Latest Version: 6.0
Question: 1
Which of the following is true about negative reinforcers?
A. They lower behavior
B. They raise behavior
C. They come after a behavior
D. They have no effect on behavio
Explanation:
Answer: B
According to Behaviorism, both positive and negative reinforcers act to raise behavior. They both come before a behavior.
Question: 2
Which of the following were Freud's theories based on?
A. Experiments
B. Case studies
C. Research
D. Speculation
Explanation:
Answer: B
Sigmund Freud's theories were based on the individual case studies of people he saw for treatment. Though he did take this material and speculate extensively based on it, the theories were based on real behavior analysis.
Freud's theories were not based on experimentation or research.
Question: 3
Which is the body that is the most responsible for a counselor's code of ethics?
A. ACA
B. AMA C. APA
D. NASW
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Answer: A
Explanation:
The primary counseling code of ethics is laid down by the American Counseling Association, or ACA. The counseling code of ethics is not prescribed by the National Association of Social Workers (NASW), the American Medical Association (AMA), or the American Psychological Association (APA).
Question: 4
According to Ivey, which of the following types of empathy responds on the same level as the client?
A. Subtractive empathy
B. Basic empathy
C. Parity empathy
D. Additive empathy
Explanation:
Answer: B
Allen F. Ivey postulate three kinds of empathy: basic empathy, which responds on the same level as the client; subtractive empathy, which does not convey an understanding of what has been communicated, and additive empathy, which adds to the client's understanding and awareness. 'Parity empathy' is a fabricated term.
Question: 5
Which of the following is true about positive feedback loops in family counseling?
A. They preserve homeostasis
B. They prevent communication
C. They block change
D. They induce change
Explanation:
Answer: D
In family counseling, positive feedback loops disrupt homeostasis and make it possible for change to occur; this process involves communication and does not prevent it.
Question: 6
Which of the following best describes the concept of cognitive dissonance?
A. People can ignore inconsistency
B. People can tolerate inconsistency
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C. People cannot tolerate inconsistency
D. People do not like inconsistency
Explanation:
Answer: D
Though the concept is a complex one, the idea of cognitive dissonance is that people do not like inconsistency between their own thoughts and actions. They are able to tolerate it, but are not able to ignore it.
Question: 7
Which of the following experiences the sharpest decline in late old age?
A. Spatial skills
B. Mathematical skills
C. Psychomotor skills
D. Verbal skills
Explanation:
Answer: D
Verbal skills are known to decline sharply in the last five years of life. Psychomotor skills, mathematical skills, and spatial skills all experience decline, but not as sharply in the indicated period.
Question: 8
The 'Empty Chair' technique is a modality of which of the following therapies?
A. Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT)
B. Gestalt therapy
C. Psychoanalysis
D. Reality therapy
Explanation:
Answer: B
By focusing on experience and roleplay with such techniques as the Empty Chair, Gestalt therapy focuses on the reality of the here and now. This technique is not especially characteristic of psychoanalysis, DBT, or Reality therapy.
Question: 9
Which of the following best defines the relationship of culture to mental health diagnoses?
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A. Cultures generally agree on mental health diagnoses
B. All cultures believe in some form of demonic possession
C. What is sane in one culture is insane in another
D. Mental health diagnoses and cultures bear no statistical relationships
Answer: C
Explanation:
The heart of culturally informed diagnosis is the understanding that what is sane in one culture is insane in another. The layer of diagnosis having to do with culture must address such diverse elements as beliefs in demonic possession. Though there is some relationship on a statistical basis regarding culture and diagnosis, there is a great diversity among conceptions of what constitutes 'normal' behavior.
Question: 10
Which of the following disorders is most characterized by impressionistic speech?
A. Antisocial Personality Disorder
B. Borderline Personality Disorder
C. Histrionic Personality Disorder
D. Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Explanation:
Answer: C
One of the diagnostic criteria of Histrionic Personality Disorder is impressionistic speech, the tendency to express oneself with more dramatic flair than actual detail or content.
Antisocial Personality Disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder, and Schizotypal Personality Disorder are not particularly characterized by impressionistic speech.
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