Cedar Compass Vol. I, issue 2

VOLUME

I

CEDAR

COMPASS

ISSUE SEPTEMBER

II EDITION

THE TEAM Editor-in-Chief Hamnah Iftikhar Editors Taha Ali Muhammad Mehdi Minha Fatima Jatoi Graphic Designers Emaan Athar Hamna Qadri Hamnah Iftikhar

TABLE OF

CONTENTS ECONOMIC

Capitalism: The Reason Why We Will Never Be Equal -Hamnah Iftikhar Pakistan’s Economy Amid Global Trade Tensions -Hamna Siddiqui Inflation: Survival Of The Fiscally Fittest -Ramsha Ghofran Understanding Income Inequality -Angel Rai

3 6 8 11

HISTORY & CULTURE Streaming Services and the Grim Future of Cinema -Aliza Faisal The Braille Breakthrough -Muhammad Mehdi Why It’s Never Just Music -Hamnah Iftikhar Why You're Still in the Dark About the Dark Ages -Syed Khizar Bin Rafey

13 16 18 21

POLITICS Canada Cracks Down: Why International Students Now Face Steeper Barriers to Entry -Ramsha Ghofran

24

The Role of the Establishment in Shaping Pakistan's Political Future - Zain Ali Pasha The Taliban Money Trail: A Bureaucratic Oops?

-Ramsha Ghofran

26

28

SCIENCE Free Will: Are Our Decisions Truly Our Own? -Syeda Fatima Agha Mars: Humanity’s Greatest Hope Or Our Most Dangerous Fantasy?

-Muhammad Mehdi Mental Health Apps: The Newest Solution or Latest Scam?

-Muhammad Salman Navigating the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence -Taha Ali The Ignored Inside Out Emotion: Nostalgia -Minha Fatima Jatoi

30 32

35 38 40

SOCIAL A Look at Failure Beyond Society’s Lens 42 -Muhammad Mehdi The High Price of Low Cost 45 -Amnah Khan The Illusion of Perfection: Social Media as a False Reality 48 -Alishba Azam Rajput The Misinformation Machine 50 -Muhammad Salman Why You Are Not the Only One School Does Not Work For 53 -Taha Ali

THE REASON WHY WE WILL NEVER BE EQUAL

A failing system that has failed most of humanity: capitalism is not just an economic system; it is the root of most of humanity's problems. Poverty, systemic injustice, environmental degradation, and rampant inequality are all perpetuated by its relentless pursuit of profit at any cost.

Many people fail to realize this reality as they are embedded within the system itself, which shapes their views, preferences, and life opportunities from the start. Societal beliefs heavily impact the protection of this system as the people in power want it to remain in place, perpetuating the status quo and maintaining the narrative that if you are not part of the upper echelon of society, it is because you did not work hard enough.

The blame falls on the individual and their dedication, rather than the system that has continuously failed them.

But how does capitalism enact inequality?

Wealth accumulation and lack of equity are two ways. The latter leads to the former and is evident in the unequal distribution of resources and opportunities among different segments of the population. The lack of equity is further compounded by systemic biases based on race, gender, and class, which intersect with capitalist structures to deepen inequality. This results in societal stratification where the socio-economic mobility of individuals is severely constrained by their starting positions in life.

The capitalist motivation of profit maximization also leads to the exploitation of workers and income inequality, furthering class divides and inequity.

Advocates of capitalism claim that in a market-based society, people are paid according to the value of their contribution to production. However, Marxist critics counter that laborers in a capitalist economy are systematically paid less than the value of their work due to the superior bargaining power of employers. Thus, the claim of efficiency masks an underlying condition of exploitation. The relentless focus on profit maximization also results in poor working conditions, minimal job security, and the exploitation of workers.

Labor rights are frequently suppressed as businesses seek to minimize costs, leading to precarious employment and a decline in workers' welfare.

This inequity creates a society where vast disparities between the wealthiest and the poorest lead to pronounced class divisions.

Wealth tends to accumulate at the top, enhancing the economic and political power of the wealthy, who can then influence policies to protect and increase their wealth. This cycle exacerbates inequalities, limiting social mobility and access to opportunities for those outside the super-rich. The affluent enjoy superior education, healthcare, and living conditions, while the majority struggle to meet basic needs, perpetuating a cycle of economic and social disparity.

4

The critiques of capitalism do not end there, as its invasive tendrils pervade our world in ways invisible unless closely examined. One criticism stems from the Marxist analysis of the "falling rate of profit." This economic theory suggests that over time, the rate of profit (the return on investment) tends to decrease, leading to slower economic growth and potentially severe economic crises. This occurs because, in a bid to increase profits, businesses invest in technology that reduces the labor force, but since profit is derived from labor, this eventually lowers the rate of return on investments. The result is a paradox where technological advancement both fuels economic growth and foreshadows its stagnation.

Capitalism is also inherently prone to cycles of "boom and bust." Driven by profit motives, companies tend to overproduce goods until the market becomes saturated. This overproduction leads to a mismatch between supply and demand. Initially, this results in lower prices and temporary boosts in consumption, but it quickly turns to economic downturns as goods remain unsold, companies cut back production, and layoffs ensue. These cycles are disruptive, leading to financial instability and widespread uncertainty. A stark example of the “boom and bust” cycle is the collapse of Detroit, which was once the booming capital of the automobile industry but fell into economic despair when the industry declined.

Another problem with capitalism, which exposes its insatiable greed, is its demand for perpetual growth. In a world of finite resources, this drive leads to relentless exploitation of natural resources, causing deforestation, water depletion, and biodiversity loss, pushing the Earth’s ecosystems beyond their regenerative capacities. This conflict of unlimited wants versus limited resources is the basic economic problem, but capitalism has made it far worse. Capitalism’s inherent push for continuous expansion not only exacerbates the basic economic challenge of balancing wants with limited resources but also threatens the sustainability of our planet.

Capitalism claims to be about private property, personal freedom, and competition, but it is the vehicle through which the rich benefit from the destruction of the masses. It is the reason why people will never be equal: because we will always be divided by class and wealth. It is the fatal flaw of the world we live in. The solution, however, is simple: socialism. A fairer means of wealth distribution is needed to support not only this generation but the upcoming generations as well. Yet, this system will never be supported by the people in power who stand to benefit from the current capitalist structure. It is up to the masses—the ordinary working people —to stand up for themselves and demand change.

HAMNAH IFTIKHAR 5

CAUGHT IN THE CROSSFIRE:

Pakistan’s Economy Amid Global Trade Tensions

In this age, global trade is evolving exponentially—the general trends and patterns that define trade dynamics have a considerable impact on the world economy. Consequently, these may forge new alliances between two unlikely partners or force existing partners to reassess their trade policies to make them more relevant to the current economic situation in their respective countries.

Recently, the imposition of trade barriers, like tariffs on Chinese goods and services by highly developed nations like Canada and the USA, has raised concerns about the direct implications of these policies on Pakistan’s economy. U.S. President Joe Biden finalized this tariff policy in May 2024 to protect American businesses from foreign competition, while the Canadian government has planned to announce a 100% tariff on battery-electric vehicle imports as well as a 25% import tariff on Chinese steel and aluminum, effective from 15th October 2024.

These recent developments have caused great concern for Pakistan, an active trading partner of China. There are adverse effects of these global trade dynamics on Pakistan’s economy. The extent to which the need to protect our economy from these blows needs to be evaluated and addressed to establish price stability in Pakistan. In 2023, Pakistan imported around $3.09 billion worth of electrical equipment from China, along with other commodities. China and Pakistan’s biggest commercial project together, CPEC, is the leading source of around 2-3% annual economic growth in Pakistan.

Hence, one can argue that the ban imposed on Chinese products may cause the total revenue generated from the export of these tech goods to decrease and impact the supply of goods into Pakistan if tensions primarily continue to rise. The withdrawal of Chinese imports due to global disruptions and a fall in currency value could cripple Pakistan’s economy due to the dominance of Chinese goods like garments, electronics, and much more in Pakistan’s markets.

In conclusion, an alternative plan to decrease reliance on Chinese goods and increase the demand and supply of local goods in our markets could make Pakistan’s economy more self-sufficient.

However, in the short run, without economic support from China and other trading partners, Pakistan may have to bear the brunt of these volatile trade dynamics, leading to a decrease in investor confidence and giving rise to economic decline. Perhaps, structuring new macroeconomic policies to maximize gains from Pakistan’s existing assets— such as through the development of tourism and improving Pakistan’s image on the global stage—could prompt new opportunities that may help reduce the trade deficit, maintain a lower rate of inflation, and reduce the prominent need for Chinese goods for sustainable economic growth.

HAMNA SIDDIQUI 7

Survival of The Fiscally Fittest

Economic inflation is a bit like a party crasher. It shows up uninvited, wreaks havoc, and leaves everyone wondering how they are going to clean up the mess.

Over the last few years, inflation has skyrocketed from a quiet concern into a full-blown global menace, with its fingerprints on everything from your grocery bill to the price of that gas station coffee you begrudgingly fork over a small fortune for. But where did this beast come from, and what is it doing to the wallets of the everyday person—especially in developing countries like Pakistan?

You might be wondering, how did we get here? Well, inflation’s origins are a classic case of "too much, too soon." The COVID19 pandemic slammed on the brakes of global production, causing supply chains to grind to a halt. Factories shut down, goods became scarce, and the whole world went into a kind of forced hibernation. But once people started coming out of lockdown, they did not just stretch their legs—they sprinted to spend.

Central banks, meanwhile, had been tossing money into economies like confetti at a parade, trying to prevent economic collapse. Demand soared, but the supply? It was still crawling out of a pandemic hangover. Then, like the universe said, “let us make things worse,” the war in Ukraine hit, making oil and food more expensive than a gourmet meal you "accidentally" ordered. The result?

Inflation kicked into high gear.

It is the perfect storm—like setting a campfire with kerosene. Supply chain disruptions, excess money flow, and geopolitical crises combined into a bubbling cauldron of rising prices.

For the general public, inflation is more than just a chart economists like to point at—it is a daily punch to the gut. The average person has watched in horror as their paycheck shrinks faster than a wool sweater in hot water. Groceries, rent, gas —you name it, inflation has it in its crosshairs. “It feels like I am hemorrhaging money,” says a teacher from New York, who points out that she is paying nearly double for basic groceries compared to two years ago. “I used to pick up a few things for the week. Now I leave the store with a bill big enough to make my bank account cry.”

This is not just happening in the U.S. Globally, people are feeling like they are swimming upstream in a river of rising costs. The dream of owning a home? Well, that is becoming as elusive as spotting a unicorn. More and more families are finding that they can barely keep up with rent hikes, let alone stash away enough to make a down payment.

It is affecting more than just the wallet. For many, inflation brings a sense of instability, of plans put on hold. What used to be future goals—like saving for a house or even a vacation—are now slipping further out of reach, as day-to-day expenses take over.

9

In developing countries like Pakistan, inflation is no joke—it is more like a daily nightmare. The country has seen inflation soar to dizzying heights, hovering around 27% recently. What’s behind this surge?

Pakistan imports a lot of its energy and basic goods, and when global prices rise, they rise exponentially in Pakistan, where the currency is about as stable as a house of cards in a windstorm.

For the average Pakistani, this is not just a minor inconvenience; it is life-altering. Food prices have shot through the roof, and items like flour, sugar, and cooking oil are now luxuries for many. In a country already battling poverty and political instability, inflation is the straw that’s breaking the country’s back. The government has tried to step in with subsidies, but it's like using a band-aid to cover a bullet wound.

Temporary fixes can not keep up with a population that is struggling to put food on the table. And for those not in the top 1%, inflation means making heartbreaking choices between essentials.

Inflation is an equal-opportunity villain, but it hits the 99% hardest. For the ultrawealthy, rising prices are merely a speed bump—an inconvenience. For everyone else, it is a financial squeeze that feels more like a slow-motion car crash. Those who were already on the edge are now falling off a cliff. The wealth gap, which was already glaring, has widened into a canyon.

Experts predict that this kind of prolonged inflation, if unchecked, could lead to deeper societal shifts. Social mobility, already on shaky ground, could become a relic of the past, while economic inequality digs its heels in even further.

So what does the future hold? If inflation continues at its current pace, many are bracing for a rough ride. Governments will need to figure out how to tame this beast —preferably before it becomes too big to control. For now, though, people are left tightening their belts and hoping that their wallets can keep up. In this economy, it is not just the price tags rising; it is the pressure on people to survive in a world where everything feels a little more out of reach.

RAMSHA GHOFRAN

10

In today's world, the disparity between the wealthy and the less fortunate is more prominent than ever. A 2023 report from the International Monetary Fund revealed that the top 1% of earners globally now hold nearly 40% of total wealth, while the bottom half share only 2%. This contrast is not just a statistic; it is a reflection of how drastically different people's lives can be.

Globally, this inequality creates a dramatic split. In wealthy nations, the elite enjoy access to world-class education and job opportunities, while many struggle with student debt and healthcare costs. In poorer countries, the contrast is even more extreme—while a select few accumulate fortunes, the majority face dire poverty, struggling for basic needs like clean water and food.

Take, for example, the lively streets of Karachi, where malls and luxury apartments stand in sharp contrast to impoverished neighborhoods. In Pakistan, the top 1% hold a disproportionate share of wealth, leaving millions without adequate access to quality education and healthcare. This gap not only affects individuals but also hinders national progress, perpetuating cycles of poverty.

The roots of income inequality in Pakistan can be traced back to its colonial past. Under British rule, land ownership was concentrated in the hands of a few, creating a foundation for economic disparity. Post-independence,

land reforms aimed at redistributing wealth were often poorly implemented or outright ignored, failing to address the deep-seated inequities. Corruption and nepotism, along with a lack of progressive taxation, have further entrenched the wealth of a small elite, leaving the majority behind. In modern economies, the dynamics often reinforce the divide: those who already have wealth can invest and accumulate more, while those without face barriers that keep them in a cycle of stagnation or decline.

In the end, addressing income inequality is not just about fixing numbers; it is about transforming lives. By becoming aware and taking action, we can help bridge the gap between the wealthy and the less fortunate. Let’s think about how we can contribute to a fairer society where everyone has a shot at a better future. How can you make a difference in your community?

ANGEL RAI 12

STREAMING SERVICES AND THE GRIM FUTURE OF

E M N E M N I A I A C C

Streaming services, you love them and you hate them for the collective subscription fatigue all these platforms have brought you in recent times.

Netflix has jumped from its primordial model of providing cheaper rates than cable television to being able to charge more than cable itself. However, let us talk about the reforms streaming services have brought, which concern all cinephiles—the good, the bad, and the ugly—and what it means for the future of artistic integrity in movies, cinema, and their spawn, the film industry.

The first Netflix show that garnered wide mass appeal was House Of Cards, a gritty political drama. High production quality, fast-paced writing, and the starstudded cast were all superb ingredients for a hit. Maybe even pushing Kate Mara in front of a moving train sealed its ground-breaking television acclaim. Streaming diversified content in films and shows, pushing for more on-screen representation, and creating more opportunities for independent filmmakers. One of my favorite movies of all time, The Half Of It, is a Netflix original directed by Chinese American filmmaker Alice Wu, who received much critical praise for it.

However, despite all the good and making films more accessible, streaming has left a congealment of bad fallings in its wake.

In spite of the evolution of film distribution from theaters to our home screens, this binge-watching culture has had an effect on the shifting paradigm of audience interaction with their viewing experiences. The ability to curate everything according to your choice and the sheer abundance of movie catalogs can lead to a case of ‘analysis-paralysis.’

You just cannot choose. This is why people end up picking something lighthearted and simplistic more often, like Emily In Paris, rather than an arthouse indie film. This sort of binge-watching culture often puts hidden gems in the dark, making us believe that, despite living in the golden age of entertainment, modern audiences are failing cinema.

Streaming services, in order to combat shortening attention spans, have a specific outline for their films and shows. They need to be segmented into neat little units, engaging the audience with satisfying story arcs, which is why Stranger Things episodes are so unskippable. However, this different model of screenwriting than network TV might as well have been one stimulant for the 2023 Writers’ strikes in America.

Writers’ rooms kept being diminished,

14

their residuals being cut. A former screenwriter of Law And Order remarked how if you have a show on Hulu, you will only get paid “$400 for 3 years” compared to receiving a check after every rerun on television when interviewed by Vox journalists.

However, not everything should be treated with such doomsday pessimism.

Cinema’s future is still not dead, with the summer of 2023 being rejuvenated with the excitement of Barbenheimer, a pop culture phenomenon that saved Hollywood and the box office. These two mega-hits were not your typical Avengers film; one was a campy film about a plastic doll revolving around womanhood, and the other was a threehour-long feature filled to the brim with scientists arguing with each other. The public officially wants more diversified cinema—perhaps this demand came from watching more experimental and artistic films on streaming services.

Essentially, the future of cinema should be peered at with a more prospective lens. This middle period in the age of streaming should be perceived as a window in time where we are still navigating how to keep the allure of cinema alive, no matter if we have to forgo traditional ideals.

ALIZA FAISAL

Not only this, but A24 films have been growing in relevance. This independent company has been churning out hits like Everything Everywhere All At Once, Midsommar, Hereditary, and many more. A24 films are daring, more provocative, and have a distinct aesthetic, which sets them apart from the rest; no doubt these films have shown the potential of cinema by climbing into everyone’s favorites list.

15

The Braille Breakthrough

How One Man Changed Lives Forever

"What would life be like if our eyes were not windows, but walls?"

For centuries, blindness was a barrier that isolated millions from knowledge, cutting them off from both the written word. That was until a brilliant young mind redefined blindness. This mind belonged to Louis Braille, a Frenchman who, at just 15 years old, created a system that would forever change the way the blind interact with the world.

Braille is not a cure, it is a tool to assist rather than dismiss. The complete restoration of eyesight is a more recent milestone, and it comes with an unaffordable price tag.

Thankfully, we have young Louis to appreciate his revolutionary innovation.

Moving forward, the need for Braille emerged from the century-long limitations faced by the blind in accessing and interpreting information.

Before its invention, the visually impaired had few resources to help them read or learn. Most methods were either cumbersome or ineffective, offering little in the way of true education. Louis Braille, a student at the Royal Institute for Blind Youth in Paris, refused to accept this. He sought to create something that would break the cycle of isolation for blind individuals, giving them the means to read independently.

Inspiration for Braille's invention came from an unlikely source—a military communication system. In 1821, French army captain Charles Barbier introduced "night writing" for soldiers, allowing them to read messages in the dark. This system, which used dots and dashes pressed into paper, had its flaws. It was too complex and difficult for practical use. However, Louis Braille saw potential in Barbier's concept. Over three years, he refined the system, creating a tactile alphabet based on a six-dot cell. This simple design allowed for a variety of characters, including letters, numbers, and even musical notation. By 1824, Braille had developed the system that bears his name.

MUHAMMAD MEHDI 17

An Exploration of the Historical Roots of Music Genres

The music we listen to today is a rich blend of different genres, each tracing its origins back through the centuries.

A closer look into the history that followed these genres reveals their cultural, political, and social roots. By examining these historical roots, we gain a clearer understanding of how past events and societal shifts have influenced the evolution of music.

The Renaissance, starting in the 1400s and continuing for the next 200 years, beget the roots of what is now called classical music. This period was marked by the revived interest in the cultural heritage of the ancient civilizations of Greece and Rome.

Many composers took ideas from their mythology, art, and even the sciences, such as astronomy and mathematics. The music of this period became more expressive, complex, and varied. This led to a strong shift in direction towards art for the sake of art, as witnessed in the increasingly complex polyphonic music and new harmonic discoveries. Music was no longer just strictly for dancing or other accompaniment; it had become an art form to be enjoyed on its own.

In the 1920s, jazz sprang to the forefront of the Harlem Renaissance as the definitive expression of the African American experience. This cultural explosion was not limited to

music; it was drawn from literature, art, and theater, and was inextricably linked with social and cultural uprisings. Emerging from the roots of work songs, spirituals, blues, ragtime, and brass bands, jazz provided African Americans with a vehicle of expression and a symbol of identity.

Jazz was more than a style of music; it was linked with the struggle for equality and became a means for social change, especially for African Americans. The genre's fusion of African and European musical traditions created something unique and powerful, reflecting both resilience and innovation.

From 1954 to 1968, the Civil Rights Movement made African American musical traditions a cornerstone for shaping social consciousness. The blues, gospel, folk, and spiritual music had become instruments of protest and empowerment.

Songs of resistance, survival, and hope served as unifying factors among activists during difficult moments, helping buoy their spirits during long marches and protests. Blues music depicted the emotional landscape of African Americans during the Great Migration and unrest against systemic injustice, soothing racial tensions while exposing the reality of oppression.

Rock and roll burst onto the scene in the 1950s and instantly became

19

synonymous with youthful rebellion and social change during the post-war period. As the Baby Boom generation came of age, rock and roll symbolized freedom and a break from traditional norms, especially regarding sexuality and societal expectations. Hailing directly from African American musical roots of rhythm and blues, gospel, and jazz, the genre played a critical role in popularizing African American culture to a broader, predominantly white audience. This crossover was often mired in controversy, but rock and roll played a part in breaking down racial barriers, even if imperfectly.

By the 1970s, punk rock developed into a far-out deviation from mainstream music, mirroring frustration over political and social problems. It was anti-establishment, anti-authoritarian, and its raw sound and lyrics often addressed dissatisfaction with government, monarchy, and economic injustice. Its "Do It Yourself" ethos rebuffed the commercialization of music, and the genre became a voice for the marginalized—women, members of the LGBTQ+ community, and racial minorities —giving them an effective means of expression in a culturally repressive environment.

Hip-hop emerged in the 1980s as a cultural movement emanating from the most marginalized urban communities, speaking about issues of poverty,

racial inequality, and police brutality.

Hip-hop served as a commentary on social injustice and the expression of the urban experience.

While the term is often used synonymously with rap, it is an umbrella term that incorporates DJing, graffiti, break dancing, and rapping— art forms joined together by the shared environment in which they evolved.

As we dive deeper into the digital era, music remains fluid and continues to be a reflection and leader of societal change. While new genres develop and technologies extend the means of music's creation and reception, the music itself continues to operate— essentially—as both a mirror to and an active agent in society. Contemporary artists blend global influence and digital tools throughout their work, continuing the long history of music reflecting and influencing the zeitgeist.

As we move into the future, there is little question that music will continue to reflect our common experiences and drive cultural progress.

HAMNAH IFTIKHAR

20

WHY YOU'RE STILL IN THE DARK ABOUT THE DARK AGES

We have all heard the term ‘dark ages’ in movies or books before and thought of a backward era lacking cultural, intellectual, or economic development; a time of barbarism and chaos. The negative connotations of the term remain ubiquitously referred to in popular culture, even though many historians have now abandoned usage of the phrase precisely due to the gross misrepresentation of the way it portrays the Middle Ages.

The origin of the term has its roots in the Renaissance, where scholars, in typical Renaissance fashion, sought to juxtapose the ‘light’ of the classical era with the supposed ‘darkness’ of the successive centuries. However, the reality is far from this, as the Middle Ages have been found to be abundant with developments in agriculture, architecture, international trade, metallurgy, and much more.

The ‘Dark Ages’ are generally dated back to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century and concluded in the 15th century with the beginning of the Renaissance movement, with the most commonly held belief being that the collapse of the Roman Empire brought about a widespread decline in intellect. It may not surprise you now to understand

that this was most definitely not the case; even after the Roman Empire ended, knowledge continued to be propagated in monasteries by scholars who taught not only religious doctrines but also the teachings of ancient philosophers like Socrates and Aristotle. The Byzantine and Carolingian Empires adapted and maintained Roman traditions, and historians today put the Carolingian Renaissance under Charlemagne in the 9th century and the Renaissance of the 12th century as precursors to the subsequent Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution. Even those living in medieval times saw their era as a continuation of classical antiquity, and why would they not? Art and literature flourished at the time, and architecture soared as engineering saw new developments that led to the construction of majestic Gothic churches and cathedrals This continued pursuit of knowledge also paralleled increased international exchange, as the Middle Ages saw far more interconnectedness than previously assumed, with 8th-century Anglo-Saxon coins being inscribed in both Latin and Arabic, showcasing the wide reach of international trade during the time.

Furthermore, the many innovations during the era, which included horse bridles,

22

mechanical clocks, textile manufacturing, and advancements in optics and glassmaking, all disprove the myth of a stagnant, barbaric time period.

Despite these advances, our perception of the era has been clouded by the scarcity of surviving written records. Perhaps the biggest reason why the medieval age is so brutally mischaracterized in history is because of there being limited written records of the era, but this in no way means that the art of writing was suddenly lost or forgotten. Rather, it is more due to the fact that the prime material used for writing at the time, papyrus, decays relatively faster than other materials in the moist European weather. Fortunately, alternative writing materials like parchment and vellum from the time have survived, which finally rested the rumors of a gap in learning and culture, and with time the increasing popularity of paper led to it being adopted as the standard material for all scholarly purposes.

So the next time someone talks about the Middle Ages as being the epitome of superstition and ignorance, remind them of the thousands of inventions that they have the medieval era to thank for.

SYED KHIZAR BIN RAFEY

Canada Cracks Down: Why International Students Now Face Steeper Barriers to Entry Canada’s long-standing reputation as a student-friendly haven is now astonishingly shifting gears. Once known as a place where international students could seamlessly transition from studying to settling down, the country is tightening its screws on immigration.

Effective from 2024, new rules will cap the number of international students and close off some well-trodden pathways to permanent residency. For some, The Great White North may still be an option, but the route is now more of a winding road than a straight shot. The Canadian government has decided it is time to hit the brakes. Plans are in place to reduce study permits by around 35%, largely due to an overcrowded housing market and a healthcare system that’s feeling more strain than a beaver with a log jam. Major cities like Toronto and Vancouver are bursting at the seams, with rent prices

skyrocketing faster than a polar bear can run. Simply put, Canada has become a little too popular for its own good.

But wait, there is more! Private institutions, especially those operating under publicprivate partnerships, are now getting the cold shoulder when it comes to the coveted Post-Graduation Work Permit (PGWP). This move effectively pulls the rug out from under many international students who viewed it as a reliable stepping stone toward permanent residency. The message is clear: if you are attending a private college, Canada is not exactly rolling out the welcome mat.

However, students pursuing master’s or PhD programs still have a lifeline, as these degrees remain the golden ticket for postgraduation work opportunities. For students from developing countries, particularly

24

Pakistan, Canada has always been a top contender, offering high-quality education and a friendly immigration vibe. But with these new restrictions, many Pakistani students might find themselves rethinking their travel plans—perhaps even considering a detour to a less complicated destination, like Mars.

This shift is not just about hitting the books harder; it is also about tightening the financial belt. Once upon a time, many Pakistani students flocked to Canada, eager to dive into diploma or undergraduate programs, dreaming of working their way into the Canadian labor market postgraduation. Alas, those golden pathways are shrinking faster than a snowman in July. The government is now focusing more on students pursuing advanced degrees, who still have better access to work permits and residency options.

And let’s talk dollars and cents—Canada has cranked up the financial requirements, now insisting that international students prove they have at least CAD 20,635 in their bank accounts. Gone are the days of living off instant noodles and thrift store finds; students will need to be financial wizards to navigate the rising cost of living. What is behind this sudden shift in the immigration playbook?

Simply put, Canada’s infrastructure is struggling to keep up with the influx of eager international students.

Housing in major cities has become as pricey as a fancy latte, and the healthcare system is feeling the strain. By putting a cap on study permits, the government hopes to restore some balance and

25

ensure that those who do arrive have a fighting chance at success. Moreover, not all educational institutions have been playing fair. Some private colleges seemed more interested in raking in tuition fees than actually educating students, leaving many feeling like they have been thrown to the wolves—or perhaps more accurately, into a snowdrift. In response, Canada has rolled out a new Trusted Institutions Framework, designed to ensure that only top-tier schools with rigorous standards can welcome international students in droves.

For aspiring students—especially those from Pakistan—this new reality is a plot twist worthy of a soap opera. The door to Canada is still ajar, but it is getting narrower. If you are looking to make the leap, you will need to aim higher—literally. Pursuing a master’s or PhD is now your best bet if you want to settle in the Great White North after your studies. And do not forget your financial Agame; navigating this new landscape requires a strategy sharper than a hockey puck.

In conclusion, while the dream of life in Canada remains alive and kicking, the journey there has transformed into more of an obstacle course than a leisurely stroll through a maple grove. It is essential for prospective students to adapt to these changes with creativity and determination.

Canada may still be the land of opportunity, but it now demands more than just ambition —it requires a carefully crafted plan and a dash of resilience to thrive amidst the new challenges.

RAMSHA GHOFRAN

From Backroom Deals to Open Confrontation: The Role of the Establishment in Shaping Pakistan's Political Future The government and the establishment have long had an unholy alliance that has shaped Pakistan's political landscape.

Their backroom deals and self-serving agendas have perpetuated a cycle of instability for both the people of this country and the economy of our fertile soil. While the government presents itself as the elected voice of the people, it is no secret that the establishment's shadowy hand frequently compromises its autonomy. In addition to falling short of democratic expectations, these two groups have deliberately weakened and destabilized Pakistan's political future for their own gain.

Ayub Khan, who overthrew Prime Minister Feroze Khan Noon's cabinet and imposed martial law. General Zia-ul-Haq then overthrew Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in 1977 and ruled until his controversial death in 1988. Tensions over the Kargil conflict and General Pervez Musharraf's resignation as army leader led to a coup against Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in 1999, followed by a calculated and drawn-out tactical action. The military and intelligence services maintained their strong influence behind the scenes, especially when it came to issues of foreign policy and national security, even after Musharraf resigned in 2008.

The military, intelligence services, and powerful bureaucratic elites of Pakistan have a history of interfering in civilian affairs. This was seen in 1958, when the first military coup in Pakistan was headed by General

In 2014, the military was perceived as contributing to the destabilization of Nawaz Sharif's government during political demonstrations spearheaded by Imran Khan and Tahir-ul-Qadri. During the 2018 general

26

elections, there were renewed claims of military participation. It was thought that the military backed Imran Khan's Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) over Nawaz Sharif's Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N).

These incidents show how Pakistan's establishment continues to have an impact on the country's political affairs. The interference has caused severe damage to democratic institutions, turning parliament into a rubber-stamping body and fostering an authoritarian atmosphere. But blaming the establishment alone would be shortsighted. In quiet places, both parties join hands to keep power, whether by dubious election strategies, anti-democratic legislation, or selective justice.

The end effect is an undermined country. A volatile atmosphere that is easy to manipulate has been brought about by political division, economic mismanagement, and a lack of accountability. The people are left alienated and disillusioned by Pakistan's politicians' constant tug-of-war for power, which takes their attention away from important matters like healthcare, education, and the economy.

Democracy is the worst casualty of this power struggle for Pakistan. It is a harsh reality that it is turning into a state where the promise of true democracy is nothing more than an illusion.

ZAIN ALI PASHA

27

The Taliban Money Trail: A Bureaucratic Oops?

In a baffling twist of bureaucratic blunder, the U.S. government recently made headlines after accidentally donating a staggering $293 million to the Taliban.

Yes, you read that correctly—nearly $300 million was transferred to a group that, until not too long ago, the U.S. was at war with. The revelation has sparked outrage, bewilderment, and a flurry of fingerpointing, with many questioning how such a colossal mistake could happen and what it means for both American taxpayers and U.S. foreign policy.

So how exactly did almost $300 million land in the laps of a regime the U.S. has tried to keep at arm's length? According to initial reports, the money was intended as part of humanitarian aid aimed at stabilizing Afghanistan's war-torn economy. Since the U.S. withdrawal in 2021, Afghanistan has faced a dire economic collapse, with millions of its citizens struggling with food insecurity and a lack of basic services. The funds were earmarked for essential services— education, healthcare, and food security.

However, as the saying goes, “ The road to hell is paved with good intentions." It appears that bureaucratic wires got crossed, and in an astonishingly unfortunate oversight, these funds were delivered straight into the hands of the Taliban rather than the intended recipients, various humanitarian organizations working on the ground.

As soon as the mistake was discovered, U.S. officials scrambled to stop the proverbial ship from sinking further, but the damage was already done. Efforts to recover the funds are reportedly underway, but retrieving money from the Taliban is akin to trying to catch the wind with a net— next to impossible.

The public reaction to this fiscal faux pas has been a mix of outrage and confusion.

For many, the idea that nearly $300 million could be misdirected to the Taliban feels like something out of a satirical novel— except it's reality.

28

On one side, many Americans are fuming and understandably so, as for years taxpayers have poured billions into military campaigns aimed at dismantling the very regime that now accidentally benefited from their hard-earned dollars. To add insult to injury, the U.S. economy itself is grappling with inflation and rising living costs, leaving many citizens to wonder why their money is flowing so freely to a regime infamous for human rights abuses.

Taliban, providing them with financial resources to further consolidate their control in Afghanistan.

While the situation remains fluid, one thing is clear: recovering the funds will not be easy.

The U.S. government has already begun working through diplomatic channels to negotiate with international bodies and humanitarian organizations in Afghanistan to try and mitigate the damage. Yet, it remains As one frustrated citizen put it, "It is like uncertain how much of the $293 million, if paying someone to rob your house, then any, will be recovered. 'accidentally' leaving them the keys." The sentiment echoes across social media, with In the meantime, this incident serves as a hashtags like #TalibanFundGate making the cautionary tale of how even the most wellrounds and sparking memes that juxtapose intentioned efforts can go awry in the America's military might with its apparent labyrinth of global aid distribution. As America scrambles to clean up this costly inability to control its purse strings. mess, the broader lesson may be that Others, however, view the situation with a navigating post-war diplomacy is far more tinge of irony. "Maybe it is poetic justice," complicated than any spreadsheet could one commentator quipped, referring to the ever capture. decades of U.S. involvement in Afghanistan that have left the region in a perpetual state And in a twist of bitter irony, the Taliban—an of conflict. "You fund a war for decades, then entity once labeled a global pariah—finds accidentally send the 'enemy' millions- a itself the accidental recipient of what comedic tragedy at its finest." amounts to a financial jackpot. One can only imagine they are as surprised as the rest of Some officials have attempted to defend the us. misstep by highlighting the complexity of managing humanitarian aid in regions controlled by hostile governments. "These are difficult circumstances," a White House spokesperson noted. "We need to provide humanitarian aid without supporting oppressive regimes, but the lines sometimes blur."

Yet, these assurances have done little to stem the tide of public discontent. Critics argue that with such sophisticated financial tracking systems, this mistake should never have happened. Others have raised concerns that the error might embolden the

RAMSHA GHOFRAN

29

Free Will: Are Our Decisions Truly Our Own?

Human beings are faced with multiple dilemmas in their daily lives, from deciding what to eat for breakfast every morning to more serious predicaments such as choosing a career path and what we ultimately want to accomplish in our lives.

In these decisions, we believe that we have the free will to choose whatever we desire and that our decisions are truly our own. However, is that really the reality?

“We are nothing more or less than cumulative biological and environmental luck, over which we had no control” argues Robert Sapolsky, a neuroscientist from Stanford, in his book Determined: Life Without Free Will. He believes that rather than free will our choices are determined by variables that aren’t in our control for instance biological factors such as genetic variance and neuronal function to social factors such as our primary socialization carried out by our families.

Sapolsky contends that if free will truly exists, our decisions would remain constant even if our hormone levels were different in the morning, or if they were affected by the neurons surrounding those that trigger our choices. They would also be impervious to factors like our genome or childhood experiences.

However, he claims this is impossible, because if any of these variables differed, so would our decisions.

Additionally, another famous American neuroscientist, Benjamin Libert gained popularity on an experiment he conducted asking individuals to spontaneously flick their wrists and report when they become aware of the intention to move. The purpose of this experiment was to study the slow negative electrical potential in the brain that precedes voluntary movement using an electroencephalogram machine. This experiment birthed a shocking possibility that human beings aren’t making choices of their own volition at all. The conscious decision did not cause the movement, instead, the brain activity bringing about the movement started before the individual willed anything to happen, hence once again scientifically demonstrating that free will is nothing more than a silly notion.

To wrap it all up, free will seems to be an illusion created by people for their own sake and others surrounding them, as it drives us to reach our potential. However, if we adopt the neuroscientific stance that free will does not exist, it will make us more empathetic towards each other, knowing decisions are predetermined biologically and socially, making both arguments equally respectable.

SYEDA FATIMA AGHA

31

Mars: Humanity’s Greatest Hope Or Our Most Dangerous Fantasy?

One of the most intriguing questions facing humanity today is whether Mars could become the next frontier for human habitation. In a world grappling with overpopulation and dwindling resources, many wonder if human existence is in peril. While our understanding of the universe has greatly expanded over the years, interplanetary exploration remains a daunting challenge—one that may take decades and even surpass our lifetimes.

But we must ask ourselves: are we truly prepared to combat the complications that come with becoming a multiplanetary species?

Mars harbors significant ice reserves, particularly at the polar caps and midlatitude regions. NASA’s Curiosity Rover found evidence of ancient riverbeds, hinting at a more water-rich past.

Technologies like the ISRU prototype are being developed to convert carbon dioxide into oxygen, water, and fuel, successfully tested by the Perseverance Rover, indicating potential resource extraction capabilities that could support human missions.

However, Mars remains a hostile environment, with its atmosphere filled with harmful radiation, including galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) and solar energetic particles (SEPs). Organizations like NASA and SpaceX are researching Martian materials like regolith and underground habitats as natural shields

against radiation, while AI and robotics are being developed to minimize human risk.

Survival would hinge on sustainable agriculture. Experiments simulating Martian soil show that crops could grow with added nutrients. SpaceX’s Starship, designed for deep space missions, could maintain a supply chain, offering hope for eventual self-sufficiency.

Other factors to consider are the effects of Mars's gravity on the human body.

Prolonged exposure to low gravity has significant impacts on human physiology, leading to muscle atrophy, bone density loss, and potential cardiovascular issues. While less intense than zero gravity, Mars’s lower gravity still poses risks that would require advanced exercise regimes and medical solutions to mitigate. Even with such precautions, the long-term health effects on the human body remain largely unknown, raising concerns about the viability of permanent colonization.

Beyond technological hurdles, ethical and societal questions remain topics of heated debate. Critics argue that colonizing Mars risks repeating humanity’s past mistakes of exploiting new frontiers without considering the consequences.

33

Some fear the very act of establishing a human presence on Mars itself could destroy a potentially pristine environment, erasing any signs of native life, however microbial, before one has come to fully understand the ecosystem of the planet.

Others view it as a form of planetary colonialism—imposing human values and goals on a world that is not ours to claim.

Some see the rush to Mars as foolhardy, with incomplete understanding of the possible consequences, and indeed, resources might be better spent on nearerterm goals, perhaps lunar bases, or fixing Earth's problems. But in the debate, Musk's fervor has undeniably reinvigorated public interest and has cemented Mars as a tangible goal for the future.

Then, there is the issue of who gets to go.

A Martian colony is going to be a very expensive affair, limited to the rich or those sponsored by powerful entities, further exacerbating inequality on Earth. Critics suggest that those wanting to spend time colonizing Mars should instead focus on urgent issues on Earth, such as climate change and poverty. Deciding who becomes the “first Martians” may set a precedent for exclusionary practices, raising concerns about class, race, and privilege in space exploration.

All in all, life on Mars would be far from ideal. Establishing a colony would take years of support and further advances in human technology. It is akin to asking if humans could thrive underwater: theoretically possible, but laden with risks and complications. The tragedy of OceanGate in 2023, which shattered confidence in extreme exploration, serves as an ominous reminder of the dangers involved. Even with a clear blueprint for life on Mars, convincing people to make the interplanetary leap could be a significant challenge.

Elon Musk's dream of making humanity an interplanetary species has attracted equal measures of awe and skepticism. For some, his ambition is a revolutionary gamechanger in the realms of technology; to most experts, however, Musk's accelerated timeline for transporting humans to Mars by the late 2020s is wildly optimistic. Most of the challenges he faces are unresolved technological and logistical hurdles.

The question is not just if we can live on Mars, but if we should. Colonizing Mars may seem like a backup plan for humanity, but it could end up being a cautionary tale of humanity’s hubris if not handled with care. So, while life on Mars may someday be possible, it is essential to ask: would it be worth the cost to both humanity and Mars itself?

MUHAMMAD MEHDI

34

Mental Health Apps: The Newest Solution or Latest Scam?

As technology influences almost every part of our lives, mental health support has also moved to our smartphones. This shift from traditional face-to-face therapy to apps that offer a safe space to express ourselves has made these digital platforms popular. This leads us to a crucial question: are they the groundbreaking solution they advertise or just another modern-day trap?

Historically, people have turned to trusted individuals like friends, family, and therapists when struggling with mental health issues. Therapy became a solution by providing a professional environment for managing these challenges. However, this approach can be difficult for those with social anxiety or trust issues. Therapy is not always as safe as it seems; for some, it may feel more threatening than comforting. While confidentiality is supposed to be a requirement for therapists, it is not always guaranteed. For underage patients, therapists may, in some cases, break confidentiality and disclose sensitive information to guardians, potentially putting the patient at risk, especially in abusive or unsupportive environments.

For those who struggle with social anxiety, these apps can be life-changing.

Instead of facing the daunting aspect of speaking to someone face-to-face, they are able to process their thoughts in a space that feels safer and less judgemental. This is especially beneficial for people who may fear being misunderstood or judged by professionals. Furthermore, they offer a level of flexibility that trad therapy cannot match as sessions can be scheduled at any time and users can access resorces as they need them.

These apps also offer various features to help manage mental well-being, such as mood tracking, guided meditations, and coping strategies, making mental health resources available anytime. Some have chat functions that let users connect with licensed professionals or support groups while keeping their identity private. By focusing on convenience and anonymity, these apps provide a comfortable space for individuals to express themselves and seek support.

However, everything comes with its cons. While apps can provide a false sense of security, they are not without risks. Data privacy is a significant concern and many of these platforms contain. sensitive information which includes not just personal thoughts but also information that might risk someones safety. A data breach can have severe consequences, exposing intimate details to exploitation.. For someone already struggling with trust issues, this is a nightmare scenario.

36

Moreover, the effectiveness of providing genuine therapeutic support is still under debate. While many users report positive experiences, Chatbots cannot replace the understanding and empathy of a human. For many, the generic approach of mental health apps might not address the complexities of human struggles.

The reality is that mental health apps represent both progress and risk. They offer unmatched access to mental health resources and can be invaluable for those who feel alienated by traditional therapy. But they are not without flaws. Like every tool, its effectiveness depends on how it is used and the individual needs of the user.

As we rely on these digital platforms, it is essential to remain cautious. While these apps can complement traditional therapy and provide valuable support to those in need, they should not be viewed as a replacement for professional help, especially in critical and urgent situations. Recognizing that these platforms can be helpful, but are not a perfect solution, is important for everyone.

MUHAMMAD SALMAN

37

Navigating the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence The revolution brought by Artificial Intelligence across different sectors, be it healthcare, finance, or manufacturing, is characterized by unprecedented solutions to very complex problems, though the speed of improvement raises several ethical concerns. Naturally, there is a need to confront these dilemmas so that AI contributes positively and responsibly to human society.

One significant issue relates to privacy. An AI system uses enormous quantities of data to function, often gathering personal information without complete insight into what it is doing with said data. This level of opacity often borders on misuse, especially when AI is used in contexts such as surveillance—perhaps most potently today through facial recognition technology. Records are created about anonymous people. Sometimes, governments and large companies have used AI systems to monitor citizens without consent; this strikes at both personal privacy and civil liberties. Ethical AI development requires well-defined policies where there must be responsible treatment of personal data with fully honest consent and usage.

Another significant problem is bias in AI systems. Since AI learns from historical data,it reproduces the biases existing in that data. Discriminatory outcomes occur quite often in sensitive areas such as hiring, law enforcement, or lending. For example, hiring tools that utilize artificial intelligence have demonstrated a tendency to favor specific demographics, thereby perpetuating existing disparities. Similarly, algorithms used for predictive policing have disproportionately focused on minority populations, thereby reinforcing societal prejudices. Confronting this ethical dilemma necessitates a meticulous examination of the data and algorithms employed in the training of AI systems, along with continual oversight to guarantee fairness and equity.

Accountability is a central issue in the ethics of Artificial Intelligence debate. With an increase in the number of cases regarding autonomy in AI systems, the issues concerning responsibility when fault lies somewhere must be addressed.

38

For instance, how does one place the blame on the shoulders of an AI developer, manufacturer, or consumer for an accident caused by an automated car? The same issue will apply to medical diagnostic AI that brings a wrong diagnosis.

Ideally, as more authority in decision-making responsibility is granted to AI, there should be well-defined accountability requirements to deal with the challenges of error and harm.

The impact of employment due to AI raises an ethical issue. In that respect, AI, through automation, poses a problem that could replace millions of employees in sectors using repetitive work, especially manufacturing, transportation, and customer service.

While AI may add to productivity and reduce costs, it will bring about massive job displacement, thereby creating economic instability and widening inequality further.

Such issues form a moral burden that governments as well as corporations have to address—this includes investing in worker retraining programs or formulating policies to alleviate displacement in job situations.

The involvement of artificial intelligence raises important questions concerning ethics in military affairs. Autonomous weapons that could decide whether to kill or not to kill rely on highly delicate judgments made by human beings.

Machines make horrible decisions in grave matters. The rise of the AI arms race may introduce forms of war without human

control or balancing acts on ethics.

Ethics concerning AI military affairs require immediate, strict international regulation to prevent disastrous accidents.

Another ethical question is the consciousness or personhood of AI. If AI technology advances any further in its sophistication or indeed becomes selfaware, moral questions will be raised about the status such advanced AI systems should be accorded. Are we to ascribe rights to them? Do they represent mere tools, or are they entitled to some form of ethical consideration? Though this is purely hypothetical, it illustrates the seriousness of having ongoing ethical deliberations on the future of artificial intelligence.

Given the spectrum of ethical concerns around AI, regulatory and oversight bodies are expected to play a crucial role. There will be a dimension of collaboration between governments and technologists as well as ethicists to develop comprehensive frameworks for the development of AI. Partial success may take the shape of transparency, human oversight, and fairness in AI systems, and ultimately, global cooperation may require AI to minimize harm while providing benefits to mankind. In a nutshell, it can revolutionize social dynamics but raise tough ethical dilemmas. Some matters of privacy, bias, accountability, employment, and war need serious consideration so that AI is responsibly developed and used. This will only be possible by engaging in continuous debate and establishing ethical parameters for its implementation in the real world.

TAHA ALI

39

THE IGNORED INSIDE OUT EMOTION:

In the world of Pixar’s Inside Out 2, emotions come to life and have a personality, each one uniquely contributing to the tapestry of human experience. This film explores a range of feelings and emotions such as joy, sadness, and anger, yet one emotion remains surprisingly overlooked: nostalgia.

Even though in Inside Out 2, nostalgia as a character and an emotion seems to be downplayed, suggesting that the protagonist is too young to experience it, this portrayal is inaccurate. Nostalgia can be felt by anyone with past memories, regardless of age. In reality, this emotion can surface at any stage in life, whenever there are memories to reflect upon.

What is nostalgia? It is one of those feelings that warps us into the past, but it is not just a sentimental trip down memory lane. Rather, it is a well-established psychological and neurological process linking people with their memories. In Inside Out 2, this essential emotion is ignored—painting it in a negative light. In reality, nostalgia plays a crucial role in shaping our journey, offering a deeper understanding of how reflecting on cherished memories can impact our resilience and selfperception. Nostalgia not only connects us to our past but also encourages us to face the future with renewed strength.

However, it can also carry a bittersweet quality. The memories of the past clashing with the experiences of the present and the upcoming events of the future blend together to form a vast mix of emotions. It can be easily triggered by a sound or a scent, engaging the hippocampus and amygdala in the brain. The hippocampus helps recall memories, while the amygdala, which controls emotions, sends information through specific pathways that make these memories feel vivid and emotional. This makes the feeling of nostalgia seem extremely real and alive, recreating moments from history and heightening the emotional response.

This emotion serves an essential purpose in maintaining our emotional well-being. During times of stress or uncertainty, it acts as a mental anchor, providing a sense of continuity and purpose. By recalling positive memories, our brain releases dopamine, a neurotransmitter that boosts feelings of happiness and comfort. Reflecting on the past often becomes a source of reassurance, helping us regain emotional balance when we feel disconnected or lost in the present.

However, nostalgia can be a double-edged sword. While it has the power to uplift and comfort us, it can also trap us in a past that no longer exists, making it tough to fully engage with the present.

Finding a balance between cherishing those memories and staying open to new experiences is crucial for maintaining a healthy relationship with nostalgia. Furthermore, it is proven that nostalgia is more than just a sentimental state; it becomes a psychological tool that forms and consoles us, allowing us to grow. Only by exploring the way our minds work to process and store these memories can we begin to develop an appreciation for how nostalgia contributes to our experiences. Ultimately, we cannot stay in the past, but it is essential to who we are as we move forward into the future.

MINHA FATIMA JATOI

41

A LOOK AT FAILURE BEYOND SOCIETY’S LENS

42

Failure. What does it truly mean? When asked, many instinctively associate it with academic setbacks or career shortcomings. Those branded with the scarlet letter of "failure" are often met with judgmental whispers and disapproving glances. However, the term "failure" is not just confined to a person who is as sharp as a butter knife; it is far more nuanced than a simple stumble in school or work. One could be a multi-billionaire or an A* student and still feel the sting of failure, perhaps even more intensely than others. Let us identify what exactly failure is, and is it really the end of the line?

In a world brimming with overachieving maestros who seem like they're gifted gardens of God, the intellectually challenged are often overlooked.

Undisputedly, the 21st century is a ruthless place, where society fixates on what's on the surface. People only see what is on paper and are blind to whatever lies beyond. To society, failure boils down to one simple metric: "not meeting their standards." But whose standards are we talking about here?

Let's take an example: Imagine you earned an A in Chemistry, yet your teacher expected an A* because of your stellar performance throughout the year.

In his eyes, you failed; his expectations were not met. He likely didn't stop to

consider the circumstances, the series of events surrounding the time you sat for your exam, which ultimately led to this predicament. But to someone who knows your journey, your challenges, and understands your efforts, you are still exceptional, regardless of your grade. However, for someone who struggled to scrape a C, your grade is a mark of erudition, and in their eyes, you are the next Einstein. Strange, is it not?

Consider another example: a successful businessman who enjoys a prodigious reputation gets an alarming call from the police—his son has been arrested for assault. Despite being a respected, lawabiding man, his success came with constant travel and endless meetings, leaving little time to pass on his values to his son. Society views his son as the failure—the troublemaker who tarnished a perfect legacy. Yet, there is another side to the story; was it the father’s absence, his devotion to his career, that created this void? Is the son’s "failure" actually a reflection of the father’s choices? Here, society’s judgment splits into two: some blame the son, others the father. In reality, both have played a role. They are two sides of the same coin—a coin tossed by society, which fuels the flames of mistrust and blame.

Alas, failure is not always as straightforward as society wants us to

43

believe. It is a deeply personal experience, shaped by unique circumstances and perspectives. One person’s failure is another person's triumph, and we have sports to evince this. In fact, failure is an inevitable, even essential part of life. It teaches us resilience, forces us to reflect, and pushes us to grow. Without failure, there would be no true success—just an empty victory.

To dive deeper into the heart of failure, let’s look at the bigger picture. Why does society attach such shame to it? Why are we quick to judge, yet slow to understand?

Perhaps it is because failure threatens the illusion of control we cling to. To accept failure is to accept that life is not perfect, that success does not come without its shadows, and that we are all fallible. Pride is the achilles' heel of every single human being that has walked the face of this earth. We are so afraid of losing our respect in front of others, that we forget

what we are even fighting for. We lose our purpose and ultimately fall prey to the traps set in place. Failing after years of flawless achievements can set in motion the wheels that had long gone untended, the wheels of humbleness.

In the end, failure is not the final destination; it is more of a reflective pause —an unavoidable part of the journey toward growth.

It highlights our insecurities, our vulnerabilities, and the often unforgiving judgment of society. But if we truly examine it, failure also reveals our resilience, our strength, and our capacity to persevere. At its core, failure is a teacher, offering us the chance to reassess ourselves and redefine success.

Just as society’s understanding of failure is limited, so too is its vision of success. True success is not about grades, wealth, or social status; it is about embracing the lessons in our setbacks and pushing forward with renewed determination.

MUHAMMAD MEHDI

The High Price of Low Cost: An Exploration of the Dark Side of Fast Fashion

45

With the rise of online shopping and social media trends, and the wane of the general population’s attention span, fashion trends have adapted to the ever-evolving needs of people for change, with regular developments in current vogues. This strategy ensures swift and generally affordable production of clothing, heavily influencing and emphasizing the rapid flow of trends, designs, and styles. Having revolutionized the entire outlook of the fashion industry, making it accessible and nominal, the notion of fast fashion gives us new ways to play with our wardrobe.

However, beneath this entire glamorous exterior is a mesh intricately woven from the threads of human exploitation and social, environmental, and economic repercussions, all stemming from our unsustainable consumption.

Though fast fashion brings to convenience and efficiency to society, the consequences of the concept’s disposable nature tip the scales farther towards the more adverse aspects of fast fashion that affect the wellbeing of our community, namely profiteering off the workers that labor to keep up with the growing demand for new trends to follow. Sparse wages and vague disclosure about the working situation in global supply chains are clear signals of social injustice and exploitation of the laborers, and with zero accountability, these workers tend to be exposed to workplace abuse and mistreatment by companies with no regard for labor laws. Seeing a surge in human exploitation in the current day, such

as the Congolese people who bleed dry to mine the cobalt used in our latest Apple products, it is no surprise that a majority of the population has turned a blind eye to the blatant abuse of human rights, despite advocating for said sentiment, only because the concept of fast fashion enhances their mundanities. While we click on the exclusive discounts on our screens, the extreme labor and toil in questionable conditions goes unnoticed.

Veiling us from the capitalization of humans is not the only drawback fast fashion has on a person; numbing and further reducing our attention spans is another liability. The constantly alternating styles and the ceaseless jumping from one trend to another have defaulted our reflexes to only appreciate uncertainty and transience, and while the spontaneity this concept brings could be beneficial, it is also pertinent to realize that extremity in any action is damaging—be it the invariability of fashion or the abundance of the latest trends. Fast fashion may be working against the monotony of past styles, yet one needs to understand that creating an unending loop of ever-changing designs is only harming people’s ability to hold onto any sense of stability they have in life. Their selfproclaimed need to keep up with the latest trends is clouding the basic necessity of slowing down and relaxing, and the constant flooding of new styles and trends is developing a sense of depreciating selfworth and pressure, ultimately sabotaging one’s well-being—mental, physical, and even economical.

46

Fast fashion not only triggers the dispensability and instant replaceability of the clothing that was made by the blood and sweat of manual labor but also contributes to the damage to our already deteriorating environment. The usage of wood, petroleum, and cotton to make fabric, and the bulk transportation that emits greenhouse gasses, all contribute to the imminent threat of global warming, and the constant production of said garments only accelerates the downfall of our planet.

delving into the spool from which this crochet of profiteering is made, the destruction of mind, body, and land is clear, all resulting from the ideology of fast fashion.

AMNAH KHAN

Only highly established brands can afford such swift manufacturing and delivery, indulging in the concept. Our locally established, small businesses that contribute more to the country’s economy than private companies are often overlooked by consumers as the successful labels take the limelight by coming up with the newest trends every other week, not only fueling the continuity of exploitation of humans and the environment but also disregarding small businesses when they are the ones to be pedestaled. While the brands indulging in fast fashion also tend to waste much more bulk material to keep up with the newest trends, thus squandering a large sum of money and resources, small businesses accentuate quality and durability in their productions to reduce wastage, which is all the more reason to support our local start-ups rather than the extorting brand labels.

Flashy clothing and cheap prices may have appeared appealing to you earlier, but

47

THE ILLUSION OF PERFECTION: SOCIAL MEDIA AS A FALSE REALITY In the contemporary digital age, social media platforms have revolutionized how people interact and perceive everything around them. It is also a dominant force in shaping public perception and interpersonal interactions. While what we see on social media is not always the actual reality, our minds prefer to believe otherwise, and we often find ourselves in this constant, never-ending race of trying to live the lives of the influencers and celebrities we see online. Platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and TikTok allow users to curate and broadcast their lives to a global audience.

Social media tends to present an idealized version of reality, one which we admire. For instance, think about the Ambani wedding; we were all amazed by the grand, month-long festivities, but we were only able to view what the media wanted us to see, which might be far from the actual reality. During this time, an actual genocide was happening in Palestine, but we were too adamant and focused on the false reality of the Ambani wedding that a more pertinent matter was neglected.

What we see online is a specially curated selfrepresentation of the person, creating an unrealistic portrayal of one's life, highlighting achievements, glamorous experiences, and physical appearances while concealing everyday struggles and imperfections. The false reality perpetuated by social media has tangible

consequences for individual well-being.

It fosters isolation despite its capability to bridge distances and bring people together. In this age of modernization, we end up losing our real-life connections and focusing more on online interactions that let us hide behind a veil of anonymity. The lack of physical presence and non-verbal cues in digital communication can hinder the development of deep emotional bonds.

Our real-life, meaningful relationships are destroyed, leading to increased feelings of loneliness and isolation.

Internet forums cover every aspect of our lives, from the ideal body type to the ideal car or house. There is no lack of

48

media that we can use to compare ourselves to, ending up in a battle with ourselves, fighting feelings of inferiority and decreased self-worth. Sometimes, people experience imposter syndrome, which harbors insecurities leading to depression and anxiety. Research by Vogel et al. (2014) has shown that exposure to idealized portrayals on social media can negatively affect users' self-esteem and body image, illustrating how curated content contributes to a false sense of reality.

Social media platforms have undoubtedly transformed the landscape of communication and self-expression, but they also perpetuate a false reality, which is why mindful consumption of said media is cardinal. A distorted depiction of reality can have significant consequences for individual well-being and mental health.

Thus, by recognizing the limitations of social media, individuals can better navigate the complexities of digital interaction and foster a more authentic sense of self and reality.

ALISHBA AZAM RAJPUT 49

THE MISINFORMATION MACHINE: HOW LIES SPREAD FASTER THAN THE TRUTH

Misinformation is extremely dangerous.

While it may not necessarily be dangerous in smaller contexts, in highstakes contexts such as medicine, it can cause injuries, serious accidents, or even fatalities. Misinformation can sway the political election of a country. A very prominent example of dangerous misinformation in medical contexts is the ill-informed skepticism regarding the existence of COVID-19 and the safety of vaccinations against it, as people who fall victim to such misinformation can be a danger both to themselves and others.

While misinformation has always been a problem for humans, as bad actors often spread false information for their benefit, the modern age has been labeled the age of misinformation because of how prevalent misinformation has become.

But how does misinformation spread so quickly?

The initial factor of the sheer volume of misinformation is the fact that anyone with access to the internet can claim to be a "news" source on social media.

Unlike traditional media sources, these people have no obligation to be correct, but the news is often absorbed as if it were correct.

The motivations of people who spread misinformation have also changed. While

previous motivations were often to forward a particular agenda, modern misinformation has a new motive: to spark outrage.

When a news article causes outrage, people tend to share it with others. This benefits the original author, so misinformation spreaders tend to distort facts, or even create new ones, to cause outrage among readers and therefore cause them to share it with others.

Follow-up corrections to these outrageous news stories do not spark as much outrage and therefore do not get shared as much, which causes a slower spread. Researchers at MIT found that fake news could spread 10 times faster than its follow-up correction.

The second factor contributing to the spread of misinformation is the algorithm that generates your feed. The entire purpose of these algorithms is to keep you on the platform for as long as possible so that you can watch targeted ads, and to get you to engage as much as possible so that those ads can be better targeted at you. And since fake, outrageous news keeps people on these platforms for longer and keeps them interacting as compared to more boring but true news, the algorithm will often prefer the fake news over the true news while generating your feed.

51

While we now understand how misinformation works, let's look at a few numbers. One 2022 study found that when TikTok users searched for top news stories, almost 20% of the videos returned contained misinformation, and a 2023 study from the University of Arizona found that approximately 40% of medical videos on TikTok contained medical misinformation, which is extremely dangerous.

But it is not just social media platforms that are spreading misinformation.

News networks have started doing it too. A letter written to the CEOs of major companies by the Congress of the United States said, when talking about Fox News, "Fox News, meanwhile, has spent years spewing misinformation about American politics," and, "These same networks

M U H A M M A D

also have been key vectors of spreading misinformation related to the pandemic. A media watchdog found over 250 cases of COVID-19 misinformation on Fox News in just one five-day period."

So what can we do about it? The most important thing to do is to verify that the information you have received is true.

Do not trust the misinformation machine that is social media and news.. You can check information and data on trusted fact-checking websites, such as Snopes. Or, you can go the more manual method and verify that multiple news sources, which are generally high in factuality, report the same facts. And if that seems like too much work, then remember that you can choose not to interact with the information in the first place if it does not concern you.

S A L M A N

52

WHY SCHOOLS MAY NOT WORK FOR ALL

E

ducation is the foundation on which we build our future. However, the practice of education is full of bottlenecks that make it incapable of reaching maximum efficiency.

Essentially, schools are in place to offer the education, creativity, and ability that a student will require after school for their life. However, this modern approach to education never achieves its goals due to systemic flaws in the system. Issues like standardized testing and unequal access are raising frustration among many students, teachers, and parents.

Problems must be broken down to bring about the much-needed reforms.

One of the major challenges facing contemporary education is the emphasis placed on standardized tests. Educational institutions often focus too much on outcomes from examinations as the sole measure of student performance.

This leads to a culture of rote learning without actually understanding anything. Most students end up feeling that passing examinations is far more important than meaningful learning.

The pressure to obtain good grades in those evaluations also indeed proves intimidating, thereby hindering general performance.

Standardized tests do not cater to creativity, problem-solving, and other non-quantifiable skills that prove applicable in everyday life.

A one-size-fits-all approach limits even more individuals from realizing their true potential.

Every student learns differently, whether visually, through hearing, or kinesthetically, but the system in place offers little, if any, ways to encourage and accommodate these differences. Under such a system, children with learning disabilities are woefully unsuccessful, while gifted students are bored out of class, oftentimes disconnected as there is little challenge.

The absence of individualized learning pathways prevents students from comprehensively investigating their strengths and weaknesses - parameters that are crucial for their development.

53

If teachers are the backbone of any education system, why do they face such enormous challenges? They are overworked, underpaid, and most importantly, burdened with unreasonably large class sizes, which makes them continue to struggle hard to maintain the standard of education.

Administrative work, too much paperwork, and lack of support exacerbate this teacher burnout. When overworked, educators are less able to relate well to the students, and therefore education suffers. Inadequate resources—whether physical or emotional— prevent the instructor from giving the oneon-one attention that many need to succeed.

Education indeed should be treated as a right for every child, but the reality stands far from that. Socio-economic inequalities indicate that individuals hailing from affluent families typically possess greater opportunities regarding superior educational institutions, enhanced resources, and extracurricular programs, which are frequently inaccessible to students from less affluent backgrounds. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated this disparity, revealing that numerous students could not pursue their education online because of insufficient internet connectivity or technological devices. This digital divide has intensified the chasm in academic success, resulting in the marginalization of students from underrepresented communities.

TAHA

Although academic disciplines constitute the foundation of education, educational institutions frequently overlook vital life competencies. Instruction in financial literacy, emotional intelligence, and mental health awareness is seldom integrated into the curriculm, resulting in students being illequipped for life following their graduation.

For instance, a significant number of students graduate from educational institutions lacking the essential competencies of budgeting, tax payment, and mental health management, all of which are vital for navigating adult responsibilities.

This inadequacy in skill instruction results in a cohort of students who are unprepared to confront real-world difficulties, despite their academic successes.

Today, the schooling system faces a multitude of complex and multifaceted challenges that ultimately underline the urgent need for reform. Yet, this urgent need for change has created an opportunity. If the focus on test scores shifts to building real skills and an emphasis is placed on closing socio-economic gaps, and providing teachers with the necessary support, then education will become a system wherein students are truly prepared for both school and life in a supportive environment. With the proper reforms, we can work our way toward a learning environment that provokes curiosity, nurtures creativity, and empowers students to reach their full potential.

ALI 54