BC Forest

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JANUARY – FEBRUARY 2020

Unique Partnership Advancing Wetland Stewardship Trust: The Most Important Resource Enhancing Water Resource Management

CoAdapTree: Developing Reforestation Options for High-value Tree Species 2019 National Forest Week

Evidence For and Against Old-growth Forests as Carbon Sinks Kelly Kitsch, RFT

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BC FOREST PROFESSIONAL

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Bringing Tactical Planning Software to the Forest Industry

Old growth forest in British Columbia. Photo credit: Sari Saunders

Cover Story 16 Old-growth Forests as Carbon Sinks: Current Science

By Christina Howard; Caren Dymond, PhD, P.Ag; and Verena Griess, PhD

Features 10 Collaboration Key to Unique Wetland Stewardship Initiative

By Franki Alo, MSc

Professional Interest 23 2019 National Forest Week in Review

By Ngaio Hotte, MFRE, P.Biol. and Casey Macaulay, MA, RPF

14 Enhancing Water Resource Management: The Provincial Water and Watershed Research Program

By Dave Wilford, PhD, RPF, P.Geo and John Rex, PhD, P.Ag

18 Enhancing Forest Fibre Utilization in BC: Something Everyone Can Agree On

By Steve Kozuki, RPF

20 Forests of the Future: Considering Stakeholder Views for ClimateAdaptive Reforestation

By Lisey Mascarenhas, MBA, PhD; Robert Kozak, PhD; and Shannon Hagerman, PhD

By Dean Pelkey

24 A National Forest Week Young Artist Showcase: This Year’s Winners and Runners Up By ABCFP Staff 26 Book Review | Dendroecology: Principles and Practices

12 Trust: The Most Important Resource

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By Malcolm K. Cleaveland, PhD, LTC USAR (Ret)

Columns

Simplify. Organize. Manage.

6 President’s Report | From Regulator First, to a Regulated Regulator

By Morgan Kennah, RPF

7 CEO’s Report | Professional Governance Act Prominent in Much of the ABCFP’s Work in 2019 By Christine Gelowitz, RPF 9 The Watchdog’s View | Recalling Lessons from the Past

By Darlene Oman, Honorary Member

22 The Legal Perspective | The Rule Against Multiple Convictions Revisited

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Manage.

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Simplify. Organize. M

By Jeff Waatainen, LLB, MA, BA (Hons)

Departments 4 Letters

8 Association News

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28 Statistics

30 In Memoriam Cover photo – National Forest Week Photo Contest 2019 Winner, Kelly Kitsch, RFT

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Letters RE: Slash Burning Can Be a Beneficial Tool in Mitigating the Influence of Climate Change on Wildfire Behavior Article, Sep-Oct 2019 BCFP I enjoyed the well-written and informative article Slash Burning Can Be a Beneficial Tool in Mitigating the Influence of Climate Change on Wildfire Behavior By Robert W. Gray, Amy Cardinal Christianson, PhD; Paul Hessburg, PhD; and Susan Prichard, PhD in the SeptemberOctober 2019 edition of BC Forest Professional.

To move slashburning/prescribed fire forward in a meaningful way, we will need hundreds of ‘burn bosses’ spread throughout the province. The BC Wildfire Service (BCWS), the lead agency for all things wildfire, can supply several dozen at best. Burn bosses will need to be certified to demonstrate they meet an acceptable standard, adequately trained and have significant wildfire and prescribed fire experienced to manage this very challenging forest management activity.

At present the BCWS will only certify BC government staff 1 and their prescribed fire training resources are not available to outside agencies2. The BCWS has discouraged local involvement in wildfire suppression by giving priority for fireline management positions to out of province individuals, replacing BC forest professionals and contractors. Not only does that put people with no experience in BC’s forest ecosystems in positions making wildfire/ forest management decisions, it also exports all that potential wildfire knowledge. This prevents BC from building wildfire and prescribed fire experience and capacity.

We need one burn boss certification process across the province, standardized training, and wildfire management policies that increase BC’s capacity and knowledge. Developing hundreds of burn bosses to professionally plan and manage prescribed fires in this province will never be possible with present policies.

BCForest

PROFESSIONAL

BC Forest Professional is published six times a year by the Association of BC Forest Professionals 602–1281 W. Georgia St, Vancouver, BC V6E 3J7 Tel: 604.687.8027 Email: editor@abcfp.ca Website: abcfp.ca/web Managing Editor: Dean Pelkey Editor: Cheryl Waddell Editorial Board: Ali Araghi-Rahi, PhD, FIT; Sam Coggins, PhD, RPF; Janelle Dale, RPF; Tom Hoffman, RPF; Will Sloan, RFT; Shawn Tougas, RPF; Norah White, RPF; Jack Woods, RPF; Peter Zhang, FIT Design: Massyn Design Printing and Distribution: Met Fine Printers Advertising Sales Manager: Cheryl Waddell 602–1281 W. Georgia St, Vancouver, BC V6E 3J7 Tel: 604.639.8103 Email: editor@abcfp.ca ISSN:1715-9164 Publications mail agreement no: 40020895 Return undeliverable Canadian addresses to: ABCFP Circulation Department 602–1281 W. Georgia St, Vancouver, BC V6E 3J7

Bruce Morrow, RPF #2506 REFERENCES 1. BC Wildfire Service Policy 95 – Prescribed Fire and Resource Management Open Fire; April 1, 2018 2. BC Wildfire Service Representative and ABCFP – Focus Session on Forest Wildfire and Fuel Management; June 6, 2019

President • Morgan Kennah, RPF Vice-President • Trevor Swan, RPF, LLB Past President • Robin Modesto, RPF, P.Eng Lay Councillor • Wendy Royle, CPA Councillors Els Armstrong, RFT, ATE; Ken Day, RPF; Jamie Jeffreys, RPF; Garnet Mierau, RPF; Marina Rayner, RFT; Kerri Simmons, RPF; Bowen Sly, RFT

CORRECTIONS In the November-December 2019 edition of BC Forest Professional, the article written by Tim Ebata, MSc, RPF and Harry Kope, PhD, P.Ag, was incorrectly titled. The title should have been The Provincial Ecosystem Health and Disturbance Research Portfolio. As well, the name of the honours student is Brendan Carswell, not Brendon Carson.

In the November-December 2019 edition of BC Forest Professional, Jason Fisher's name was spelled incorrectly. Fisher is one of two RPF candidates running for one RPF councillor at large position on ABCFP Council. Our apologies to Mr. Fisher.

Chief Executive Officer • Christine Gelowitz, RPF Director, Professional Practice and Forest Stewardship Mike Larock, RPF Registrar and Director of Act Compliance Casey Macaulay, MA, RPF Director, Finance and Administration • Lance Nose Director, Communications • Dean Pelkey Deputy Director, Forest Stewardship and Engagement Paul Nuttall, RPF Deputy Director, Registration • Chi Cejalvo, RD(NP)

Have a Compliment or Concern? Write us!

The BC Forest Professional letters section is intended primarily for feedback on recent articles and for brief statements about current association, professional, or forestry issues. The editor reserves the right to edit and condense letters and encourages readers to keep letters to 300 words.

Anonymous letters are not accepted.

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Please refer to our website for guidelines to help make sure your submission gets published. Send letters to: Editor, BC Forest Professional Association of BC Forest Professionals 602-1281 W. Georgia St, Vancouver, BC V6E 3J7 Email: editor@abcfp.ca

BC FOREST PROFESSIONAL • JANUARY – FEBRUARY 2020

The Association of BC Forest Professionals and BC Forest Professional magazine acknowledge our province of British Columbia is located within the traditional territories of Indigenous nations.

BC Forest Professional is the professional magazine of the Association of BC Forest Professionals (ABCFP). Editorial submissions, comments, letters to the editor, articles, and photos should be sent to the editor, address above.

The opinions expressed in BC Forest Professional do not necessarily represent those of the ABCFP, its council, or other members. Reprinting and copying of BC Forest Professional articles is encouraged. Please include a credit to both the author and BC Forest Professional.

Letters Critical Issues to Consider Before Using Slash Burning to Modify the Influence of Climate Change on Wildfire Behavior We read the article by Gray et al. in the September-October 2019 issue of BC Forest Professional magazine with interest. We commend the authors for initiating a timely dialogue on this important issue, but we believe several key issues were questionably represented or were not mentioned. The term ‘forest resilience’ is often used, but rarely defined and it requires careful consideration in an era of changing climate. Gray et al.’s article implies the application of post-harvest slash burning promotes forest resilience by increasing a forest stands’ resistance to future increases in wildfire severity.

However, no evidence is presented to support the contention that post-harvest slash-burning promotes post-disturbance ecosystem reorganization and recovery. On the contrary, numerous publications indicate the removal of propagules and structure (the “ecological memory” of a site) compromises the future ecosystem recovery.1,2 We don’t disagree that slash burning can be an effective tool to help in the short-term (e.g. two to three years) reduction of forest fuels, but the larger-scale consequences and efficacy of the approach proposed by Gray et al. needs to be carefully evaluated. Fine fuels (grass, forbs, and shrubs) grow rapidly following canopy removal, contribute to rapid fire-spread, and prescribed fire can and often does facilitate their growth. Slash burning may be effective to reduce forest fuels where adjacent values such as infrastructure or property are at risk, or where for specific conditions are desired for First Nations communities. However, other measures need to be applied to reduce the fine fuels that grow on a site.

We do question several of the broad generalizations presented by Gray et al. as they are not supported by considerable evidence in the literature. These include: 1. that “with a rapidly warming climate, slash fuels are not decomposing rapidly enough and contribute to high fire risk”; 2. that slash biomass utilization and slash burning “would reap the greatest rewards to conserve forests”; 3. that slash burning creates “an extended period of low flammability and stable carbon storage”; and 4. that slash burning should be applied to the approximately 193,000 hectares harvested annually in BC (with the exception of the coast).

Certainly, the likelihood that a ‘high fire risk’ (which is not defined) exists varies considerably with factors aside from fuel alone, including topography, probability of ignition, fire weather, and the proximity and type of adjacent elements at risk. Given the variability in these factors and the uncertainty of a wildfire occurring and affecting an important value, justification for carte blanche slash burning treatments is questionable, particularly when the known benefits of post-logging slash to ecological succession, soil biota and site productivity, and to wildlife and biodiversity would be compromised. In addition, the costs of such fuel reduction treatments and operational issues like suitable venting question the utility of a widespread slash burning approach.

We believe a more thoughtful approach to managing forests for wildfire hazard is needed; one that recognizes the ability of forests to continue to provide multiple beneficial ecosystem services such as timber, wildlife habitat, carbon sequestration, productive soils, and flood regulation, despite the potential for more severe natural disturbances with changing climate.

As forest and resource management professionals, we have a responsibility to advocate forest management practices in a way that avoids broad generalizations about the perceived benefits of a particular set of actions without acknowledging the implications to all forest values we manage for.

Sincerely, Doug Lewis, MRM, RPF; Dr. Walt Klenner; and Dr. Tom Sullivan REFERENCES 1. Timpane-Padgham, B.L., T. Beechie and T. Klinger. 2017. A systematic review of ecological attributes that confer resilience to climate change in environmental restoration. PLoS ONE 12(3): e0173812. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173812 2. Seidl, R, Rammer, W., and T.A Spies. 2014. Disturbance legacies increase the resilience of forest ecosystem structure, composition and functioning. Ecological Applications 24(8): 2063-2077

JANUARY – FEBRUARY 2020 • BC FOREST PROFESSIONAL

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President’s Report 7 By Morgan Kennah, RPF

From Regulator First, to a Regulated Regulator February marks the end of my term as the 72nd ABCFP president, although I will continue to serve over the next year as the immediate past president on council, and chair of our nominations committee. In this context, I would like to share some reflections with you.

I joined ABCFP Council in 2015. At that time, the council was focused on providing professional guidance to forest professionals, ensuring competence with practice and peer reviews, and building public awareness of forest professionals. Our budget oversight role is where our fiduciary duty to the association, and the membership, was the most tangible. The work of the association and of council was executed under our dual mandate as a member organization and a professional regulator. Looking back, council’s role in providing oversight, insight, and foresight for the association’s dual mandate was relatively even.

Five years later, while there is change, some things remain the same. A few years back, council had to make its first decision under Bylaw 14, when a member declares an indictable offence, and council has authority to revoke, suspend, or place conditions on continued membership if they believe the public interest in forest management and regard for registered forest professionals is at risk. Since then, council has deliberated on further Bylaw 14 cases, each unique and challenging. Council, on behalf of the association, is charged with making such decisions with diligence, reasonableness, and fairness.

We experienced the Professional Reliance Review with its 121 recommendations and the introduction of the Professional Governance Act (PGA) in late 2018. This was followed by foreshadowed requirements through a Regulations Intentions Paper. As part of implementing the PGA, in December 2019, the association’s mandate was changed. The association’s ability to advocate for principles of forest stewardship no longer exists (it was section 4(2)(b) of the Foresters Act). We maintain a duty to uphold the principles of good forest stewardship, however, our toolkit is now trimmed for how we may execute that duty and we must be cautious not to stray into advocacy. As a professional regulator operating in a results-based policy framework, we are on the front line with information on the strengths, weaknesses, and

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BC FOREST PROFESSIONAL • JANUARY – FEBRUARY 2020

opportunities to improve policy. We oversee the active practice of over 4,500 professionals daily. The professional’s role and duty to advocate for good forest stewardship remains for now in our Code of Ethics (Bylaw 11). This will also change as the Foresters Act will eventually be repealed and our bylaws will be significantly changed in structure and content as the association reshapes its governing policies to fit under the PGA. There is a lot of work to do when it comes to this policy realignment. We will have to do it as we continue to run the organization: continue to conduct practice reviews, develop guidance, build a comprehensive continuing professional development program, enroll new registrants, adjudicate complaints, and so on. I compare our work ahead to what it must be like to do a major renovation on your home, while living there, working full-time, and having a family with pets running around.

The work of council will continue to evolve as regulator and will be more focused on advancing competent professional practice that British Columbians can trust.

As registrants, and members, a lot is about to change. I encourage you to make the time to stay abreast, by reading this magazine and The Increment e-newsletter, and by asking questions of council and staff. We may not always have the answers, but we will have insight. As professionals, it’s our professional obligation to understand the changes as they come into effect. There are good opportunities for the association and for forest professionals with these changes. Embrace the opportunities.

The opportunity to volunteer with the ABCFP has been one of my most rich experiences in the past five years. I had the opportunity to experience the workings of a regulator and a non-profit from the inside, learn the about the practice beyond what I encounter through my employer, and worked with great forest professionals and lay council and committee members, and staff. One task I enjoyed most over the past year was signing the more than 120 certificates of new registrants and certified non-registrants for the association as a formal step in welcoming them into the practice.

I encourage each of you to volunteer with the association when you can and be part of protecting the interest in the continued practice of professional forestry. !

CEO’s Report 7 By Christine Gelowitz, RPF

Professional Governance Act Prominent in Much of the ABCFP’s Work in 2019 Three days before the start of the association’s 2019 fiscal year, Bill 49, the Professional Governance Act (PGA), became law, signalling major changes in store for the association. While the association continued to deliver business as usual in 2019, planning within every one of the association’s business areas, as well as significant amounts of staff, council, and committee time were increasingly directed to making preparations to ensure we will be in compliance with expected PGA regulations.

The year began with the association surveying forest professionals about the government’s Regulations Intentions Paper, which outlined three possible future areas of regulation under the PGA: practice rights of professions, regulation of firms, and competency and conflict of interest declarations. Survey results were used to inform our 43-page response.

The first regulation under the PGA came into force May 21, 2019, directing that nominations for council be based on merit. For the association, this was not a change as we had shifted to a competency-based selection model for council nominees several years ago.

In anticipation of further PGA regulations coming into force in 2020, we began a review of ABCFP bylaws for consistency with the new act and developed a new bylaw structure to align us to the PGA. This work will continue into next year with a new suite of bylaws to be submitted to the Superintendent by fall 2020.

Throughout 2019, the association utilized input from its stewardship, practice, and climate change committees to provide several written submissions to government consultations on changes to the Forest and Range Practices Act (FRPA), the Private Forest Managed Land Act, the Interior Forest Sector Renewal Policy, and the Old Growth Strategic Review (to be completed in early 2020). The association also penned an opinion column that ran in major and local newspapers calling on the government to clearly define the resource values, clarify the desired results, and establish a hierarchy to guide the necessary trade-offs.

Competence is a professional standard, which is why during registration renewal, every practising forest professional must declare they are remaining competent in their practice area. Under the PGA, competence will be demonstrated through a mandatory

professional development program. In anticipation of this change, a draft framework for an enhanced continuing professional development program was presented to council in September.

Early in the year, the association received a funding grant from BC Wildfire Service to establish standards, curriculum, and training to support wildfire as an area of practice for forest professionals. In 2019, our educational efforts also extended to new enrollees with an upgrade of our online Learning Management System platform and reviews and updates to several of the learning modules. We also secured provincial grant funding to develop courses for enrollees from non-accredited programs working to meet the profession’s educational standards for entry.

The number of forest professionals registered with the ABCFP remained strong in 2019 at just a shade over 5,500. We welcomed 94 new RPFs and RFTs into the profession while the number of new enrollees who applied in 2019 remained high at 216.

The association’s 2019 forestry conference and AGM in Kamloops attracted a record attendance of 550 people for a series of topical professional development sessions and a celebration of the profession where we presented awards to 14 forest professionals (including three new Distinguished Forest Professionals) and one honorary member.

Our efforts to promote and explain the forestry profession to the public garnered success this summer with a short, animated video showing the multitude of tasks undertaken by forest professionals. Promoted through Facebook, the video saw more than one million plays.

We as forest professionals are privileged to continue to be a self-regulating profession whether under the Foresters Act or Professional Governance Act. Our association plays an important role in the model for how BC forests are cared for. The association is protecting the public interest by ensuring forest professionals are competent and ethical, and only those of us registered with the association are practising forestry in BC. As the forestry profession’s regulator, the ABCFP will continue to work with partners in government, Indigenous communities, the forest sector, and other natural resource regulators to ensure BC’s forest remain in good hands.

For more detailed information about the accomplishments of all the business programs delivered by the ABCFP, and the annual statistics, please read the 2019 annual report available at www.abcfp.ca. !

JANUARY – FEBRUARY 2020 • BC FOREST PROFESSIONAL

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Association News

ABCFP Annual General Meeting, February 6 in Nanaimo

The ABCFP’s 72nd AGM is on Thursday, February 6 from 1:45 PM to 3:00 PM as part of our annual forestry conference in Nanaimo. All members are invited to attend the AGM portion of the conference free of charge and pre-registration is not required. The AGM will take place at the Vancouver Island Conference Centre, 101 Gordon Street, Nanaimo, BC. Only registered members, limited license holders, and associate members in good standing may vote at the AGM.

ABCFP Preparing Submission to Government Old Growth Strategic Review

The ABCFP is compiling a submission to the government-appointed panel leading the Old Growth Strategic Review. If you have specific points you think should be included in the ABCFP submission, contact Paul Nuttall, RPF, ABCFP deputy director of forest stewardship and engagement, at pnuttall@abcfp.ca.

Forest professionals can also provide comments directly via the government’s public engagement website at https://engage.gov.bc.ca/ oldgrowth.

Deadline for all comments and submissions is January 31, 2020.

Join Us for Conversations with Council Following ABCFP AGM

The ABCFP 72nd AGM on February 6 will be followed by Conversations with Council, an opportunity for forest professionals to ask questions or have more intimate and in-depth conversations with members of ABCFP Council. Council members will break into small groups to discuss and answer questions on five different topics. The session will last about one hour and participants will have an opportunity to move among the groups to sit in on different conversations and topics.

The five areas of conversation are: • Serving on ABCFP Council or Committees · Why serve on an ABCFP committee?

• Changes to Scope of Practice of Professional Forestry · Do you think the definition of the scope of professional forestry practice needs to be modified? How and why?

• ABCFP Engagement with Forest Professionals · What do forest professionals expect from ABCFP communication?

• The Future of the ABCFP · How should forest stewardship fit into the ABCFP’s regulatory mandate in the future?

• Professional Development and the Forest Professional · Should professional development tracking/mandatory requirements be based on amount, time, or topics?

Don’t Forget to Vote for ABCFP Council

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BC FOREST PROFESSIONAL • JANUARY – FEBRUARY 2020

Deadline for voting for the 73rd ABCFP Council is January 13, 2020.

The election will select one RFP candidate to fill a councillor at large position and one RFT candidate to fill a councillor at large position.

RPF Candidates • The election for a councillor at large from the Registered Professional Forester (RPF) category has two candidates vying for one position for a three-year term.

In alphabetical order, the candidates are: • Jason Fisher, RPF #4597 • Dustin Meierhofer, RPF #4725 RFT Candidates • The election for a councillor at large from the

Registered Forest Technologist (RFT) category has two candidates vying for one position for a three-year term.

In alphabetical order, the candidates are: • Larry Fedorkie, RFT #0342 • Kelly Kitsch (Cameron), RFT #0367

President and Vice President • Trevor Swan, LLB, RPF #1693, is

running for council president, and Trevor Joyce, RPF #3990, is running for council vice president. Both are running unopposed in their categories and will be acclaimed to the positions.

Please ensure your vote (mail-in or electronic ballot) is received by our office on or before January 13, 2020.

Important Note: this will be the last election that will include paper ballots. All future ABCFP Council elections will be electronic balloting only.

The Watchdog's view 7 By Darlene Oman, Honorary Member

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Recalling Lessons from the Past

It was 25 years ago, on January 3, 1995, that the very first Forest Practices Board began its work. Part 8 of the Forest Practices Code, establishing the Board, was the first part to become law in December 1994. This timing allowed the Board to prepare for its role and duties before the rest of the Code would take effect on June 15, 1995. With little more than a piece of legislation and a three month budget allocation, the six appointed Board members began the process of establishing an office, hiring staff, and setting up the Board’s programs and procedures to serve the public as the watchdog on effective forest and range practices under the new Code.

Twenty-five years have passed and the Forest Practices Code was long ago replaced by the Forest and Range Practices Act. Many forest professionals working today never experienced the Code or the major shift to regulated practices that took place in the late 1990s. They may not realize that many of the standard forest practices of today are a result of the Code’s requirements. Practices like leaving riparian reserves, falling and yarding away from streams, and maintaining natural drainage on roads and cutblocks. Forest practices improved significantly as a result of the Code, but the struggles and the learning people went through to make those changes are either unknown, or a distant memory for many.

Looking back over 25 years of Board work, it is surprising how many of the issues we see today are the same issues we saw in the past. Managing water on roads, impacts to water quality and fish, the need for landscape

Darlene Oman, Honorary Member, is the director of corporate performance and communications for the Forest Practices Board and was previously the director of special projects. With the Board since 1997, she has reviewed and edited nearly all of the reports published by the Board.

level plans and objectives to direct forest practices, public consultation, protection of species at risk, forest health. Take just about any forest practice challenge you are dealing with today and search for that topic on the Board’s website — you will be surprised at how many reports the Board has published over the years addressing the same challenge.

Our mantra has always been continuous improvement and in every report we have published, we tried to identify practical improvements to forest and range practices, policies or legislation.

This year, in recognition of our 25 years, we will be combing through the more than 600 reports published so far and pulling out forest practice tips and suggestions that are still relevant today. It is important that the lessons learned in the past are not forgotten and that forest professionals working in the field today benefit from those past efforts.

We have learned a tremendous amount about effective forest and range practices over our 25-year history and we want to make sure those lessons continue to serve British Columbians today and for the future.

In 2020, every two weeks, we will be releasing a sound forest or range practice tip and a link to a past report that covered the issue.

These tips will be shared through our social media platforms (see links below). At the end of the year, we will publish a recap of all 25 tips on our website. We hope you will watch for these posts and take the time to look at the information provided. We also hope these tips will be helpful to you in carrying out your work as a forest professional.

If there is a particular report or topic you would like to see highlighted, please let us know by emailing FPBoard@bcfpb.ca or Darlene.

Oman@bcfpb.ca. You can also subscribe to receive new Board reports by email at https://www.bcfpb.ca/reports-publications/subscribe/. !

LINKS 1. Forest Practices Board on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BCForestPracticesBoard/ 2. Forest Practices Board on Twitter: https://twitter.com/BC_FPBoard 3. Forest Practices Board on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/bcfpb

JANUARY – FEBRUARY 2020 • BC FOREST PROFESSIONAL

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Feature 7 By Franki Alo, MSc

C

Collaboration Key to Unique Wetland

Canada’s boreal forest is an impressive 1.3-billion-acre region1 spanning from the north-west border of the Yukon all the way to Labrador; the largest contiguous forest landscape on Earth. It is rich in biodiversity, harboring 85 species of mammals, 130 species of fish, and 300 species of birds1. It is also home to 85 per cent of Canada’s wetlands — important forest features that play an essential role in maintaining water quality and supply, regulate global climate2, and provide a home to the iconic woodland caribou and endangered whooping crane.

But a changing climate and more human activity are putting pressure on Canada’s boreal wetlands. Ducks Unlimited Canada (DUC) has set ambitious goals of conserving enough boreal habitat to sustain 11 million ducks — 75 per cent of the boreal region’s total population — over the next 10 years. To be successful, DUC needed to enlist the help of other forest users, including industry.

Conservation Through Collaboration

The Forest Management Wetlands Stewardship Initiative (FMWSI) launched in 2016, a unique partnership between DUC and forward-thinking members of the forest products sector: AlbertaPacific Forest Industries Inc., Canfor, Forest Products Association of Canada, Millar Western Forest Products Ltd., Tolko Industries Ltd., West Fraser, and Weyerhaeuser Company. The FMWSI members recognize the importance of Canada’s boreal forest

Franki Alo is a communications specialist for Ducks Unlimited Canada’s (DUC) National Boreal Program working out of Edmonton, Alberta. He tackles DUC’s boreal forest conservation related issues through compelling informative media using science-based evidence, and focuses on relationship building to create partners for conservation. Franki can be reached at f_alo@ ducks.ca or 780-930-1269.

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BC FOREST PROFESSIONAL • JANUARY – FEBRUARY 2020

and the critical roles wetlands play within these forests. Its goal is to pool resources and expertise to advance wetland stewardship and sustainable forest management in Canada’s boreal working forests where industrial activity is permitted.

New Resources for Wetland Management

In its first three years, FMWSI members worked together collaboratively to identify gaps in current knowledge and practices in wetlands management. With this newfound information in hand, as well as relying on the diverse skills and knowledge sets of all members, they have created the following series of practical guidebooks to help forest practitioners apply the latest science-based data into their day-to-day operations: • Forestry and Waterfowl: Assessing and Mitigating Risk Practitioner Guide3 • Guiding Principles for Wetland Stewardship and Forest Management Practitioner Guide4 • Wetland Best Management Practices for Forest Management Planning and Operations Practitioner Guide5 To promote widespread adoption of best practices, these resources are available for free download on the DUC website6. As well as helping companies minimize environmental impacts on wetlands, it is expected this knowledge will also improve the safety of forest workers when operating in or near wetlands, and potentially reduce costs by helping companies choose the right infrastructure once conditions have been assessed.

Knowledge and Training Opportunities

The FMWSI builds upon long-standing relationships between DUC and forest sector partners and takes advantage of the diverse skill and knowledge sets of all members. The partnership has proven valuable on many levels. Not only has it produced useful

Stewardship Initiative resources, it has also provided many opportunities to exchange knowledge and promote greater mutual understanding. “Al-Pac has worked with DUC over the last 25 years to inventory and enhance our understanding of boreal wetland systems through a variety of research and monitoring activities,” said Al-Pac’s Forest Ecologist, Margaret Donnelly. “The FMWSI initiative builds on this foundation, through the development of a series of implementation guidebooks and innovative best management practices, to promote healthy forest and wetland ecosystems for future generations.”

The guidebooks available range in topic from mitigating the risk of incidental take of waterfowl, to best management practices to employ when operating in or around wetlands. Forest practitioners will find value in carrying these field-ready guidebooks when working in the forest. The knowledge found within these resources are aimed at helping professional foresters make sound decisions based on the suite of FMWSI tools available.

In addition to the guidebooks, DUC is also delivering Wetlands Training7 online, in classrooms, and in the field. The training covers and supplements the information provided in the guidebooks, addressing topics such as boreal wetland identification, an essential skill set for anyone working in and around boreal wetlands.

An additional bonus – the training counts towards continuing education credits for certain professional designations.

Committing to a Second Term

Building on the success of the first term, members of the FMWSI announced during an event8 held in September 2019 they would be committing to a second three-year term. Going forward, members will focus on implementing and operationalizing this work as they to continue to fill information gaps.

For DUC, FMWSI is a positive model of collaboration and an effective way to address conservation challenges. “Despite eight different

TOP INSET: Professional foresters like Millar Western's Brent Huizinga, RPF (Alberta), are using FMWSI tools to make sound decisions in forest planning and operations.

Photo Credit: Millar Western.

BOTTOM INSET: FMWSI members were in Edmonton on September 23, 2019 celebrating a successful three-year term as a partnership, as well as discussing the roadmap for the next three years. From left to right: Wendy Crosina (Weyerhaeuser Company), Laura Trout (West Fraser), Allan Bell (Tolko Industries Ltd.), Kevin Smith (DUC), Margaret Donnelly (Alberta-Pacific Forest Industries Inc.), and Bob Mason (Millar Western Forest Products Ltd.).

Canfor representatives were unable to make the in-person meeting and are therefore absent from this image.

Photo Credit: Ducks Unlimited Canada.

mandates, missions, and objectives, we were all able to find common ground and work towards successfully conserving the wetlands of Canada’s boreal forest,” said Bev Gingras, Head of Boreal Conservation Programs with DUC. “We are very proud of the work we’ve accomplished and looking forward to FMWSI’s next chapter.” !

REFERENCES 1. Ducks Unlimited Canada Boreal Program website: https://boreal.ducks.ca/canadas-boreal/ boreal-quick-facts/ 2. Ducks Unlimited Canada Boreal Program website: https://boreal.ducks.ca/canadas-boreal/ ecosystem/ 3. Forestry and Waterfowl: Assessing and Mitigating Risk Practitioner Guide, available online at https://boreal.ducks.ca/publications/forestry-and-waterfowl-assessing-and-mitigatingrisk-practitioner-guide/ 4. Guiding Principles for Wetland Stewardship and Forest Management Practitioner Guide, available online at https://boreal.ducks.ca/publications/guiding-principles-for-wetlandstewardship-and-forest-management-practitioner-guide/ 5. Wetland Best Management Practices for Forest Management Planning and Operations Practitioner Guide, available online at https://boreal.ducks.ca/publications/wetland-bestmanagement-practices-for-forest-management-planning-and-operations-practitionerguide/ 6. Ducks Unlimited Canada Boreal Program website: https://boreal.ducks.ca/publications/ 7. Ducks Unlimited Canada Wetland Training: https://boreal.ducks.ca/solutions/wetlandstewardship-training/ 8. https://boreal.ducks.ca/forest-management-wetland-stewardship-initiative-extendspartnership-to-2022/

JANUARY – FEBRUARY 2020 • BC FOREST PROFESSIONAL

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Feature 7 By Ngaio Hotte, MFRE, P.Biol. and Casey Macaulay, MA, RPF

Trust: The Most Important Resource

Ngaio Hotte, MFRE, P.Biol, is a resource economist and a PhD candidate at the University of British Columbia Faculty of Forestry. Her PhD research focuses on how trust is created during collaborative natural resource governance involving Indigenous communities.

Casey Macaulay, MA, RPF, is the ABCFP’s registrar and director of act compliance. Casey oversees the registration of forest professionals and the complaints and discipline process. Casey has a technical diploma in forestry, an undergraduate degree in forest management, and a master’s degree in conflict analysis.

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BC FOREST PROFESSIONAL • JANUARY – FEBRUARY 2020

Have you ever considered the role of trust in natural resource decisions? Chances are your organization requires trust to operate.

What is your role in building that trust? Have you ever experienced difficulty building trust with another person or organization?

Nobel prize winner Elinor Ostrom referred to trust as “the most important resource.”1 She made the comment while describing the challenges people experience when working together to manage natural resources, such as forests and lands that are owned collectively. Trust helps people cooperate, share information, and work together to achieve common goals. Conversely, broken trust results in painful setbacks in relationships, causes people to become withdrawn or guarded, and even leads to lengthy and expensive legal disputes. While many people recognize the importance of trust, most of us have — at some point — struggled to build or maintain it. Fortunately, the results of trust research can shed light on exactly what motivates trust so we can focus our efforts where they are most needed.

Forest professionals in British Columbia are no strangers to trust.

In fact, the origins of your profession are based on the trust that First Nations, the provincial government, and the broader public have in the work you do. The professional reliance model, which affords forest professionals and others working in the province the flexibility to use their judgement to meet provincial objectives, requires trust in the Association of BC Forest Professionals and in forest professionals collectively. At the regional and landscape levels, forest professionals must earn and uphold the trust of First Nations, provincial representatives, local communities, and other tenure holders when making operational decisions. In addition, at the operational level, forest professionals must gain the trust of peers, supervisors, and members of the public.

While each of these forms of trust are different, they require similar things to grow. Trust researchers describe individual, interpersonal, and institutional influences on trust as important for nurturing its development.

Individual influences are the lived experiences that shape each person’s own personal willingness to trust in new or unfamiliar situations. Unsurprisingly, people who have a history of positive experiences with respect to trust are generally more willing to trust others whom they don’t know. In contrast, those who have had negative experiences, such as discrimination, inequality, or trauma, tend to be less trusting. Visualize a person that you’ve interacted with that exhibits low trust towards you or others: what reason may they have for their behavior and how did you respond?

However, as people get to know one another, interpersonal influences begin to take over. We begin to make judgements about others to decide whether they are trustworthy. These may be rational judgements about another person’s ability, benevolence or integrity; or they may be emotions we feel based on familiarity or shared experiences. Research suggests that people who are treated as trustworthy are more likely to extend trust toward others in return. How do you think others perceive your degree of trustworthiness?

Institutions have also been shown to influence trust. These are rules, roles, or responsibilities that can help people predict how

others will behave so they may increase or decrease the risk of trusting accordingly. Think about an organization that you believe is trustworthy? What about one you do not feel that way about?

What attributes contribute to the perception you have? Laws, accreditation, contracts, and terms of reference are all examples of institutions forest professionals regularly interact with and which can influence trust. Institutions tend to be more important for trust at the beginning of a relationship; however, heavy emphasis on institutions can also indicate a low-trust environment. Importantly, institutions tend to be more successful at motivating trust if they are created jointly by parties engaged in the relationship, rather than developed and imposed unilaterally. Fair, equitable treatment of people involved in institutions is essential.

All forms of trust involve a leap of faith or a willingness to be vulnerable to the actions of another person based on expectations of a positive outcome. What creates expectations may differ based on the type of trust, but these three types of influences tend to remain important across situations.

So, what does this all mean for forest professionals? How can you build trust effectively in your daily practice?

• Be mindful of differences in individual willingness to trust. You may find yourself engaging with people whose personal history is marked by broken trust. Fortunately, research shows that people with a history of negative experiences can be convinced to trust you, but only if you demonstrate your ability, show that their wellbeing is important to you, and perform your work with integrity.

Spending time with people, sharing experiences, and becoming familiar with one another can go a long way.

• Make time to meaningfully engage with people throughout your work. Feeling powerless in a situation, or an institution, can make people feel more vulnerable and erode trust. Ensuring that institutions, such as plans or contracts, are created jointly helps to ensure all parties are satisfied with the terms, builds confidence they will be treated fairly, and fosters expectations of positive outcomes.

• Recognize that trust takes time to build and can fluctuate.

Events such as personnel changes, organizational restructuring, or conflicts can create setbacks for trust. How many times have you experienced a staff change in an organization you deal with frequently, only to wonder if someone new will improve or erode the existing relationship? The amount of time it takes to build trust is directly related to the level of vulnerability or investment involved, so it will take much longer to build trust with someone who feels they have a lot to lose.

British Columbians want to know that forest professionals are making balanced and sound decisions regarding public assets and ecosystem values. As a result, the job of building trust is never done and requires ongoing attention and mindfulness. !

REFERENCES 1. Ostrom’s interview with the Escotet Foundation is available online at https://escotet. org/2010/11/interview-with-nobel-laureate-elinor-ostrom/

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Feature 7 By Dave Wilford, PhD, RPF, P.Geo and John Rex, PhD, P.Ag

ENHANCING WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT:

The Provincial Water and Watershed Research Program This article is the third in a six-part series about the important body of scientific research and achievements from hundreds of researchers and technicians contributing to the Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development’s Research Program. The six main research portfolios we’ll be covering in this series are: ecosystem stewardship, ecosystem health and disturbance, water, species and habitat, timber supply, and the bioeconomy.

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Water is one of six portfolios of the research program for the BC Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development. The purpose of a portfolio is to oversee research projects to achieve an overarching goal and management objective, which in this case is to enhance knowledge and management of water and watersheds.

Water is critical for life and is also key for economic development, yet there are many knowledge gaps regarding the impacts of forest disturbance, regrowth, water withdrawals and climate change on water quality and quantity, terrain stability, and public safety. The water portfolio has been increasing the scientific understanding of watersheds, surface water, groundwater, and geomorphic risks. Information generated has been used to support policy and decision makers, and practitioners.

The water portfolio has four themes: 1. Maintain Water Quality and Quantity: short and long-term research into stream channels, groundwater-surface water interactions, aquifers, sediment supply, and watershed recovery following disturbance.

2. Maintain Healthy Aquatic Ecosystems: research into riparian management, watershed health, and stream processes.

3. Natural and Resource Development Hazards: through research and decision support tools for terrain stability and post-wildfire erosion and flooding.

4. Water Knowledge: increase extension through support of Confluence – Journal of

Dave Wilford, PhD, RPF, P.Geo, has been a research forest hydrologist with the provincial government, based in Smithers, since 1975. What started as a regional forest hydrology position with the BCFS has expanded under FLNRORD into groundwater, water licensing, and leading the water research program for the ministry. When not traveling around the province he and his wife have a small sheep farm.

John Rex, PhD, P.Ag, is the team lead for the research and stewardship group in Prince George. He considers himself fortunate enough to have worked in northern watersheds for more than 20 years. Recent projects have focused on the influence of spruce bark beetle on hydrology as well as riparian management influence on riparian microclimate and stream temperature.

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BC FOREST PROFESSIONAL • JANUARY – FEBRUARY 2020

Watershed Science and Management1 and water knowledge gaps through a province-wide survey.

Recent accomplishments by the water portfolio include: • The BC Water Tool2 – An online data portal and mean monthly flow prediction tool that identifies watershed characteristics, water licenses, environmental flow needs, projected temperature and precipitation changes. Modeling is completed for 70 per cent of the province, and the data portal is now completed for the whole province.3,4 • The Upper Penticton Creek Watershed Experiment established in 1984 was designed to assess the effects of clearcut logging on water yield. Information generated is valued for watershed assessment and operational practices for sustainable management in the Southern Interior.5 • Research on Interior small streams disturbance and management has assessed short term (less than five years) and mid-term (less than 15 years) response to variable retention harvesting. It has also investigated the influence of mountain pine beetle and salvage harvesting and recovery of riparian condition.6 • Research to support environmental flow needs for coastal streams using 40 years of channel and flow data from Carnation Creek.7 • Aquifer characterization in NE British Columbia.8,9 • Remote sensing research to quantify change in surface water storage, snow, and glacier ice over time has shown that glacier retreat was three times faster in the past decade than in the previous two decades. It also showed widespread construction of more than 8,000 dugouts in Northeast BC.10 • Mean annual temperature in BC’s northeast increased by approximately two degrees Celsius in the last 80 years. This is affecting permafrost conditions and thaw potential, reducing soil and rock stability, increasing freeze thaw conditions and landslide risk.11 • Drought caused by recent regional warming, is believed to be a leading cause of tree mortality. The drought risk assessment tool predicts tree species mortality risk by BEC variant for projected climatic conditions in 2050 and 2080 in the Prince George, Cranbrook and Williams Lake TSA’s with plans of expanding to other areas.12 • Monitoring the long-term recovery of the Fishtrap Creek channel and floodplain after wildfire increases knowledge of post-fire response and expected recovery rates. This research assesses the timing and magnitude of initial changes in the creek channel morphology, peak flows, sediment supply, and sediment mobility after the 2003 McLure Fire.13

ABOVE: Hydrologist Dave Wilford, PhD, RPF, P.Geo, consults with members of the Haisla Nation regarding watershed sensitivity.

INSET MAP ON LEFT: https://www.bcwatertool.ca/

• Research on the carbon and water balance for beetle-attacked pine has identified positive change. Both measurements and modelling for a beetle killed but un-salvaged stand over 2005– 2016 showed that the remaining trees and growing understorey enabled the stand to become a small carbon sink.14 • Development of the Forest Ecosystems Research Network15 (FERN) with more than 80 climate stations throughout the province. !

REFERENCE 1. Journal of Watershed Science and Management, online at https://confluence-jwsm.ca/ 2. BC Water Tool, online at https://www.bcwatertool.ca/ 3. Chapman, A. R., Kerr, B. and Wilford, D. 2018. A Water Allocation Decision-Support Model and Tool for Predictions in Ungauged Basins in Northeast British Columbia, Canada. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 54(3), pp. 676–693, http://dx.doi. org/10.1111/1752-1688.12643 4. FLNRORD Research Program Research Talks: Dave Wilford – BC Water Tool, online at https:// youtu.be/ePXd-IeHD5s 5. Winkler, R., Spittlehouse, D. and Boon, S. 2017. Streamflow response to clear‐cut logging on British Columbia's Okanagan Plateau. Ecohydrology, 10(2), p.e1836.

6. Tripp, D., Nordin, L, Rex, J, Tschaplinski, P, and Richardson, J. 2017. The importance of small streams British Columbia. FREP Extension Note 38. 5p.

7. Reid, D., Pike, R., Tschaplinski, P. (in press). Does variable channel morphology lead to dynamic salmon habitat? Earth Surface Processes and Landforms.

8. Morgan, S.E., Allen, D.M., Kirste, D. and Salas, C.J. 2017. Investigating the role of buried valley aquifer systems in the regional hydrogeology of the Peace River region, northeastern British Columbia (parts of NTS 094A, B); in Geoscience BC Summary of Activities 2016, Geoscience BC, Report 2017-1, p. 63–68 9. Kirste, D. and Allen, D.M. 2017. The chemical and isotopic composition of groundwater in Northeast British Columbia: implications for local and regional groundwater flow systems.

IAH Characterizing regional groundwater flow systems: Insight from practical applications and theoretical development, Calgary, Canada, June 26-28, 2017.

10. Bevington, A.R., Gleason, H.E., Foord, V.N., Floyd, W.C. and Griesbauer, H.P. 2019. Regional influence of ocean-climate teleconnections on the timing and duration of MODIS derived snow cover in British Columbia, Canada. The Cryosphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2019-61.

11. Hasler, A., Geertsema, M., Foord, V., Gruber, S. and Noetzli. J. 2015. The influence of surface characteristics, topography and continentality on mountain permafrost in British Columbia.

The Cryosphere 9, no. 3 (2015): 1025-1038.

12. Foord, V., C. Delong, and B. Rogers. 2017. A Stand-Level Drought Risk Assessment Tool for consid¬ering climate change in forest management. Prov. B.C.,Victoria, B.C. Exten. Note 119. www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/Docs/En/En119.htm 13. Owens, P.N., Giles, T.R., Petticrew, E.L., Leggat, M.S., Moore, R.D. and Eaton, B.C. 2013. Muted responses of streamflow and suspended sediment flux in a wildfire-affected watershed.

Geomorphology, 202, pp.128-139.

14. Meyer, G, T. A. Black, R.S. Jassal, Z. Nesic, N. C. Coops, A. Christen, A. L. Fredeen, D. L. Spittlehouse, N. J. Grant, V. N. Foord, R.Bowler. 2018. Simulation of net ecosystem productivity of a lodgepole pine forest after mountain pine beetle attack using a modified version of 3-PG. Forest ecology and management 412 (2018): 41-52.

15. FERN, online at https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/research-monitoringreporting/monitoring/climate-related-monitoring

JANUARY – FEBRUARY 2020 • BC FOREST PROFESSIONAL

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Cover Feature 7 By Christina Howard; Caren Dymond, PhD, P.Ag; and Verena Griess, PhD

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Old-growth Forests as Carbon Sinks: CURRENT SCIENCE

Forest managers and policy makers within British Columbia are being urged to consider forest carbon dynamics and opportunities for climate change mitigation as a component within their already complex decision-making landscape. One of the trickier aspects of including these factors within management is the evidence for and against old-growth forests as carbon sinks. Forests are net carbon sinks when they are taking up more greenhouse gases than they emit.

Forests take up carbon when they are green and growing.1 This primarily occurs through photosynthesis as carbon dioxide is converted to cellulose and stored as wood. The carbon is returned to the atmosphere through decomposition or combustion, whether through the forest itself, or through wood products. Both soil and long-lived wood products can store carbon for decades or centuries. The carbon balance of a stand depends on the growth rate of the trees and natural disturbances; therefore, age or time-since-disturbance has a major influence on the carbon implications of the forest.2 Furthermore, growth rates and both natural disturbance intensity and frequency are shifting due to climate change.3 Harvesting meets socio-economic needs, but causes short-term carbon emissions when the biomass from trees is burnt at the mill, in slash piles, or in boilers.4 Moreover, stands that have been harvested tend to be net sources of carbon to the atmosphere for decades because the decay of coarse woody debris, forest floor, and soil outweighs the sink caused by the regrowth of new trees.5 Based on modelling results, a stand with a short rotation plantation can result

Christina Howard is a Master of Science student within the Forest Resources Management department in the University of British Columbia’s Faculty of Forestry. Her research focuses on forest carbon, climate change mitigation, and bioenergy from harvest residues.

Caren Dymond, PhD, P.Ag, is a forest carbon and climate change researcher with the Government of BC. Her background includes carbon modelling, natural disturbances, ecological modelling, and geomatics. Caren’s two main research programs are accounting and forecasting the impact of different management choices and climate change on the ecological goods and services of forests, and understanding the carbon footprint and sustainability of forest products. https://cdymond.net

Dr. Verena Griess is assistant professor, forest resources management at UBC’s Faculty of Forestry and the head of FRESH, the Forest Resources and Environmental Services Hub (https:// fresh.forestry.ubc.ca). Her research focuses on decision processes and systems that inform forest management planning considering multiple forest resources.

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BC FOREST PROFESSIONAL • JANUARY – FEBRUARY 2020

in lower carbon stocks than a protected stand.6 The sink or source status of a harvested stand is also influenced by the type of products the wood is used for; short-lived products, like pellets, create more immediate emissions than long-lived products, like houses.7 If forest products are used to replace fossil fuels or other goods with large carbon footprints, their use can be of an immediate net benefit to the atmosphere due to the regrowth of the forest.4 We recently reviewed 26 scientific papers empirically estimating carbon sinks in old-growth boreal and temperate forests.8 The majority of those studies found the forests to be net carbon sinks in most years, although some of the sinks were small. A few of the studies found the forests to be carbon sources or had mixed results, with the forests neither a source nor a sink. Stratified by continent, North America is the only geographical location that contains forests that are carbon sources, or are neither sink nor source, while all old-growth forests in the review contained within Asia, Australia, and Europe are carbon sinks. Stratified by methodology type, it becomes clear that studies finding old-growth forests as carbon sinks are mostly completed using data collected by quantifying exchanges of gases between the forest and the atmosphere (eddy covariance data), while studies completed using forest survey plot data are more evenly distributed.

Currently, we do not know enough to say which old-growth forests are net sinks or sources, or the magnitude of those sinks or sources, because the carbon balance varies from year to year, and because of the lack of a consistent definition of old-growth. Old-growth forest was defined in the studies reviewed using a range of factors, including age, multi-age stand structure, disturbance history, and management techniques.8 Many papers generally promote gap-dynamics, smaller disturbances, and new recruitment as the primary mechanism for old-growth forests as carbon sinks.9, 10 This is a key factor in distinguishing traditional thinking around volume from carbon. Secondary structure was historically not considered part of the crop and it was not measured in increments or yield tables. However, even though it is not necessarily marketable, this secondary structure can still provide a carbon sink. Nonetheless, an excess of gap dynamics can create a net source of carbon. Gunn et al. (2014) found that old-growth forests in Maine, USA were still storing carbon, but are now a source because of beech bark fungus on large diameter trees.11 This finding underscores the vulnerability of any forest sink to natural disturbances.

Considering global old-growth forests to have the same carbon value is not representative of the on-the-ground situation. Every old-growth forest is made up of a unique history of management choices and disturbances, age classes, and vulnerability to future disturbances. Furthermore, their carbon storage value is dependent on future climatic changes specific to the region in question. There seems to be sufficient evidence indicating that many old-growth forests already protected in BC are likely carbon sinks. The appropriateness of protecting those stands or forests depends on the many ecological goods and services they provide in addition to being sinks, as determined by local and provincial management and monitoring plans. More research is needed into which BC old growth forests are carbon sinks and which are sources, and under what conditions. !

CARBON SINK OR CARBON SOURCE? Forests are either carbon sinks or carbon sources.

As a sink, a forest absorbs more carbon than it releases, and as a source, it releases more carbon than it absorbs.

A forest is generally a sink when performing photosynthesis as usual, but becomes a source when disturbed, through processes such as fire, insect attack, or death.

Old growth forest in British Columbia.

Photo credit: Sari Saunders.

REFERENCES 1. Dymond, C. C., and D. L. Spittlehouse. 2009. Forests in a carbon-constrained world. B.C. Ministry of Forests and Range Forest Science Program Extension Note. Victoria, B.C. 2. Luyssaert, S., E. –D. Schulze, A. Börner, A. Knohl, D. Hessenmöller, B. E. Law, P. Ciais, and J. Grace. 2008. Old-growth forests as global carbon sinks. Nature 455: 213 – 215.

3. Perez-Quezada, J. F., J. L. Celis-Diez, C. E. Brito, A. Gaxiola, M. Nuñez-Avila, F. I. Pugnaire, and J. J. Armesto. 2018. Carbon fluxes from a temperate rainforest site in southern South America reveal a very sensitive sink. Ecosphere 9: 1 – 16.

4. Lamers, P., M. Junginger, C. C. Dymond, and A. Faaij. 2014. Damaged forests provide an opportunity to mitigate climate change. Global Change Biology Bioenergy 6: 44 – 60.

5. Dangal, S. R. S., B. S. Felzer, and M. D. Hurteau. 2014. Effects of agriculture and timber harvest on carbon sequestration in the eastern US forests. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 119: 35 – 54.

6. Stinson, G. and B. Freedman. 2001. Potential for carbon sequestration in Canadian forests and agroecosystems. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 6(1), pp.1-23.

7. Smyth, C., G. Rampley, T. C. Lemprière, O. Schwab, and W. A. Kurz. 2017. Estimating product and energy substitution benefits in national-scale mitigation analyses for Canada. Global Change Biology Bioenergy 9: 1071 – 1084.

8. Howard, C. 2019. Evidence for and Against Old-Growth Forests as Carbon Sinks: A Bibliography. Report on behalf of the B.C. Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development. 26 pp.

9. Shu, S., W. Zhu, W. Wang, M. Jia, Y. Zhang, and Z. Sheng. 2019. Effects of tree size heterogeneity on carbon sink in old forests. Forest Ecology and Management 432: 637 – 648.

10. Volkova, L., S.H. Roxburgh, C.J. Weston, R.G. Benyon, A.L. Sullivan, and P.J. Polglase. 2018.

Importance of disturbance history on net primary productivity in the world’s most productive forests and implications for the global carbon cycle. Global Change Biology 24: 4293 – 4303.

11. Gunn, J.S., M.J. Ducey, and A.A. Whitman. 2014. Late-successional and old-growth forest carbon temporal dynamics in the Northern Forest (Northeastern USA). Forest Ecology and Management 312: 40 – 46.

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Feature 7 By Steve Kozuki, RPF

Williams Lake Indian Band grinds roadside fibre for Atlantic Power to make electricity, instead of slash burning.

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ENHANCING FOREST FIBRE UTILIZATION IN BC:

Something Everyone Can Agree On

Managing or limiting the effects of climate change is a topic on many British Columbians’ minds. There is a great interest within governments and industry to reduce our collective carbon footprint. To do its part, the forest sector wants to see less harvesting residue — or wood waste — and greater utilization of fibre from BC’s forests. The reasons include the desire for less smoke emitted from pile burning, thus improving air quality and reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHG); the reduction of wildfire fuel loads; enhancing reconciliation with First Nations; increased employment due to enhanced utilization opportunities; the opportunity to create bioenergy to displace fossil fuels; and the potential of building a strong and sustainable provincial bioeconomy.

Steve Kozuki, RPF, has worked within the forest industry since 1984. Steve has a Bachelor of Science in Forestry. He is passionate about the work the Forest Enhancement Society of British Columbia does to advance the environmental and resource stewardship of BC’s forests.

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In recent years, 68 projects with a planned fibre recovery/utilization component have received funding; 33 of which have a primary focus on recovery and utilization.

These projects are expected to utilize approximately 1.3 million cubic metres of volume.

Approximately 360,000 cubic metres of volume, the equivalent of 7,200 logging truck loads, has been recovered to date* at an average cost of $10.90 per cubic metre.

It is expected that more projects will be added in the near future. These projects are in partnership with the Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development under the Forest Carbon Initiative (FCI), the government of Canada through the Low Carbon Economy Leadership Fund, secondary fibre manufacturers, and independent tenure holders including community forests and First Nations.

Conventional Fibre Utilization

Utilization of low-grade forest fibre has occurred only on small proportion of coastal and interior BC timber. Although the geographic areas and volumes fluctuate with market conditions, in more recent times utilization has generally occurred

BC FOREST PROFESSIONAL • JANUARY – FEBRUARY 2020

in close proximity (less than 100 km) from certain facilities in certain market-sheds (e.g.

Kamloops, Prince George, Quesnel, south coast, etc.). The economics and degrees of secondary fibre supply deficits vary greatly depending on the end-product under consideration (pulp logs are worth much more than pellet logs, which in turn are worth much more than hog fuel). Therefore, the historic levels of utilization depends on the respective end product. Through the use of stringent funding eligibility tests, FESBC funds only uneconomic utilization and therefore funding does not contaminate bidding nor does it distort markets.

The sawmilling sector has been effective in using every part of a log. Fibre that is not made into various grades of lumber, or other high-value products, is generally maximized first as chips for pulp, with sawdust and shavings utilized for bark-free pellets. Finally, hog fuel is used to generate heat or electricity.

For the last few decades, residual fibre consumption by the secondary forest products sector has consumed almost all of the primary forest sector’s production of chips, sawdust/shavings, and hog fuel. However,

City of Quesnel wildfire risk reduction treatment. The primary treatment was commercial thinning.

The second pass treatment was to remove unmerchantable standing, down, and pruning branches to a three-metre height. The forwarder was used to move the biomass from the forest to the roadside, and from there to a plant to produce green energy

with annual allowable cuts (AAC) declining and the lumber sector experiencing market-related downtime, the production of secondary fibre by sawmills is also reduced. As sawmills close or curtail, they produce less residuals (chips, sawdust, shavings, hog).

Therefore, secondary consumers are faced with a decision to close/curtail or source an increasing proportion of their fibre supply from the forest. In this scenario, the options are to either reduce secondary fibre consumption to align with sawmill production, or to increase the utilization of harvesting residue from the forest to offset the reduced supply of mill residuals. The latter option has the potential to reduce the impacts of AAC reductions on communities and workers.

In this time of transition to lower AAC’s, the strategic approach is to deploy funding to build secondary forest product markets as well as the critical mass of knowledge and equipment (capacity) necessary to normalize a higher level of utilization of forest fibre.

Working with operators and Forest Products Innovations, FESBC has funded productivity studies for a centralized re-load operation, bio-mass baling, post-commercial thinning utilization by the City of Quesnel, utilization of residual fibre resulting from wildfire risk reduction treatments, and other such trials.

Projects such as these are adding to BC’s collective knowledge of how to increase the economic viability of these treatments, so that when we get to the other side of the transition, enhanced utilization will be much more normalized and economically self-sustaining.

Waste Less, Use More

A major driver for increasing the utilization of harvesting residue is environmental. Both the provincial and federal governments will in part meet their climate change targets

through planting trees that otherwise wouldn’t be planted, fertilizing trees to grow faster, and avoiding the burning of residue from logging operations (harvesting residue). In the short term, using this material for the production of energy or pellets will yield modest reductions in GHG emissions.

By expanding the use of harvest residue for longer-lived products, such as cement-board siding, laminated construction and engineered wood products, the sector has the potential to make significant contributions to lowering GHG emissions as the longer product life cycles store carbon longer.

Utilization Projects

Fibre utilization projects throughout the province contribute to communities through economic benefits such as additional employment and contributions to the environment by using fibre instead of burning it. In one such project the Williams Lake Indian Band was engaged in salvage logging forests burned by the catastrophic wildfires of 2017 near Williams Lake. The logging resulted in significant accumulations of road-side logging debris which was chipped and hauled to Atlantic Power where they were burned to create electricity, thereby mitigating fire hazard, creating greenhouse gas benefits, and avoiding smoke emissions that would have impacted the air quality in adjacent communities if piles had been burned (the emissions profile of controlled incineration is much cleaner compared to open burning).

The first phase of this project was completed last winter, producing approximately 16,000 cubic metres of solid wood. The second phase has an additional estimated volume of 70,000 cubic metres of solid wood.

Another project was implemented by West Chilcotin Forest Products (WCFP) in

All Photos this spread: Steve Kozuki, RPF

conjunction with the Ulkatcho Indian Band.

Harvest operations took place in the vicinity of Anahim Lake, Nimpo Lake, and Eliguk Lake. Cruise compilations and previous harvesting experience indicated that from 15 to 30 per cent of harvested wood would be non-sawlog and under merchantable size. In support of the objective to utilize as much fibre as possible from the area, funding provided leverage to utilize more of the non-merchantable material. WCFP set up an operations system where material harvested was trucked to Bella Coola, sorted and loaded in collaboration with the Bella Coola Community Forest, and barged to pulp companies in coastal BC. The project helped coast-based pulp mills to obtain much needed fibre for their operations while creating additional employment for the people in the Chilcotin plateau and Bella Coola valley.

WCFP expects that over 55,000 cubic metres of non-sawlog and sub-merchantable material will be moved as a part of this project.

FESBC is very careful to fund the utilization of fibre only when the following strict conditions are satisfied: funding does not flow through to lumber producers, funding does not influence bidding behaviour on BCTS auctions, the fibre is otherwise uneconomic to secondary fibre consumers, and the final destination of the fibre must not be influenced by the funding.

Whether the motivation to increase forest utilization is rooted in improving air quality, helping workers and communities transition to lower AACs, or managing climate change, the forest sector is improving the utilization of forest residuals to fill a need and to help the environment, something everyone can agree on. ! *Numbers based on claim deliveries as of September 2019.

JANUARY – FEBRUARY 2020 • BC FOREST PROFESSIONAL

19

Feature 7 By Lisey Mascarenhas, MBA, PhD; Robert Kozak, PhD; and Shannon Hagerman, PhD

FORESTS OF THE FUTURE:

Considering Stakeholder Views for Climate-Adaptive Reforestation What is Assisted Migration?

Traditionally, in British Columbia, we have collected seeds from local tree populations to re-grow forests. Going forward, however, this procedure is not anticipated to work well in a changing climate as these trees will be poorly adapted to warmer temperatures, diseases, and pests. And climate change isn’t just bad for trees, it’s also bad for the economic and environmental benefits they provide to Canada, including upstream and downstream benefits such as jobs, habitat protection and carbon sequestration.

This is where assisted migration comes in. In the context of reforestation, assisted migration refers to planting seeds genetically adapted to future climatic conditions (e.g. planting warmer-climate adapted seeds further north or higher in elevation).

Genomics in Action

Dr. Sally Aitken of the University of British Columbia (UBC), Dr. Samuel Yeaman of the University of Calgary, and Dr. Richard Hamelin of UBC and Université Laval, are leading a team using genomics to develop tools for implementing assisted migration by testing the ability of trees from different populations to adapt to

Lisey Mascarenhas, MBA, PhD, leads Genome BC’s Agrifood and Natural Resources sector team, developing the strategy and vision, and overseeing the project portfolio, stakeholder engagement, partnerships, and proposal development within the agrifood, fisheries and aquaculture, forestry, energy, mining, and environment sectors.

Lisey has more than 25 years in the life sciences community in Canada, developing business opportunities and managing large life sciences research programs and projects across multiple sectors.

Robert Kozak, PhD, is a professor and associate dean, academic at the UBC Faculty of Forestry. His current research and teaching interests include sustainable business management practices and issues with a focus on complex problems related to sustainable development, forestry, wood products, and the emerging conservation economy. He was awarded the International Union of Forest Research Organization’s Scientific Achievement Award in 2014 and is a proud recipient of the Killam Teaching Prize in 2001 and 2014.

Shannon Hagerman, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Forest Resources Management and principal investigator of the Social-Ecological Systems Research Group at UBC. Her research examines the science-policy-management interface in the context of adapting conservation and resource management to climate and other drivers of change. Shannon teaches human dimensions of conservation, and qualitative methods and is a proud recipient of the Killam Teaching Prize in 2018.

20

BC FOREST PROFESSIONAL • JANUARY – FEBRUARY 2020

and/or resist heat, cold, drought and disease. The goal of the project, called CoAdapTree, is to develop better reforestation options for high-value tree species such as Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine, western larch and jack pine. The team’s work will provide policy and reforestation recommendations to support tree breeders and foresters in selecting and planting trees that will be healthy and productive in new climates in western Canada. It is expected that this effort could result in increased timber yields, with a proportional impact on the economy and employment, as well as possible ecological and environmental benefits.

Social Science and Humanities

A key aspect of genomics research is the social science research component, known as GE3LS (Genomics, Ethical, Environmental, Economic, Legal and Societal). Many funders, including Genome BC and Genome Canada require that genomics research programs include a robust component of social research to ensure that societal perceptions, concerns, and questions are considered and addressed.

These insights help scientists, companies, government regulators, policy makers, and the public better understand how new genomic technology will impact society.

The GE3LS portion of the CoAdapTree project is led by Dr. Shannon Hagerman and Dr. Robert Kozak. The team is examining how the public and stakeholders think about the risks, benefits and overall acceptance of genomics-informed assisted migration and other management alternatives for reforestation in BC. Understanding public views about genomicsbased forest management strategies arising from CoAdapTree could play a major role in the extent to which they can be successfully implemented in BC. In order to obtain a complete understanding of the risks, benefits and levels of support for assisted migration, the GE3LS team carried out four phased studies: 1. A web-based public survey was conducted to assess perceptions of risk and levels of support across six different reforestation strategies. The six strategies include two conventionally used strategies, two strategies that are used elsewhere, but not considered for BC and two genomics-informed strategies that are under specific consideration for BC (Figure 1).

2. The results of the survey suggested issues to explore in depth through a series of focus groups that were conducted in forestdependent communities across BC. 3. Cost benefit analyses were then conducted for these communities to determine the socio-economic outcomes of various reforestation strategies including assisted migration under different climatic scenarios.

4. Interviews were conducted with specialists from government and industry who are involved in assisted migration policy.

Reforestation informed by Assisted Gene Flow

1 AssistedMigration Gene Flow FigureReforestation 1: Reforestationinformed informed by

by Assisted (within range)

1 Phases one and two are now complete. Phases three and four are near completion and will soon be published as stand-alone scientific articles.

2 2

Insights for Forest Management

These studies have led to a substantial amount of often lacking social science data that is essential to inform the implementation of assisted migration in BC’s forests and to ensure that public views are heard. Two significant publications have come out of the GE3LS research to date1.

This work provides new empirical information about current levels of public support for and ethical views of different options for reforestation, including assisted migration (Figure 2). A key finding shows that levels of support decrease with increasing human intervention, with reforestation by assisted migration beyond native range, non-native species, or genetically modified organisms receiving significantly lower levels of support. This, in combination with results from phase two (focus groups), suggests that the risks that matter to diverse publics and stakeholders are not necessarily associated with genomics technologies as much as with how these technologies will be implemented and by whom. Our results also show that foresters are uniquely positioned to play a key role in navigating this complex socio-ecological landscape given that levels of public trust in government and industry are often low and professional expertise is essential.

This combination of social science and genomics research will help ensure that new technologies for future forests, including those that are genomics-based, are informed both by ecological realities and social values and needs. !

3*

*area within geographic range Reforestation informed informed

by Assistedby Migration of range) Reforestation Assisted(outside Migration

1 Reforestation informed by Assisted Migration

1

2 2

3*

REFERENCE 1. Peterson St-Laurent, G., Hagerman, S. & Kozak, R. Climatic Change (2018) 151: 573. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s10584-018-2310-3; and Peterson St-Laurent, G., Hagerman, S., Findlater, K. & Kozak, R. Journal of Environmental Management (2019) 242: 474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jenvman.2019.04.065

*area outside geographic range

Figure 2

3*

*area outside geographic range

Strongly oppose (-2)

Oppose (-2)

Unsure (0)

Support (+1)

Strongly support (+2)

I am ethically against (-1)

Levels of Support 9%

85%

Natural regeneration

2%

8%

90%

Local tree breeding

12%

83%

AM within native range

22%

53%

AM outside native range

53%

20%

26%

Reforestation with non-native species

57%

18%

25%

0 Percentage

50

26%

50

Strongly support (0)

Strongly support (+1)

Ethical views

7%

5%

100

3*

*area within geographic range

6% 4% 8% 22%

100

39%

56%

42%

50

49%

48%

29%

55% 100

48%

34%

48%

Reforestation with GMOs

47%

0 Percentage

31% 18% 16% 50

100

JANUARY – FEBRUARY 2020 • BC FOREST PROFESSIONAL

21

The Legal Perspective 7 Jeff Waatainen, llb, ma, ba (hons)

The Rule Against Multiple Convictions Revisited

I

In its 1975 decision R v. Kienapple, the Supreme Court of Canada established the doctrine of “res judicata” in Canadian common law (herein referred to as the “Kienapple Rule”). The Kienapple Rule provides that government cannot pursue multiple convictions for different offenses on the basis of the same facts if the offenses are substantially the same under the circumstances. In terms of policy, the rule is concerned with finality of litigation (no “double jeopardy”), and with multiple convictions for the same legal wrong (no “piling on”).

In the early years of the Forest Practices Code of British Columbia Act (the “Code”), the applicability of the Kienapple Rule to administrative contravention determinations under the Code was extensively litigated before the Forest Appeals Commission (the “Commission”). The classic contravention determination at issue would concern a finding of contravention made in relation to a particular, substantive regulation prescribed under the Code, and another finding of contravention made under Section 67(1) of the Code for a failure to carry out a forest practice “in accordance with … the regulations”. If a person committed a specific contravention of the regulations, then that person also automatically contravened the general requirements of Section 67(1) of the Code — one contravention couldn’t exist without the other, even if both findings of contravention related to the exact same conduct.

Many appellants challenged many contravention determinations of this nature on the basis of the Kienapple Rule. In a series of decisions, the Commission repeatedly came to the same conclusion: the Kienapple Rule was developed to prevent multiple convictions for the same wrongful conduct in criminal proceedings, and did not apply to administrative proceedings under the Code. The Commission further held, however, that government should only assess a single penalty against a person found in contravention of two legislative provisions for the same wrongful conduct in order to mitigate any potential unfairness.

Jeff Waatainen has served as an adjunct professor of law at UBC, practiced law in the forest sector for over twenty years, and works in the Forestry Law Practice Group of DLA Piper (Canada) LLP’s Vancouver offices. This column is in the nature of general commentary only, and is not in the nature of legal advice or opinion.

22

BC FOREST PROFESSIONAL • JANUARY – FEBRUARY 2020

The Commission subsequently adapted this approach to administrative compliance and enforcement proceedings under the Forest and Range Practices Act (“FRPA”) and has now, quite consistently, applied it for over two decades. That is, until the 2018 decision of the Commission in Forest Practices Board v. Government of British Columbia (“FPB”). In FPB, a panel of the Commission (the “Panel”) directly challenged the Commission’s previous orthodoxy, holding that the Kienapple Rule should apply to prevent multiple administrative findings of contravention under the Wildfire Act. In FPB, the Panel did not shy away from the issue and referenced virtually (if not entirely) all of the Commission’s previous decisions that addressed the issue over the past two decades.

The Panel noted that, in its previous decisions, the Commission had not considered numerous court decisions that applied the Kienapple Rule in the context of disciplinary proceedings against professionals (a form of administrative proceeding).

These decisions had held that, absent clear statutory language to the contrary, the common law Kienapple Rule should apply to professional disciplinary proceedings. Based on the same principle, the Panel concluded that the Kienapple Rule could also apply to administrative compliance and enforcement proceedings under the Wildfire Act. The Commission subsequently had occasion to consider the Kienapple Rule again this past July in O’Brien and Fuerst Logging Ltd. v. Government of British Columbia (“OBF”). While the Commission was aware of the Panel’s decision in FPB, the FPB decision was released only after submissions had concluded in the OBF matter. The Commission decided that since there was no opportunity for the parties to make submissions as to the applicability of the FPB decision, and that the FPB decision was made under the Wildfire Act and not FRPA (as was at issue in the OBF appeal), the Commission should not apply the findings made in FPB to the circumstances of OBF. The Commission further concluded that, based on the submissions that were before it, there was no reason to depart from the Commission’s historical position that the Kienapple Rule does not apply to administrative findings of contravention under FRPA. The Commission did not address the FPB decision “on the merits” in its OBF Decision, and so we have probably not heard the last word on the matter. !

Professional Interest 7 By Dean Pelkey

2019 National Forest Week

IN REVIEW

National Forest Week 2019 was held September 22-28. Across BC, forest professionals, teachers, students, and parents gathered to share and learn about the values forests hold for British Columbians.

While National Forest Week is coordinated across Canada through the Canadian Institute of Forestry, it flourishes in BC because of the volunteer efforts of ABCFP members.

Community Events

In 2019, the majority of National Forest Week events focused on students with 39 student events and four public events being held in 31 communities across the province. That’s the most National Forest Week events held since the BC Coalition began tracking them in 2013. Estimates from event organizers suggest almost 1,900 people attended the public events while more than 4,000 students took part in the student events.

Once again one of the largest events for students was held in Port Alberni at historic McLean Mill where more than 320 students from eight schools along with teachers, parents, and grandparents learned about forests ecology, wildlife, wildfire, and drones thanks to the volunteer efforts of a number of forest professionals from FLNRORD’s Port Alberni office.

Photo Contest

The 2019 National Forest Week photo contest received 16 entries that captured the natural beauty of BC’s forested landscape. There were several standouts submitted this year but in the end, the panel of ABCFP judges decided a submission from Kelly Kitsch, RFT, was the winning photo. Kelly’s photo, which can be seen on the cover of this issue of BC Forest Professional, captures a misty morning on a trail in the Mission Municipal Forest.

All photos taken at the McLean Mill Tour in Port Alberni.

NFW Promotion

The ABCFP works with the BC National Forest Week Coalition to promote National Forest Week across the province. In 2019, our efforts included print ads in the First Nations Drum as well as community papers in Campbell River, Kamloops, and Terrace. We ran online ads on the My Community websites, part of the Vista radio chain, plus a series of four ads on Facebook that highlighted how forests are where we work, play, live, and learn. !

JANUARY – FEBRUARY 2020 • BC FOREST PROFESSIONAL

23

Professional Interest 7 By ABCFP Staff

This Year’s Winners and Runners Up

A National Forest Week Young Artist Showcase We received almost 200 entries in the 2019 National Forest Week children’s art contest where children are asked to draw their interpretation of how forest professionals take care of BC’s forests.

Once again, the submissions were full of colour, depictions of animals, high-vis vests, and plenty of trees being planted. !

WINNER

RUNNERS UP

4-6 years

Evelyn Rempel, age 6, Sorrento, BC

Grayson Onslow, age 6, Blue River, BC and Macy Cunningham, age 6, 108 Mile Ranch, BC

7-9 years

Brayden Trommel, age 8, Duncan, BC

Aveline, age 8 and Hailey Williams, age 9, Port Hardy, BC

10-12 years

Ava Hulley, age 12, Lumby, BC

Yulia Boriskina, age 10, Surrey, BC and Isabel Schmitt, age 12, Abbotsford, BC

CATEGORY 1 — AGE 4–6 YEARS

AGE GROUP

8

Grayson Onslow, age 6, Blue River, BC

9

Macy Cunningham, age 6, 108 Mile Ranch

2

7

24

Evelyn Rempel, age 6, Sorrento, BC

BC FOREST PROFESSIONAL • JANUARY – FEBRUARY 2020

CATEGORY 2 — AGE 7–9 YEARS Brayden Trommel, age 8, Duncan, BC

CATEGORY 3 — AGE 10 –12 YEARS

4

5

Hailey Williams, age 9, Port Hardy, BC

6

Aveline, age 8

2 Yulia Boriskina, age 10, Surrey, BC

1

Ava Hulley, age 12, Lumby, BC

3

Isabel Schmitt, age 12, Abbotsford, BC

JANUARY – FEBRUARY 2020 • BC FOREST PROFESSIONAL

25

Book Review

Dendroecology: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES Authors: Richard L. Phipps and Thomas M. Yanosky Copyright January 2020 J. Ross Publishing www.jrosspub.com ISBN: 978-1-60427-145-4 (hardcover)

Most people learned in grade school that trees form a ring annually and perhaps that rings vary in size from year to year and can be used for purposes such as dating construction of historical buildings and investigating past climate. Phipps and Yanosky delve into the nitty-gritty of dendrochronology (tree-ring studies), giving details about the various means of sampling and preparing both live tree and archeological samples from historical buildings.

This discipline is not as straightforward as you might imagine. For example, sometimes trees will not form a ring where the sample is taken, leaving a ring missing from the sequence. Sometimes trees also form what seems to be an additional ring —a false ring — within an annual ring. The authors explain how both anomalies in tree-ring series should be corrected through crossdating, i.e. comparing patterns of wide and narrow rings among many trees.

This is essential for use of tree-ring series in dating, paleoclimatic reconstruction, or most ecological investigations. Any data submitted for archival purposes to the International Tree-Ring Data Bank at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Climatic Data Center should be crossdated.

By far the preponderance of American tree-ring work has occurred in the western United States where the discipline originated, because of the regional prevalence of long-lived trees sensitive to semi-arid climatic variation. Dendrochronologists, however, have since found good tree-ring material in the eastern United States for application to environmental problems there. The studies described here occurred in the east, mostly conducted by the Geological Survey. One factor that differs from western dendrochronology is the common prevalence of closed canopy forests with competition effects on growth that may necessitate selective sampling and careful scrutiny of ring series to make allowance for those effects.

The authors used environmental effects on growth to investigate water and air pollution. Scars, anatomical changes (“flood rings” and compression and tension wood) and altered growth habit, e.g. leaning, contortions, sprouting and canopy damage, were used to date and gauge the magnitude of flooding events. They also note that age structure of a forest might be used to infer past events, e.g. if the oldest cohort is large and even-aged, that may indicate

26

BC FOREST PROFESSIONAL • JANUARY – FEBRUARY 2020

a stand replacement event such as a devastating forest fire. Most tree-ring studies use ring widths or intra-annual features such as earlywood and latewood zones within rings. Phipps and Yanosky, however, investigate basal area increment (BAI), the cross-sectional areas of annual rings. BAI trends can be much different from ring width trends and may directly demonstrate changes in photosynthetic capacity or other environmental factors.

This volume explores dendrochronological ecological applications and techniques from a viewpoint somewhat different from western studies, which tend to focus on fire and insect outbreak history. !

Book Reviewer: Malcolm K. Cleaveland, PhD, LTC USAR (Ret), Professor Emeritus of Geosciences, Department of Geosciences, University of Arkansas, mcleavel@uark.edu

Statistics Note: Individuals may have applied for a change to their status since this posting. Check the directory on the ABCFP website at www.abcfp.ca/web for the current list of registrants. Names may also appear more than once if the individual has/had multiple designations or multiple changes within the same month.

October 2019

November 2019

NEW REGISTERED PROFESSIONAL FORESTER

NEW REGISTERED PROFESSIONAL FORESTER

Karolina Barbara Kukulski, RPF Jillian Frances Landreville, RPF Diane Elizabeth Millar, RPF Lucian Strack Mustain, RPF John William Stechyshyn, RPF Stephen Eiji Steel, RPF

Marisa Ashley, RPF Erika Julia Driedger, RPF Catherine Fleury, RPF Fraser Stewart Grey, RPF Matthew Alexander Huk, RPF Katherine Christine Leppala, RPF Andrew Scott Murphy, RPF Ian Michael Sunde, RPF Anna Maria Tobiasz, RPF Allan Curt Wilson, RPF

NEW REGISTERED FOREST TECHNOLOGIST Nicholas Richard Thomas Hogg, RFT

NEW FORESTER IN TRAINING Anagabah Sally Asu, FIT Wesley Adam Brookes, FIT Zhuo Chen, FIT Katelan N. Eistetter, FIT Eric Arthur Roger Lamothe, FIT Nicole Diane Robichaud, FIT Elora Dawn Van Jarrett, FIT Alexandra Kimberly Winter, FIT Xiaoying Wu, FIT Hanxiao Zhang, FIT

NEW REGISTERED FOREST TECHNOLOGIST Megan Aileen Bose, RFT Jiahang Li, RFT Tyler Rochon, RFT

NEW FORESTER IN TRAINING Charles Cohen, FIT Victoria Diederichs, FIT Kenneth Gregor Forbes, FIT Rezaur Rahman, FIT

NEW TRAINEE FOREST TECHNOLOGIST

NEW TRAINEE FOREST TECHNOLOGIST

Catherine Mary Brady, TFT Christopher Louis John Grilz, TFT Kelsey Elizabeth Hance, TFT Allyce Lauren Holden, TFT Jakob Per Dalby Jensen, TFT

Charles David Case, TFT Melissa Daisy Pick, TFT

The following people are not entitled to practice professional forestry in BC:

RESIGNATION - ATC

RESIGNATION - ATE Gordon Allan Johnson

RESIGNATION - RPF RETIRED Ralph B. Backer Jo Ellen Floer L.R. Mark Hall Robert Allan Johnson David G. Kilshaw Donna L. LeLacheur James W. Schwab Gerald E.A. Venos Carmen Wheatley

RESIGNATION - RFT RETIRED Alan Lloyd Harrison Gordon Allan Johnson Philip Patrick Kabool Joseph Allan Lavia Louis Ernest Prussner

RESIGNATION - FIT Corrine Frances Blann Alexandra May McCulloch Miroslav Stepan Shannon Lee Somerville Street Martina Tekelova

NEW REGISTERED PROFESSIONAL FORESTER Samantha Helene Gonzalez, RPF Nicholas Laramee, RPF Sonja Eva Ryka Leverkus, PhD, RPF Joel Thomas McLay, RPF Murray Joseph Peck, RPF Chelsey Toth, RPF

NEW REGISTERED FOREST TECHNOLOGIST Ryan Albert Bouchard, RFT Tianna Margaret Comer, RFT Caleb Taylor Garriott, RFT Keegan Trevor Harley, RFT Joshua Logan McLennan, RFT John Gordon Montgomery, RFT

NEW FORESTER IN TRAINING Alex Graham Ainsworth, FIT Kaitlyn Au, FIT Luke Anthony Dimler, FIT Kalen Johan Gundersen, FIT Kwadwo Omari, PhD, FIT

NEW TRAINEE FOREST TECHNOLOGIST Shaun Thomas Berryman, TFT Yingzhu Liu, TFT

RESIGNATION - TFT The following people are not entitled to practice professional forestry in BC:

DECEASED Trevor G. Jeanes, RPF(Ret) Donald W. Smith, RPF(Ret) John Szauer, RPF(Ret) Lou K. Tromp, RPF Ian W. Wood, RPF(Ret)

December 2019

Adam William Gloster Mark Allan Roy Kellar

REMOVAL - FIT CANCELLED ABCFP SPECIAL PERMIT Melanie Kirsti Karjala David Howard McNabb

Matthew Kenneth Robert Dickie Jolene Marie Fellhauer Bryan Munro Halvorson Pamela Andrea Matute Arrieta

RESIGNATION - RPF Merima Domazet Sean E. Donahue Reinhard S. Kahlke Beryl Francine Nesbit Ronald D. Vautour Tyson Wolf von den Steinen

REMOVAL - TFT Tanya May Hisch Kyle Gregory Luyten Robert David Swite Nicholas Dean Turner

REINSTATEMENT FROM LOA - RPF Kenneth Matthew Anderson, RPF Stephanie Madelaine Deevy, RPF Terence Russell Dodge, RPF Deanna Margaret Gleave, RPF Michael Eric Hak, RPF Christopher John Hunter, RPF Trina A. Innes, RPF Gregory P. Johnston, RPF Tara Daleigh Salmon, RPF Lisa Christine Walker, RPF Katherine Mary Wolters, RPF

REINSTATEMENT FROM RETIRED - RPF Stephen G. Byford, RPF

Felix Wolf

RESIGNATION - RFT

COMPULSORY REINSTATEMENT - RPF

Kenneth Michael Gleeson Robert Dean Jaeger Bradley R. Kope Leon Edward O'Dette James Campbell Simpson

Robert Samuel Anderson, (on LOA) Roger G. Butson Peter Sean Gregory Hale, RPF Wade James Watson, RPF 1 CONTINUED ON FOLLOWING PAGE

JANUARY – FEBRUARY 2020 • BC FOREST PROFESSIONAL

27

Statistics December 2019 Cont.

REINSTATEMENT - RFT Jeremy Edward Elliott, RFT

REINSTATEMENT FROM LOA - RFT Hayley Erin Debianchi, RFT Max Rennie Marshall, RFT Shane Ernest Ritter, RFT

COMPULSORY REINSTATEMENT - RFT Stewart Gordon Pyper, RFT Kenneth Joseph Sharp, RFT Timothy James Taggart, RFT

REINSTATEMENT FROM LOA - FIT Natalie Miriam Clark, FIT Gregory Allen Greene, FIT

COMPULSORY REINSTATEMENT - FIT Tristan Lee Sjoden, FIT Eden Irena Sweeney

REINSTATEMENT FROM LOA - TFT Amanda Louise Brown, TFT Zoe Paige Colebank, TFT Janelle Lynne Harder, TFT

COMPULSORY REINSTATEMENT - TFT Sara Michel Goertzen, TFT

DECEASED Paul James Braumberger, RFT The following people are not entitled to practice professional forestry in BC:

NEW RETIRED RPF Kim G. Allan, RPF(Ret) Robert B. Annand, RPF(Ret) Charles A. Backman, PhD, RPF(Ret) Bruce E. Barry, RPF(Ret) Gregory E. Belyea, RPF(Ret) Ronald Bronstein, RPF(Ret) Donald R. Brown, RPF(Ret) Reid E. Carter, RPF(Ret) Steven Charles Chambers, RPF(Ret) D. Wayne Clogg, RPF(Ret) John R. Cook, RPF(Ret) John R. Cookman, RPF(Ret) John G. Cruickshank, RPF(Ret) W. Ernest De Geus, RPF(Ret) Ian F. De Lisle, RPF(Ret) Robert G. D'Eon, RPF(Ret)

28

James A. Dickie, RPF(Ret) William J. Downing, RPF(Ret) Garth A. Ehalt, RPF(Ret) Michael P. Falkiner, RPF(Ret) James S.W. Fenton, RPF(Ret) Susan Flueck, RPF(Ret) W. Blake Fougère, RPF(Ret) Darrell J. Frank, RPF(Ret) Sheldon Douglas Gagne, RPF(Ret) John A. Gallimore, RPF(Ret) David W. Greenley, RPF(Ret) Julian D. Grzybowski, RPF(Ret) Tracy Ann Hendry, RPF(Ret) Brian M. Hislop, RPF(Ret) Kenneth G. Hodges, RPF(Ret) Robert S. Hodgkinson, RPF(Ret) Warren T. Holoboff, RPF(Ret) Earl D. Hunt, RPF(Ret) Barry W. Hunter, RPF(Ret) Robert B. Hunter, RPF(Ret) Ronald Judd, RPF(Ret) Jeffrey P. Katuski, RPF(Ret) Arthur G. Knauf, RPF(Ret) Garret Loius Lane, RPF(Ret) Mary E. Lester, RPF(Ret) James M. MacMillan, RPF(Ret) Ken L. Matthews, RPF(Ret) Bruce I. McIntyre, RPF(Ret) David C. Mogensen, RPF(Ret) Ann L. Morrison, RPF(Ret) Charles H. Nelson, RPF(Ret) Lance J. Ollenberger, RPF(Ret) Sam Otukol, RPF(Ret) F. Mark Palmer, RPF(Ret) J. Kelly Powell, RPF(Ret) Gerald H. Reichenback, RPF(Ret) Robert W. Roulston, RPF(Ret) Vivian M. Scalet, RPF(Ret) Nicholas John Smith, PhD,RPF(Ret) Margot M. Spence, RPF(Ret)) Cyril James Thacker, RPF(Ret) Michel J.H. Vallee, RPF(Ret) Charles H. Van Hemmen, RPF(Ret) Betty A. van Kerkhof, RPF(Ret) David W.N. Wark, RPF(Ret) Glen W. Wonders, RPF(Ret) Jack H. Woods, RPF(Ret)

NEW RETIRED RFT Derek Wayne Ackerman, RFT(Ret) Beverly Ann Atkins, RFT(Ret) Douglas Arvid Bannert, RFT(Ret) Mark Laurence Churchill, RFT(Ret) Kenneth Conway-Brown, RFT(Ret)

BC FOREST PROFESSIONAL • JANUARY – FEBRUARY 2020

Michael David Darin, RFT(Ret) Cindy Lee DeRosier, RFT(Ret) Ross Andrew Dingwall, RFT(Ret) Ian Stuart Douglas, RFT(Ret) David John Guilbride, RFT(Ret) William Guy Hall, RFT(Ret) Bruce Robert Henney, RFT(Ret) Jeffrey Paul Holitzki, RFT(Ret) Raymond Jacob Lee Jungaro, RFT(Ret) Vernon Louis Latremouille, RFT(Ret) Steven Murray Lush, RFT(Ret) Roderick John McDonald, RFT(Ret) James Barrie McLean, RFT(Ret) Kevin Andrew Melanson, RFT(Ret) Robert Mitchell, RFT(Ret) Norman Donald Nalleweg, RFT(Ret) John Paul Pezel, RFT(Ret) Michael H. Pirnke, RFT(Ret) David Keith Poole, RFT(Ret) Noel Philippe Poulin, RFT(Ret) Harold Dean Rebinsky, RFT(Ret) David Edwin Rennie, RFT(Ret) Heather Margaret Rice, RFT(Ret) Wouter Lorenzo Van Hell, RFT(Ret)

LEAVE OF ABSENCE (REGISTERED MEMBERS) Edward Jacob Abels, (on LOA) Robert Samuel Anderson, (on LOA) Michael Scott Aspeslet, (on LOA) Alfredo Antonio Baiocco, (on LOA) John C. Bastone, (on LOA) Sandi L. Best, (on LOA) Kristopher Allen Bjarnason, (on LOA) Matti Douglas Boyce, (on LOA) Brian E. Boyd, (on LOA) Douglas R. Braybrook, (on LOA) Jeffrey Dean Brown, (on LOA) Mark Winston Brown, (on LOA) Susann Melissa Brown, (on LOA) Brian P. Broznitsky, (on LOA) Peter E.F. Buck, (on LOA) Jyoti Budhathoki Bimali, (on LOA) Karen Leigh Bridget Burk, (on LOA) Kevin Hugh Buxton, (on LOA) Cory Martin Byron, (on LOA) Kelly T. Carpenter, (on LOA) Julie Castonguay, (on LOA) Gordon G. Catt, (on LOA) Gabriel Blair Coleman, (on LOA) Shaun Michael Da Silva, (on LOA) Ruby Deanna Decock, (on LOA) Mona Nicole Desgroseilliers, (on LOA) Craig E. Dorion, (on LOA)

Leonard B. Eddy, (on LOA) Rick S. Eriksen, (on LOA) Craig E. Farnden, (on LOA) Darren Louis Field, (on LOA) Melissa Lauren Fietz, (on LOA) Noel Peter Gairdner, (on LOA) Allison Victoria Gehue, (on LOA) Thomas Edward Gilmore, (on LOA) Lauchlan M. Glen, (on LOA) Jayme Lynn Goldie, (on LOA) Cole Arthur Alan Gorner, (on LOA) Mark D. Greene, (on LOA) Prem Chandra Gurung, (on LOA) David Lloyd Hale, (on LOA) Jay Robert Hallett, (on LOA) Lorna M. Halverson, (on LOA) Erika O. Higgins, (on LOA) William P. Horbal, (on LOA) Lisa H. Hunka, (on LOA) Aaron B. Jones, (on LOA) Jason Richard Kennedy, (on LOA) Peter Franz Kerckhoff, (on LOA) Joshua Richard Klok, (on LOA) Kevin George Knight, (on LOA) Klaus Gerd Koehler, (on LOA) Tommy Koftinoff, (on LOA) Jodie Krakowski, (on LOA) Errol Alan Kutcher, (on LOA) Janet Louise Lane, (on LOA) Mitchell Joseph Legros, (on LOA) W. Hugh Lougheed, (on LOA) Paul Andrew Maika, (on LOA) Rodney Walter March, (on LOA) Christopher David Mardell, (on LOA) Peter Markovich, (on LOA) Marc Henry Mayhew, (on LOA) Ayrilee Palm McCoubrey, (on LOA) Margaret (Peggy) Jean McDougall, (on LOA) Denise L. McGowan, (on LOA) Trent Verne Meyer, (on LOA) Bradley Gordon Mitchell, (on LOA) Sarah Jean Mukai, (on LOA) Lucian Strack Mustain, (on LOA) R. Brian Nielsen, (on LOA) Ryan Clayton O'Dette, (on LOA) Elaine Ellen Oneil, (on LOA) Federico Guillermo Osorio, (on LOA) Shannon Alexandra Pearce, (on LOA) Kim Robert Peel, (on LOA) John Everett Pitts, (on LOA) Pasi Kalevi Puttonen, (on LOA) Alexandre Saumure, (on LOA) Christian Schadendorf, (on LOA) Anna Shcherbinina, (on LOA)

Statistics Shane G. Smith, (on LOA) Janice Marie Stadey, (on LOA) Gregory J. Storie, (on LOA) Nicole Leeann Strand, (on LOA) Nicola M. Sutcliffe, (on LOA) Kathleen M. Thompson, (on LOA) Emilie Lindell Thy, (on LOA) Owen B. Trumper, (on LOA) Keith Irwin Turriff, (on LOA) Cindy Jane Verschoor, (on LOA) Stephen Robert Warrington, (on LOA) Gregory Joseph Westwood, (on LOA) Marise Eleanor Wickman, (on LOA) William Matthew Wright, (on LOA) Chaozhi Wu, (on LOA) T. Phil Zacharatos, (on LOA)

Etienne Noel Cote Cameron Scott Donaldson Dean Michael Elzer Gregory John Garrish Danielle Stephanie Gnoyke Thomas Oben Hart Jill Ann Macaulay Kenneth Wayne McMahon Harriet Elizabeth Pollock Kevin Ross Soo

Nur Abdullahi Hassan, (on LOA) Paul Justin Kairys, (on LOA) Dev Khurana, (on LOA) Garrett Andrew Lakey, (on LOA) Colby Ashton Douglas Mahood, (on LOA) Jan Nojszewski, (on LOA) Justin Kenneth Perry, (on LOA) Laysa L. Rodrigues, (on LOA) James Sorrey, (on LOA) Josee Monique Andrea Trudeau, (on LOA) Rhys Turner, (on LOA) Kristina Nancey Wasylesky, (on LOA) Paul Murray Williams, (on LOA)

RESIGNATION - FIT RESIGNATION - ATC

RESIGNATION - RPF RETIRED D. Alan Barclay Melanie R. Boyce David J. Doubek Philip LePage Michael J. McCammon Dawn State Stephen Paul Temple R. Grant Watkins

Karl J.F. Branch Roger G. Butson Gerard Hans Buys Bruce E. Eaket David G. Francis Remi Joseph L'Heureux Raeshelle Marie Pickering Brett J. Salmon Aliette Marion Seigel

Ryan Anthony Banwarth, (on LOA) Evanne Paulina Barrett, (on LOA) Yasmine Boilard, (on LOA) Kayla Marie Brock, (on LOA) Arlo Hugh Bryn-Thorn, (on LOA) Liam Alexander Dalrymple, (on LOA) Augustus E.W. Dolan, (on LOA) Shawn Cameron Fearing, (on LOA) Nicole Candace Grunewald, (on LOA)

Brett R. Auger Matthew David Landsborough Fraser Michael Larock Catherine Lynn Palmer Eden Irena Sweeney

Gregory John Garrish

RESIGNATION - RPF LEAVES OF ABSENCE (ENROLLED MEMBERS)

Christopher Philip Gordon Ralph Michael Hall Richard W. Hardy Dennis C. J. Kelly Lianne Lawlor Neil Edward Lipinski Darrell Arthur Lissell Harold Blynn Reedy Jan Ailsa Schmid

RESIGNATION - TFT Edward Nathan Michael DeBlasi Carson James Hardy Christipher Noel Sochan

REMOVAL - FIT J. M. Dean Hunchuk Tracy W.H. Ng

RESIGNATION - RFT RETIRED Robert David Babiarz Michael Walter Cawley Denis Gerald Gaudry

RESIGNATION - RFT Adam Stanislaw Caputa

Statistics: Totals (Year-to-Date) Professional Foresters

Professional Technologists

Associate Categories

Net Effect

RPF

RET

LIFE

FIT

FP

SP(V)

SP(T)

SP(L)

RFT

RET

LIFE

TFT

ATC

ATE

TNRP

NRP

SAS

AM

HM

2626

549

137

450

0

0

0

6

1239

130

3

288

93

57

1

2

9

0

20

BC Forest Safety

5610

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JANUARY – FEBRUARY 2020 • BC FOREST PROFESSIONAL

29

In Memoriam It is very important to many registrants to receive word of the passing of a colleague. Registrants have the opportunity to publish their memories by sending photos and obituaries to editor@abcfp.ca. The association sends condolences to the family and friends of the following registrants:

Peter Fuglem,

Trevor George Jeanes

RPF(Ret) #1384

RPF(Ret), Life Member #651

December 29, 1954 — June 16, 2019

July 05, 1933 — September 18, 2019

With heavy hearts, we announce that Peter died quickly, unexpectedly and far too early at age 64.

Peter was born in Calgary and spent many happy summers with siblings and cousins in rural Alberta. He earned his Bachelor’s of Forestry and Master’s in Fire Science at the University of Alberta in 1978. Peter began his career working for the Alberta Forest Service as a silviculture forester.

Peter was recruited in 1980 by the BC Forest Service working with eight forest professionals in the Planning, Development and Research Section in what is now BC Wildfire Service. The group was responsible for long-term planning; research into fire effects; fire operations; and development of techniques, tools, and technology. In 1990, Peter went on to take the leadership role of the team. He remained in that role until 2003 when he was appointed as Director of BC Wildfire Service. During a ministry downsizing era, Peter was seconded as acting director of the Timber Supply Branch.

During the mid-90’s, Peter was seconded for six months to the ASEAN Institute of Forest Management in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia to apply his considerable background to smoke management that was plaguing the region at that time. He also worked internationally in New Zealand, Brazil, Korea, and California. After the 2011 Slave Lake fire, Peter was appointed as a member of the review team. He brought his reflections on his master’s thesis Flammability of Jack Pine Crown Foliage during Spring to the team’s deliberations.

Peter was honoured in 2016 with the H.W. Beall Award for “outstanding contributions to innovation in wildfire management” at Wildland Fire Canada 2016.

In his late 20’s, he bought property in Victoria and built his own log house, along with his wife, Patti, and many friends. In retirement, he enjoyed traveling, playing soccer with various clubs (mainly Juan de Fuca), chopping wood for firewood, woodworking, motorbiking with the guys, and always had more than a few projects on the go. Predeceased by infant son Dale.

Lovingly remembered by Patti, Kai, Naomi, siblings Joan (Isaac), Mark (Glenda), Terri, mom Hope, many nieces, nephews, friends and colleagues.

We are very sad to report the passing of Trevor Jeanes in Kamloops on September 18, 2019 at the age of 86. A 1957 BSF graduate from UBC, he championed forest management provincially and nationally and pioneered the application of improvements to forest practices in BC’s Interior.

Trevor began his professional career with the BC Forest Service in Kamloops in 1957 and then transferred to the forest industry in 1960 with Oregon-Pacific Forest Products in Prince George. He returned to Kamloops in 1961 to join Balco Industries Ltd. With industrial and BC Forest Service colleagues’ support, he developed the Balco Reforestation Center, a nursery, and a seed orchard at Heffley Creek (1981).

He retired from Balco Industries, later Tolko Industries, as Vice President, Woodlands, in 1988.

His peers held him in great esteem and he was a mentor to many. Also, Trevor was a member of numerous local, provincial, and federal forestry, technical, and social groups, as well as advisory committees and educational projects.

Trevor served two terms on the ABCPF Council (1979 and 1991-1992), serving as Director of the Board of Examiners in 1991 and 1992. He was awarded the Distinguished Foresters Award in 1993 for his extraordinary leadership and innovation in forest practices, silviculture, research and support of tree improvement in the interior.

Trevor loved the outdoors. In retirement, he worked on many projects through the Kamloops Fly Fishers, improving wharfs and spawning channels. He could also tie flies; his special one was known as “Trevor’s Ugly Leech” which he would share with others while fishing at his favorite lakes (NB: No independent reports of this invention’s success were found).

Next to his family his true passion was his garden. He was happy and proud to share his abundant harvests with friends and family. He also enjoyed Sudoku and cribbage.

Trevor and wife Anita shared 60 years of marriage. Our sincere condolences go to her and his children Michael (Adina), Marni Follweiter (Glen), Brenda Harrison (Jim); grandsons Brian Krogstad (Breanna), Jeff Krogstad (Stef), Spencer Harrison (Jen), Brad Harrison, Tyler Jeanes (Laura), Kristoffer Jeanes (Jenine); and four great-grandchildren.

He is survived also by his sister Valerie and brother Dennis, both of Victoria.

Submitted by Patti Kagawa, RPF(Ret) and David Gilbert RPF(Ret)

Submitted by UBC BSF 1957 classmates Bruce Devitt, RPF(Ret), Life Member and Mike Meagher, RPF(Ret) Life Member; and Trevor’s son, Mike Jeanes.

30

BC FOREST PROFESSIONAL • JANUARY – FEBRUARY 2020

Support the Forest Professionals of Tomorrow ForesTrust, the ABCFP’s registered charity, funds 10 endowments at eight post-secondary institutions across BC. ForesTrust also provides funding for educational activities focused on how we care for and manage BC’s forests.

Donate to ForesTrust Today

The donations you make help ensure the sustainability of professional forestry practice for the future.

ForesTrust

Registered charity of the ABCFP You can also bequeath a portion of your estate.

For more information on how to donate, go to abcfp.ca/WEB/ABCFP/DonateNow

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