CONTENTS:
1.- Interaction function:
2.- Sense organs: sight / hearing / taste / touch / smell
3.- Nervous system: central / peripheral nervous system.
4.- Locomotor system: skeleton / muscles.
1.
Interaction: is the process in which living beings get information from the environment and produce different reactions.
1.– INTERACTION FUNCTION.
During a normal day, we get millions of pieces of information from outside and inside of our bodies. We have to filter them and choose the most important ones.
Our receptors (sense organs) gather stimuli, and send signals through the nerves to our brain (nervous system). The brain study the information and give a response (to our locomotorsystem) to react.
INTERACTION SYSTEMS are:
1.– Sense organs:
Sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch.
2.– Nervous System: Central and peripheral nervous system.
3.– Locomotor System: Skeleton and muscles.
2.– SENSE ORGANS.
There are five senses: The eye (sight), the ear (hearing), the nose (smell), the tongue (taste) and the skin (touch). These organs have got sensory receptors to gather information. Connected with these receptors, there are nerves to send signals to our brain.
SENSE ORGANS get information from the environment, and send it to the brain through the nerves.
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USEFUL WORDS:
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sense organs
response
. – stimuli
.
hearing
taste .
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nervous system
locomotor system
sight
smell
touch
. – sensory receptors
2.1.– EYES AND SIGHT. Eyes are the sense organs of sight.
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USEFUL WORDS:
OUTER PARTS of the eye:
. – eyebrow
. – eyelashes
. – eyelid
. – lachrymal gland
INNER PARTS of the eye:
. – lens
. – vitreous humour
– optic nerve
. – iris
. – pupil
. – cornea
Eyes detect light and images, change information into electrical signals and send them to the brain.
PARTS OF THE EYE:
1.– OUTER PARTS:
. – Eyebrow: protects eye from sweat. – Eyelashes: hairs that protect the eye.
. – Eyelid: skin that cover and protect the eye.
. – Iris: the coloured part of the eye. Controls the amount of light.
. – Pupil: the black hole in the centre of the iris.
. – Cornea: It’s transparent.
- Lachrymal glands: produce tears to moist the eye.
1.– INNER PARTS:
. – Lens: it is transparent, and focuses light on the retina.
. – Vitreous humour: a transparent thick liquid.
. – 3 layers:
. - Sclera: the white layer.
. -Choroid: With lots of blood vesels.
. - Retina: with receptor cells (rods and cones), that transform images into electric signals.
Optic nerve: transports electric signals to the brain.
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Process of sight: the image enters through the cornea, the pupil, and lens. Lens focuses the image on the retina where the receptor cells change it into signals. These signals are sent through the optic nerve to the brain .
. – 3 layers: . – sclera
. – choroid
. – retina
Protect your sight:
1.– Do not spend too much time in front of a screen, and do not sit too close to it.
2.– Read or do your homework in a place plenty of light.
3.
4.
Be careful with sunlight, use sunglasses.
When something (dust, sand…) gets into your eye, wash your eye with water.
2.2.
Ears are the sense organs of hearing.
Ears detect vibrations, change them into movements (ossicles and cochela) and finally into electric signals that are sent to the brain. Ears assist with balance too.
Inner ear Middle ear Outer ear
PARTS OF THE EAR: OUTER EAR: . –gather vibrations.
Auditory canal: is a tube.
MIDDLE EAR:
Eardrum: membrane to transmit vibrations.
Chain of ossicles: transmit vibrations.
. – Hammer.
. – Anvil.
. – Stapes
Eustachean tube: tube connected with the throat.
INNER EAR:
Cochlea: has receptor cells for hearing.
Semicircular canals: has receptor cells for movement.
Auditory nerve: to send signals to the brain..
Process of hearing: vibrations go through the pinna and auditory canal to the eardrum. The eardrum transmits the vibrations to the ossicles and to the receptor cells in the cochlea that change them into electrical signals. These electric signals are sent through the auditory nerve to the brain.
Balance: in the semicircular Canals, there are receptor cells that detect position and movement that change into signals and send them to the brain.
Do not listen music too loud, or do not use headphones for a long period of time.
Tongue has got taste buds that have got receptor cells that detect the substances in the mouth, change this information into signals and send them to the brain.
The tongue has got four types of taste buds so it can detect four different flavours:
. – Bitter like coffe.
– Salty like salt.
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– Sour like lemon.
– Sweet like honey.
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Process of tasting: in the tongue there are taste buds with receptor cells. Taste buds detect molecules from food, change this information into signals and send them through the gustatory nerve to the brain.
Protect your taste:
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– Clean your teeth three times a day. (And your nose, because smell and taste work together).
– Be careful with very hot and very cold food.
– Go to the dentist.
3.– NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Nervous system receives information from stimuli from outside and inside the body, analyses this information, and gives responses to it.
It controls voluntary actions (walking , running…) and involuntary actions and systems (breathing, heart pumping, digestive system…).
Nervous system has two parts:
– Central nervous system.
– Peripheral nervous system
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3.1.- NEURONS.
Neurons are specialized cells in the nervous system. There are two types:
a.– Sensory neurons: sense organs to the brain.
b.– Motor neurons: brain to the rest of body.
Parts of neurons:
. - Dendrites: they are like branches connected with other neurons. They receive chemical and electric signals from axons from other neurons.
- Cell body with a
The nervous system is a net of cells called neurons, that receives information, coordinates actions and transmits signals between different parts of the body.
Dendrites: receive information from other cells.
Axon: sends information to other cells.
. - Axon: It is the longest part of the neuron. It sends chemical and electric impulses to other neurons. A neuron has got only one axon. These electric impulses from one neuron to another one are called synapses.
3.2.– CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
A.– THE BRAIN is formed by cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem. It is protected by the skull.
A1.– Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. It gets information from the sense organs and controls: senses, intelligence, thinking, language, memory and takes decisions...
A.2.–Cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements, balance...for walking, etc.
A.3.– Brain Stem connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord, and controls automatic movements (heart, breathing, digestive system, blood pressure…)
B.– SPINAL CORD connects the brain and the peripheral nervous system, and transports information between them. It is protected by the spinal column. It is the responsible for the involuntary responses or reflexes, that permit us to react very quick without thinking.
For example, if we cut or burn a finger, we remove it very fast.
The central nervous system is composed by the brain and the spinal cord. The brain is composed by cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem.
3.3.– PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
It is formed by the nerves. They are like cables that link the central nervous system with the rest of the body (organs, sense organs, muscles…).
There are two types of nerves:
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Sensory nerves that send information from the sense organs to the brain.
. – Motor nerves that send information from the brain to the rest of the body.
Peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves.
Types of nerves: sensory nerves and motornerves.
Protect your nervous system:
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Avoid substances like alcohol and other drugs.
Protect your body against accidents (wear a helmet when you ride a bike)...
4.– LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM:
The locomotorsystem is formed by skeletonand muscles.
4.1.
SKELETON:
Skeleton is a structure formed by bones and joints.
A.– Bones: are hard pieces that form the skeleton.
They are: – Hard because they have lots of minerals. – Light because of their spongy structure.
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B.– JOINTS: are places where two or more bones link one to another.
They are formed by:
– Ligaments (that join bone to bone).
– Tendons (that join muscles to bones).
- Cartilages (to protect bones from friction).
C.- LESIONS OF BONES AND JOINTS:
- Bone fracture: when a bone breaks.
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- Sprain: it is an excessive stretching or fracture of a ligament.
- Luxation: it is when bones are not in their place.
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USEFUL WORDS
. – sensory nerves
. – ligament
. – cartilage
sprain
. – motor nerves
. – tendón
. – bone fracture
. – luxation
HEAD:
Skull
Mandible
TRUNK:
Clavicle
Scapula
Sternum Ribs Spinal Column (vertebrae)
Pelvis or Hip bone
Coccyx
ARM:
Humerus Radius
Ulna Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
LEG: Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
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4.2.– MUSCULAR SYSTEM:
Our muscular system is formed by muscles and tendons. Muscles are connected to the skeleton by tendons
Muscles are formed by muscle cells that can contract (they become shorter) and relax (return to their original shape).
Muscles need a lot of energy (oxygen, nutrients...) to work and produce a lot of waste products.
Our muscularsystem is formed by muscles, and tendons. Muscles move the skeleton. They are formed by muscle cells that can contract and relax.
of a skeletal muscle.
A.– TYPES OF MUSCLES:
1.- Smooth muscles: their movements are involuntary. They are in our digestive system, blood vessels…
2.- Cardiac muscles: they form our heart. Their movement are very strong.
3.- Skeletal Muscles: produce voluntary movements. They are linked to bones to move our skeleton.
There are three types of muscles:
. - Smooth muscles.
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Cardiac muscles. . – Skeletal muscles.
B.– HOW OUR MUSCLES WORK:
If a muscle contracts, moves a tendon held to a bone and produces a movement.
There are always two opposite muscles (antagonist muscles) for example biceps to bend and triceps to stretch the arm.
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C.– PROTECT YOUR LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM:
Sit down or stand with your back straight.
– Keep your back straight and bend your knees when you want to lift heavy objects.
– Do some physical activity regularly, but don’t forget to warm up before to do it.
USEFUL WORDS:
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– muscle cells (or fibers) . – tendons
. – to contract
. – smooth muscles
. – antagonist muscles
. – to relax
. – cardiac muscles
. – skeletal muscles
sternocleidomastoid
masseter pectorals
Orbicularis oculi
deltoid
HEAD & NECK:
– masseter
. – orbicularis oculi
– sternocleidomastoid
biceps
Intercostal muscles
Abdominal muscles
sartorius
quadriceps
ARM:
. – deltoid
– bíceps
. – triceps
TRUNK:
. – pectorals
– abdominal muscles.
. - Intercostal muscles.
– trapezius
. – latissimus dorsi
LEG:
. – gluteal muscles
– bíceps femoris
. – quadriceps
– sartorius
. – calves
– Achilles tendon
trapezius
triceps
Latissimus dorsi
Gluteal muscles
bíceps femoris
calves Achilles tendon