From the HVAC to different parts of the building . The entire ductwork system surrounds the air that is sucked from the whole building into the Air Conditioner or heater where the cooling or the heating process takes place .

The intake and output of the air is mainly determined by the efficiency of a duct system.

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In terms of materiality, The ductworks system can be made with various materials. Some of it being Galvanized Steel, Aluminium, Polyurethane and phenolic panels , Fiberglass duct board and flexible ducting. Galvanized steel is by far the most popular material used to fabricate the ductwork. The zinc coating in the metal hinders rusts and painting costs can be reduced.

The ducts are lined internally with “Faced Fiberglass blankets or duct liner.

The ductwork system is Designed to direct the airflow From the HVAC to different parts of the building . The entire ductwork system surrounds the air that is sucked from the whole building into the Air Conditioner or heater where the cooling or the heating process takes place .

The intake and output of the air is mainly determined by the efficiency of a duct system .

In terms of materiality, The ductworks system can be made with various materials. Some of it being Galvanized Steel, Aluminium, Polyurethane and phenolic panels , Fiberglass duct board and flexible ducting. Galvanized steel is by far the most popular material used to fabricate the ductwork. The zinc coating in the metal hinders rusts and painting costs can be reduced. The ducts are lined internally with “Faced Fiberglass blankets or duct liner.

HVAC system

(floor plan showing the location of the a/c ventilation)

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Vibration Isolators

(diagram showing a vibration isolator)

They are flexible sections that aren normally inserted in the duct before or after the air handler to minimize the vibration when the duct system is in full operation. They are at the beginning of the air handler , which houses the blowers.

The volume ControlDamper acts as a control airflow in the air duct. Most of the units come equipped with manual quadrants or motorized actuators. It also helps to adjust the volume of air flow to the other parts of the duct system.

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Terminal Unit

They are often found inside the branch ducts in a multi-zone HVAC system .One Terminal unit is assigned to each thermal zone . Some of which are fan powered mixing boxes, induction terminals etc. In a rare case they come with a cooling or a heating coil.

Air Terminal/ Diffusers

(picture of a diffusers)

Diffusers or Air terminals are the last step of the ducts where they serve as the distributors. These mechanical equipment provide thermal comfort for the occupants or provide better thermal conditions . In lay-man terms they distribute conditioned air in various directions with the use of its deflecting vanes. The way it is designed is to promote the mix of conditions with the air in the space to avoid stagnant air.

In Accordance to the ​UBBL Section 41-Mechanical Ventilation & Air Conditioning Windows and openings allowing uninterrupted air passage is not necessary if the room is equipped with mechanical ventilation or air-conditions

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The main role of return ducts is to direct air that has been warmed or cooled back to the furnace or the Air conditioner. That air is then returned so it can be heated or cooled again while filtering out any particles or contaminants and its later distributed back into the building. This air circulation system must be balanced to allow enough air entering and leaving to ensure for proper HVAC equipment operation.

UBBL Section 123 –Pipes and service ducts 123 (1) Where ducts or enclosures are provided in any building to accommodate pipes , cables or conduits the dimensions of such ducts or enclosures shall be (a)​ Adequate for the accommodation of the pipes , cables or conduits and for crossings of branches and mains together with supports and fixing; and (b)​ Sufficiently large to permit access to cleaning eyes. Stop cocks and other controls there 10 enable repairs , extensions and modifications to be made to each or all of the services accommodated.

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(2)​ The access, openings to ducts or enclosures shall be long enough and suitably placed to enable lengths of pipe to be installed and removed

(diagram split air conditioner)

Split Air Conditioner is referring to the the which the unit itself is set up. The split air conditioner is compressed of two separate units which are the Condensing unit and the evaporative coil more commonly known as “condenser” and a “coil”. It is from these two separate units where the split Air conditioner gets its name. The units are joined by a set of copper tubing known as a “line-set” , which is tasked to transfer refrigerant from one unit to the other .

(picture showing a condensing unit used commercially) The condensing unit, or the condenser is the major part of the split air conditioning that is located outside . In short an air conditioner uses electricity to remove heat from within the house and transfer it outside basically making the internal spaces cooler. In the condenser is where the compressor is housed .The condensing unit is where the compressor is kept. The

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condensing unit is where the refrigerant is compressed causing its temperature to rise. As the fan blows over this refrigerant , the refrigerant loses much of this heat.

Evaporative coil

(diagram illustrating a evaporative coil in a condenser) The evaporative coil/evaporator is the part of the split air conditioner . When the gasses expand rapidly they are cooled . The evaporative coil is also part of the split air conditioner that is located in the building. In conclusion, when the air inside is blown over the coil, the refrigerant absorbs the heat inside the building . Simply put the evaporator coil is where the air inside the building actually cools down in a split air conditioning system.

(picture showing the split air conditioning system control panel)

The split Air Conditioning system in Taylor’s University is all controlled by a control panel which usually operates non simultaneously for an average of 750 hours a year.

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In accordance with​ MS 1525, 8.3 Separate air distribution systems 8.3.1 Zones which are expected to operate non-simultaneously for more than 750 hours per year should be served by separate air distribution systems. As an alternative off-hour controls should be provided in accordance with 8.4.4.

8.4.4 Off-hour control 8.4.4.1 ACMV system should be equipped with automatic controls capable of accomplishing a reduction of energy use for example through equipment shutdown during periods of n9n-use or alternative use of the spaces served by the system Exceptions: 1. Systems serving areas which are expected to operate continuously ; and 2. equipment with a connected load of 2 kWe or less may be controlled by readily accessible manual off-hour controls.

The biggest difference between a split air conditioner and a packaged air conditioner is the size.

The split air conditioner is roughly three times bigger than that of the packaged unit , This is one of the main reasons the air conditioning system is split into two major pieces.

Pros 1. Split air conditioners can be placed IN various locations 2. They are in general cheaper and easier to maintain 3. They are typically quitter(less noise pollution) Conclusion To summarize Taylor’s university’s HVAC system complies with every standard which is stated in the following By-Laws stated in UBBL section 41 and guidelines provided in MS1525.

The air conditioning system in Taylor's though complex functions effectively providing thermal comfort to the users.

In short the centralized AC system is best suited for spaces like the library for instance where the temperature is kept constant at all times .With this in mind , the university is able to save a tremendous amount of energy due to its cost effectiveness.

The split AC system is used in smaller more specific areas like the classrooms as the users have full control over the Ac system to regulate its temperature . This AC system in a way is also cost effective on its own as the users can regulate the temperature based on their own level of comfort and units that are not in use will remain shut.

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4.0 Passive fire protection Passive fire protection is a range of measures designed to prevent, contain or slow the spread of fire from the area of origin to other areas in the building. Passive fire protection compartmentalised a building to prevent and slow the spread of fire, minimise damage and provide occupants a safe route to evacuate and more time to escape from the building. Passive fire protection is one of the three key components of structural fire protection in buildings.

The goals of Passive Fire Protection includes: 1. Safeguarding people 2. Preventing and limiting damage to the buildings 3. Containing the fire and preventing it from spreading.

How does passive fire protection work?

Passive fire protection works by: 1. Using fire-resistant walls and floors to limit the spread of fire, heat, and smoke by containing it in a single compartment in its area of origin.

2. Protecting escape routes and providing vital escape time for occupants.

3. Protecting a building’s critical structural members.

4. Protecting a building’s assets.

Passive fire protection works in conjunction with active fire prevention, such as sprinkler systems, suppression systems and extinguishers, and fire safety education of building occupants. Unlike active fire protection, passive fire protection does not require activation in the same way as active fire protection and is often integrated into the building itself. It usually involves the use of fire-resistance rated walls and floors, and features that are designed to compartmentalise the building and to contain a fire in one place.

Some examples of passive fire protection may include dampers – which help to minimise the spread of fire and smoke through the duct system of a building - and fire doors, which act to divide the building into fire proof compartments. Fire walls and floors are also essential to enable the building to be compartmentalised – as long as these are correctly installed and regularly checked they will stop the spread of fire by containing it in a smaller space than would be the case if there was no compartmentalisation.

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4.1 Designation of Purpose Groups of Taylor’s University The user groups of Taylor’s University excluding the Syopz mall are mainly used by students, staff, lecturers and facility management workers. It consists of classrooms, lecture halls, office spaces. Based on the ​Fifth Schedule in the UBBL 1984​, the university falls under the purpose group, II (institution) and IV (office)​.

Clause 134 Designation of Purpose groups For the purpose of this part, every building or compartment shall be regarded according to its use or intended use by falling within one of the purpose groups set out in the Fifth Schedule of these By-laws and where a building is divided into compartments, used or intended to be used for different purposes, the purpose group of each compartment shall be determined separately: Provided that where the whole part of a building or compartment, as the case may be, is used or intended to be used of that building or compartment shall be taken into account determining into which purpose group it falls.

4.2 Types of Passive Fire Protection Systems

diagram summarizing the passive fire fighting strategies discussed

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According to Chris Jelenewicz, engineering program manager at the Bethesda, MD-based Society of Fire Protection Engineers (SFPE), there are four main areas of passive fire protection which includes.

1.

Structural fire protection

Structural fire protection guards essential structural components (such as structural steel and joint systems) from the effects of fire.

This is achieved through a layer of fireproofing material (spray-on thin-film intumescents, endothermic materials like gypsum-based plasters and cementitious products, mineral wool wraps and insulation, and fireproofing cladding) or building the structure out of concrete products.

“When structural fire protection is designed and applied properly,” says Jelenewicz, “the building’s structural integrity should be maintained when it’s exposed to fire.”

2.

Compartmentation

Fire barriers, firewalls, fire partitions, and smoke barriers are all strategies to compartmentation. Fire barriers include fire-rated walls, floors, and ceilings (often made of concrete, combination wood, gypsum, or masonry). These barriers are used to contain and to limit the spread of fire in a building also allowing safe evacuation. Walls extend from a fire-rated floor to the fire-rated ceiling above, and continue into concealed spaces for full protection.

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Occupancy separations are barriers designated as occupancy separations are intended to segregate parts of buildings, where different uses are on each side; for instance, apartments on one side and stores on the other side of the occupancy separation. In short, compartmentation provides protection and stability to the structural elements, keeping the fire from spreading quickly and providing time for the safe exit of occupants and the entrance of the fire brigade into the building.

3.

Openings protection

Fire doors and windows are installed in an opening of a fire barrier to maintain its fire resistance. Fire-rated glazing/glass and framing are tested as a complete assembly that maintains the protection of the fire barrier. Additionally, fire and smoke dampers (often used in duct systems) are considered “opening protection� and complete the fire barrier where air ducts penetrate fire-rated and/or smoke-resistant assemblies.

4.

Firestopping materials

These materials are used to limit fire spread through penetrations in a fire barrier. It’s not uncommon to see a fire barrier penetrated during a minor building alteration, and then the penetrating item isn't protected by firestopping. Electricians, plumbers, communications engineers, etc. can leave hidden holes in the barriers as they perform their services.

Other areas of passive fire protection that are worth to highlight are cable coating (the application of fire retardants to wire and cable), joint systems (which include changes in direction between fire-separating elements and the spaces surrounded by those elements), and perimeter fire barriers (which deal with the perimeter of the floor and the exterior curtain wall).

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5.

Means of Escape

Means of escape are designated areas used as means of escape for the occupants to safely evacuate using protected corridors and emergency staircases of each floor to safely exit the building or leading to the assembly points on ground floor. Means of escape includes evacuation routes, exits, fire escape plans, emergency exit signs and assembly points. It can also include vertical and horizontal exits.

6.

​Fire Appliance access

Fire-fighting access allows first responders to safely reach and respond to the emergency in time. Efficiency can be carried out during an emergency. Fire fighting access provides a clear, quick and direct access to the different levels of the building with the equipment needed to respond to the emergency swiftly. Vehicular access is needed in order to reach high level places and rescue the evacuees safely

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While passive fire protection can successfully prevent the spread of fire, it’s important to note that most professionals recommend redundancy in fire protection.

4.3 Case Study (Taylor’s University Academic Block E) For the passive fire protection, academic block E of taylor's university was chosen as it is a 10 storey block including 1 basement floor. The lift motor room and M&E space located on the rooftop level. Block E comprises offices, classrooms, science laboratories, design studios and a cafe. It is also located further away from the main entrance and is located more interior of the site.

A. (i) Means of escape (Fire Escape) Means of escape can be divided into horizontal and vertical escape. It is an area designated to use as safe evacuation for the occupants through protected corridors and emergency staircases of each floor to safely exit the building or leading to the assembly points on the ground floor.

Evacuation routes (Vertical)

section of Block E showing the vertical means of escape to ground floor (Paul 2020)

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Evacuation Routes (Horizontal) Car Park Basement Block E Floor Plan

diagram showing the evacuation routes of the basement level

The basement level of Block E is open onto an open area which has also is assembly point C. The masters studio spaces can be directly exited onto the boardwalk which is also a fire truck access. Block E also has a centralised configuration for evacuation with a fire protected staircase leading to the ground floor one floor above. The open exits allow quick discharge of occupants quickly and safely to the assembly point

Level 1 to Level 8 (Classrooms, Studios, Staff offices, Laboratory)

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diagram showing fire escape plan for a typical floor from level G to level 9 (Paul 2020)

Taylor’s University academic blocks are arranged in a linear configuration. For Block E, the fire escapes are located along a linear axis allowing occupants to discharge along a linear circulation with spaces flanked to the sides. 2 staircases located at the end of the block and 2 located towards the center of the block. A fire staircase with a protected lobby is located by the lift cores with 1 fireman lift.

Level 9 (Lecturers Suite)

diagram illustrating fire escape plan for level 9 (Paul 2020)

On Level 9, The floor is only dedicated to the lecturers and is used for office space only along with some discussion rooms. Similarly to the other floors, the staircases are also flanked on the east and south along with 2 more staircases at the center core of the building.

In compliance with ​UBBL 1984​ under ​Part VII Fire Requirements​, stated in: Clause 165 Measurement of travel distance to exits 4) The maximum travel distances to exits and dead-end limits shall be as specified in the Seventh Schedule of these By-laws.

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Clause 166 Exits to be accessible at all times 1) Except as permitted by-law 167 not less than two separate exits shall be provided from each storey together with such additional exits as may be necessary.

2) The exists shall be sited and the exits located as specified in the Seventh Schedule to these By-Laws and are readily accessible at all times.

Clause 167 Storey Exits 1) Except as provided for in by-law 194 every compartment shall be provided with at least two storey exits located as far as practical from each other and in no case closer than 4.5 metres and in such position that the travel distances specified in the Seventh Schedule to those By-laws are not exceeded 2) The width of storey exits shall be in accordance with the provisions in the Seventh Schedules of those by-laws.

Clause 168 Staircases 1) Except as provided for in by-law 194 every upper floor shall have a means of egress via at least two separate staircases.

2) Staircases shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not being available for escape purposes the remaining staircases shall accommodate the highest occupancy load of any one floor discharging into it calculated in accordance with provisions in the Seventh Schedule of these By-laws Clause 169 Exit Routes No exit routes may be reduced in width along its path of travel from the storey exit to final exit.

Below shows a summary of the Seventh Schedule of the UBBL in accordance with Block E’s purpose group.

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The hallway of the blocks are all sprinklered and it allows a maximum running distance of 30m in between each fire staircase. The studio spaces and classrooms are sprinklered as well giving a 30m running distance which is in compliance and more than enough for the occupants to discharge within an emergency.

Conclusion In conclusion, the means of escape for Block E complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements as shown in the diagrams. The requirements listed under Clauses 165 (4), 166 (1) and (2), 167 (1) and (2), 168 (1) and (2) and 169 are all compiled. With the linear configuration of the block, spaces are arranged on the sides and the circulation axis is along the spine of the building. Fire staircases are also located at the end and center of the block ensuring a more efficient discharge in case of emergencies.

A. (ii) Means of Escape (Assembly Point) There are 4 assembly points located around campus grounds as shown in the aerial photo below. After evacuating from the building, evacuees are to be gathered at a designated area known as an assembly points during the event of an emergency. The assembly points are strategically located. Due to its gfa, the assembly points are located at 4 different areas and depending on the location of the occupant evacuation, they will be directed by fire marshalls to the assembly points.

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Image from google street (Left pic: Assembly Point A, Right pic: Assembly Point B)

The designated assembly points B C and D although used as an open car parking, it is clearly marked with signages indicating its use as an assembly point. It is a large and open space able to cater to a large group of occupants depending on the classification according to the UBBL. The assembly points are also located outside and by the side of the buildings allowing quick evacuation for occupants.

In accordance to the UBBL 1984: Clause 178 Exits for institutional and other places for assembly In buildings classified as institutional or places of assembly, exits to a street or a large open space, together with staircases, corridors or passages leading to such exits shall be located, separated and protected as to avoid any undue danger to the occupants of the place of assembly from fire originating in the other occupancy or smoke.

Clause 179 Classification of places of assembly Classification of an assembly point is based on the capacity of the assembly point as stated below.

Each place of assembly shall be classified according to its capacity as follows: 55

Class A- Capacity (1000 persons or more) Class B- Capacity ( 300 to 1000 persons) Class C- Capacity (100-300) Clause 188 Travel Distance to point of assembly Exits in anty place of assembly shall be arranged that the travel distance from any point to reach an exit shall not exceed 45 metres for unsprinklered and 60 metres for sprinklered buildings Conclusion To conclude, means of escape in fire protection includes fire escapes, fire evacuation routes, and also assembly points. A way for occupants to safely evacuate the building in an event of an emergency. As seen in the case study Block E complies with the requirement both for fire escape and assembly points. The assembly points provided are also located either by the side of the blocks or nearby and are visible to the adjacent block making an efficient evacuation for the occupants to gather safely.

B(i) Compartmentation (Containment) Compartmentation is the division of buildings into cells and aims to contain the fire and prevent the spread of fire to other spaces through use of fire retardant materials. Some of the methods of compartmentation includes uses of fire doors, protected corridors and lobbies to divide the building into compartments. Compartmentation also allows occupants a safe route to discharge from the building in an emergency and limiting the spread of the fire and accumulation of smoke from one space to another.

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diagram illustrating the compartmentation and separation between the blocks (Paul 2020)

Separation of Blocks (compartmentation) The a​cademic blocks are also compartmented individually​. Block C also has kitchen and training kitchens while Block D and E has laboratories, engineering workshops and makerspaces which are potentially fire hazards and fire risk areas. The blocks are separated also to create a well ventilated space for smoke to be discharged in an event of a fire emergency.

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Compartmentation of Spaces and rooms

diagram showing the compartmentation of spaces on a typical floor plan (Paul 2020)

(picture source from google showing the compartmentation of spaces)

In the case of Block E Taylor’s University, spaces are arranged in the sides and the circulation space is located on the center axis of the block providing a linear escape all leading to the fire staircases. The corridors are also ​open and ventilated allowing smoke to escape in an event of fire. Laboratories are also contained with fire suppression systems and contained with a fire rated wall.

Fire risk areas like the laboratories, engineering labs, makerspaces are all located at the ends of the building and at the lower levels of the building creating a separation and easier access for emergency vehicles in an event of an emergency.

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Clause 136 Provision of compartment walls and compartment floors.

Any building, other than a single storey building, of a purpose group specified in the Fifth Schedule to these By-laws and which hasa) Any storey the floor area area of which exceeds that specified as relevant to a building of that purpose group and height; or b) A cubic capacity which exceeds that specified as so relevant shall be so divided into components, by means of compartment walls oe compartment floors or both, that1. No such component has any storey that the floor area of which exceeds the area specified as relevant to that building; and 2. No such compartment has a cubic capacity which exceeds that specified as so relevant to the building: Provided that if any building is provided with an automatic sprinkler installation which complies with the relevant recommendations of the F.O.C. Rules for Automatic Sprinkler Installation, 29th edition, this by law has effect in relation to that building as if the limits of dimensions specified as doubled.

Clause 137 Floor in building exceeding 30 metres in height to be constructed as compartment floor In any building which exceeds 30 metres in height, any floor which is more than 9 metres above ground floor level which separates one storey from another storey, other than a floor which is either a maisonette or a mezzanine floor shall be constructed as a compartment floor.

Clause 139 Seperation of fire risk areas In the case of Taylor's University, there are training kitchens, workshops and laboratories where they are fire hazards where they contain hazardous materials and flammable liquids.

According to clause 139 ‘ The following areas or uses shall be separated from the other areas of the occupancy in which they are located by fire resisting construction of elements of structure of a FRP to be determined by the local authority based on the degree of the fire hazard: a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h)

Boiler rooms Laundries; Repair shops involving hazardous processes and materials; Storage areas of materials in quantities deemed hazardous; Liquified petroleum gas areas; Linen rooms Transformer rooms and substations Flammable liquid stores.

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Clause 189 Enclosing means of escape in certain buildings 1) Every staircase provided under these By-laws in a building of four storey or more, or in a building where the highest floor level is more than 1200 millimetres above above the ground level, or in any place of assembly, or in any school when such staircase is to be used as an alternative means of escape shall be enclosed throughout its length with fire resistance materials.

2) Any necessary openings, except openings in external walls which shall not for the purpose of this by-law include walls to air-wells, in the length of such staircase shall be provided with self-closing doors constructed of fire resisting materials Block E’s centre core complies with the regulations mentioned above. It is protected and enclosed with a 1 hour fire rated door, providing a compartmented escape for occupants.

B(ii) Fire Rated Doors (Containment)

Image source: https://www.ifsecglobal.com/global/fire-doors-for-beginners

Openings protections such as doorways and windows are protected with fire rated doors.

For the fire staircase located at the core of the building, it is contained and protected with a fire lobby located along with 1 hour fire rated doors. Fire rated allows occupants to safely evacuate from fire risk areas to protected lobbies and functions to separate the fire risk zones and the evacuation zone. In Taylor's University, the fire doors provided are single flush doors with a measurement of 900mm x 2100mm with a rating of 1 hour or 1 leaf and are located throughout the building. The fire escape doors are also opened in the direction of the escape, complying with regulations.

Some of the provisions that is relating to compartmentation includes:

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Clause 162 Fire Doors in compartment walls and separating walls 1) Fire doors of the appropriated FRP shall be provided.

2) Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire door having a FRP accordance with the requirements for that wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws.

3) Openings in protecting structures shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of not less than half the requirement for the surrounding wall specified in the Ninth schedule to these By-laws but in no case less than half hour.

4) Openings in partitions enclosing a protected corridor or lobby shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of half hour Clause 164 Door Closers for fire doors 1) All fire doors shall be fitted with an automatic door closers of the hydraulically spring operated type in the case of the swing doors and wire rope and weight type in the case of sliding doors 2) Double doors with rebated meeting stiles shall be provided with a coordinating device to ensure that leaves close in the proper sequence.

3) Fire doors may be held open provided the hold open device incorporates a heat actuated device to release the door. Heat actuated devices shall not be permitted on the fire doors protecting the openings to protected corridors or protected staircases.

Clause 173 Exit doors 1) All exit door shall be openable from the inside without the use of a key or any special knowledge or effort 2) Exit doors shall close automatically when released and all the door devices including magnetic door holders shall release the doors upon power failure or actuation of the fire alarm Conclusion In conclusion compartmentation divides the buildings into cells to contain the fire and prevent the spread of fire to other spaces through use of fire retardant materials and breaking the chain. Block E is in compliance with the clauses written in UBBL 1984.Among the methods of compartmentation that can be observed includes uses of fire doors, protected corridors and lobbies to divide the building into compartments. Compartmentation also allows occupants a safe route to discharge from the building in an emergency and limiting the spread of the fire and accumulation of smoke from one space to another.

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C) Fire Appliance Access

Diagram indicating the fire lift and fire lobby located at centre of the block

i) Fireman access Shaft In an event of an emergency, emergency responders need to reach different levels of the building to respond to the emergency quickly. To do so, a protected fire fighting shaft is needed. It consists of a fire protected lobby, fire staircases and a fireman’s lift (Lif Bomba) to aid the first responders to reach to the emergency. In Block E Taylors, it is located at the centre of the block allowing access to the spaces in the block. It has a fire fighting lift along with a fire protected lobby and fire staircase contained with a 1 hour fire rated door as shown in the diagram.

For Block E’s fireman lift, a rear door is included where it opens to a protected lift lobby connecting to a fire escape providing a safe route for discharge.

In compliance​ ​to​ UBBL 1984, Clause 152 Openings in Lift Shafts 1) Every opening in a lift shaft or lift entrance shall open into a protected lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the opening to the satisfaction of the local authority is provided. These requirements shall not be ally to open type industrial and other special buildings as may be approved by the D.G.F.S.

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ii) Fireman and Emergency vehicles access Fire-fighting access allows first responders to safely reach and respond to the emergency in time. Efficiency can be carried out during an emergency. Fire fighting access provides a clear, quick and direct access to the different levels of the building with the equipment needed to respond to the emergency swiftly.

Aerial view showing the fire truck access integrated with the boardwalk by the lake Picture source: google, diagram edited by paul 2020

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(a fire drill being conducted on campus, 2017, source https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WF JeFfY 9V4)

(a fire drill being conducted on campus, 2017, source https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WF JeFfY 9V4)

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diagram showing Fire Truck access throughout the campus (google maps 2020)

diagram showing the fire engine access around the perimeter of the building (Paul 2020)

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Fire engine access

(diagram showing fire appliance access requirements Guide to Fire Protection Malaysia 1999)

In the case of Taylor’s University’s academic block, the fire appliance access is integrated into one of the design features. The boardwalk in front of the blocks are 6 metres in width which also acts as a fire engine access which can lead directly adjacent to the building allowing efficient fire fighting in an event of an emergency.

Emergency vehicles are needed to access directly to the exterior of the building.

Emergency vehicles such as fire engines are needed to access to the side of the building to reach high places with help from appliances such as ladders and hydraulic booms in fire fighting. Under the UBBL 1984 clause 140, it states that buildings which exceed 7000 cubic metres shall include an access not less than 12 metres of width and accessible to fire brigade appliances.

Taylors University occupies roughly about 27 acres of Land. Block E has an approximate volume of 69,840m​3​. Therefore the minimum proportion of the perimeter around the building according to clause 140 should be one half of the building providing quick and unobstructed access to emergency vehicles.

In Accordance to the ​UBBL 1984 clause 140 Fire Appliance Access All buildings in excess of 7000 cubic metres shall abut upon a street or road or open space of not less than 12 metres width and accessible to fire brigade appliances. The proportion of the building abutting the street, road or open space shall be in accordance with the following scale:

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table showing the provisions as stated in clause 140 in UBBL 1984

Conclusion During the design stage, it is important for the allocation of a fire fighting access and has to be complied with regulations. Ease of accessibility for the fire truck to be able to reach the side of the building and also providing a non obstructed access for the fire appliance access ensures an efficient and quick arrival and rescue from the fire fighter.

D) Structural protection (use of materials) Part of passive compartmentation is also in protecting the structural integrity of the building from a fire. When the structure of a building is compromised in an event of a fire, the building might collapse causing more injury to the occupants. Some of the methods to protect the structure of a building against fire includes adding a layer of insulation. For instance, steel framed structures are protected with a layer of spray-on thin-film intumescents.

example of some of the spaces in Taylors Block E

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Taylor’s University uses precast concrete as a method of construction for their academic blocks. Concrete is one of the materials which can withstand fire over time and is also high in compressive strength and will not compromise easily. The steel rods inside the precast concrete beams, precast concrete slabs and precast columns are protected by a layer of concrete before melting unlike steel framed structures.

Some of the reasons why concrete is used as a fire retardant material includes: i) Concrete as a material Concrete as a material does not burn – it cannot be set on fire and it does not emit any toxic fumes when affected by fire. Concrete is proven to have a high degree of fire resistance and, in the majority of applications, can be described as virtually fireproof.

This excellent performance is due, in the main, to concrete’s constituent materials (cement and aggregates) which, when chemically combined within concrete, form a material that is essentially inert and, importantly for fire safety design, has relatively poor thermal conductivity. It is this slow rate of conductivity (heat transfer) that enables concrete to act as an effective fire shield not only between adjacent spaces, but also to protect itself from fire damage. ii) Concrete structures (Concrete is a protective material) Concrete structures perform well in fire. This is because of the combination of the inherent properties of the concrete itself, along with the appropriate design of the structural elements to give the required fire performance and the design of the overall structure to ensure robustness.

Concrete has a high degree of fire resistance and, in the majority of applications, can be described as fireproof when properly designed. Concrete can be an effective fire shield. The mass of concrete confers a high heat storage capacity. It is a porous structure that provides a low rate of temperature rise across a section. So, because it does not burn, concrete does not emit any smoke, gases or toxic fumes when affected by fire. It will also not drip molten particles, which can cause ignition, unlike some plastics and metals. There is no way in which concrete can contribute to the breakout and spread of fire or add to the fire load.

These properties result in a low rate of temperature rise that enables concrete to act as an effective fire shield.

iii) Concrete is a protective material Concrete can be described as fireproof when properly designed and is an effective fire shield. The mass of concrete confers to a high heat storage capacity. Also its porous structure provides a low rate of temperature rise across a given section. These properties result in a low rate of temperature rise that enables concrete to act as an effective fire shield. Due to the low 68

rate of increase of temperature through the cross section of a concrete element, internal zones do not reach the same high temperatures as a surface exposed to flames. The standard ISO 834 fire test on 160 mm wide x 300 mm deep concrete beams exposed three sides to fire for one hour. Even after a prolonged period, the internal temperature of concrete remains relatively low; this enables the structure to retain it’s structural capacity and fire shielding properties as a separating element making it an effective protective material.

iv) Concrete structures remain stable during fire

an example of a concrete beam subjected to a fire test (picture from https://www.promat-tunnel.com/en/advices/fire-protection/the-effect-of-fire-test-page

In fire-safety design, the functions of a structural element can be designated as load bearing,separating, and/or fireshielding. They are typically given a numerical value (in minutes, from 15 to 360) which is the duration for which the element can be expected to perform. In the event of a fire, the structure must perform at least to the level required by legislation, but additionally, maintaining the stability of the structure for as long as possible is obviously desirable for survival, escape and firefighting. This is particularly important in larger complexes and multi-storey buildings. In this case, a university campus. Structural frames made of concrete are designed to satisfy this demand for overall stability in the event of a fire and in many cases will exceed expectations. Non Combustibility and low level of temperature rise of concrete mean concrete will not burn and its strength will not be affected significantly in a typical building fire.

Furthermore, concrete’s inherent fire resistance acts as long-lasting, passive protection. When using concrete in construction, it does not have to rely on active fire fighting measures such as sprinklers for its fire performance.

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Part vii: Fire Requirements.

Some of the clauses from the UBBL 1984 that are in compliance with the protection of the structure includes:

Clause 143 Beam or Column Any beam or column forming part of, and any structure carrying, and external wall which is required to be constructed of non-combustible materials shall comply with the provisions of paragraph (3) of by- law 142 as to non combustibility.

Clause 217 Fire resistance of structural member Any structural member or overloading wall shall have fire resistance of not less than the minimum period required by these By-Laws for any element which it carries.

Clause 222 Fire resistance for walls 1) Any structure, other than an external wall, enclosing a protected shaft shall, if each side of the wall is separately exposed to test by fire, have fire resistance for not less than the minimum period required by this part.

2) Any compartment wall or separating wall shall, if each side of the wall is separately exposed to test by fire, have fire resistance for not less than the minimum period requirement by this part.

3) Any part of an external wall which instituted 0.92 metres or more from the relevant boundary shall, if each side of the wall is separately exposed to test by fire, have fire resistance for not less than the minimum period required by this part.

4) Any part of an external of an external wall which is instituted 0.92 metre or more from the relevant boundary and which is required by these By- laws to have fire resistance, shall, if the inside of the wall is exposed to test by fire, have fire resistance for not less than the minimum period required by this Part: Provided that, for the purposes of these by-laws, the wall shall be capable of satisfying the requirements of clause 11c of section 3 of BS 476: Part 1: relating to insulation, for a period of not less than fifteen minutes.

Clause 224 Fire resistance for any element structure Any element of structure shall be deemed to have the requisite fire resistance if-

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a) Is it constructed in accordance with the specifications given in the specifications given in the Ninth Schedule to these By-Laws and the notional period of fire resistance given in that schedule as being appropriate to that type of construction of construction and other relevant factors is not less than the requisite fire resistance; or b) A similar part made to the same specification as the element is proved to have the requisite fire resistance under the conditions of the test prescribed in the foregoing By-laws.

5.0 Active Fire Protection Active Fire Protection (AFP) is a group of systems that require some amount of action or motion in order to work efficiently in the event of a fire. Actions may be manually operated, like a fire extinguisher or automatic, like a sprinkler, but either way they require some amount of action.

AFP includes fire/smoke alarm systems, sprinkler systems, and fire extinguishers as well as the actual firefighters who must tackle the fire. (AFP) can also be divided into fire suppression and fire detection. Fire/smoke alarm systems are used to detect whether there is fire and/or smoke in a building. Sprinkler systems are used to help slow the growth of the fire. Fire extinguishers and firefighters are used to help put out the fire altogether.

(diagram from siemens industries training report)

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Active fire protection as mentioned can be divided into Fire Suppression and Fire Detection. Fire suppression works by extinguishing the fire either by manual or automatic means such as a fire extinguisher or a standpipe system or a fire sprinkler system which automatically releases water or a gaseous or foam based fire suppression system to suppress a fire when a release mechanism is activated by heat.

Fire suppression can be done either manually or automatically. For instance, the use of portable fire extinguishers, hose reels, fire sand buckets, fire blankets are examples of fire being extinguished manually meanwhile automatic fire suppression systems includes fire sprinklers, and gaseous fire suppression. Fire detection aims to detect and warn the occupants in an event of a fire It allows a quick evacuation process. Some examples include manual pull stations, voice communication systems, smoke detectors, fire alarm emergency lights and more.

4.1 Case Study (Taylor’s University Academic Block E) A) Taylors Emergency Response Team (TU ERT) (Fire Suppression) Due to the size, complexity and the typology of the building, Taylors University has an emergency response team under Campus Environmental Safety and Health committee to respond and assist in an event of an emergency. Taylor’s university also has annual Fire Drills which is part of Taylor’s University commitment towards ensuring the effectiveness of evacuation procedures among students, staff, visitors and contractors.

A(i) ​Staff and lecturers are trained in first aid and basic firefighting and emergency response and are known as fire marshalls. Fire Marshals roles are to be the first responders in an event of an emergency. They aid in evacuation, search and rescue of any and survivors. And provide first aid if needed until BOMBA and the ambulance arrives.

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(fire marshals assisting in evacuation in a fire drill in 2017 source: ​https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WF JeFfY 9V4)

Apart from fire marshalls there are staff with basic fire fighting that act as fire fighting personnel. Personal protective equipment are also available on standby sealed in a bright red cupboard with a BOMBAs jacket, oxygen tank and helmet.

(fire fighting personnels assisting in evacuation in a fire drill in 2017​ source https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WF JeFfY 9V4)

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(search and rescue team assisting in evacuation in a fire drill in 2017​ source https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WF JeFfY 9V4)

Search and rescue teams also aid in search and rescue and provide basic first aid and bringing the survivor out of the building and to the command centre or nearest assembly point.

(command centre leaders in a fire drill in 2017 source https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WF JeFfY 9V4)

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(command centre leaders in a fire drill in 2017 source https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WF JeFfY 9V4)

A command centre is also set up at the main assembly point to ease the operation ensuring nothing is left out. The nearest fire station to Taylor’s University is Subang Jaya Fire Station.

Conclusion With Taylor’s University Campus Environmental Safety and Health committee having annual fire drills in partnership with BOMBA and an emergency response team, it will allow an immediate response in an event of an emergency without waiting for emergency responders to arrive on scene thus safeguarding the university’s occupants safety.

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B) Fire Control Centre (Fire Suppression)

(plan showing the fire command centre, located behind of block A, marked in red)

In AFP, the information is relayed to a Fire Command Centre. A fire control centre is an area from which all fire fighting operations and emergency procedures can be directed and controlled . It contains control panels, telephones (master handset panel) , master voice control panel and the like associated with the required for responding to fire emergencies in the building. The location of the control Centre ideally is placed near a road or near an open space. The Fire control centre is located with the security control room towards the end of block B which is also nearby to assembly point B as shown in the diagram above as shown in red.

(examples of a fire indication control panel, a master handset panel and a master voice control panel. Source, google.com)

In the event of a fire, the indication panel will indicate the location of the fire in the campus. When the alarm is triggered, the closest guard on duty would check and report back. In the event of a real fire, the command centre will immediately dispatch for

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BOMBA. Meanwhile a public address on the situation and safety instructions would be given on the public address via a voice alarm system installed all throughout campus.

The Taylors University Emergency Response Unit will then be the first responders before BOMBA arrives.

In accordance to the UBBL 1984,Part VIII, Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire extinguishment and Fire Fighting access, Taylor’s University has complied with the following regulation Clause 238 Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided with a command and control central location on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor the public address, fire brigade communication, sprinkler, water flow detectors, fire detection and alarm systems and a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire station by passing the switch board.

Conclusion With an addition of a command centre, there will be a personnel monitoring the systems daily. In an event of an emergency, coordination will be quick and efficient with orders and information all relayed to a single point making it easier for the emergency responders, evacuation of buildings occupants and also the search and rescue efforts.

C) Fire Suppression (Water Based System and Gas Based Systems) Fire Suppression can also be further broken down into water based systems and gaseous based systems. Water based fire suppression systems includes external fire hydrants, wet riser systems, sprinkler system, spray systems and foram systems (including fire extinguishers and hose reels placed around campus areas) For gas based systems, they use inert gases and chemical agents to extinguish a fire. Used in water sensitive rooms such as server rooms or electronic rooms where it will be damaged when exposed to water. The system typically consists of the agent, agent storage containers, agent release valves, fire detectors, fire detection system (wiring control panel, actuation signaling), agent delivery piping, and agent dispersion nozzles. Less typically, the agent may be delivered by means of solid propellant gas generators that produce either inert or chemically active gas.

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C(i) Water Based Systems

(diagram showing types of water based systems source: siemens industry active and fire passive training report)

Wet Riser System

(an example of a typical wet riser system)

A wet riser is a system in which it distributes water that is usually pressurized and pumped from a water tank. Wet rising mains are fitted in tall buildings due to the excessive pressures required to pump water to high levels. A Wet riser is a supply system intended to distribute water to multiple levels or compartments of a building, as a component of its fire fighting systems.

Wet rising mains consist of vertical pipes similar to the dry rising main system with landing valves at each floor except the ground. The pipe system is connected to a permanent water supply normally a tank fed from the mains. Duplicate automatic pumps, one duty and one standby supply this water to the pipe system.There are landing valves placed at every floor to

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make sure each floor has enough supply of water in an event of a fire emergency. This is essentially efficient for highrise and large buildings as firefighters do not need to bring their own distribution systems while still being able to fight the fire hazard. It also provides a fixed distribution system within the building that requires no fire service resources or equipment.

Secondly it is designed as part of, and to maintain, the compartmentation of the building.

(an example diagram of a wet riser system source : http://contractorselection.com/fire-fighting-systems/sprinkler-fire-fighting-system/​ 2020)

An example of a pre-pumped stand-pipes found in Taylor’s Block E

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(plan showing location of the wet riser pump room and hose reel tank)

The pump room for the wet risers and hose reel tank is located in the lower ground (basement level) of block D. The location of Block D is at the center of the blocks so it is an ideal location to store the wet riser pump. Typically in a wet riser system, it consists of a duty pump, standby pump, and jockey pump.

In accordance to UBBL 1984,​ Clause 231​ ​Installation and testing of wet rising system 1) Wet rising system shall be provided in every building in which the top most floor is more than 30.5 meters above the fire appliance access level.

2) A hose connection shall be provided in each fire fighting access lobby.

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Sprinkler systems Sprinkler system consists of the following major items: ·​ ​Water supply, ·​ ​Horizontal and vertical water distribution pipes ·​ ​Series of sprinklers to distribute water on a fire. ·​ ​Most systems also require alarm and system control valves.

Sprinklers are attached directly to pipes called branch lines.

Branch lines are supplied water from cross mains or feed mains which are directly connected to the system riser. The water pipe is pressurized with water and the sprinkler heads are designed to automatically open and discharge water when they reach a certain temperature.

(an example diagram of a wet riser system source : http://contractorselection.com/fire-fighting-systems/sprinkler-fire-fighting-system/​ 2020)

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(an example of a sprinkler pump with jockey duty and standby pump)

Types of Sprinkler Systems: i) Wet pipe sprinkler systems:

(the diagram showing a typical wet pipe sprinkler system)

The most common systems are used in buildings where there is no risk of freezing.

Suitable for our local tropical climate They are quick to react as there is always water in the pipes above the sprinkler heads.

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ii) Dry pipe sprinkler systems:

(a diagram showing a typical dry pipe sprinkler systems)

The pipes are filled with air pressurized at all times and the water is held back by the control valve outside of the protected area. When a sprinkler head opens, the drop in air pressure opens the valve and water flows into the pipework and onto the fire. Dry pipe systems are used where wet or alternate systems cannot be used like in colder countries where there is winter. iii) Alternate sprinkler systems: Alternate systems can have the pipes full of water for the summer and be drained down and filled with pressurized air during winter. This is important for buildings that are not heated. iv) Pre-action sprinkler systems: Like dry pipe systems the pipes are filled with air but water is only let into the pipes when the detector is in operation (e.g. smoke detectors). Pre-action systems are used where it is not acceptable to have the pipes full of water unless there is a real threat of fire. Pre-action sprinkler systems are installed in water sensitive environments such as computer rooms and refrigerated warehouses. These areas require systems that will operate only in an actual fire condition to save the building and its components from severe fire damage. v) Deluge Sprinkler Systems: Deluge sprinkler systems are installed in high hazard operations, such as power generating stations, aircraft hangers, petrochemical and munitions plants, and areas that store items such as flammable liquids. These systems work with independent fire detection systems to deliver water immediately to the protected area.

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Types of sprinkler heads Each sprinkler has its own individual heat sensitive element whose only job is to detect a fixed temperature of approximately 68°C/155°F. These heat elements are not affected by smoke, but by heat only. As the temperature reaches a fixed temperature of approximately 68°C/155°F the sprinkler element is activated. The element used in this sprinkler, for example is a ​glass bulb filled with a fluid.

As the fluid is heated it expands and shatters the glass bulb enclosure Glass bulb sprinkler heads are filled with a liquid that will expand and burst when a certain temperature is reached. The color of the liquid inside the glass tube is indicative of the temperature range in which it will function and release water onto the heat source.

(a picture showing a glass bulb type of sprinkler head)

Sprinkler Head Distribution Types: There are also a few types of sprinkler head distribution. Among the types are:

(diagram showing a pendant sprinkler head, source: http://contractorselection.com/fire-fighting-systems/sprinkler-fire-fighting-system/​ 2020)

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1) Pendant sprinkler heads They drop down from the pipe and provide fire suppression to an area below. The deflector of a pendant sprinkler head will typically be slightly convex or flat.

(diagram showing a upright sprinkler head, source: http://contractorselection.com/fire-fighting-systems/sprinkler-fire-fighting-system/​ 2020)

2) Upright sprinkler heads They are connected to the top side of the pipe and have a concave deflector that directs the flow of water below.

(diagram showing a sidewall sprinkler head, source: http://contractorselection.com/fire-fighting-systems/sprinkler-fire-fighting-system/​ 2020)

3) Sidewall sprinkler heads Designed to be placed along a wall and have a defector that creates a semi-circular spray pattern.

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(picture showing the pendant sprinkler head used in Taylor’s Block E)

In accordance to the UBBL 1984 Part VIII, Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access, Clause 226 Automatic System for hazardous occupancy Where hazardous processes, storage or occupancy are of such character as to require automatic sprinklers or other automatic extinguishing systems, It shall be of a type and standard appropriate to extinguish fires in the hazardous materials stored or for the safety of the occupants.

Clause 228 Sprinkler Valves 1) Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and shall be readily accessible to the Fire Authority.

2) All sprinkler systems shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to provide immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activated.

Conclusion In Taylor’s University, since our climate does not have an issue of water freezing in the pipes, the sprinkler system used is a wet pipe based sprinkler system. The sprinkler heads used in Taylor’s system is a pendant sprinkler head with a glass bulb.

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C(ii) Gaseous Based System For gas based systems, they use inert gases and chemical agents to extinguish a fire.

In Taylor’s University, an Aragonite system is used. The aragonite system uses clean agent gases to extinguish the fire. There are several different gasses that are used in such a system which includes: 1. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons 2. Hydrofluorocarbons 3. Potassium based aerosol 4. FM-200

Similarly to water based sprinkler systems, the alarm will sound and relay the information to a control panel which will then trigger the release of the gas to extinguish the fire.

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(Aragonite cylinders in Taylors University, located behind block B, by the fire command centre. Source: Christopher Tan 2020 )

In accordance to the UBBL 1984 Part VIII, Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access, Clause 236 Special Hazards Placed constituting special hazards or risks due to the nature of storage, trade, occupancy or size shall be required to be protected by fixed installations, protective devices and systems and special extinguishers as may be required by the Fire Authority.

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D) External Fire Hydrants ​ ​(Fire Suppression)

(diagram showing components of a fire hydrant, https://www.meyerfire.com/blog/breaking-down-components-of-a-fire-hydrant)

Hydrants are valves that deliver a large amount of water. There are different types of hydrants for different purposes. But the most common and visible of all are the fire hydrants. A fire hydrant connects the firefighters into a water supply. It is an important component of active fire protection. Fire hydrants commonly consist of two pieces, one above and another below ground. What is above ground is the head part. This has the control valve nut and hose ports.

While the barrel, the valve and the elbow that connects the hydrant to the water main are seen below ground.

Fire hydrants are commonly dry barrels. This means the hydrant above the valve remains dry when not in use. The purpose of this design is not only to avoid freezing in cold areas, but also to prevent and reduce corrosion inside and leakage from the head. Another type is the wet barrel. In this design, the hydrant is directly connected to a pressurized water source.

Unlike the dry barrel, the upper section of the hydrant is always filled with water and each outlet has its own valve.

External fire hydrants consist of a system of pipe works connected directly to the water supply to provide water to all the surrounding hydrant outlets. It also consists of a water tank, suction piping, fire pumps, and a distributed piping system. The piping system connected to the fire hydrant is pressurized by a pump from the water tank. The firefighters attach a hose to the hydrant and open a valve to receive a powerful flow of water.

The nose is normally attached to the fire engine which has a booster pump to enable an increment in water pressure. The hose should be placed such that the path does not obstruct the hose.

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(site plan showing the fire hydrant location closest to block E)

(fire hydrant located adjacent of Block C)

In Taylor’s University, the academic Blocks which are of 10 storeys has 2 external fire hydrants located behind block C and E as shown. This provides an immediate and quick water

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supply for fire fighting in an event of a fire emergency. The fire hydrant is also located right by the fire truck access allowing quick mounting from the truck to the hydrant saving precious time.

Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access Clause 225 Detecting and Extinguishing Fire (2) Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5 metres from the nearest point of fire brigade access.

(3) Depending on the size and location of the building and the provision of access for fire appliance fire hydrants shall be provided as may be required by fire authority.

E) Fire Extinguishers and Hose Reel (Manual Fire Suppression) E(i) Fire Extinguishers Fire extinguishers are the most common fire suppression methods that are available. It allows the users to act quickly and safely to put out small fires to prevent it from spreading into a large scale fire emergency.Portable fire extinguishers are classified based on the type of fire they are designed to fight. Each pressurized with different contents depending on their classification.

(diagram summarizing the classification of fire extinguishers and the fire to fight against Source:​https://northlandfire.com/discover-5-types-of-fire-extinguishers-to-handle-any-fire-emergency/​ )

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Class A - Puts out fires in ordinary combustible materials such as cloth, wood, rubber, paper and plastics.

Class B ​- Extinguishes fires involving flammable liquids such as grease, gasoline oil and oil based paints.

Class C ​- Extinguishes fires involving appliances, tools and other equipment that is electrically energized or plugged in Class D - Extinguish flammable metals and are often specific for the type of metal (found in factories working with that metal) Class K -​ Extinguish fires that involve vegetable oils, animal oils or fats in cooking appliances.

(an example of a dry powder fire extinguisher)

In Taylor’s University there are two extinguishers in use. Mainly Dry Powder extinguisher and CO2 fire extinguisher. Dry Powder Extinguisher Taylors University uses a 9kg dry powder fire extinguisher.

In accordance to the UBBL 1984, ​Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access The provisions related to fire extinguishers include: Clause 227 Portable Extinguishers Portable extinguishers shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice shall be sited in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible all directions to be visible from all directions and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation.

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E(ii) Hose Reel

(a diagram showing a schematic of a hose reel system source: https://www.exportersindia.com/jagvi-engineers-contractors/fire-hose-reel-system-1746905.htm​ )

Fire hose reel systems consist of pumps, pipes, water supply and hose reels located strategically in a building, ensuring proper coverage of water to combat a fire as shown in the diagram above.

​(plan showing location of the wet riser pump room and hose reel tank)

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The floor plan above shows the location of the hose reel tank. There are 2 hose reel tank available, placed at the lower ground (basement level) of block D presumably due to the centre location of Block D. The system is manually operated and activated by opening a valve enabling the water to flow into the hose that is typically 30 meters away. The pipe line of the hose reel system is pressurized at all times, similar to the sprinkler system. The system pressure loss will activate the pump ensuring adequate water flow and pressure to provide a water jet of typically a minimum of 10 meter from the nozzle.

The operation of the pump is dependent on the pressure switch which used to start and stop the pump to maintain the required water pressure. The timer relay is installed in each pump to ensure the pumps do not start and stop too frequently.

In accordance to the UBBL 1984, ​Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access, Clause 231 Installation and test of wet rising system 1. Wet rising system shall be provided in every building in which the top most floor is more than 30.5 meters above the fire appliance access level.

2. A hose connection shall be provided in each fire fighting access lobby.

F) Fireman Switch (Manual Fire Suppression)

(a typical fireman switch found in campus source: christopher tan 2020)

A fireman switch is a specialized switch that allows firefighters to quickly disconnect power from high voltage devices that may pose a danger in the event of an emergency. It is only to be operated by a fireman during an emergency situation. The fireman switch is located on every level and is a specialized switch made of non-flammable materials that is used to turn off

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neon lighting and electrical equipment to prevent overheated equipment from exploding during a fire.

(Fire Detection)

(a diagrammatic layout of a fire detection system, source: https://www.fingertec.com/newsletter/Dec2012/as-01.html​ )

Detection systems are placed to warn and alert all building occupants in an event of an emergency. Fire detection systems are designed to discover fires early in their development when time will still be available for the safe evacuation of occupants. Early detection also plays a significant role in protecting the safety of emergency response personnel. Property loss can be reduced and downtime for the operation minimized through early detection because control efforts are started while the fire is still small. Most alarm systems provide information to emergency responders on the location of the fire, speeding the process of fire control.

To be useful, detectors must be coupled with alarms, fireman’s switch and voice communication systems, manual pull stations, emergency lights and smoke and heat detectors. Alarm systems provide notice to at least the building occupants and usually transmit a signal to the command centre or either to the nearest fire station.

One major limitation is that they do nothing to contain or control the fire. Suppression systems such as automatic sprinklers act to control the fire. They also provide notification that they are operating, so they can fill the role of a heat detection-based system if connected to notification appliances throughout the building. They will not, however, operate as quickly as a smoke detection system. This is why facilities where rapid notice is essential, even when equipped with sprinklers, still need detection and alarm systems.

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Case Study (Taylor’s University Block E) A) Fire Alarm Bell

(an example of a fire alarm bell placed at the corridors of Block E)

In an event of a fire, the heat or smoke detector will trigger the alarm. Alarms will then alert building components and emergency forces when a sprinkler water flow occurs, Alarms are also provided to alert building management when a control valve is closed. In the case of Block E, the bells are located along the corridor and also fire escape alerting occupants of the emergency.

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A typical floor plan showing the locations of the fire alarms placed along the corridor. At each point, there is a manual break glass, a dry powder fire extinguisher, hose reel and a fire alarm bell.

In accordance to the UBBL 1984, ​Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access The provisions related to fire alarm bells include: Clause 237 Fire alarms 1) Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule of these By-laws 2) All premises and building with gross floor area excluding the car park and storage area exceeding 9200 square metres or exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall provided with a two-stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal to be given immediately in the affected section of the premisses while an alert ( intermittent signal) be given in the adjoining section.

3) Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action of a master control Conclusion An alarm bell alerts and warns the occupants that there is an emergency and will quickly get everyone to evacuate in an emergency of a fire safeguarding lives. The alarm bells placed along the corridors of Taylor’s University’s block E corridor allows the occupant to be able to hear the alarm bell and quickly assess the situation and respond accordingly.

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B) Smoke and Heat Detector

(a diagrammatic layout of a fire detection system, source: https://www.fingertec.com/newsletter/Dec2012/as-01.html​ )

Smoke detectors are one of the most crucial fire detection systems. When smoke or smouldering substances are detected, the smoke detector transmits a signal to the main fire control panel located in the fire command room which will activate the alarms to warn occupants that smoke is present.

A heat detector on the other hand is a specialized detector in detecting thermal changes. A sudden change in the temperature from a fire hazard will be detected by the detector and will function similarly to the smoke detector where a signal is transmitted to the main fire control panel and trigger the other systems. It has a lower false alarm rate and can be slower in detecting the fire hazard.

(an example of a typical heat detector)

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Ionisation and photoelectric smoke alarms

(diagram explaining the different systems found in the smoke detectors, source: https://www.alarmnewengland.com/blog/smoke-detector-types-and-their-differences​)

There are two main types of smoke alarms: ionisation and photoelectric.

Photoelectric smoke alarms are usually much faster at detecting smoke from smouldering synthetic material than ionisation alarms.

When smoke gets into the detector, the current is disrupted and the alarm is triggered. Ionization smoke detectors are known to work better with flaming fires—these are fires with aggressive, open flames. Their effectiveness with other types of fires, such as smoldering fires, isn't as effective. That is why we have another type of smoke detector.

The second most popular type of smoke detectors are photoelectric detectors.

Unlike ionization detectors, these detectors use a light source and a light sensor to detect smoke The ones used in Taylor's University Block E studios and classrooms are ionization type smoke detectors.

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In accordance to the UBBL 1984, ​Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access The provisions related to smoke and heat detectors includes: Clause 153 Smoke Detectors for lift Lobbies 1) All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors 2) Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by light beam or photo-detectors unless incorporated with a force close feature which each after thirty seconds of any interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a preset time Clause 225 Detecting and Extinguishing Fire.

1) Every Building Shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and with fire alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-Laws.

​C) Break Glass

(diagram showing a break glass box, source: 2012 FingerTec Worldwide Sdn. Bhd.)

Break glass (which draws its name from breaking the glass to pull a fire alarm) designed for use in fire detection systems with a central control monitor. It can be used for open or closed circuits and when the glass is pressed hard or broken, the circuit cuts off instantly.

If a fire door requires a key, there will be a break glass key box for an instantly recognizable means of escape. The soft glass is designed for easy breaking using a hand or fingers to apply pressure on the panel. The doors will remain open after the glass is broken. It provides a quick method of escape or evacuation that still maintains your security.

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D) Fireman’s Phone (Telefon Bomba Api)

(an example of a telefon BOMBA API)

What a fireman’s intercom system or (Telefon Bomba Api) does is it is a two way communication between the phone handsets placed throughout the building and the fire command centre. This provides a quick communication between the first responders and the commanders in the command situation to aid in the situation.

Some of the provisions that governs this is in accordance to the UBBL 1984, ​Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access The provisions related to fire extinguishers include: Clause 239 Voice Communication Systems There shall be two separate approved continuously electrically supervised voice communications systems, one on a fire brigade communications system and the other a public address system between the central control station and the following areas: a) Lifts, lobbies, corridors and staircases b) In every office area exceeding 92.9 square metres in area c) In each dwelling unit and hotel guest room where the fire brigade system may be combined with the public address system.

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Conclusion to Fire Protection Fire protection and consideration for fire protective measures are among the tasks responsible to the architect ensuring the safety and also the well being of the occupants in a building. The architects of Taylors University have clearly provided solutions and are in compliance with the UBBL. There is careful thought and considerations that has been placed in the design of the building from compartmentation of spaces, location of fire staircases, material selections, an open corridor design to allow smoke to be ventilated and also well protected evacuation routes all providing safe, quick and efficient responses in an event of a fire emergency. Some notable design integration includes of how a boardwalk was designed also to be a fire appliance access allowing the fire truck to stop right adjacent to the block in an event of a fire Apart from design solutions from the architects, Taylor’s University also has an emergency response team comprising staff and also lecturers that will become fire marshals and search and rescue to aid and quickly respond to the threat before bomba arrives on scene saving precious time. The university also conducts annual drill to better equip the students and staff with the evacuation knowledge in an event of an emergency safeguarding the occupants more.

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6.0 Mechanical Transportation System Introduction to Vertical Transportation Systems The term “Vertical Transportation System” refers to the various transportation media within buildings. These may entail the lifts, escalators, hydraulic hoists and passengers conveyors etc.

As such, they may be considered the most important building services system for high-rise buildings.

A Vertical Transportation System’s most basic function is its response to adequately and frequently move people, goods, supplies and equipment throughout the building. Integration of this equipment confronts the architects with several challenges, e.g. ● ●

● ●

Planning and Spatial requirements for the lift lobbies, shafts and pits as well as the machine rooms.

Considerations for the complex movement patterns and frequency of goods and people.

As well as the transportation arrangement efficiency for the users and tenants of the building.

Emergency services and adherence to respective building regulations such as the UBBL. Expensive installation cost depending on the number of building storeys.

A well-planned Vertical Transportation System will enable a comfortable ride with acceleration, braking, floor levelling accuracy, quiet and quick operation of doors and a stable cabin within the lift shaft. Wait times will be minimized with higher movement efficiency, though this is dependent on several factors including lift sizes, no. of lifts, operational software and maintenance. This also brings the benefit of low operation costs though the selected type may bring better operation cost benefit ratios though the option will have to be carefully considered and calculated.

Vertical transportation facilities and its relevant components are required to meet many regulations, due to their importance in emergency response functions during building evacuation or firefighting. This chapter will focus on the Vertical Transportation System found in Taylor’s University which are mainly on lifts. Many of the previously mentioned contents and regulations will be highlighted throughout the following passages and summarized.

Lack of Escalators in Case Study Building The case study building of Taylor’s University lack escalators as a medium of Vertical Transport System. This medium is inadequate for the vertical transportation of students, goods and equipment through the university’s floors for a variety of reasons.

The initial capital costs as well as operational costs is not cost effective for the case study building due to the need to provide escalators for consistent vertical transportation through the 9

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floors which will amount to a minimum of 18 escalators in Block E alone along with its maintenance.

Escalators are also unable to carry out the variety of roles lifts are able to fulfil as well as regular and fire staircases. An example would be how goods cannot be transported via escalators.

The users of the Case Study Building will also usually only transition between 2 to 3 floors. An act which can be regularly undertaken on foot by the young user groups. Not only can this save costs from electrically operated vertical transportation system, it may also help foster a healthy alternative and lifestyle for the building’s user​s.

Types of Lifts Lifts have a variety of purposes that also changes the specifications, sizes, regulations and capabilities. These may range from passenger, service and goods to fire lifts. For the many different roles they play, an equally diverse type of lifts can be found.

i) Traction Lift The most common and popular type of lift in the world, these cable driven lifts primarily consist of steel cables as well as hoisting ropes that run above a pulley which is connected to the motor. A geared or otherwise gearless-traction type elevator, in which several wire and hoisting cables are connected to the surface of an elevator car with covering around it on sheaves at one end & the other side is connected to a counterweight that travels up & down on its guide rails.

The counterweight is equivalent to the car’s weight and half of the weight of the passenger in the car or the live load. Throughout the lifting process, extra power is needed for the live load within the car; the rest of the load is managed with the weight of the counter. When the control system is connected to the lift, then it drives the motors in a frontward way, and sheave turns around to move the car lift upwards and stops in the preferred floor where the car is controlled by the weight of the counter.

For the car downstairs movement, overturn occurs during a rotating motor through a control method. For conserving energy, some types of lift use electric motors with four quadrant operation in the regenerative method. Because of the high rise as well as high-speed capacities, these are applicable in several escalators, lifts, etc.

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This is also the p ​ rimary lift type used within the Taylor’s University Block E building case study​. The components will be elaborated further within the report.

ii) Hydraulic Lift A hydraulic elevator is power-driven by a piston that moves within a cylinder. The piston movement can be done by pumping hydraulic oil to the cylinder. The piston lifts the lift cab easily, and the oil can be controlled by an electrical valve.

Hydraulic lifts are usually involved in five to six-floor high buildings. They offer an efficient solution for lower buildings both in terms of spatial requirement. There is reduced space from the lack of a machine room and lift pit required and reduced energy consumption which depends on the mechanics, the down travel can be operated without any electricity consumption by opening the hydraulic valve), a feature useful in loss of energy situations. If well maintained, a hydraulic lift will offer a smooth operation​. iii) Pneumatic Lift Pneumatic lifts use air pressure to lift the elevator cab.

The cab has a vacuum seal built into its ceiling. Many pneumatic lifts have a c​rystal-clear self-supporting cylinder​. The pneumatic elevator’s lack of complicated components leads to an easier installation process making it a popular choice in homes. There is no need for cables or pulleys. There is no elevator pit, machine room or hoist way. They possess a ​solid design while their use is smooth, fast and flexible as well as energy efficient and safe.

Case Study of Taylor’s University Block E Mechanical Transport System Lift System Identification Certain considerations for the case study building must be taken. Due to the constant movement of its occupants as well as the frequent transportation of goods, supplies and equipment throughout the 9 floors of the building. The lifts are a necessary requirement of UBBL 124 as the building itself exceeds four stories above the main entrance level.

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The types of lifts found in the case study building are machine room-less traction elevators supplied and installed by the manufacturer KONE. The company is also responsible for the lift’s regular maintenance and break-down assistance.

As this type of lift is machine room-less, visual inspection of the components is hampered.

Nevertheless, the type and specifications of the lift was identified with the help of the company, KONE. This allowed us to make a comprehensive documentation of the elevator configurations and systems.

Overall Lift Diagram The listed make of the lift system installed in the current case study building is the KONE Monospace 3000. It is the gearless version of the company’s Lift products, which eliminates the need for a machine room, allowing developers and architects greater design freedom while saving construction costs. The system also has better eco-efficiency with the reduction of energy consumption and thermal loss compared to other lifts due the help of proprietary components which will be further elaborated later.

The following diagram shown below will feature the overall schematics of a typical traction lift.

Further details regarding the individual components will be listed and elaborated on in the “Main Components” sections of this report.

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Specifications & Details The lift banks in Block E were fitted with three lifts. There are 2 standard lifts with a capacity of 15 people or 1350kg each. In accordance with MS: EN81 standards for fire safety in elevators, the third lift in the lift bank is specified with additional safety features. It also possesses a larger through-and-through lift car with door openings on both ends. This allows access to the lift from the passenger lift lobbies as well as from the back-of-house and service areas on other floors.

In line with the requirements needed for case study building, the elevator travel calculation from the manufacturer was used to consider the lift size, travel speed and capacity.

The calculation from the company’s website states that for efficient movement of the occupants throughout the original plan for the building, 3 elevators are needed with a travel speed specification of 1.6m/s as well as a capacity of 12 people minimum. There requirements were met by the university. There are also scheduled replacement intervals for various parts according to the manufacturer’s details.

However, over time the travel speed and operation has been affected by the wearing of material and insufficient maintenance thus causing certain lifts to breakdown. This causes delays and increased traffic through the stairs. Further strain is added on the remaining operating lifts causing a domino effect of constant repairs. The recent transfer of the A level department into the site has also caused additional population within the zone, thus making the current state of the lifts in the case study building inadequate.

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Horizontal & Vertical Section & Measurement of the lift core

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Main Components POWER & ELECTRONIC CONTROL The power drive is the main component of this category, which in the case of the installed lift is a gearless drive and its electronic control. This product line made by the manufacturer has developed these components in a way that makes separate machine room unnecessary.

GEARLESS DRIVE The Gearless drive used here is the KONE EcoDisc hoisting motor, their eco motor that is able consume less energy than other gearless elevators. The KONE EcoDisc also creates less thermal loss than traditional machines, which brings direct savings in cooling and ventilation costs.

But the hoisting motor is not the only thing that can reduce the total energy consumption of an elevator.

The manufacturer has also analysed every function and option to reduce the total energy consumption.

The drive is also designed in a slim fashion, allowing installation in the space between the lift cabin and the lift shaft walls. Thus it only requires a relatively small overhead space on the top floor.

The lift engine has received the highest energy efficiency rating in Germany. This energy efficiency contributes to energy rating schemes across the world such as the Green Building Index or LEED. This also contributes to the Malaysian standard MS1525.

Following this, the model currently used within the case study building may be further improved with these components for Energy Regeneration and Saving.

OVERSPEED GOVERNOR The lift governor is a device that stops the elevator in case it runs beyond the rated speed.

Power is cut if the governor is triggered from the main power drive and the lift becomes inoperable until the governor has been manually reset. This device is required in traction elevators. The absence of a machine room in our case has the governor placed within the hoist way.

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CONTROL PANEL & OVERALL SUPERVISORY BOARD The lift functions and constant monitoring of the system status is done at the control panel. In the case of our case study building where the main electrical panel is found at the overhead space above the lift core., the control panel also possesses the electronic switching, software applications, remote access and control functions. This system allows the maintenance experts to perform a non-invasive remote diagnostic and respond with the required maintenance or repair if needed.

The Case Study building of Block E, Taylor’s University also benefits from a central security room located in another block. It has a supervisory board with the operation status and any alerts from the all lifts throughout the university as well as their current floor level position. This includes emergency calls from within the lift cars which are connected to the permanently manned supervisor board in the security room.

Furthermore, the lift control systems is able to handle the Travel speed, Fault Finding and Log system, Remote support modem for selective door control, Life testing and Firefighter Control as per EN81-72.

LIFE SHAFTS OVERHEAD As it is a gearless lift, only a slightly higher headroom above the ceiling level of the top most floor is required.

Thus, the extension of the shaft protruding from the floor can be seen in the picture here. It also receives mechanical ventilation from the fans mounted here to draw fresh air into the lift shaft and thus the lift cabin via the fan mounted on the top of the lift car. This is done to meet the requirements in UBBL 151 “Ventilation of Lift Shafts”

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HOISTING ROPES & GUIDE RAILS The main component holding up the elevator car and transferring the kinetic energy from the lift motor to the car are the hoisting ropes. The component’s strength is accounted for through their safety factor and redundancies while the steel wire ropes are regularly oiled to reduce the friction and wear.

To keep the lift car from swaying within the lift core and ensuring a smooth operation, the guide rails components are installed on the walls of the lift shaft while the ropes are kept tight by the rope tensioners, which are mounted on the floor of the lift pit.

POLYURETHANE – COATED STEEL CABLE This machine room-less type KONE lifts use 3mm thick Polyurethane – Coated Steel Cables instead of normal ones to provide better eco-efficiency, reliability and durability.

These specialised types of cables do not have the disadvantages of its older counterparts which is higher energy consumption, rope stretch, moving masses and building sway downtime.

COUNTERWEIGHT A counterweight is used to reduce the burden of the lift motor lifting the cabin. It is installed in a way that aids in the safety of the lift system, in which a system failure is negated by the counterweight which restrains the lift car from plunging. The weight of the counterweight is typically calculated as the weight of the empty lift car in addition to half the live load.

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LIFT CABIN

As always, the lift cabins come equipped with the lift panel buttons for the passenger’s use. The cabin is also equipped with several emergency and safety features which is shown in the table.

For emergencies, the lift also features a Fireman drive. It is used to return all elevators to the evacuation floor for the fire fighter service as a precaution to protect the passengers and the building in special emergencies. While doing so, it also allows the fire fighters to use the elevator in a restricted operation mode with at least one lift designated as a Firefighting lift.

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The software of the lift management system also allows for peak times to be defined. At peak times, waiting times will be reduced by anticipating movement patterns and reducing intervals at floors.

FLOOR ACCESS & COMPONENTS Lift lobbies design require sufficient space for waiting passengers while passers-by cross the threshold and access the staircase. From observation, the new influx of people within the case study building has had a detrimental effect on the existing facilities. The lift lobbies during peak hours are packed with people and thus creating traffic through the stairs and into the lift.

2 BUTTON COLLECTIVE CONTROL SYSTEM As always, the lift system has a two-button control system, ​allowing users to indicate the direction of travel (up or down) and the lift system can respond to the lift calls more efficiently especially when receiving a high volume of traffic throughout their intermediate floors.

MAINTENANCE ACCESS As said previously, the control panel is an option for the technicians to use when undergoing maintenance and diagnostics.

But if a more hands on approach is required, a command is sent whereby the top of the lift car will stop at the floor level of the floor the lift is being called to. This thus allows the technician to access the maintenance podium on the top of the lift cabin. From there, the technician may operate the lift car and travel up and down the lift shaft to undertake the required inspection on the components and such.

SIGNAGE One of the most critical components of a lift is the Signage. Signage possesses information regarding the location of emergency routes and fire services which are provided at the lift lobbies. It is a key safety feature in buildings. There are also further features within the cabin for emergency scenarios, with the alarm button highlighted and the lift control panels featuring braille writing for the blind. This has been done to meet the requirements for disabled people lift access as drawn up in MS 118.

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Applicable Regulations & Standards When planning and integrating these life services into any building, they must comply to the numerous regulations set. These lift manufacturers such as KONE must also aim to be certified by internationally recognized schemes and standards organizations such as ISO, EN, TÜV. Furthermore, if they aim to achieve a more sustainable objective, some of these systems must be redesigned and improved in line with the energy efficiency ratings such as Green Building Index, LEEDs etc.

UBBL As per the Malaysian Uniform Building Bylaws 1984, these are a set of laws that needs to be abided within the case study building.

UBBL 124 For all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access level at least one lift shall be provided.

UBBL 151 “VENTILATION TO LIFE SHAFTS” Where opening to lift shafts are not connected to protected lobbies, such lifts shafts shall be provided with vents of not less than 0.09 square metre per lift located at the top of the shaft.

Where the vent does not discharge directly to the open air the lift shafts shall be vented to the exterior through a duct of the required FRP as for the lift shafts.

UBBL 152 “OPENINGS IN LIFT SHAFTS” (1) Every opening in a lift shaft or lift entrance shall open into a protected lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the opening to the satisfaction of the local authority is provided. These requirements shall not apply to open type industrial and other special buildings as may be approved by the D.G.F.S. (2) Landing doors shall have an FRP of not less than half the FRP of the hoist way structure with a minimum FRP of half hour.

(3) (4) (5) Provision shall be made for the opening of all landing doors by means of an emergency key irrespective of the position of the lift car.

UBBL 153 “SMOKE DETECTORS FOR LIFT LOBBIES” (1) All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.

(2) Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door opening devices controlled by light beam or photo-detectors unless incorporated with a force close feature which after 30 seconds of any interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a preset time.

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UBBL 154 “EMERGENCY MODE OF OPERATION IN THE EVENT OF MAINS POWER FAILURE” (1) On failure of mains power of lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls and park with the door open.

(2) After all lifts are packed the lifts on emergency power shall resume normal operation: Provided that where sufficient emergency power is available for operation of all lifts, this mode of operation needs to apply.

UBBL 154 “FIRE MODE OF OPERATIONS” (1) The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel which may be activated automatically be one of the alarm devices in the building or manually.

(2) If mains power is available, all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls, overriding the emergency stop button inside the car, but not any other emergency or safety devices, and park with doors open.

(3) The fire lifts shall then be available for use by the fire brigade on operation of the fireman’s switch.

(4) Under this mode of operation, the fire lifts shall only operate in response to car calls but not to landing calls in a mode of operation in accordance with by-law154.

(5) In the event of mains power failure, all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor and operate under emergency power as described under paragraphs (2) to (4).

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Factories and Machinery Act 1967 The act includes several provisions under the Factories and Machinery Regulations, 1970 (Electric Passenger and Goods Lift) which was published by the Malaysian Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH)13.

The regulations in this act provide minimum technical standards, dimensions and safety features that need to be adhered with. It also specifies, among others, requirements for critical components such as the power drive, the governor, the hoist ropes and guide rails etc.

Each lift installation is checked against the adherence to these requirements and issues a license, which is required to be displayed in the lift cabin.

This is the certification found within the lift of the Block E case study building.

Applicable Malaysian Standards As these Malaysian Standards are adopted, developed and improved upon over time. This has greatly impacted and changed the “landscape” on the development of building policies and new enactments, which is why it is most important for architects to remain well informed about the standards and the regulations that need to be adhered to.

There are 3 main Malaysian Standards relevant to vertical transportation systems. These are all based on the European Norms (EN) but adapted to suit national characteristics where necessary.

MS 2021 - 1 / EN 81-1 “SAFETY RULES FOR THE CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION OF LIFTS” PART 1: ELECTRIC LIFTS The adoption of the EN Standard as a Malaysian Standard was recommended by the Working Group on Lifts and Escalators under the authority of the Industry Standards Committee on Mechanical Engineering. This Malaysian Standard is identical with EN 81-1:1998, the European Safety rules for the construction and installation of lifts. The standards encompass a whole range of detailed specifications that for lift manufacturers, architects, developers and maintenance workers are required to be in order for the lift system to be certified as meeting the EN81 / MS 2021 standards.

MS 1184 - 2014 “UNIVERSAL DESIGN AND ACCESSIBILITY IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT – CODE OF PRACTISE.

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Under chapter 15 of this standard requirements for handicapped lift are laid out and summarised as follows: ● Min.1800mm(W) x 1800mm(D) Car Size-Car Handrail (3 sided) installed at 1000mm above FFL. ● Car and Hall Call buttons have a braille type ● The highest buttons shall be installed not more than 1400mm from FFL ● Horizontal Car Operating Panel shall be provided. ● Voice Synthesizer ● Visible and audible emergency alarm ● Good floor levelling tolerance, i.e. not more than 10mm At least one unit of lift shall be installed adjacent to the public entrance which is accessible by disabled persons. A handicapped elevator is normally designed with a dimension of 1800mm (W) x 1800mm (D) which is the basic designed to accommodate wheelchair users. The space provided has to be sufficient to turn through 180 degree inside the car cage.

According to ​MS 1184 - 2002​, the minimum entrance size for the lift is 800mm but a width of 1100mm is recommended. The power operated doors with safety device shall be provided. If the above is not provided, the automatic closing door should not be less than 5 seconds and closing speed must be designed at less than 0.25mps. The lift lobby should have an unobstructed depth of not less than 1800mm. The landing accuracy must be within a tolerance of 10mm.

Lift car handrails must be provided with the minimum length of 600mm installed at 1000mm above the finished floor level. Car and Hall Call buttons should also have braille (impaired) type. Alternatively, embossed or braille numbers or letters could be fixed at the adjacent to the respective buttons. The width or diameter of the buttons should not be less than 20mm. The highest buttons of the floor buttons, alarm buttons or emergency telephone should not be higher than 1400mm above the finished floor level. The alarm button should be designed to lights up and produce sound when pressed to reassure those trapped inside.

Lift indicators should be provided in each lift lobby to show the position and direction of the lift car. The audible indicator (voice synthesizer) should be provided to indicate in advance the arrival of the lift car and its direction of travel.

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OKU LIFT FEATURES AT TAYLORS The lift lobbies in Taylor’s University student blocks meet the requirements. Special waiting areas for wheelchairs have been indicated in some areas as well and the lift panels include braille lettering for the blind.

MS1525 - 2007 “CODE OF PRACTICE ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR NON-RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS” MS1525 stipulates the requirements for energy efficiency of equipment installed in buildings.

This includes lifts and escalators and as they represent a substantial amount of energy consumed in building, these requirements should receive special attention as it affects not only the long term operating costs of the building but also the rating criteria of energy efficiency rating schemes such as the Green Building Index in Malaysia (GBI).

Lift systems recuperating energy through regenerative power drives are rewarded with ratings under the “Innovation in Design” category of the GBI.

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2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

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