How America’s Schools Keep Failing Our Children State Profiles
Still Left Behind
27V isit www.aei. or g/StillL eftBehind
Visit www.aei.org/StillLeftBehind
one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL eligible. Source:
STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS READING MATHEMATICS
income”
Center for Education Statistics.
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003
reduced-price
defined
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Mathematics from 2003
and
Note: “Lower is as eligibility for or lunch (FRPL). A little over National
and 2017
federal free
to 2017 29 Alabama ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $9,936 $3,370 365330295260225190155$12,000$10,000$8,000$6,000$4,000$2,000 1970197119721973197419751976197719781979198019811982198319841985198619871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average 253262 268258 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 48% 44% 23% 14% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 65% 58% 32% 25% 100%806040200 33% 33%BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017 25% 30% Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING
Assessments
Reading and
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
of
eligible. Source:
197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
READING MATHEMATICS STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments from 2003 to
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half the are FRPL National Center
2017 30 Alaska ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $18,603 $6,970 365330295260225190155$22,000$18,000$14,000$10,000$6,000$2,000
2003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018 256 258 279 277 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 51% 42% 27% 19% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 49% 50% 24% 21% 29%25%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING 24% 23%
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
nation’s public school students
for Education Statistics.
2017 31 Arizona 1970197119721973197419751976197719781979198019811982198319841985198619871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $4,436 282 255 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average 365330295260225190155$10,000$8,000$6,000$4,000$2,000 $8,399 271 263 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 49% 34% 23% 16% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 55% 41% 25% 18% 23% 30%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 26% 18%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
eligible. Source:
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL National Center
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments from 2003 to
STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS READING MATHEMATICS
for Education Statistics.
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
2018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student 365330295260225190155$12,000$10,000$8,000$6,000$4,000$2,000 $3,363 $10,433 266 274 258 260 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 39% 37% 20% 16% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 53% 49% 30% 20% 100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017 29% 23% Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017 19% 21% Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING
32 Arkansas 197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
Source:
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
for
200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL eligible. National Center Education Statistics.
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
READING MATHEMATICS STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments from 2003 to 2017
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments from 2003 to 2017
Source:
STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS READING MATHEMATICS
100%806040200
197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL eligible. National Center for Education Statistics.
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
33 California ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $14,000$12,000$10,000$8,000$6,000$4,000$2,000
2018 365330295260225190155$12,672 $5,483 277 251 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average 267 263
BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017 30% 32% Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 28% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017 22% Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 53% 37% 25% 15% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 62% 51% 30% 21% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
READING MATHEMATICS STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL National Center
for Education Statistics.
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments from 2003 to
2017 34 Colorado 1970197119721973197419751976197719781979198019811982198319841985198619871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018 $12,000$10,000$8,000$6,000$4,000$2,000 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student 365330295260225190155$4,515 $10,272 283 286 268 270 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 40% 34% 16% 12% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 50% 42% 17% 16% 26% 33%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 24% 22%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
eligible. Source:
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public are FRPL National Center
free
STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS READING MATHEMATICS
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
to 2017 35 Connecticut 1970197119721973197419751976197719781979198019811982198319841985198619871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018 $22,000$18,000$14,000$10,000$6,000$2,000 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $20,784 365330295260225190155284 284 267 273 $5,996 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 44% 36% 17% 11% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 50% 48% 18% 17% 31%32%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 27% 25%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
for Education Statistics.
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments from 2003
school students
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
eligible. Source:
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
free
READING MATHEMATICS STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the public FRPL National
nation’s
school students are
eligible. Source:
Center for Education Statistics.
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Mathematics Assessments from 2003
to 2017 36 Delaware 1970197119721973197419751976197719781979198019811982198319841985198619871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $18,000$14,000$10,000$6,000$2,000 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average 365330295260225190155$5,483 $15,531 277 278 265 263 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 39% 38% 15% 24% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 50% 46% 23% 28% 18%27%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 24% 14%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
Reading and
for Education Statistics.
eligible. Source:
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL National Center
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS READING MATHEMATICS
to 2017 37 District of Columbia $27,000$22,000$17,000$12,000$7,000$2,000 1970197119721973197419751976197719781979198019811982198319841985198619871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student 266 243239 365330295260225190155$6,233 $23,529Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average 247 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 61% 54% 44% 18% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 79% 58%60% 17% 19% 41%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 17% 36%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments from 2003
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP and Mathematics Assessments from 2003 to
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
for Education Statistics.
READING MATHEMATICS STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL National Center
2017 38 Florida 1970197119721973197419751976197719781979198019811982198319841985198619871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018 $12,000$10,000$8,000$6,000$4,000$2,000 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student 365330295260225190155Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average $9,776 $4,495 279 257271 267 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 45% 31% 22% 13% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 55% 44% 25% 20% 24% 30%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 23% 18%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
Reading
eligible. Source:
39 Georgia
STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS READING MATHEMATICS
Source: National Center for Education Statistics.
2018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $14,000$12,000$10,000$8,000$6,000$4,000$2,000 $3,548 $10,714 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average 258 266281270 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 46% 34% 18% 12% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 61% 44% 23% 16% 28% 38%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 28% Lower HigherIncomeIncome 22%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments from 2003 to 2017 365330295260225190155
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL eligible.
197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL eligible. National Center for Education Statistics.
197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments from 2003 to 2017 Hawaii 365330295260225190155
Source:
200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
2018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $14,936$16,000$14,000$12,000$10,000$8,000$6,000$4,000$2,000 $5,213 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average 277 251266 261 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 51% 39% 30% 18% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 58% 43% 34% 26% 17% 24%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 21% 21%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
READING MATHEMATICS STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS
40
to 2017 41 Idaho 365330295260225190155 197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
Assessments
school students
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Mathematics from 2003
200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
Source: National Center
Reading and
2018 $10,000$8,000$6,000$4,000$2,000 $7,878 $3,771 264 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average 280 270284 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 34% 27% 18% 13% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 40% 39% 20% 17% 22%20%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 16% 14%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public are FRPL
eligible.
for Education Statistics.
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS READING MATHEMATICS
eligible. Source:
Reading and
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Mathematics from 2003 365330295260225190155
READING MATHEMATICS STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public FRPL National Center
Assessments
free
to 2017 42 Illinois
1970197119721973197419751976197719781979198019811982198319841985198619871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $18,000$14,000$10,000$6,000$2,000 277 282 266 267 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average $5,371 $16,183 2003 2017 6.2 12.4 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 41% 33% 13% 14% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 57% 45% 19% 19% 26% 38%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 28% 19%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
school students are
for Education Statistics.
Note: “Lower is defined as eligibility for or lunch (FRPL). A little over National
federal free
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
reduced-price
one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL eligible. Source:
Center for Education Statistics.
and 2017
Reading and
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Scored Below “Basic” on
income”
Eighth Graders Who
NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments from 2003 to 2017 43 Indiana 365330295260225190155 1970197119721973197419751976197719781979198019811982198319841985198619871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $14,000$10,000$6,000$2,000 $4,351 $10,245 281265 272 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average$12,000$8,000$4,000 288 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 41% 27% 16% 10% 2003 2017 4.7 9.4 14.1 18.8 23.5 28.2 32.9 37.6 42.3 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 42% 38% 20% 15% 23% 22%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 25% 17%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS READING MATHEMATICS
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Mathematics Assessments in 2003
200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL eligible. National Center Statistics.
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
44 Iowa 197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
for Education
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments from 2003 to 2017
READING MATHEMATICS STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS
2018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $12,000$14,000$10,000$6,000$2,000$4,000$8,000 365330295260225190155Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average $11,948 $5,252 284 286 268 268 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 37% 34% 15% 12% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 43% 40% 17% 15% 25%26%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 22% 22%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
Source:
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments from 2003 to 2017 365330295260225190155
STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS READING MATHEMATICS
2018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $14,000$10,000$6,000$2,000 284 285 266 $10,875267 $4,601 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average$12,000$8,000$4,000 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 36% 35% 16% 12% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 39% 40% 17% 14% 26%22%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 20% 23%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL eligible.
for
Source: National Center Education Statistics.
197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
45 Kansas
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL eligible. National Center Education Statistics.
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
2018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $12,000$10,000$8,000$6,000$4,000$2,000 274 278 266 265 $3,304 $10,516Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 31% 34% 15% 13% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 49% 47% 24% 19% 28%25%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 16% 21%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
Source:
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments from 2003 to 2017 365330295260225190155
46 Kentucky
197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
READING MATHEMATICS STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS
for
eligible. Source:
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments from 2003 to 365330295260225190155
197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
for Education Statistics.
2017 47 Louisiana
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
2018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $14,000$10,000$6,000$2,000 $3,877 $11,867 266 267 253 257 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average$12,000$8,000$4,000 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 46% 40% 23% 16% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 55% 55% 28% 24% 31%27%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 23% 24%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL National Center
STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS READING MATHEMATICS
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
2018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $16,000$14,000$12,000$10,000$8,000$6,000$4,000$2,000 282 284 268 269 $4,272 $15,261 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 31% 30% 17% 15% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 40% 42% 19% 18% 24%21%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 14% 15%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL eligible.
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
Source: National Center for Education Statistics.
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments from 2003 to 2017 365330295260225190155
48 Maine
READING MATHEMATICS STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS
200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
2018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $18,000$14,000$10,000$6,000$2,000 $5,325 $15,573281 262 267 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average 278 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 49% 41% 22% 15% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 58% 52% 25% 21% 31%33%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 27% 26%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments from 2003 to 2017 365330295260225190155
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL eligible.
197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
for
Source: National Center Education Statistics.
49 Maryland
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS READING MATHEMATICS
2018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $20,000$18,000$16,000$14,000$12,000$10,000$8,000$6,000$4,000$2,000 287273 278 $18,478 $5,206 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average 297 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 39% 31% 12% 9% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 51% 33% 15% 13% 20% 36%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 27% 22%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
Source: National Center for Education Statistics.
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
50 Massachusetts
READING MATHEMATICS STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments from 2003 to 2017 365330295260225190155
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL eligible.
200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS READING MATHEMATICS
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL National Center
eligible. Source:
to 2017 51 Michigan
197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
for Education Statistics.
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments from 2003 365330295260225190155
2018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $14,000$10,000$6,000$2,000 276 280 264 $11,738265 $5,535 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average$12,000$8,000$4,000 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncomeREADING14%43% 36% 16% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 53% 52% 23% 20% 32%30%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 27% 22%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
READING MATHEMATICS STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS
free
nation’s public school students are
eligible. Source: National Center for Education Statistics.
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the FRPL
to 2017 52 Minnesota 1970197119721973197419751976197719781979198019811982198319841985198619871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $14,000$10,000$6,000$2,000 291 294 268 269 $5,627 $13,177 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average$12,000$8,000$4,000 365330295260225190155 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 44% 38% 15% 12% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 36% 38% 13% 10% 28%23%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 29% 26%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Mathematics Assessments from 2003
Reading and
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments from 2003 to 2017 365330295260225190155
STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS READING MATHEMATICS
197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
2018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $10,000$9,000$8,000$7,000$6,000$5,000$4,000$3,000$2,000$11,000 $3,008 $9,130271 255 256 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average 261 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 44% 42% 22% 12% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 67% 49% 34% 20% 29% 33%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 22% 30%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL eligible. National Center for Education Statistics.
200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
53 Mississippi
Source:
197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
for
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments from 2003 to 2017 365330295260225190155
READING MATHEMATICS STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS
2018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $12,000$10,000$8,000$6,000$4,000$2,000 $3,923 $11,143 279 281 267 266 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 34% 34% 15% 14% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 47% 43% 21% 19% 24%26%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 19% 20%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
54 Missouri
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL eligible. National Center Education Statistics.
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
Source:
2018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $14,000$10,000$6,000$2,000 $4,792 $12,033 270 267 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average$12,000$8,000$4,000 286 286 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 30% 29% 13% 15% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 35% 35% 15% 16% 19%20%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 17% 14%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL National Center
Reading and
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Mathematics Assessments from 2003 365330295260225190155
197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS READING MATHEMATICS
to 2017 55 Montana
eligible. Source:
200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
for Education Statistics.
for Education Statistics.
56 Nebraska
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments from 2003 to 2017 365330295260225190155
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL eligible. National Center
READING MATHEMATICS STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
Source:
197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
2018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $14,000$10,000$6,000$2,000 $4,607 $13,205288 266 269 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average$12,000$8,000$4,000 282 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 37% 32% 16% 12% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 45% 38% 17% 13% 100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017 25% 28% Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 21% 20%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments from 2003 to 2017 365330295260225190155
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
for
STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS READING MATHEMATICS
200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
Source: National Center Education Statistics.
57 Nevada
2018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $12,000$10,000$8,000$6,000$4,000$2,000 $4,647 $9,511275 252 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average 260 268 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 50% 36% 30% 19% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 57% 50% 33% 21% 29% 24%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 20% 17%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL eligible.
2018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $18,000$14,000$10,000$6,000$2,000 $4,384 $16,643 286 293 271 275 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 34% 30% 17% 11% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 42% 37% 18% 13% 24% 24%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 17% 19%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
eligible. Source:
for Education Statistics.
2017 58 New Hampshire
READING MATHEMATICS STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL National Center
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments from 2003 to 365330295260225190155
200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL eligible.
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS READING MATHEMATICS
59 New Jersey
197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
Source: National Center for Education Statistics.
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments from 2003 to 2017 365330295260225190155
2018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $22,000$18,000$14,000$10,000$6,000$2,000 $6,082 $20,425292 268 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average 281 275 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 44% 32% 14% 11% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 56% 42% 19% 14% 37% 28%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 30% 21%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
READING MATHEMATICS STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS
60 New Mexico
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments from 2003 to 2017 365330295260225190155
Source:
197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL eligible. National Center for Education Statistics.
2018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $12,000$10,000$8,000$6,000$4,000$2,000 $4,377 $10,375 263 269 252 256 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 49% 39% 26% 21% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 61% 49% 33% 24% 28% 25%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 23% 18%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments from 2003 to 2017
STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS READING MATHEMATICS
2003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $7,859 $23,841 280 282 265 264 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 41% 37% 12% 17% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 48% 44% 15% 20% 33% 24%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 29% 20%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
Source: National Center for Education Statistics.
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL eligible.
61 New York 365330295260225190155$26,000$22,000$18,000$14,000$10,000$6,000$2,000
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
62 North Carolina
200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
Source: National Center for Education Statistics.
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments from 2003 to 2017 365330295260225190155
2018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $12,000$10,000$8,000$6,000$4,000$2,000 $3,752 $9,381 281 282 262 263 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 44% 38% 18% 16% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 47% 47% 18% 19% 29% 28%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 26% 22%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL eligible.
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
READING MATHEMATICS STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS
197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
63 North Dakota
Source: National Center for Education Statistics.
2018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $16,000$14,000$12,000$10,000$8,000$6,000$4,000$2,000 $4,357 $14,357 287 288 270 265 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 29% 36% 15% 16% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 33% 41% 13% 14% 22% 27%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 14% 20%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS READING MATHEMATICS
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL eligible.
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments from 2003 to 2017 365330295260225190155
200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
for Education Statistics.
READING MATHEMATICS STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS
eligible. Source:
2017 64 Ohio 1970197119721973197419751976197719781979198019811982198319841985198619871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $14,000$12,000$10,000$8,000$6,000$4,000$2,000 282 288 267 268 $4,456 $13,108 365330295260225190155Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 40% 39% 15% 11% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 46% 46% 19% 11% 27% 35%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 25% 28%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL National Center
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments from 2003 to
Source: National Center Education Statistics.
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL eligible.
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
2018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $3,646 $8,261$10,000$8,000$6,000$4,000$2,000 272 275 262 261 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 36% 33% 17% 15% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 50% 46% 24% 21% 26% 25%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 19% 18%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS READING MATHEMATICS
2017 65 Oklahoma
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments from 2003 to 365330295260225190155
for
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments from 2003 to 2017 Oregon 365330295260225190155
2018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $5,548 $11,735$12,000$10,000$8,000$6,000$4,000$2,000 281 282 264 266 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 34% 31% 22% 12% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 45% 40% 24% 15% 21% 25%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 12% 19%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL eligible.
READING MATHEMATICS STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS
Source: National Center for Education Statistics.
66
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS READING MATHEMATICS
Eighth
Assessments
Center for Education Statistics.
2003 to 2017 67 Pennsylvania 1970197119721973197419751976197719781979198019811982198319841985198619871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $5,364 $16,459$18,000$14,000$10,000$6,000$2,000 365330295260225190155286 264 270 279 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 42% 32% 17% 12% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 55% 42% 21% 15% 34% 27%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 25% 20%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
for federal free
and 2017
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Graders Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Mathematics from
Note: “Lower is defined as eligibility or lunch (FRPL). A little over National
income”
Who
reduced-price
Reading and
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003
one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL eligible. Source:
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
2018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $5,312 $17,332$18,000$14,000$10,000$6,000$2,000 272 277 261 266 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 45% 42% 19% 12% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 59% 52% 23% 18% 36% 34%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 26% 30%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments from 2003 to 365330295260225190155
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL eligible.
READING MATHEMATICS STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS
for Education
Source: National Center Statistics.
2017 68 Rhode Island
197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
2018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $3,732 $10,866$12,000$10,000$8,000$6,000$4,000$2,000 277 275 258 260 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 42% 39% 20% 16% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 49% 50% 19% 21% 30% 29%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 22% 23%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL eligible.
197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments from 2003 to 365330295260225190155
2017 69 South Carolina
for
200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS READING MATHEMATICS
Source: National Center Education Statistics.
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
70 South Dakota
Source:
for
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments from 2003 to 2017 365330295260225190155
200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
2018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $4,318 $10,551$12,000$10,000$8,000$6,000$4,000$2,000 285 286 270 267 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 28% 33% 14% 13% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 37% 41% 15% 14% 22% 27%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 14% 20%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL eligible. National Center Education Statistics.
READING MATHEMATICS STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS READING MATHEMATICS
2018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $3,495$10,000$9,000$8,000$7,000$6,000$5,000$4,000$3,000$2,000$11,000 268 279 258 262 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average $9,643 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 45% 36% 23% 19% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 61% 43% 30% 23% 31% 20%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 22% 17%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
Source: National Center for Education Statistics.
71 Tennessee
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments from 2003 to 2017 365330295260225190155
200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL eligible.
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
for
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
Source: National Center Education Statistics.
200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
2018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $3,627 $9,928$12,000$10,000$8,000$6,000$4,000$2,000 277 282 259 260 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 43% 38% 19% 17% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 46% 40% 19% 17% 27% 23%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 24% 21%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments from 2003 to 2017 365330295260225190155
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL eligible.
READING MATHEMATICS STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS
72 Texas
73 Utah
197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS READING MATHEMATICS
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
Source: National Center for Education Statistics.
2018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $3,916 $7,515$9,000$8,000$7,000$6,000$5,000$4,000$3,000$2,000 287 264 269 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average 281 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 38% 33% 18% 13% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 44% 41% 22% 16% 22% 25%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 20% 20%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL eligible.
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments from 2003 to 2017 365330295260225190155
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
READING MATHEMATICS STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
2003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $5,200 $20,316 286 288 271 273 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 33% 30% 14% 12% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 41% 37% 16% 16% 25% 21%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 19% 18%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL eligible.
197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments from 2003 to 2017 $22,000$18,000$14,000$10,000$6,000$2,000
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
74 Vermont 365330295260225190155
Source: National Center for Education Statistics.
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Mathematics from 2003
to 2017 75 Virginia 365330295260225190155 197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS READING MATHEMATICS
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
Reading and
200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
2018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $4,305 $12,395$14,000$10,000$6,000$2,000 290268 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average$12,000$8,000$4,000 268282 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 38% 38% 15% 14% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 51% 39% 19% 14% 32% 25%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 23% 24%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
for Education Statistics.
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public students are FRPL National Center
school
Assessments
eligible. Source:
eligible. Source:
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public students are FRPL National Center
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Mathematics from 2003 365330295260225190155
Reading and
school
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
Assessments
to 2017 76 Washington
197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
for Education Statistics.
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
2018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $5,614 $12,484$14,000$10,000$6,000$2,000 289 264 272 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average$12,000$8,000$4,000 281 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 42% 31% 17% 11% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 44% 39% 21% 15% 23% 24%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 25% 20%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
READING MATHEMATICS STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS
nation’s
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the public FRPL National
Who
to 2017 77 West Virginia 365330295260225190155 197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 2017
200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
and
school students are
Reading and Mathematics Assessments
STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS READING MATHEMATICS
eligible. Source:
Eighth
Center for Education Statistics.
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Graders Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP from 2003
2018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $4,087$14,000$10,000$6,000$2,000 271 273 260 259 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average$12,000$8,000$4,000 $12,248 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncomeREADING11%37% 34% 19% 17% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 49% 43% 27% 24% 22% 19%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 18% 17%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
to 2017 78 Wisconsin
school
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
for Education Statistics.
READING MATHEMATICS STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Mathematics Assessments from 2003 365330295260225190155
200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public students are FRPL National Center
2018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $5,219 $12,476$14,000$10,000$6,000$2,000 284 288 266 269 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average$12,000$8,000$4,000 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 47% 35% 17% 14% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 52% 44% 16% 13% 36% 31%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 30% 21%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
eligible. Source:
Reading and
197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments from 2003 to 2017 365330295260225190155
Source: National Center for Education Statistics.
STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS READING MATHEMATICS
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
79 Wyoming
197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
2018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $5,298 $17,221$20,000$18,000$16,000$14,000$12,000$10,000$8,000$6,000$4,000$2,000 289 267 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average 284 269 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 33% 29% 16% 14% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 38% 32% 18% 14% 20% 18%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 17% 15%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL eligible.
Figure 2. Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments in 2003 and 2017
Reading
Note: “Lower income” is defined as eligibility for federal free or reduced-price lunch (FRPL). A little over one-half of the nation’s public school students are FRPL National Center
Figure 1. Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 in 2019 Dollars (1970–2017) and Average Scores of Eighth Graders on NAEP Reading and Mathematics Assessments (2003–17)
eligible. Source:
197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002
200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
READING MATHEMATICS STILL LEFT BEHIND KATHARINE B. STEVENS AND MEREDITH TRACY READING MATHEMATICS
Figure 3. Gap in Percentage of Lower-Income vs. Higher-Income Eighth Graders Who Scored Below “Basic” on NAEP and Mathematics Assessments from 2003 to 365330295260225190155
2018 ScoreNAEPAverageK–12onSpendingPublicPer-Student $4,943 $12,783$14,000$10,000$6,000$2,000 282 261 265 Per-Student Public Spending on K–12 Eighth-Grade Reading Average Eighth-Grade Mathematics Average$12,000$8,000$4,000 276 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome READING 44% 36% 18% 14% 2003 2017 Lower HigherIncomeIncome MATHEMATICS 53% 45% 22% 17% 31% 28%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome MATHEMATICS 26% 22%100%806040200BasicBelowScoredWhoGradersEighthof% 200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017LowerIncomeHigherIncome READING
2017 80 National
for Education Statistics.