Cedar Compass Vol .1,issue 3

The Cedar

COMPASS

Volume i Issue iii October Edition

EDITOR’S NOTE “Welcome to the third issue of The Compass! With each edition, our journey of exploring Cedar’s unique perspectives grows richer, fostering an environment where intellectual curiosity and global awareness thrive.

In this issue, we dive into an even broader selection of topics, each crafted to spark thought and discussion. We’re proud to offer a space where Cedar students can share their ideas, insights, and creativity, and we encourage you to make your mark by contributing to future editions.

We hope this issue leaves you inspired, and we can’t wait to see what you’ll bring to the next one!”

-Hamnah Iftikhar Editor-in-Chief

The Team Editor-in-Chief Hamnah Iftikhar Editors Minha Fatima Jatoi Aliza Faisal Graphic Designers Aden Shafiq Hamnah Iftikhar

TABLE OF CONTENTS CULTURE AND ARTS: Christopher Nolan: The Mastermind behind Oppenheimer - Alishba Azam Rajput Intersectionality of Pop Culture and Politics in the Internet Era - Aliza Faisal Pride, Prejudice and the Unattainability of Austen’s Ideals - Amnah Khan The Male Gaze in Cinema - Aliza Faisal

ECONOMICS: The Black Death and Its Economic Impact on Feudal Europe - Angel Rai Unraveling the Enron Scandal - Hamna Siddiqui

HISTORY AND POLITICS: Exploring the Forgotten History of Accomplished Women - Bisma Umer The Current Political Tensions between Iran and Israel - Syed Ammar Ali The Historical Villainization of Josef Stalin - Syed Khizar Bin Rafay

PHILOSOPHY AND ETHICS: Nietzsche’s Vision of the Superior Human - Minha Jatoi The Ship of Theseus - Taha Ali Ethics of Storytelling - Fatima Nadeem

TABLE OF CONTENTS PSYCHOLOGY AND MENTAL HEALTH: Cognitive Behavioral Theory - Ayesha Amjad The Bystander Effect - Minha Jatoi Analyzing the Harmful Effects of Over-Used Positivity - Bilal Siddiqui Romanticizing Mental HealtH

SCIENCE AND MATH: Frankenstein as a Symbol of Scientific Overreach Hamnah Iftikhar The Monty Hall Problem: Probability and Human Intuition - Angel Rai The Search for the Fountain of Youth: Can Science Stop Aging? - Ismail Misbah

SOCIAL: Romanticizing Toxic Relationships - Maria Saqib Ali The Double Bind of Female Activists in Pakistan Hamnah Iftikhar Labour Policies and Working Conditions in Pakistan - Hamnah Iftikhar

Sir Christopher Edward Nolan is a critically acclaimed British and American filmmaker who is widely known for his Hollywood blockbusters and complex display of stories. Apart from films, Nolan was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 2019 and also received a knighthood in 2024 for his astounding contribution to film. Among the many blockbusters directed by Nolan are ‘Interstellar’, ‘Oppenheimer’, ‘The Dark Knight’, and ‘Inception’ to name a few.

‘Interstellar’, directed by Christopher Nolan and released in 2014, is a science fiction epic revolving around themes of love, sacrifice, and the survival of humanity. The film is set in a near-future Earth suffering an ecological collapse and follows former NASA pilot Cooper played by Matthew McConaughey. The cast also includes Anne Hathaway, Jessica Chastain, Casey Affleck, and Matt Damon.

The movie received critical acclaim for its ambition, direction, and performances, sparking discussions about science, philosophy, and the human experience. It remains a significant entry in Nolan’s filmography and a contemporary sciencefiction cinema landmark. ‘Interstellar’ has received many awards, including an Academy Award, two Empire Awards, and a BAFTA award.

Christopher Nolan and Hans Zimmer have created a highly influential partnership in the world of modern cinema. Nolan often collaborates with Zimmer, whose powerful scores enhance the emotional depth of films, blending orchestral and electronic elements, they strengthen the emotional and psychological depth of his films.

Together, they exemplify how music can serve as a vital narrative force in film.

Furthermore, Nolan’s recent project , ‘Oppenheimer’, ignited a substantial debate as its release coincided with Greta Gerwig’s ‘Barbie’. This gave rise to the ‘Barbenheimer’ trend, highlighting the stark contrast between the vibrant, whimsical world of ‘Barbie’ and the serious, intense narrative of ‘Oppenheimer.’ ‘Oppenheimer’ is a gripping biographical drama that delves into the life of J. Robert Oppenheimer, "father of the atomic bomb." The film explores ‘Oppenheimer's complex personality, his moral dilemmas, and the profound consequences of his scientific achievements during the Manhattan Project.

In conclusion, Nolan has greatly influenced and contributed to the world of cinema with his many blockbuster films and his complex themes. His films that explore metaphysical themes, concepts of time, memory, and personal identity have led many people to consider him a leading filmmaker of the 21st century. For many, his films might be considered boring or too long but for cinephiles like me, his movies are a true work of art.

ALISHBA AZAM RAJPUT

In the era of social media, attaining political awareness is more of an easily attainable cultural norm rather than a symbol of privilege and the inherent ostracization that comes with dividing people on the basis of class. Political cartoons and depictions of real-world politics in books and films such as the works of George Orwell became prevalent in the twentieth century, a century preceding our rapidly progressing world. However, the advent of further democratising information, social media, and ‘pop culture’ has revamped the general public’s interactions with politics.

On July 22, 2024, Charli XCX, a renowned British pop star, tweeted, “Kamala IS brat.”

A simple, innocuous tweet by the singer, swept up by the waves of the summer phenomenon known as ‘Brat Summer,’ created a pandemonium—a political pandemonium. There were massive postings of Kamala Harris edits with Charli’s viral ‘Brat’ album songs playing in the background, boosting her presidential electoral campaigns in America as the rest of the world peered at this sensational phenomenon from the front row centre of their Twitter and social media feeds.

A new political statement was born, and conversations were made around this topic in pop-culture vernacular: Is Kamala brat or not?

Nevertheless, this event significantly influenced American politics, with Kamala’s social marketing team strategically engaging Gen Z voters. For the first time in a long while, an internet trend like ‘Brat Summer,’ which started as a ploy by Charli’s social marketing team, seeped its way into the more global framework of American elections. Neon green backgrounds, Kamala quoting her mother with the words, “You think you fell out of a coconut tree!” and the song Apple’s lyrics combined to create the most elaborate ruse of blatant and subtle political agendas; only this time, the masses and the politicians, both presumed to be isolated parties during the work of spreading agendas and mandates, were in on it.

Moving on from the sphere of America to the equally precarious sphere of Europe, Eurovision 2024 became a hotly debated centre of discussion. Politics in a song contest is an even further subsection of mainstream chatter and bureaucracy. Prior to this, Russia had been banned from participating due to its invasion of Ukraine.

However, Israel was not subjected to this same treatment in 2024 and was allowed to perform its glaringly obvious song promoting ethnic cleansing in Palestine. Speaking of the ongoing genocide of Palestinians, Western worldviews of the Middle Eastern conflicts were completely upturned, thanks to online acts of activism pushing for further political awareness.

Everybody’s feeds following October 7, 2023, were bombarded with online posts, tweets, Instagram reels, and TikToks mentioning the ongoing Israeli acts of war crimes over the West Bank and disputed territories. Before this, many people in the Western world were not aware of the meticulous history behind the two parties, and social media opened their eyes to the colonial prerogative of Israel. It was now easier than ever for a knowledgeable person to simply tweet concrete facts, swiftly unsheathing the varnish of Israeli colonial propaganda. By circulating real Palestinian culture, music, and books into the mainstream consciousness, the fight against colonial powers was employed with the revolutionary hands of artists.

To showcase an example, quite a while ago on Twitter, an art trend surfaced that involved drawing popular fictional characters like Miles Morales and Gwen Stacy from the Spider-Verse film franchise holding up banners echoing statements like “Free Palestine” and “From the river to the sea, Palestine will be free.” The internet is a powerful tool, and it can empower anybody to participate in a ‘resistance’ movement.

Over the years, popular films and shows reflect the changing political spheres and affairs of the modern world, with a great example being ‘Parks and Recreation.’

It is a workplace sitcom where people positioned on opposite ends of the political spectrum still manage to form acquaintances; though it remains primarily a workplace sitcom, it has vocal commentary on politics regarding the public and private sectors of the American government. Shows, movies, and literature are all utilitarian mediums through which a piece of culture is embroidered to express certain ideologies and values. Another understated show that tackles political themes in an underlying manner is ‘Anne with an E,’ which discusses topics like racism, xenophobia, and feminist ideologies and actively encourages and instigates political awareness in the viewer’s mind.

To conclude, politics is something that can be personal to us, and the way we interact with it becomes much easier with the process of connecting to something that is already familiar territory like movies and literature, and now the looming digital space of social media in the golden age of information.

ALIZA FAISAL

It is a truth universally acknowledged that Jane Austen’s defining novel *Pride and Prejudice*, published in the 19th century, has prevailed as a cornerstone of literary romance for over two centuries, setting a benchmark for contemporary romance.

Yet, when revisited in the 21st century, with broader horizons and perspectives, one may begin to question the traits of the characters and relationships Austen so prominently pedestalised. Is this so-called revolutionary feminist work truly as radical as it is often perceived in its portrayal of women? Or have we, in our collective adoration, overlooked the incongruities of its idealised characters and, in doing so, glorified Austen’s narrative preferences instead of appreciating the more progressive and practical portrayals hidden within the text?

Austen’s affection for her heroine, Elizabeth Bennet, is evident throughout the novel.

While it is natural for authors to favour their protagonists, the contentious element lies in how Austen undermines other characters, irrespective of their gender, to elevate Elizabeth. A prime example is Charlotte Lucas, Elizabeth’s close friend, who displays a strong sense of responsibility, maturity, and practicality. Despite her evident intellect, Charlotte is overshadowed by Elizabeth’s wit, which is often laced with insecurity, and her rigid assessments.

Unlike Elizabeth, who waits for her perfect match and upholds a romanticised notion of love, Charlotte chooses to marry Mr Collins at the age of 27—a significant age for an unmarried woman in that era. Her decision is motivated by emotional maturity and a realistic understanding of societal expectations, as well as the importance of financial stability and security in marriage. In contrast, Elizabeth’s critical response reflects her inability to grasp the validity of her friend’s pragmatic choice, further highlighting her own stagnant worldview.

Charlotte’s practical outlook on marriage represents a genuine depiction of real-life commitments and compromises—demonstrating that love alone may not always be sufficient for a stable life. However, despite her well-reasoned decisions, Charlotte is dismissed not only by Elizabeth but by society at large. Elizabeth’s inability to appreciate Charlotte’s reasoning reveals a rigidity in her character that undermines her supposed progressive ideals. This becomes evident in their discussions about love and marriage, where Charlotte offers a pragmatic perspective on displaying affection to remove ambiguity. Rather than engage with her friend’s insights, Elizabeth dismisses them outright. Through Austen’s narrative voice, which often speaks through Elizabeth, the novel subtly implies that Elizabeth’s perspective is superior—a portrayal that unjustly minimises Charlotte’s insights and depth.

Ironically, Charlotte may better embody the ideals of modern feminism, with her self-awareness, autonomy, and resilience, than Austen’s celebrated heroine.

Charlotte’s character and choices are seemingly prejudiced against to glorify Elizabeth, inadvertently revealing one of the novel’s recurring themes: female competition. The elevation of Elizabeth at the expense of characters like Charlotte perpetuates a narrow view of feminist ideals and reinforces an unrealistic standard for readers. As a highly acclaimed work of classical literature, *Pride and Prejudice* has influenced generations of readers, shaping perceptions of what women should aspire to in love and life. Elizabeth’s quick judgment of others, her stubborn mindset, and her extraordinary luck in love—finding a handsome and wealthy man who is willing to change for her—present an ideal that, while compelling, remains impractical for most readers. It is time to appreciate characters like Charlotte Lucas for their pragmatism and intellect, which are far more relatable and progressive than Elizabeth’s romanticised journey.

In revisiting *Pride and Prejudice* through a modern lens, we must acknowledge and celebrate the nuanced characters that Austen may have unintentionally sidelined. Charlotte Lucas exemplifies a reality that many women of Austen’s time, and even today, understand well—the necessity of compromise and the pursuit of stability in an unpredictable world. Her story serves as a reminder that true strength often lies in adaptability and realism, qualities that deserve recognition alongside Elizabeth’s celebrated wit and independence.

AMNAH KHAN

Discourse over the male gaze has surfaced out of obscure film theory essays into the much larger and broader circle of conversation–social media. You can see this term being flung about quite callously often but it upholsters a place of prominence in feminist theory. Coined by British film scholar Laura Mulvey in her 1975 essay titled ‘Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema’, the term ‘male gaze’ was first appropriately utilised by an art critic John Berger as he stopped to ponder how one perceives a painting as they ‘gaze’ at it.

By definition, the male gaze is a theory that entails how women are oftentimes objectified in their cinematic portrayals, and also in the overarching cinematic narrative for the satisfaction of the patriarchy. The ‘male gaze’ is present in films and shows more often than one might think, and this visceral perception of the construed reality depicted in film is made deliberately to be received through the trailing camera lens. Angle work, intention of the scene and the director, and other postproduction editorial work construct the ‘male gaze’.

There is this very significant trope in science fiction movies that is concentrated with almost all elements of this theory; the trope of a man falling in love with a nonhuman entity residing in the body of a woman.

In ‘Tron: Legacy’, the character of Quorra is an anthropomorphised and sentient computer program, opting for a female body. Her capability of intellect is set in stark difference to her naive demeanour, however, her mature allure is still caught by the camera. She is supposed to be captivating to the male love interest, never mind the fact she functions as a highly-skilled child in her actions and character. This form of apparent objectification strips her of any agency over herself as the power imbalances in the relationship between her and the male lead reduce her to just a shell of herself, quite literally a hollow shell of algorithmic databases.

To look at a comparison of film direction with and without the integration of the ‘male gaze’, we can analyse the character of Harley Quinn in two separate movies: Suicide Squad and Birds Of Prey. In Suicide Squad, she wears a lot of provocative clothing coupled with the type of onset makeup made appealing to male viewers. In her denim shorts, and curled and long infantile ponytails, she is an object of much desire but little authenticity. In reality, the most harmful effects of the portrayal of the male gaze in cinema include validating certain men’s misogynistic perceptions of women as Harley Quinn on screen struts in her uncomfortable heels and attire, lacking self-empowerment in her appearance and gait.

In direct comparison, we have the portrayal of the now emancipated Harley Quinn in Birds Of Prey, discovering herself outside of her relationship with Joker.

By practising self-autonomy and taking agency over her appearance without the need for male validation, Harley chops off her hair and reduces her juvenile long pigtails to much shorter and misaligned pigtails–they just look more fun with a touch of whimsy. Her self-experimentation empowers her to wear more comfortable attire, attire which enhances her dynamic personality rather than making her a lesser person. She still wears shorts but of comfortable length and her makeup, instead of piquing male attention, is more whimsical, more Harley Quinn.

She moves with the vigour of a freed woman as the female direction of the movie is made more evident with a lack of objectifying camera angles, a deeper exploration of Harley as a character with real motivations with no ties to her former male lover who is considered her to be his ‘property’; she truly dodged quite a bullet right there.

An antithesis to a male gaze would of course be the female gaze which includes female perspective in art and media. While the male gaze portrays the female body in a voyeuristic fashion, the female gaze is accompanied by camera cuts meditating on the power of the ‘gaze’. One such example of the female gaze in media includes the French movie, ‘Portrait Of A Lady On Fire’.

The female love interest, Heloise is depicted by the camera lens in a very wistful manner- usually a result of trying to evoke pure awe and admiration. We, the audience can stare right back at the reflective flints of spark and fierce energy in the closeup shot of her blue eyes. As we gaze at Heloise, she gazes right back at us with the same symphonious energy almost like a sentient painting.

Safe to say, artistic choices in films and movies are always up for debate and interpretation, including the camera framework and scene setting. However, all these coincidences tumble over each other to create a pattern; the male gaze is such an example—a pivotal point of many film critiques as it often undersells the starring female characters in favour of pushing the male characters forward. The patriarchy exists in more than just one world; it exists even in man’s artistic creations.

ALIZA FAISAL

One of the prime examples of financial fraud is the Enron scandal—not only did it call into question the credibility of accounting practices worldwide, but it also marked a turning point for corporate governance.

The Enron scandal unfolded in October 2001. Enron Corporation, a leading energy company based in Texas and worth billions of dollars, was found to be involved in a series of accounting malpractices, including scams and the falsification of financial statements to hide its debts and liquidity issues from investors and creditors. As Enron faced increasing competition from other leading gas and energy companies, its profit margins were the first to decline, followed by a downward trend in overall operations. Enron’s chief executive officer, chief financial officer, and chief operating officer, along with other executives, were charged with financial fraud and conspiracy. The company's auditing and accounting firm, Arthur Andersen—once one of the top five US accounting firms—was also heavily complicit, as it approved Enron’s corporate reports despite the unreliable financial information contained within them. As the scandal unravelled, Enron filed for bankruptcy, as the resulting disgrace caused profits to plummet and investors to withdraw their support.

In response to the scandal, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act was passed by the US Congress in 2002 as a preventive measure against fraudulent accounting practices. Key features of this act include regular audits, the requirement for executives to certify the accuracy of financial data, and the implementation of internal controls to mitigate risks. The Enron scandal thus played a crucial role in redefining corporate laws that remain relevant today.

Reflecting on the repercussions of this financial fraud, it is important to consider the need for ethical practices within corporations. If Enron had implemented a proper governance structure, it is possible that the scandal could have been prevented. The use of toxic assets by Enron, revealed during the scandal, also contributed to the rise of corporate social responsibility (CSR) objectives around the world, encouraging firms to maintain a positive brand image by contributing to the welfare of people and the environment. At the root of the scandal was the appointment of unethical leadership. Thriving in a corporate culture requires fostering investor relations and long-term partnerships, which can only be achieved if leaders adhere to ethical and moral principles of governance—something Enron's leadership failed to do.

The Enron scandal has left a lasting legacy of mistrust between companies and the public, reinforcing the perception that corporations may not always be transparent in what they choose to disclose to investors and stakeholders. Corporate culture must prioritise transparency and ethics in all decision-making processes. While businesses may face the challenges posed by stringent regulatory measures introduced by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and similar governance laws, such measures remain necessary, particularly in today’s world, where technological advancements have increased the potential for financial crimes to unprecedented levels.

HAMNA SIDDIQUI

Imagine waking up one morning in the 14th century to find that half of your village has disappeared overnight. The Black Death was more than just a terrible plague that wiped out millions; it turned Europe’s economy and society upside down in ways no one could have predicted. Entire towns were abandoned, and farms fell into ruin because of the lack of people left to tend the land. But what did this mean for those who survived?

In a surprising twist, the plague opened doors for common people and began to crack the walls of the feudal system. Before the Black Death, most of Europe was dominated by a feudal system where peasants worked the land in exchange for nobles’ protection and accommodation. But when the plague killed up to 50% of the population, suddenly there were not enough workers to go around.

Lords had no choice but to offer higher wages and better conditions to keep the few remaining labourers on their land.

For the first time, peasants had leverage. Many decided to leave their old lives behind and seek better opportunities in cities. This shift weakened the traditional social structure that existed at the time and allowed workers to gain more freedom. In response, landowners started to use less labour-intensive farming methods, like sheep herding, which led to even more changes in the economy.

With the emergence of a stronger middle class, the strict rules of medieval society began to fade away. New ideas developed as people sought to rise from the old chains. The stage was set for a period of transformation amongst innovations that paved the way for the future. The impact of the plague was huge and held society open to change and improvement.

As these shifts took hold, Europe was on the brink of a remarkable transformation. The Black Death, while devastating, ultimately set in motion a series of changes that would lead to exploration and the start of the modern age. This period of upheaval was not just about survival; it was about seizing new opportunities in a world that was forever altered.

ANGEL RAI

Is it not ironic that despite living in the 21st century, an era significantly known for its discussions about women's rights and feminism, many of us fail to notice the most remarkable and significant achievements made by women throughout history? We live in a society where conversations about equality and equity are at the forefront of global dialogue and are prominently highlighted in all aspects of life, yet the recognition of women still remains limited.

Today, we are all aware of the calamitous consequences caused by greenhouse gases, yet very few know that this term was introduced by a woman. Her inventions have played a pivotal role in scientific advancements. Imagine the consequences of not understanding the reasons behind one of the planet’s most considerable problems, which has contributed to a substantial climatic crisis, potentially leaving the world puzzled about the rapidly changing environment.

The real innovator behind this intriguing theory was Eunice Foote, an amateur scientist who was also known for her advocacy for women's rights. Her trailblazing innovation remained unrecognised for almost half a century, with credit for this enormous discovery unfortunately being awarded to John Tyndall, an Irish physicist.

Perhaps this erasure was due to her gender or other unknown reasons, but the fact remains that, although her contributions are globally proven, her innovations are still often overlooked.

Is it not painfully astonishing that even today women around the globe are prevented from pursuing their goals and ambitions in education? Traditional views of gender roles and expectations often frame the primary role of women as handling only household and family responsibilities. This robs women of opportunities on both societal and structural levels. Moreover, these attitudes perpetuate the belief that a woman’s identity revolves solely around domestic duties and caregiving.

Savitri Bai Phule, an Indian feminist, was one of the few women who stood against this oppressive framework. She is known to have founded 18 schools for women in the 1800s—an era when the concept of women's rights was virtually nonexistent.

She was often assaulted with stones and dung and subjected to harsh verbal abuse by local conservative communities. Later, she was even forced to leave her hometown. Yet, she remained unfazed, standing firmly against her oppressors and dedicated to her goals.

Many other women have played crucial roles in fostering education for all children, not just within the feminist movement.

For example, Salma Rehmat, a VSO Afghan volunteer, initiated a project to provide education to vulnerable children in Pakistan, including Afghan refugees. She aimed to bridge the gap between Afghan refugee children and entry into Pakistani educational institutions to ensure that every child, regardless of their status, had the right to education. This initiative sought to protect children, especially girls, from falling victim to child labour or forced marriages and to ensure they had better opportunities for their future. Salma’s contributions demonstrated that every action, no matter how small, can significantly impact society. Yet disappointingly, the contributions of countless women often seem to fade into the shadows of history.

Racism has long been one of the world's most troublesome issues, depriving people of basic rights, robbing them of their voice and opportunities, and distorting perspectives so deeply that it was often not even acknowledged as a problem.

These perspectives also influenced the judicial system, making it unjust and unresponsive to racial injustices. In 1955, Rosa Parks, an American citizen, refused to give up her seat to a white passenger despite knowing the harsh consequences. Her fearlessness and heroism led to a protest joined by many African Americans, which ultimately contributed to the fight for equal rights on public transportation.

The stories mentioned here are just a few examples of the exceptional work done by women that has been neglected and underappreciated. The contributions of women to this world are countless and span all fields of life. It is high time that people begin to acknowledge these contributions, as we have all benefited from them throughout our lives and will continue to do so. Should it not be our collective responsibility to uncover and celebrate the untold stories of achievements made by women, even if the world and history have overlooked them?

BISMA UMER

Following the events of October 7, 2023, it has now become evident that the severe human rights violations by the controversial actions of the state of Israel in Palestine show no signs of stopping anytime soon. One of the main reasons is the silence of the Muslim nations, as none want to risk upsetting the United States of America. This submission to Western powers has left the people of Palestine in deeper despair, making them hopeless and pleading for help.

However, Iran, known for its defiance for decades, decided to break international peace by launching a large-scale missile and drone assault on Israel under the cover of night on October 1, 2024. The operation, called “True Promise 2,” involved 200 ballistic missiles aimed at disrupting the foundation of Israel, with some degree of success. This attack marked Iran’s second attempt and proved to be far more impactful than the first one.

Over the past seven decades, Iran and Israel have never been on good terms, and their relationship has shifted through four major phases in 70 years. The first two phases were somewhat diplomatic, guided by each nation’s foreign policy, until the end of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979. Until then, Iran-Israel relations were not hostile; in fact, Iran was the second Muslim country to recognize Israel as a state.

The 1979 Iranian revolution led by Ayatollah Khomeini, aimed at standing up against arrogant states of the world, transformed this relationship, turning Tehran into a vocal supporter of Palestinian rights and labelling Israel as the "little Satan," with the US being the "greater Satan." By the 1980s, their relations were in sharp decline, with both states viewing the Arab world as a shared threat, leading to a prolonged state of hostility ever since. Although, according to intelligence sources, in 1981 and 1982 Israel sold the Iranians tires and brake assemblies for the F-4 jet fighter and other spare parts, as well as light weapons, ammunition, and radar equipment, their ties cannot be regarded as diplomatic.

Israel has also not lagged in strategizing against Iran and the broader Arab world, joining hands with its staunch ally and protector, the United States. Numerous highranking officials within the Iranian government have been targeted and eliminated through their combined efforts, with one particularly significant target being the president of Iran. It was made to appear as though he had perished in a tragic plane crash, yet the true story behind this assassination remains shrouded in mystery and concealed from the eyes of international media.

Fast-forwarding to present times, Iran has claimed its recent attack to be a direct act of retaliation in response to an alleged Israeli bombing of the Iranian embassy, which resulted in the deaths of two senior Iranian generals on April 1, 2024.

However, this incident, along with several other contributing factors, eventually pushed Iran to initiate a large-scale military operation against the Zionist regime.

This operation is aimed not only at striking back but also at garnering the attention of the Muslim world and making it abundantly clear that silence and inaction are no longer viable options when fellow Muslims are being mercilessly targeted and massacred.

Iran’s series of calculated actions have sent a strong and unmistakable message to the West: it will not waver in its steadfast support for the Palestinian cause, irrespective of the potential repercussions. Simultaneously, Tehran is striving to inspire and encourage other Muslim-majority states to stand with it in this cause. It is now urging them to take a more proactive stance against what it perceives as an ongoing campaign of oppression against the people of Palestine.

SYED AMMAR ALI

We've all heard the stories surrounding Josef Stalin, how the 'ruthless dictator' ruled with an iron fist and allegedly massacred 50 million people. It is not far-fetched to say that these claims are often exaggerated and sometimes even nonsensical. But the question is why. Why would people go to such extreme lengths to tarnish the memory of a man who died more than 70 years ago? That is perhaps the crux of what this article seeks to answer.

Let us first address the topic that comes to mind whenever Stalin is mentioned: the gulags. Some critics unfairly compare the gulags with Nazi death camps, overlooking the fact that historical evidence and Soviet archival data have shown that the Gulag system (Main Directorate of Correctional Labour Camps) functioned more as a penal system rather than concentration camps focused on extermination.

Death rates within the gulags were lower than often claimed, and a significant number of inmates were released over time, further demonstrating how Western media has largely exaggerated the supposed horrors of the USSR under Stalin.

Another key point to consider is that, currently, the US has a higher prison population than the USSR did under Stalin, with many inmates exploited as cheap or free labour to generate billions of dollars for corporations. Additionally, despite accusations from the West, most people in the gulags were there for nonpolitical crimes rather than for political reasons.

Another frequently cited issue when discussing Stalin is the death toll attributed to his rule, with some estimates reaching as high as 50 or even 60 million. Such claims are often based on the discredited 'Black Book of Communism,' a book from which even two of its original authors have since distanced themselves. The book's figures have been repeatedly disproven by historical data, including the absurd inclusion of Nazi deaths during World War II in its total count. That said, this does not excuse the fact that many people did die under Stalin's rule, and their deaths cannot be disregarded. However, the total numbers are nowhere near the alleged figures often cited by the West.

This brings us back to the original question: Why go to such lengths to vilify Stalin?

Even during his lifetime, capitalist leaders, including Winston Churchill, could not help but acknowledge Stalin’s role in modernising the USSR. As the Cold War unfolded, Western powers sought to undermine the industrialisation and modernisation achieved under Soviet socialist policies. Ad hominem attacks on Stalin became a convenient method to discredit the achievements of the Soviet state. Claims about his power-hungry nature were also overemphasised. A closer look at the Soviet political system reveals that Stalin held less unilateral power than modern US presidents; decisions were often made collectively by the Supreme Soviet (parliament) or the Council of Peoples' Commissars (cabinet).

Critics also tend to overlook the fact that Stalin reportedly attempted to resign from his position four times but was denied each time by the Supreme Soviet.

This analysis is not intended to absolve Stalin of the crimes he did commit. Rather, it serves as a reminder to view historical figures as complex and flawed human beings —people who made mistakes but are often misrepresented by popular narratives shaped to serve broader agendas. Understanding history requires nuance, skepticism, and a willingness to go beyond oversimplified portrayals.

SYED KHIZAR BIN RAFEY

If there is one thing that has been constant in the journey of life, it is the art of developing stories and sharing them with the world – it has and always will bring people together. As influential as it is, it is extremely important to understand that what we perceive in the world through media, social gatherings, and conversations has the power to compel us to act in a certain way. The stories that we see or hear being told might be entertaining, but they do, altogether, serve a greater purpose than simply leisure. They can quite literally make or break an individual. It is important for storytellers in the world – whether it be directors, writers, actors, or musicians – to be mindful of what they represent and to be open about toxic representation in society.

Media producers and figures are a voice for those who are unable to share their stories and what means so much to them. Even topics like grief, if not too specific, are displayed in super hit worldwide phenomena such as “The Amazing SpiderMan,” “The Lion King,” and “Big Hero 6” – all of which conceptualise the theme of loss in a manner that reaches everyone. Power dynamics can also play a pivotal role in storytelling, given that stories can either challenge or reinforce the status quo. For example, narratives that humanise oppressed groups or give voice to the voiceless can be powerful tools for social change.

Good representation relates to the fact that good values, morals, and actions are being conveyed through the respective story, whether it relates to being kind to those with depression and anxiety or learning to live a meaningful life by providing a service to others – these messages radiate positivity in an individual’s life, which can shape their personality and how they respond to others as well. Positivity displayed will be implemented by a large audience – for example, *Inside Out* initiated a healthy discussion about puberty and the regulation of emotions, emphasising the fact that stereotypical “negative” emotions such as sadness are meant to be processed, not suppressed. Therefore, the importance of positive representation in stories, now more than ever, is crucial for the prosperity of the world.

In modern times, stories circulate the media quicker than one can snap their fingers.

The speed of viewership has increased significantly – as has accessibility to any film or TV show. The portrayal of harmful and derogatory behaviour encourages the same actions to be replicated in real life – because even if it is negative, the media should not make the mistake of glamorising it. The more sensitive topics of suicide, substance abuse, domestic abuse, and violence are often romanticised by viewers because of their portrayal.

For example, an important yet highly fragile topic such as drug abuse is often depicted as a method to escape pain and as something that routinely becomes a part of each person’s life – so as to normalise this fatal behaviour. Modern shows choose not to show the dark side of drug abuse and how the addict, along with everyone else in their life, is roped into an endless cycle of darkness. Not showing the harsh reality of drug consumption encourages audiences to join in on what is being told or shown to them. Similarly, many domestic abuse survivors find it impossible to leave their significant other primarily due to how toxic love is depicted as true love or romanticised in many ways. Therefore, it is unethical to have the power to portray important issues and not take full responsibility for the negative portrayal of topics, which may hinder people’s ability to strengthen their moral compass.

In conclusion, every story we tell has a lesson engraved within it, from the fairy tales we grew up listening to all the way to the movies we watch now. As humans, we tend to justify what we see on screen, forcing it to be applicable to daily life. The truth is that not everything portrayed through media or stories has to be relatable. It is the responsibility of the creators of such ideas to display the negative consequences of harmful indications and to discourage the implementation of such behaviours.

Furthermore, it is crucial to think about how ethical one’s story is. Is it applicable to daily life? Does it shed a negative light on this issue? How will the viewers perceive this? These are all pertinent questions storytellers must consider before choosing to tell a story.

FATIMA NADEEM

NIETZSCHE’S MISUNDERSTOOD VISION OF THE SUPERIOR HUMAN

Friedrich Nietzsche, one of the greatest radical thinkers and philosophers in Western history, renowned for his bold critiques of traditional morality, introduced the concept of the Übermensch, which translates to “Superman” or more commonly as the Superior Human, in 'Thus Spoke Zarathustra'. This figure represents Nietzsche’s vision of the future human—an individual who transcends conventional values and limitations, shaping their path and creating new meanings. But what precisely is the Übermensch, and why is it central to Nietzsche's philosophical outlook?

What is the Übermensch? It is Friedrich Nietzsche's vision of the potential of humans after liberation from earthly constraints, including traditional Christian values. The Übermensch creates a unique path by establishing personal values. It is Nietzsche’s ideal of human potential, a being who rises above the mediocrity of everyday life and conventional morality. According to Nietzsche, the average human is caught between animal and Übermensch, unable to reach their full potential. The Übermensch represents growth and the next stage of human evolution—not biologically, but in terms of consciousness and value.

This concept is centred on rejecting traditional moral values created by humans and society, particularly those rooted in religion.

He believed that our established systems consisting of the concept of morality, especially Christian morality, promote weakness, submission, and denial of life's full potential. The Übermensch is not limited by the boundaries of our ideas of “good” and “evil” but instead transcends these boundaries and creates their values based on self-affirmation and power. Nietzsche looks at the rejection of traditional morality positively, believing that this encourages the Übermensch to live a more authentic and meaningful life without restraints.

This is one of his most misunderstood ideologies. People often reduce the Übermensch to their outlook or misuse it to justify harmful ideologies, causing the concept to be put in a bad light. One common misconception is that the Übermensch is a figure of brute power or domination. This misunderstanding can be traced back to Nietzsche’s concept of the will to power, frequently taken to mean a desire for physical control or oppression over others. However, his idea of the will to power is more about strength and the human ability to overcome social and personal limitations. It is more about creating individual values and living life authentically. It is not meant to promote domination or assertion over another individual but rather promotes individualistic values.

Another misconception about the Übermensch is its rumoured association with the Nazi regime.

This misconception was planted by his sister, Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, who associated herself with extreme nationalist and anti-Semitic beliefs after his death and manipulated his writings to fit the agenda of the Third Reich, attempting to falsely promote the idea that Nietzsche's idea was for Aryan superiority. In reality, Nietzsche was against nationalism, racism, and anti-Semitism and he would have condemned the twisted view of his ideas for political purposes.

The purpose was not to promote any form of racial or political supremacy but to promote personal evolution and overcoming personal limitations. Nietzsche's idea of humanity is not concerned with superiority over others but rather with transcending mediocrity through self-overcoming. The Übermensch strives for personal growth, confronting one's weaknesses, fears, and societal expectations to become a stronger and more authentic individual. His criticism of traditional values, particularly Christian morality, led to many misunderstandings. He rejected the idea of submissiveness and meekness, seeing these as life-denying. Nietzsche valued and gave importance to qualities like strength, creativity, and amor fati (the love of fate), which embodies the ability to fully accept life as it is, including its hardships and suffering. The Übermensch affirms life, seeking not to escape from struggles but to morph struggles into a source of strength and meaning.

Despite these misunderstandings and misconceptions of the concept of the Übermensch, to this day it remains a powerful and thought-provoking concept in modern-day philosophy. In this world where individuals are increasingly searching for the meaning of life amid societal pressures and limitations, his call to selfempowerment resonates deeply. The Übermensch encourages people to reject conventional norms, find their path, and embrace life with all its complexities.

This ideal is not an easy one to achieve. Becoming the ‘Superman’ requires intense effort and a lot of courage. It asks for constant confrontation with one's own mental limitations and rejection of social values. By doing so, individuals can transcend the mediocrity we face in daily life and create individualistic values based on unique experiences.

The Übermensch is more than an ideal for physical power and superiority; it is the vision of human potential and an encouragement for individuals to break free from societal norms and build their own values. While misinterpreted and twisted throughout history, it remains a motivating force for personal growth and affirmation of life. Nietzsche's idea challenges us to rise above the mediocrity of common life and make our path in this life full of joys and hardships.

MINHA FATIMA JATOI

COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THEORY

In recent years, anxiety disorders have become increasingly prevalent among students due to today’s high-pressure educational environment which affects their academic performance, social interactions, and overall well-being. It is important for kids and parents alike to be informed about scientifically supported approaches like Cognitive Behavioural Theory (CBT) to help kids through anxiety disorders by addressing the intricate relationship between thoughts, emotions, and behaviours.

CBT involves several key components. A CBT technique we encourage on a daily basis is Cognitive Restructuring-also referred to as “positive self-talk’ in laymen’s terms. But cognitive restructuring goes deeper than just positive self-talk as this technique helps individuals identify irrational or harmful thoughts and replace them with more rational and constructive ones. For students, this might mean challenging thoughts such as “I will fail this exam” with more balanced perspectives like “I am prepared and can only do my best.”

Another key CBT technique is Behavioural Activation, which encourages individuals to participate in activities that boost positive feelings while reducing avoidance behaviours.

This approach is particularly helpful for students dealing with anxiety, as it gradually exposes them to challenging situations—like speaking up in class—that they might otherwise avoid. Through these small, purposeful actions, students can build confidence, foster resilience, and improve their overall mood. Finally, Skill Development is a major part of CBT that gives students practical tools to handle stress. CBT emphasises teaching coping strategies and skills, such as relaxation techniques and problem-solving skills, that students can use in stressful situations.

The key techniques described above can be used by anyone. CBT also offers different ways of dealing with different anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorders among students can take various forms, including Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD), and Performance Anxiety, each of which can deeply affect a student’s academic and social life.

For students with GAD, anxiety can feel constant, making it hard to focus and excel academically. CBT helps these students by identifying specific sources of their anxiety and challenging patterns of excessive worry. Mindfulness and grounding exercises are also used, helping students stay present and manage overwhelming thoughts more effectively.

Social Anxiety Disorder is another common struggle, where students fear judgement or embarrassment in social situations. CBT can support these students through exposure therapy, allowing them to gradually build confidence by engaging in social situations in a controlled, supportive environment. Techniques such as roleplaying and social skills training are also invaluable, helping students learn to navigate interactions with greater ease.

Many students also experience Performance Anxiety, particularly around exams, presentations, and other high-stakes situations. CBT offers relaxation techniques, like deep breathing and visualisation, that help manage anxious thoughts and physical symptoms, allowing students to stay focused and perform at their best.

It is important to identify these problems and the methods used in CBT not just for professionals, but in personal landscapes to offer help to kids, teenagers, adults or anyone suffering from anxiety. The high levels of stress experienced by students in today’s educational landscape make CBT particularly relevant for them. Being informed of these anxiety disorders and the key techniques on dealing with them also helps remove the stigma around mental health and encourages a more open and supportive environment for those struggling with anxiety.

When students, parents, and educators understand these disorders and the tools available, it becomes easier to recognize signs of anxiety and approach mental health with compassion rather than judgement. Informed awareness not only aids in early intervention but also fosters resilience and empowers individuals to seek help without fear of stigma. As more people adopt CBT techniques in their personal lives, it contributes to a culture where mental health support is accessible, normalised, and valued.

AYESHA AMJAD

THE BYSTANDER EFFECT

the bystander effect refers to a phenomenon in which the greater the number of people there are present, the less likely people are to help a person in distress.

In the split second between disaster and rescue, the quiet inaction of a crowd often speaks louder than the cries for help. The importance of this effect is embodied in the bystander effect, a psychological phenomenon that states that the likelihood of helping a person in danger diminishes as the number of onlookers increases.

What is the bystander effect? This concept was first studied after the infamous Kitty Genovese case, where it was initially believed that multiple eyewitnesses failed to help as Catherine "Kitty" Genovese was murdered, and she eventually succumbed to her wounds. Although it was later revealed that the case was flawed and lacked sufficient evidence to prove no one had tried to help, it still highlighted a behaviour we often overlook as a society. Such behaviour is often seen in daily human interactions, showing how the presence of others can discourage us from acting on our instinct to help.

While the bystander effect might appear to be an anomaly, it happens predictably due to social and psychological reasons. The presence of other people diffuses responsibility, and people do not help because they think others will. This pattern repeats in countless situations. Consequently, even in emergencies, people often choose to remain passive, assuming that others will intervene.

This behaviour is not merely a lapse in moral judgement, but rather a cognitive occurrence that, while not entirely fixable, can be improved if addressed collectively as a society. The issue, as complex as it is, can be simplified by dividing its causes into subgroups that lead to the same situation with different problems.

One of the factors contributing to the bystander effect is cultural differences. The case of Wang Yue serves as a horrifying case study for this problem, in which a little girl in China was run over by two motorists in the presence of 18 passersby, who failed to help for a full seven minutes. It was noted that, in Chinese culture, blood relations and personal ties are valued, while treating strangers kindly is often viewed with ambivalence. Cultural norms in India, such as discouraging younger children from speaking up or asking questions, can also negatively impact their willingness to intervene as adults, especially in public matters that do not directly concern them.

People also often assume that their interpretation of situations might be incorrect, fearing that gathering the courage to help someone who is not actually in danger could lead to embarrassment. Furthermore, individuals may believe they are less capable compared to those around them and think their intervention may prevent someone more “qualified” from stepping in, which usually does more harm than good.

Situational factors may also influence an individual's decision to intervene during emergencies, including the perceived severity of the situation and the environment in which the incident occurs. Regarding issues like sexual assault against women, studies have shown that male onlookers, particularly those with prejudiced views or under the influence of substances, are less likely to step in and help a woman in danger. This pattern also appears in cases of sexual assault against men, where societal beliefs often lead people to underestimate the possibility of male victimization. Many individuals may doubt that men can be sexually assaulted, which lowers the perceived severity of the situation and results in a lack of intervention. Such dismissals not only reinforce harmful stereotypes but also put both male and female victims at risk in critical moments.

Although the bystander effect has many flaws and can lead to harmful behaviour in society, the same factors can also lead to better behaviours in individuals, such as considerate actions when observed by a crowd and an understanding that their actions must reflect their social identities. For instance, someone who identifies strongly with community service may tip more generously when others are around because they desire to be known as a responsible and giving member of society.

In conclusion, the bystander effect highlights the complexities of human behaviour in emergencies, where societal influences can lead to inaction. Most societal issues, such as this, cannot be fully solved, as they are deeply rooted in naturally occurring social dynamics. This makes it unlikely that they will ever be eliminated. While we can aim for awareness and encourage proactive behaviour, it is important to recognize that inaction may continue to persist in certain situations.

MINHA FATIMA JATOI

THE LIE OF POSITIVITY

Humanity's need to lie is often understood scientifically as a survival mechanism: to exclude ourselves from internal conflicts or to avoid facing the consequences of our actions. Lying acts like the warm embrace of a mother; it provides us with an overstrung feeling of hope, no matter how unreal and potentially detrimental it may be.

Complex social constructs, physical and mental health challenges, and the curse of feeling everything deeply make humans understandably difficult to comprehend. To shield ourselves from what we perceive as harm or from the wounds that life inflicts, we often use the armour and band-aid of false hope.

Self-affirmations are widely embraced and seen as a step on the internal journey of healing, but what if they are not as beneficial as we believe? What if they simply remind us that we bleed and that our wounds cannot be closed by words alone? Healing requires action. Surely, speech can be a form of action, but is it enough to truly help us move on, to finally be content with our reality? This may be a rhetorical question, but undeniably, we all wonder whether things will ever truly get better. Even our false hope requires hope to sustain it.

However, there is a positive view to this somewhat sobering reality. No matter how deeply a challenge hurts, it eventually gets resolved—not through our affirmations of “it is going to be okay” but through the passage of time. One could argue that what truly heals is time itself, as the things that once hurt us become parts of something time has passed over and left behind: a thing rightfully named the past.

BILAL SIDDIQUI

As humanity reaches new heights of scientific innovation, the fears and moral panic around our overreaching ambition- that has brought to reality the villain of every science fiction media: AI- has permeated the hearts of millions. AI is not the only source of scientific anxiety for the masses but genetic engineering, bioweapons, the suffocating surveillance of the modern era and more. In the apex of scientific innovation and fear, Mary Shelly’s ‘Frankenstein’ holds more significance than ever before.

The plot of Frankenstein is barbarically simple: Man makes monster; monster runs amok; monster kills man.The fear has taken on a new shape and evolved from the Enlightenment era fears of ‘Frankenstein’ to the Modern era fear: Man makes AI; AI runs amok; AI kills man. In this case, AI acts as a placeholder that includes it and all of the scientific inventions of the time. Humans are, rightfully so, concerned about their downfall at the hands of their own creations. The question is there in the minds of the populace: how far can we go?

This question lies at the heart of ‘Frankenstein’ where we see Victor Frankstein crossing the boundary and assuming the role of God by creating life. Here, Shelly suggests that that is humanity’s boundary: playing the role of God. Not only is the immediate result jarring-the distorted body of Frankenstein’s monster- but his creation results in the death of Frankenstein’s loved ones and eventually leads to his own death.

Humanity has already begun bordering on this line with AI acting as a terrifying predecessor to creating true consciousness. Even creating something with such a close proximity to consciousness has led to the detriment of humanity with the rampant environmental destruction, the job displacement, privacy risks, art theft from real people and more. As we get closer to an increasingly human consciousness with AI, its destruction and problems only increase. We are now caught between the hopes of advancement and the fear of destruction of humankind itself-with texts like ‘Frankenstein’ suggesting the latter and warning us to stop before we cross the ultimate boundary.

Aside from AI, humanity has begun experimenting in genetic engineering-a technology that alters an organism’s DNA- which bears an eerie similarity to Frankenstein’s creation of his monster with different body parts-picking the best ones and eventually leading to a horrific, egregious being he couldn’t stand the sight of. This act of picking and choosing body parts mirrors the genetic selections scientists make in genetic engineering. They choose the ‘best’ genes for the organism but as we see in ‘Frankenstein’ how far can they go before the ‘best’ genes start distorting the organism instead of improving it.

There is also a case for eugenics to be made here along with other problems with genetic engineering but that is not discussed in ‘Frankenstein’ and as such will be ignored in this article.

Due to Frankenstein’s flawed creation of the monster, he becomes isolated and suffers due to societal rejection and the rejection by his own creator. This creates the argument of the suffering we might cause people or even animals who genetic engineering does not work successfully on. If something goes wrong, we are potentially ruining a life in a disastrous way that can extend to the destruction of other lifes. This is not just a case of ‘playing god’ but also a lesson on the importance of ethical boundaries in science.

Frankenstein was written more than 200 years ago and centres around the anxiety around scientific innovation in the Enlightenment era. In 200 years, science and technology has advanced far beyond what Shelly herself could have imagined but her fears about unchecked scientific progress-reflected in the character of Victor Frankenstein and his monster- have only been exacerbated in the Modern era.

These are not just fears stemming from a fear of the unknown but fears around the potential ramifications of progress in areas like AI and genetic engineering and as such scientists need to keep these moral dilemmas in mind along with the need for progress and innovation.

HAMNAH IFTIKHAR

Humanity's fascination with eternal youth is as ancient as civilization itself, with myths of magical springs, divine elixirs, and legendary quests appearing in cultures around the world. Stories of people seeking to overcome ageing and death reflect a deep and universal desire for immortality [ref. Short story: “Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment” by Nathaniel Hawthorne]. Today, modern science is closer than ever to transforming this age-old quest from fantasy into a potential reality, with revolutionary advances in biotechnology and medicine opening new doors in the battle against ageing. But can science truly stop ageing, or are we simply prolonging the inevitable?

Understanding the Science behind Aging Aging was once viewed as an unavoidable natural process—a simple byproduct of time. However, scientists now understand that ageing is driven by complex biological processes occurring at the cellular and molecular levels. Factors such as DNA damage, cellular senescence, and changes in gene expression all contribute to ageing. As we grow older, our cells lose their capacity to repair and replicate effectively, leading to a decline in bodily function and a higher susceptibility to diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer’s, and heart disease.

One promising breakthrough in understanding ageing centres on telomeres— protective caps at the ends of chromosomes that shorten each time a cell divides.

When telomeres become too short, cells enter a state called senescence, where they stop dividing and contribute to tissue degeneration and ageing. Scientists believe that by extending or preserving telomeres, they might be able to delay or reverse cellular ageing. Research on telomerase, an enzyme that can rebuild telomeres, offers hope for extending cell lifespan and maintaining function and vitality. However, manipulating telomerase poses risks, as excessive activity can lead to uncontrolled cell division and cancer. The challenge is to carefully control telomerase to promote longevity without disrupting healthy cell processes.

Stem Cell Therapy: Rejuvenating Ageing Tissues Stem cell therapy is another leading avenue in anti-aging research. Stem cells have the unique ability to differentiate into various cell types and regenerate damaged tissues, potentially restoring youth and function to ageing organs. Clinical trials have demonstrated the potential of stem cell therapies to improve muscle function, cognitive performance, and overall rejuvenation in ageing animals, and some human trials have shown encouraging results.

Regenerative medicine relies on the ability of stem cells to create new, healthy cells that replace damaged or aged ones. In some studies, stem cell infusions have reversed the effects of ageing-related diseases. Researchers hope that stem cell therapies may offer treatments for conditions such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and other degenerative diseases commonly associated with ageing, bringing regenerative therapies into mainstream healthcare.

However, stem cell research raises ethical concerns, particularly when it involves embryonic stem cells. Ethical debates have slowed widespread adoption. Advances in creating pluripotent stem cells—cells generated from adult tissues—offer a less controversial pathway to regenerative therapies, potentially overcoming many of the ethical challenges.

Senolytic Drugs and Caloric Restriction Mimetics Scientists are also exploring ways to combat ageing by targeting "zombie" or senescent cells—damaged cells that no longer function but remain in the body, releasing harmful inflammatory molecules. Senolytic drugs aim to eliminate these cells, reducing inflammation and improving tissue function. In animal studies, senolytics have shown potential to extend lifespan and reduce age-related decline.

Caloric restriction, which involves reducing food intake without malnutrition, has been shown to extend lifespan in animal studies. However, long-term caloric restriction is impractical for most people. Researchers are now developing caloric restriction mimetics—compounds that mimic the effects of a calorie-restricted diet without requiring drastic dietary changes. By reducing metabolic stress and encouraging cell repair, these compounds may slow down ageing processes and promote longevity.

Senolytic drugs such as quercetin and dasatinib are already being tested in early human trials. While these treatments offer hope for mitigating the effects of ageing, ongoing research is needed to determine their long-term safety and efficacy.

Our Lasting Obsession with Immortality The desire to halt or reverse ageing is deeply ingrained in human culture. Myths from ancient civilisations tell of gods, elixirs, and sacred springs that grant eternal life. These tales reflect humanity’s desire to live longer and better and to escape the decline that accompanies ageing. Today, biotechnology and medical research carry on this age-old quest, offering scientific solutions where myths once prevailed. While the search for mystical fountains has faded, the desire to transcend ageing remains as powerful as ever.

Ethical and Social Implications – Underlying Concerns The possibility of extending human life raises profound ethical and social questions.

Should we aim to halt ageing, or is it a natural aspect of life that should remain untouched? Prolonging life may bring complex societal challenges, such as increased strain on resources, overpopulation, and changes in workforce dynamics.

There are also concerns about access to life extension technologies, as they could initially be available only to those who can afford them, exacerbating socioeconomic divides and creating ethical dilemmas around accessibility and equity.

Some ethicists suggest that efforts should focus on improving quality of life rather than seeking immortality, emphasising that the quest for longevity must be balanced with considerations of sustainability, fairness, and the broader implications for society.

In conclusion, while scientific advancements offer unprecedented opportunities to understand and potentially slow down the ageing process, they also raise important ethical, social, and practical questions. The quest for the "Fountain of Youth" may be as old as time, but its modern pursuit requires careful thought and consideration about what it means to age, live, and thrive as humans.

ISMAIL MISBAH

Picture yourself on a game show. There are three doors: behind one is a car, and behind the other two are goats. You choose a door, but before it opens, the host, Monty Hall, opens one of the other doors and reveals a goat. He then asks if you want to stick with your original choice or switch to the other unopened door. What should you do?

Most people’s gut reaction tells them it doesn’t matter whether they switch or not— the odds are 50/50 now, right? This common intuition leads to the kind of misconception we see with the Monty Hall problem, a famous probability puzzle. In reality, the math shows that switching doors makes you twice as likely to win the car.

Here’s why: when you first pick a door, there’s only a 1/3 chance that the car is behind it, meaning there’s a 2/3 chance it’s behind one of the other two doors. Once Monty opens the door to reveal a goat, that probability doesn’t get divided—it remains entirely on the other door you hadn’t chosen. By switching, you’re effectively betting on that 2/3 chance, which gives you a much better shot at winning.

So, why does this puzzle confuse so many people? It’s because our brains like to simplify things. Once Monty shows us a goat, we see two unopened doors and assume we’re looking at an even 50/50 chance. We tend to feel as though sticking with our first choice is just as good as switching, even though the math tells a different story.

The Monty Hall Problem gives insight into a flaw in human perception: we often trust our instincts even when the numbers suggest otherwise. This reminds us that in the world of probability, taking a moment to do the math can reveal surprising truths that our gut reactions might miss. Ultimately, the Monty Hall problem challenges us to rethink our assumptions about probability. It emphasises the importance of questioning our instincts and considering the underlying math. So, the next time you face a decision, take a moment to analyse the situation. You might just find that a little math can lead you to a win!

ANGEL RAI

Often described as one of the most famous philosophical paradoxes, the Ship of Theseus raises the question of whether an object remains the same if every one of its parts is gradually replaced over time. This thought experiment originated in ancient Greece and has been examined by philosophers for centuries as an investigation into "what it might mean to be the same while changing.”

Through the legendary hero Theseus, the paradox is explained: his ship was kept as a monument in Athens. Over time, some of the wooden parts of the ship decayed and were replaced. Eventually, all the original parts were replaced. Thus, the question for philosophers was: does it remain the same ship if none of its original components remain?

This problem can be approached in two substantially different ways. A famous argument is continuity. The ship is considered continuous with itself because its identity is a matter of history and function; even with all new parts, it is still Theseus' ship because it fulfills the same function and carries the same legacy. The opposing argument, sometimes called the replacement argument, holds that once all the original parts are gone, the ship becomes something else. Its physical form has changed entirely, so it is no longer the same object.

Philosopher Thomas Hobbes added an interesting twist to this paradox: "the takenaway original parts of the ship can be fitted elsewhere to make a new ship." So, if that is true, which ship—made of new parts or reassembled from old ones—is the real Ship of Theseus? This deepens the philosophical puzzle, questioning how one defines the identity of objects, especially when they are duplicated or replaced.

The Ship of Theseus also serves as an allegory for human identity. Like the ship, our bodies are in a state of constant change. For the most part, each cell in the human body is replaced over time. So, are we not the same person? The continuity of consciousness—our memories, thoughts, and experiences—is where philosophers like John Locke locate personal identity. For Locke, as long as these persist, we are the same person, even if the body has completely changed.

Expanding on this, philosopher Derek Parfit argued that psychological continuity is more crucial than strict identity. For Parfit, a strong connection between our past and present selves is essential to maintaining identity. Here, the Ship of Theseus mirrors our existence: both physical and mental aspects of life are in constant flux, yet we feel that we remain the same person.

Beyond personal identity, the paradox also applies to cultural identity. Cultures and traditions change over time but somehow maintain continuity.

For instance, practices may alter but retain their original meaning. Does this mean they remain authentic? The Ship of Theseus prompts us to consider how identity is preserved when its components continually change.

This paradox is increasingly relevant in today’s world. Technological advancements, such as cyborgs and prosthetics, raise similar questions. For instance, at what point do technological enhancements change a person’s identity? The issue becomes even more complex with the possibility of transferring consciousness into machines —if our memories and thoughts could be uploaded to a computer, would that machine become "us"?

The Ship of Theseus also has implications in biology. Our bodies renew themselves as cells die and are replaced, yet we experience ourselves as continuous. Here again is the paradox: if almost every part of our body changes over time, do we remain the same person? The paradox highlights a complex question, even when examined through the lens of science.

From a sustainability perspective, the notion of identity shifts when we consider the reuse and recycling of materials. If objects are recreated or repaired with new materials, are they still the same objects?

This question resonates in discussions on sustainability, where reshaping something to make it last longer can reframe its identity.

The Ship of Theseus remains a compelling metaphor for exploring identity and change. Whether approached from philosophical, technological, biological, or cultural perspectives, the concept challenges our understanding of identity. It prompts the question: does identity lie in what we replace and rebuild? Is it in the physical parts, or does it transcend material change, residing instead in purpose, history, or the consciousness behind those changes?

Ultimately, the Ship of Theseus challenges us to confront the complexity of identity in a constantly changing world. It demonstrates how something simple and finite can morph while retaining its essence.

TAHA ALI

ROMANTICIZING MENTAL HEALTH

Nowadays, mental health has become an important and popular topic, largely due to social media platforms. Different mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and others are portrayed to the public in ways that can make them appear appealing or even glamorous. The way this content is displayed can lead to harmful consequences for both those who suffer from these conditions and the wider audience consuming such content.

Mental health is often romanticised and treated as an "aesthetic,” overshadowing the need for a authentic and careful approach. On social media platforms like TikTok and Tumblr, users share content about mental illnesses in aesthetically pleasing ways. For example, anxiety is sometimes described as something unique or deeply misunderstood, while depression is often depicted through melancholic and romantic imagery. The word "depression" is used casually and interchangeably with sadness, which can be highly triggering and invalidating for those who actually suffer from it. Artists and writers in films are frequently portrayed as tortured souls— mentally ill yet creative and tragic. This portrayal is often romanticised and becomes something that some individuals aspire to emulate.

The romanticisation of mental health conditions has serious consequences and the most significant impact is on those who actually live with these conditions. By glamourising mental illnesses, the realities of their struggles can be overlooked or trivialised, making them feel even more misunderstood or invisible. This can also lead to widespread misconceptions about mental health disorders, prompting individuals to self-diagnose or misinterpret their own symptoms. Some may come to believe that their condition is less serious or more manageable than it actually is, which can delay seeking appropriate help. Furthermore, romanticising mental health issues can lead to unhealthy coping mechanisms, such as self-harm, which is sometimes depicted in an "aesthetic" way. Vulnerable individuals may see selfdestructive behaviour as a form of artistic expression rather than seeking healthy coping mechanisms and professional support. The poetic depiction of mental illness can also make some people hesitant to ask for help, fearing that they might lose the "beauty" of their suffering or their sense of identity.

Another issue is that people may delay seeking help if their experience does not match the romanticised depictions they see. They may dismiss their symptoms, believing that their condition is not "bad enough" until it worsens. Some TV shows and movies glamourise mental health struggles, suicide, or self-destructive behaviours, while others make efforts to accurately portray the real pain, confusion, and difficulties involved in living with mental illness. There is a fine line between raising awareness and glamorising suffering, and creators must be mindful of how they present these issues.

Romanticised portrayals of mental illness can make it more difficult for individuals to seek help. Instead of recognising their struggles for what they are, people may compare themselves to others' perceived experiences and wonder if their suffering is just part of an "aesthetic" narrative. This can make them feel less deserving of help or support.

In conclusion, society must be more considerate towards one another and mindful of the information being spread. We should promote a comprehensive understanding of mental health through trusted resources and encourage open, honest discussions. Expert help should be sought to separate the reality of mental health challenges from romanticised portrayals. It is our collective responsibility to ensure that we create a supportive community that validates one another's experiences and offers genuine compassion and understanding. Let us strive to be there for one another and build a world where people feel safe and encouraged to seek help when they need it most.

ANUMTA RASHID

The average labourer working in a Pakistani factory is underpaid, overworked, and mistreated. Despite six major labour policies enacted from 1955 to 2018 aiming to bridge societal gaps and promote economic justice, the reality for many workers remains grim. These policies persisted through both military dictatorships and democratic periods, exposing the colonial mentality towards the labour class.

The Trade Union Act of 1926 allowed workers to join a union but restricted their ability to strike. In 1959, the first of its military dictatorships withdrew all these governmental guarantees and drastically reduced workers' freedoms. In 1969, policies calling for substance consistent with International Labour Organization (ILO) conventions were adopted that largely failed to address basic labour issues.

While the labour policy of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto in 1972 was somewhat more progressive, subsequent military and democratic governments regularly shot at workers. The 2018 policy tried to democratise labour rights, yet the implementation was dubious.

Since June 2016, the minimum wage in Pakistan has stagnated at 15,000 rupees, disproportionately impacting urban working-class segments.

Women, in particular, earn only half of what men earn, and agricultural workers are excluded from the minimum wage laws. The absence of such reform means inequality is maintained and the system remains rigged against workers who continue to be working in insecure employment arrangements. This lack of reform is most evident in the garment industry.

Pakistan's garment industry employs approximately 15 million people, making up about 38 percent of the manufacturing labour force. However, job insecurity, poor government labour inspection and enforcement, and aggressive tactics against independent unions make it challenging for workers to assert their rights. Factories sometimes misuse government benefits meant for worker training. On December 1, 2018, there was a protest at a training institute for garment workers in Lahore, run by a major Pakistani brand. Workers alleged that the company abused government incentives to establish training institutes but the institutes operated as a factory, extracting free labour. This practice of trying to extract free labour is a common issue in Pakistan.

Many companies employ kids, also known as child labour, with little to no pay.

Children as young as 13 are employed to avoid paying minimum wage and overtime.

Human Rights Watch spoke to nine children working in garment factories, all producing for the domestic market without written contracts.

These children often accompany their parents, mostly their mothers, and end up working without formal agreements. The lack of a national identification card (NIC) for those under 18 is often used as a pretext for denying official wages and benefits.

These practices are openly done in Pakistan, especially in smaller factories.

Working conditions in smaller factories are generally worse than in larger ones, which are more likely to be inspected, especially if they supply to international brands. Smaller factory owners frequently refuse to pay the statutory minimum wage and rely on short-term oral contracts. However, even large factories in Pakistan are not free from violations. Human Rights Watch has documented forced overtime, denial of leave, and short-term unwritten contracts. Workers, mostly women, report experiencing physical and verbal abuse, sexual harassment, forced overtime, denied paid maternity and medical leave, and not receiving pay minimum wages. Additionally, workers face pressure not to take toilet breaks and are sometimes denied clean drinking water. One worker in Karachi shared her plight, stating, "There is no maternity leave. Pregnant women are 'left' [an industry term for termination], and now whenever a woman worker becomes pregnant, she leaves the job herself to avoid the indignity of being fired."

In conclusion, while there have been notable attempts to improve labour laws and assist Pakistani workers over the past decades, much more needs to be done on the implementation side than the legislation. Executives continue to enjoy exorbitant profits while workers still work in deplorable conditions, earning substandard wages and few rights creating a cycle of inequity. These problems need not only strong rules, but enforcement and commitment to protect the agency of workers. The march for fair labour practices and economic justice is far from over, so working together to advance policies that truly benefit the worker will always be essential.

HAMNAH IFTIKHAR

Toxically charged relationships seem to be one of the most fascinating topics in modern media. Best-selling books, blockbuster movies, and trending television shows applaud unhealthy relationship dynamics, making such aspects tolerable and attractive. In some of these narratives, control and emotional injury are hinted at as traits of passion or are conflated with love. This warped image carries many dangerous undertones when those damaging behaviours from male and female characters are internalised as normal by the target audience.

In much of pop culture, male characters whose toxic relationship portrayals result in hyperactivity, controlling, and possessive behaviours are often depicted. Many times, these traits are framed as expressions of deep love or a desire to "protect" their partner. A clear example is the "bad boy" archetype—the anti-social male who exercises control over his love interest. "Twilight" and "Fifty Shades of Grey" are just a few examples where male protagonists exhibit controlling and possessive behaviours. However, because they "really care," the narrative frames these behaviours as romantic or forgivable.

This sends a troubling message to both male and female viewers.

Men may be led to believe that to love is to control or to detach emotionally. This is reinforced by notions such as "If he's not jealous, he doesn't care." For male consumers of these stories, this creates socially constructed and unrealistic expectations about how to engage in relationships, often translating into behaviours that can hurt their loved ones emotionally or even physically in the real world.

Toxically charged relationships seem to be one of the most fascinating topics in modern media. Best-selling books, blockbuster movies, and trending television shows applaud unhealthy relationship dynamics, making such aspects tolerable and attractive. In some of these narratives, control and emotional injury are hinted at as traits of passion or are conflated with love. This warped image carries many dangerous undertones when those damaging behaviours from male and female characters are internalised as normal by the target audience.

In much of pop culture, male characters whose toxic relationship portrayals result in hyperactivity, controlling, and possessive behaviours are often depicted. Many times, these traits are framed as expressions of deep love or a desire to "protect" their partner. A clear example is the "bad boy" archetype—the anti-social male who exercises control over his love interest. "Twilight" and "Fifty Shades of Grey" are just a few examples where male protagonists exhibit controlling and possessive behaviours. However, because they "really care," the narrative frames these behaviours as romantic or forgivable.

This sends a troubling message to both male and female viewers. Men may be led to believe that to love is to control or to detach emotionally. This is reinforced by notions such as "If he's not jealous, he doesn't care." For male consumers of these stories, this creates socially constructed and unrealistic expectations about how to engage in relationships, often translating into behaviours that can hurt their loved ones emotionally or even physically in the real world.

On the other hand, many female characters in popular culture portray the idea that women should tolerate or even accept the toxic behaviour of their lovers as proof of love. Most romantic movies depict women as the "fixers" who remain in unhealthy relationships, believing they can change their partner with enough patience and love. This trope is particularly harmful as it reinforces the idea that a woman's worth is determined by her endurance of mistreatment for the sake of love.

In cinema, television, and literature, heroines who endure emotional or physical injury are often depicted as noble fighters, enduring toxicity for the sake of love. For instance, in countless romance novels, the male exhibits toxic behaviour towards the female protagonist, but by the end of the story, she "tames" him with her love and gentle nature.

This is an unsafe narrative for women because it implies that toxic behaviours are an inevitable part of becoming "perfect" for their partner and that they should endure such behaviour with patience and mercy.

Pop culture plays a major role in shaping societal expectations of love and relationships. Shows and movies repeatedly glorify toxic relationships to the point where the lines between passion and abuse are blurred. Viewers, regardless of gender, begin to normalise unhealthy behaviours, such as controlling tendencies, emotional manipulation, or physical aggression, because these behaviours are romanticised repeatedly in their entertainment.

Additionally, romanticising dangerous relationships perpetuates unhealthy power dynamics. For example, male dominance is often depicted as a perceived need for "protection" or "passion." Meanwhile, women are frequently socialised to associate suffering or self-sacrifice with love, further reinforcing problematic stereotypes about male authority and female subservience.

Not all representations in the media are harmful, and some newer shows and films are beginning to address these issues with a more critical eye. However, there is still significant work to be done in how love and relationships are written and portrayed.

We need more stories that represent equality, mutual respect, and healthy communication. Both male and female audiences need to understand that love does not have to involve control or emotional suffering to be genuine or meaningful.

Pop culture has the power to influence change, but it can only do so if it stops promoting poisonous behaviours and instead portrays more balanced versions of love and relationships in movies and television. Recognising and challenging these toxic portrayals paves the way for unlearning harmful narratives and fostering a greater respect and emotionally healthy understanding of what it means to love and be loved. plays a major role in shaping societal expectations of love and relationships. Shows and movies repeatedly glorify toxic relationships to the point where the lines between passion and abuse are blurred. Viewers, regardless of gender, begin to normalise unhealthy behaviours, such as controlling tendencies, emotional manipulation, or physical aggression, because these behaviours are romanticised repeatedly in their entertainment, Additionally, romanticising dangerous relationships perpetuates unhealthy power dynamics. For example, male dominance is often depicted as a perceived need for "protection" or "passion."

Meanwhile, women are frequently socialised to associate suffering or self-sacrifice with love, further reinforcing problematic stereotypes about male authority and female subservience.

Not all representations in the media are harmful, and some newer shows and films are beginning to address these issues with a more critical eye. However, there is still significant work to be done in how love and relationships are written and portrayed.

We need more stories that represent equality, mutual respect, and healthy communication. Both male and female audiences need to understand that love does not have to involve control or emotional suffering to be genuine or meaningful.

Pop culture has the power to influence change, but it can only do so if it stops promoting poisonous behaviours and instead portrays more balanced versions of love and relationships in movies and television. Recognising and challenging these toxic portrayals paves the way for unlearning harmful narratives and fostering a greater respect and emotionally healthy understanding of what it means to love and be loved.

MARIA SAQIB ALI

The term “double bind” comes from Gayatri Spivak’s theory on how subaltern women are marginalised by both colonial and patriarchal systems, leading to a struggle for being heard and having proper representation. It analyses how women are judged by the patriarchy at home as evil women trying to tarnish the name of Pakistan, its traditions, and the image of its women. They are also perceived as victims who need to be saved from the depravities that occur in Muslim countries from the West and used as tools to further this ideology against Muslim countries.

This puts them in the impossible position of never winning, no matter what side they are on, a concept that will be explored in this article.

The dilemma that Pakistani women are now presented with is how they are silenced in their own countries and mis-seen or misused in Western countries. In their countries, they face criticism for being too bold, unashamed “behaya”, “not Muslim enough” and painted as performative activities which are working for Western ideals. In Western countries, their views and opinions are distorted to fit their rhetoric and agendas. Then they are blamed by the Pakistani media for feeding into this. We can take the examples of Malala Yousafzai and Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy to further examine the treatment of female activists in Pakistan.

Malala Yousafzai, the daughter of Pakistan, is now a one-word trigger for anger and malice-filled conversation. Two groups in Pakistan exist, the one that unabashedly supports her and one that criticises every aspect of her existence. The latter, more vocal group, views her as a “performative activist” who has become a symbol of Western influence. This group also includes people whom Malala has openly spoken for, the victims of Taliban violence; the mothers and fathers of girls who were beaten, injured, or killed for going to school. All this anger towards the Taliban and the Westerners has been directed towards Malala and she has become the figure that represents Pakistani’s problems with the West and the Taliban. Although people criticise Malala a lot, most of the criticism is not directed towards her but the issues she represents as that figure.

Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy has faced similar challenges to Malala, though her criticism is more around the content of her work. Sharmeen has received international recognition for her documentaries, which highlight issues like honour killings and women's rights abuses in Pakistan. However, many in the Pakistani media accuse her of portraying the country in a negative light to gain approval from Western audiences. Her films are often seen as airing Pakistan's dirty laundry on the global stage, leading to claims that she is complicit in advancing stereotypes that depict Pakistan as a backward society. Despite this backlash, Sharmeen argues that her work is not about shaming Pakistan but about starting much-needed dialogue and change.

The perception of Sharmeen by the Pakistani media overlooks the role her work plays in bringing change. Rather than being a tool for Western propaganda, her films give a platform to tell stories that otherwise would not be heard and demand accountability from those in power. Sharmeen has commented on the criticism many times over the years. She points out how the feature film, Spotlight, which had won the Oscar award in the best film category that year, was about the child abuse that took place in churches, but no one in America said that it tried to malign America but when she made a film talking about the honour killings in Pakistan everyone said she was trying to malign Pakistan and Islam.

People in Pakistan often use Islam as a way to put down the achievements and progress of women. Muslim male preachers have been using the Islamic discourses of ‘modesty’ to limit women’s freedom for ages. Female modesty is used as a tool for the Pakistani Muslim patriarchy to control women. Moral regulation exclusive to women became a part of the law in Pakistan after Zia-ul-Haq meddled with lawmaking and introduced policies to strengthen his illegitimate rule in Pakistan by seeking the favour of Islamists. This further shows the ways women in Pakistan are kept marginalised and kept in a double bind.

In conclusion, Pakistani women face a difficult double bind, where they are restricted by traditional expectations at home and misrepresented by Western perspectives. Breaking free from these constraints requires challenging the systems that hold them back and supporting their voices. By empowering women to speak and act freely, society can move toward greater equality and progress.

HAMNAH IFTIKHAR